FACULTY OF NURSING

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ALL details MUST BE COMPLETED or assignment may be returned before acceptance.

Student’s Name HARVIN KAUR A/P JASWANT SINGH

Student’s ID 111190318679 Student’s NRIC 871126085622

Year/Semester YEAR 3 / SEM 6 Lecturer’s Name DATIN ZAIDAH

Faculty FACULTY OF NURSING

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN NURSING
Program
(POST REGISTRATION)

Subject Name BNNS 6474 Teaching and Learning for Nurses

Assignment Title Lesson Plan – Bedside teaching (Wound healing and Wound Care)

No. of Page
18
(excluding this page)
Required words Actual # of words

Date submitted 27/2/2022 Due Date 27/2/2022

Soft copy included YES / NO

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HARVIN KAUR 27/2/2022

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 Lesson Plan

Module : BNNS 6474 Teaching and Learning for Nurses

Program : BSc (Hons) in Nursing (Post Registration)
Topic : Wound Healing and Wound Care – Bedside Teaching
Mode of Teaching : Lecture, discussion and demonstration
Name : Harvin Kaur Jaswant Singh
Level of Students : Student of internship program in nursing
Date and Time : 20/01/2022 at 8am
Venue : Main Operating Room Conference Room, NGHA, Riyadh, KSA
Total Duration : 1.5 hour
Teaching method : Lecture, Discussions
Audio Visual Aids : PowerPoint

Learning objective:

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1-1. Identify terms and definitions relating to wounds.

1-2. Identify physiological responses to injury.

1-3. Describe procedures for general wound care.

1-4. Describe procedures for specific wound care.

1-5. Describe the steps of wound healing.

Time Specific Content Teaching AV Evaluation

Objectives Learning Aids
Activities
28 Identify 1-1 WOUND TERMINOLOGY Lecture PPT What are
min terms and a. Definitions: cum the
definitions A wound is a break in the continuity of the skin, the discussion terminolog
relating to break caused by violence or trauma to the tissue. A es related
wounds. wound may be open or closed. In a closed wound or to wound
bruise, the soft tissue below the skin surface is healing?
damaged, but there is no break in the skin. In an
open wound, the surface of the skin is broken. Here
2
are some terms referring to wounds that you should
become familiar with.
(1) Abrasion. In this type of wound, the outer layers
of skin or mucous membrane are rubbed or scraped
off.
(2) Incised. This type of wound is cut smooth and
straight. The rate of bleeding varies and there is
minimal contamination. A surgeon makes this type of
wound (incision).
(3) Laceration. This wound is a torn, jagged cut
which has gone through the skin tissues and blood
vessels. The wound can be made by blunt
instruments such as shell fragments. Lacerations are
usually very dirty.
(4) Puncture. A puncture wound is made by a sharp
object such as a splinter, knife, nail, or some other
pointed object. These wounds bleed very little
although the object may pass through nerves, bones,
and organs, causing internal damage. Puncture
wounds are usually very dirty.
(5) Perforating. A perforating wound is one in which
there is an entrance and/or an exit. Such a wound
might be made by a bullet.
(6) Mutilating. This is the term for wounds which
result in disfigurement or loss of a body part.
(7) Contusion. This wound is caused by a blunt
object. The damage is done to underlying tissues or
organs, and the wound is closed with no broken skin.

b. Wound Healing:
Wound healing is a complicated process. A wound is
a break in the continuity of tissue. The body must
have a special procedure to take care of the skin
injury and dead tissue. The injured area must be
able to signal distress, and there must be some way
to get rid of the dead cells and replace them with
new cells. The process of wound healing is a way of
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restoring living tissue so that the entire body is
covered with skin.
(1) The body's first response to cell damage is
inflammation. The reaction is similar regardless of
the cause-cut, burn, bruise, or pinch. The injury
starts a reaction which may be the release from the
dead or injured cells of one of their substances such
as histamine. The released substances affect the
capillaries. The capillaries dilate, widely increasing
the blood supply that they can bring to the injured
area. If the injury takes place in the skin or in the
tissue close to the skin, the increased amount of
blood in that area causes the area to look red.
Because the injured area has a greater blood supply
than the surrounding area, the wound site is warm to
the touch.
(2) As the capillaries dilate, the "mesh" of their walls
also is opened. Normally, capillary walls allow water
and electrolytes to pass through, but now these walls
also permit extra fluid and some protein plasma to
escape. This extra fluid in tissue spaces produces
swelling. Because the fluid is extra, the patient feels
discomfort and a throbbing sensation. Sometimes
just the swelling is enough to stimulate the pain
receptors. The changes in the blood vessels are
responsible for the basic symptoms of inflammation:
swelling, pain, redness, and heat.
(3) One of the substances released by injured cells
attracts leukocytes. Leukocytes pass through
capillary walls into damaged tissues. In an injury with
extensive tissue damage, large amounts of the
substance which attracts leukocytes are released.
This substance may be absorbed and circulated in
the blood stimulating the production of more white
cells. If a blood count is taken at this time, there will
be an increase above normal in the number of white

4
cells (leukocytosis).
(4) Inflammation is sometimes accompanied by
fever. It is not clear how inflammation influences the
body's temperature-regulating center. It is possible
that a substance absorbed from the injured cells is
the signal that stimulates the response of fever.
(5) Although the effects of inflammation are
uncomfortable, they may actually prove beneficial.
Protein escapes into damaged tissue and forms a
gelatin type substance; this substance keeps
materials from moving out of the wound site into the
rest of the body. The patient experiences swelling
and pain, both of which encourage him to be rather
quiet and rest the injured area. This keeps infection
in the injured area from spreading to other parts of
the body. Bacteria, or a substance such as a foreign
chemical, could harm other tissues if spread by
activity to other parts of the body.
(6) Signs and symptoms of inflammation are so easy
to see that inflammation attracts a great deal of
attention. A doctor relies on inflammation to help
locate and identify the place and type of body injury.
It is possible to decide whether the body is
overcoming the problem.

c. Complications:
Wound complication refers to anything abnormal in
the healing process. The term also refers to the loss
of function of a body organ, the function loss caused
by the initial wound. Infection is the single most
common wound complication. Other complications of
wound healing include continued bleeding, dying
tissue, and improper healing.
(1) Continued bleeding. Bleeding must be stopped to
allow the healing process to proceed.
(2) Dying tissue. Tissues at the site of severe injuries
may have been severely damaged by being deprived
5
of their blood supply with its oxygen and nutrients.
These tissues will die and must be removed or
carried away in the capillaries for healing to take
place properly.
(3) Results of improper healing.
(a) A keloid is excessive scar tissue growth. It can
appear in an area of injury, looking like a smooth
overgrowth of fibroblastic tissues (tissues composed
of spindle-shaped cells). Keloids occur primarily in
dark-skinned people, but given the proper conditions,
anyone can develop a keloid. Keloids can be
removed surgically for cosmetic reasons.
(b) A localized infection in which there is an
accumulation of pus is an abscess. Pus is a liquid
accumulation of phagocytes (also called leukocytes).
An abscess is caused by an infecting microorganism.
The particular microorganism determines whether
the pus is white, yellow, pink, or green.
(c) Inflammation of the cellular tissue surrounding the
wound is cellulitis.
(d) If pus collects in an already existing cavity such
as the gallbladder or lung, the term used is
empyema.
(e) A fistula is an abnormal passage between two
internal organs. A wound that heals improperly can
cause this passage.

d. Anemia:
In anemia, hemoglobin levels are lower resulting in
tissue hypoxia (abnormally low amount of oxygen in
the body tissues). This changes collagen synthesis
and epithelialization, both functions in the healing
process. The body compensates by increasing blood
circulation in a person with mild anemia. If the
volume percentage of red blood cells in the whole
blood drops below 20 percent, the lower oxygen
tension in the tissues can disrupt local metabolism
6
 for cell regeneration.

e. Immunosuppression:
When a wound to the body occurs, inflammation is
the immediate response. Body tissue around the
wound becomes red, swollen, a little hot, sometimes
painful, and sometimes there is a loss of function in
that body part. Immuno-suppression is a change, in
a negative way, of the body's response to a foreign
substance. The body produces fewer, poorer quality
leukocytes (white blood cells), fewer
immunoglobulins (proteins functioning as specific
antibodies), or a lesser ability for collagen synthesis.
All of these are necessary for tissue repair.

f. Foreign Body in the Wound:

A foreign body in a wound serves as a focal point for
infecting microbes or preventing tissue granulation
(formation of small, fleshy masses on the surface of
a healing wound). Heart pacemakers and artificial
legs, for example, are necessary but also qualify as
foreign objects that can harbor microorganisms and
cause infection. Sutures (stitches used in surgery to
unite two surfaces) also qualify as foreign substance
and can be the source of infection. Sutures that are
too tight can also cause a wound to heal improperly.
The sutures can disrupt the collagen network,
compromising the tensile strength. After the scab
shrinks, the final scar is wider than normal.

g. Blood Supply:
Since blood supplies the products used in healing,
any factor which restricts blood circulation to a
wound area interferes with healing. Dead or
edematous tissue, restrictive bandages, and
damaged arteries can all slow the healing process.
10 Identify 1-2. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO INJURY Lecture PPT What are
7
 physiological cum the
min responses to Once the skin and tissue have been injured, the discussion physiologi
injury. process of healing begins. Many factors influence al
the body's ability to grow new tissue. responses
to injury?
a. Age
Very young and very old people heal more slowly
than those in other age groups. People in these age
groups have less ability to fight infection, and fighting
infection is a major part of the healing process. The
endocrine functions in infants are sluggish, and
infants have limited reserves of fat, glycogen, and
extracellular water--all which are necessary to fight
infection. Healing is slower in the elderly because
cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, and
musculoskeletal functions may be slowed down by
chronic disease or perhaps just by the wearing out of
body parts.

b. Malnutrition
Malnourishment and obesity, both forms of
malnutrition, affect wound healing. A person who is
undernourished has less fat and carbohydrate
reserve; therefore, body protein (necessary for
wound healing) must be used to provide energy
needed for basic metabolic functions. This results in
an imbalance of nitrogen which in turn depresses
fibroblastic synthesis of collagen, the connective
tissue for scar formation. A person suffering from
Vitamin C deficiency may not be able to produce
fibroblast causing a delay in wound healing. In obese
individuals, fatty tissue may keep foreign matter from
being seen. Fatty tissue has relatively few blood
vessels, causing such tissue to separate easily.
Tissue which separates easily heals slowly.

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 c. Abnormalities in Endocrine Function
Healing is slower if there are such abnormalities. In a
person suffering from chronic vascular changes, the
injured tissues of the wound may not get enough
blood to heal at a normal rate. Persons having
corticosteroid therapy will find that wounds heal more
slowly.

d. Hormone Production and Carbohydrate

Metabolism
The combined effect of the increased hormone
production is to increase the metabolism of
carbohydrates. The metabolism of carbohydrates is
important in the body's response to trauma. If the
body's store of carbohydrates is depleted (severe
crush injuries, starvation), the body will begin to use
fats and proteins in place of carbohydrates.
Eventually, there will not be enough carbohydrates to
aid in the healing process.
15 Describe 1-3. GENERAL WOUND CARE Lecture PPT What are
min procedures a. Immediate Care: cum the
for general Initially, control the bleeding from the wound. Nature discussion procedure
wound care. usually stops bleeding. For example, a person cuts for genera
his finger. Blood will gush from the lacerated blood wound
vessels. These vessels constrict which tends to care?
lessen the bleeding. The clotting process also stops
bleeding. When blood escapes from an artery or
vein, the blood undergoes changes which cause it to
clot. The blood clot seals off the injured blood
vessels, and bleeding stops. If the wound is large or
clotting does not occur, apply direct pressure over
the wound to stop bleeding. Use sterile pads if
possible, but if they are not available, use a
handkerchief, clean cloth, or even a bare hand as a
last resort. Then, check the entire body for injuries.

9
b. General Evaluation:
Make a general evaluation of the patient. Take care
of him as a whole. Examine the patient from head to
toe, checking for associated injuries. Follow the
guidelines given below.
(1) Check his entire body for injuries.
(2) Ensure the airway is secure, spinal injuries are
immobilized, etc.
(3) If there is an injury in an extremity, check the
distal pulse and sensation in that extremity.
(4) Obtain a history of how the wound occurred.
(5) Find out what medications the patient is taking:
steroids, chemotherapeutic agents, anticoagulants,
anti-inflammatory, etc.
(6) Ask if the patient has any illness or chronic
diseases such as diabetes, cancer, peripheral
vascular disease (PVD), or anemia. (Wound healing
may be difficult for a patient with a chronic disease or
illness.)
(7) Ask if he has a current tetanus immunization.
(8) Find out if the patient has any allergies.

c. General Wound Care (Not Life- or Limb-

Threatening). Follow this procedure to care for
general wounds. Begin by removing foreign bodies,
then cover the wound with a sterile dressing. This is
enough if immediate evacuation is possible. If
evacuation is delayed, follow the procedure given
below.
(1) Cover the wound and clean the surrounding area
with povidone-iodine solution (dilute).
(2) Uncover the wound and irrigate it with water.
Sterile water or normal saline is preferred if
available, but using potable water is better than
doing nothing.
(3) Irrigate repeatedly with water using a syringe and
18-gauge catheter. This will help obtain the optimal
10
 pressure required to clean the wound without using
too much pressure that could cause debris to be
forced deeper in the wound.
(4) Change gloves and blot the area dry with a sterile
dressing.
(5) Cover the packing with a dry, sterile dressing.
(6) Clean and dress the wound every 24 hours. d.
Wound on Extremity. If the wound is on an arm or
leg, splint the wound and elevate the arm or leg.
Elevating such an extremity increases blood
circulation, thus aiding in the healing process.

e. Local Wound Procedures.

Do not suture the wound closed. Follow this
procedure to care for a local wound.
(1) Cleanse the surrounding skin with surgical soap
and water.
(2) Irrigate the wound profusely with sterile saline in
a syringe.
(3) Apply antiseptic solution to the surrounding skin.
These steps are taken in an effort to prevent
infection. Skin and mucous membranes normally
have microorganisms on them. To reduce the risk of
transferring these microorganisms to the wound,
antiseptic is used on and around the wound.
(4) Remove foreign matter and dead tissue as early
as possible, preferably within the first eight hours
after injury. Remove only enough skin tissue as
necessary. Remove only the edges of fascia
(connective tissue that covers the body under the
skin). Any wound requiring more significant
exploration should be evaluated by the surgeon.
30 Describe 1-4. SPECIFIC WOUND CARE Lecture PPT What are
min procedures a. Abrasion: cum the
for specific (1) Description. discussion procedure
wound care. Friction or scraping causes an abraded wound or an for specific
abrasion. This type of wound is superficial. The outer wound
11
layers of skin or mucous membrane have been care?
damaged or scraped off. A person falling on his
knees on a sidewalk will suffer an abrasion.
(2) Treatment. Treat as follows:
(a) Irrigate the wound as previously stated
(b) Apply antibiotic ointment such as bacitracin.
(c) Cover the wound with a dry, sterile dressing.

b. Contusion:
(1) Description.
A contusion or contused wound occurs as a result of
a blow from a blunt instrument, such as a hammer.
There is no break in the skin.
(2) Treatment.
First apply cold compresses for 12 hours. Pad the
affected area and wrap an ace bandage around the
area snugly. If the area is on an arm or leg, elevate
the arm or leg. Use R.I.C.E.--Rest, Ice,
Compression, and Elevation.

c. Puncture/Perforation:
(1) Description.
A wound made by a pointed instrument such as a
nail, wire, or knife can result in a puncture or
perforation wound. Sometimes a scalpel is used by a
doctor to make a puncture wound to promote
drainage from tissues. A wound caused by an animal
or insect sting, the wound breaking the skin surface
and underlying tissues, is also called a puncture
wound.
(2) Treatment. These wounds have a higher potential
for infection because pathogens and particles of
debris have been introduced deep into the tissue. If
these wounds are not treated properly, the patients
may come for treatment 24 to 48 hours after the
injury with complaints of local pain, malaise, and
fever. To treat these wounds properly, follow the
12
guidelines given below.
(a) For uncontaminated wounds, irrigate the
injured site with normal saline solution. Apply a
topical antibiotic such as bacitracin.
(b) For contaminated wounds, have the wound
evaluated by the surgeon.

d. Incision/Laceration:
(1) Description.
An incision occurs as a result of a cut by a sharp
instrument. An example of an incision is a cut made
with a scalpel during surgery. In this type of wound,
the wound edges are smooth. In a laceration, the
tissues are torn apart and remain jagged and
irregular. A wound made by the cut of a saw will be a
laceration. Although the two types of wounds look
and are different, treatment for both is about the
same.
(2) Laceration classification.
Lacerations can be further classified into four
categories: shear lacerations, tension lacerations,
compression lacerations, and combination
lacerations.
(a) Shear lacerations are caused by sharp
objects such as a knife, blades, etc. Little damage is
done to the tissues adjacent to the wound. This type
of laceration heals rapidly. There is minimal scarring
due to the health of the tissues at the edges of the
wound.
(b) Tension lacerations are caused when the
skin strikes a flat surface and rips. The rip occurs
because the impact causes stress on tissues. In this
laceration, there is no bone directly below the region
of the skin that is struck. Tension lacerations heal
with more scarring because of bruising of soft tissue
around the laceration. For example, an individual
falls on the palms of his hands to break a fall. He
13
may sustain a ragged, linear laceration on the palm
of his hand, a tension laceration.
(c) In compression lacerations, tissue is
caught between the bone and an external hard
surface. Caught in such a manner, the skin bursts.
These lacerations heal with the greatest degree of
scarring. The reason is that the skin next to the
laceration is injured. An individual walking along a
sidewalk trips and falls. In the fall, his forehead hits
the pavement. He will likely have a compression
laceration.
(d) Combination lacerations are as the name
suggests, a combination of different types of
lacerations. Imagine this. A person hits a bony
prominence against a table. He sustains a linear
laceration as in a shear injury. The wound edges,
however, are crushed as in a compression injury.
The combination is shear laceration and
compression laceration.
(3) Treatment. Be sure you have good lighting and
that you use aseptic technique. Irrigate and
mechanically debride the wound. Then, use one of
these three types of closure: primary closure,
secondary closure, or tertiary intent closure.
(a) Primary closure is the term for a wound
that is repaired immediately after the injury. Use
sutures, skin tapes, staples, or tissue adhesives
such as steristrips and butterflies to cover the
wound. For example, a child falls down and skins his
knee. The wound is cleansed and a bandage applied
over it. This is primary closure. Wounds treated in
this manner heal fastest and with the best cosmetic
results; that is, with little or no scarring. Primary
closure is the treatment of choice for any wound that
is not infected or grossly contaminated. Most
lacerations closed in this manner must be done

14
within eight hours from the time of the injury.
(b) Secondary closure is the term for wounds
which are allowed to granulate on their own without
surgical closure. Clean and prep the wound in the
usual manner, then cover the wound with a sterile
dressing. Secondary closure is used for certain kinds
of wounds such as fingertip amputations or partial
thickness tissue loss.
(c) Tertiary intent closure is the process of
cleaning and dressing a wound initially, but not
closing the wound. The patient returns for definite
closure in three to four days. Tertiary intent closure is
also called delayed primary closure. This is the
method of choice for repairing contaminated
lacerations that would leave unacceptable scars if
not closed. This method can also be used for
patients who did not seek immediate care for their
lacerations.

NOTE: The body's skin tension lines are important in

wound closure. Pinch your skin together and you can
see lines or creases that naturally occur in the skin.
The configuration of creases is different in various
parts of the body. A laceration that follows the lines
will heal with less scarring than a laceration that runs
across the lines. Other names for these lines are
cleavage lines and Lines of Langer.

e. Impaled Foreign Object:

An impaled object in a puncture wound requires
careful treatment. A knife, a steel rod, a glass shard,
or any number of other objects can be impaled.
General treatment rules are given below.
(1) DO NOT remove the impaled object. Removing it
may cause severe bleeding if the object was exerting
pressure on severed blood vessels. Removing the
object could also cause additional injury to muscles,
15
nerves, and other soft tissues.
(2) Carefully expose the wound area; that is, cut
clothing away so that you can see the wound site. Be
very careful not to disturb the impaled object as you
do this. DO NOT lift clothing over the impaled object.
If the impaled object is long, stabilize it by hand while
you are trying to expose the wound, control bleeding,
and dress the wound.
(3) Control profuse bleeding. Place your hand so that
your fingers are on either side of the impaled object
and use your hand to exert pressure down. If the
impaled object has a sharp edge (a glass shard or a
knife, for example), be careful in exerting pressure.
You do not want to injure the patient further or cut
your hands.
(4) Stabilize the impaled object. As another person
stabilizes the impaled object, put several layers of
bulky dressing around the injury site. Make sure the
impaled object is surrounded by dressings on all
sides.
(5) Secure the dressings. Use adhesive strips to hold
the dressings if the area around the wound site is
free enough from blood and sweat so that adhesive
sticks to the skin. Use cravats if adhesive will not
stick to the skin. Tie one cravat above the impaled
object and one below the impaled object.
(6) Treat for shock, if necessary.
(7) Keep the patient quiet and give emotional
support.
(8) Evacuate the patient to a medical treatment
facility.

NOTE: Impaled objects in the eye or cheek require

special procedures.

f. Animal Bites:
An animal's mouth is heavily contaminated with
16
 bacteria. Serious infection may result if the bite
occurs on the hand or face. Treat an animal bite in
the following manner.
(1) Wash the bite vigorously with soap and water for
at least 10 minutes. This is done to remove the
animal's saliva.
(2) Flush the wound with water.
(3) Apply a sterile dressing (if the wound is in a
location that you can do so).
(4) DO NOT suture the wound unless you must do
so to stop profuse bleeding.
(5) DO NOT stop bleeding right away unless it is
profuse. The flow of blood helps to cleanse the
wound.
(6) Evacuate the patient to a medical treatment
facility for tetanus toxoid and rabies precautions, as
necessary.
5min Describe the 1-5. STEPS OF WOUND HEALING Lecture PPT What are
steps of cum the steps
wound a. A wound occurs and the elasticity of the skin and discussion of wound
healing. spasm of muscle cause the initial wound to become healing?
larger. The healing process begins. A blood clot
forms, contracts, dries, and forms a scab. This is the
first protective covering of the wound. Next, the
inflammation process begins. In the inflammation
process, the blood supply to the injured area
increases and substances of leukotoxin and
histamine are released by the injured cells to
promote repair and regrowth of tissues. Leukotoxin
draws white blood cells to the area; these cells
destroy and remove foreign substances. Histamine
and other substances increase the permeability of
the capillary walls allowing fluids, proteins, and white
blood cells to move into the injured area.
Inflammation is the best environment for wound
healing. A problem occurs only if foreign matter

17
 remains in the wound.

b. Twelve hours after injury, epithelialization begins.

In this phase of wound healing, epithelium forms
over the wound. If the wound is superficial,
epithelium forms in a few hours. In a deep wound,
epithelialization may take days or weeks. At the
same time granulation tissue is present, tissue made
of fibrous-collagen and capillary loops. This tissue
provides excellent protection from infection. At this
stage, the wound appears pink (due to the new
capillaries in the granulation tissue), and the area is
soft and tender. Collagen, a supportive protein
component of skin, changes from a liquid to a gel to
scar tissue. The wound becomes stronger for
seventeen days at which time 90 percent of the
wound's strength has been regained.
2 1-6. CLOSING Lecture PPT
min cum
Healing is a natural process, the mechanism through discussion
which the body repairs or replaces damaged tissue.
Many wounds need help to heal properly or at all.
Your knowledge of proper wound care and treatment
may determine how well a wound heals, from a
cosmetic standpoint as well as from a health
standpoint. To this end, it is important for you to be
thoroughly knowledgeable in the most effective
means to care for wounds and to prevent wound
infection.

References:

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Al-Benna, S. (2012). Construction and use of wound care guidelines: an overview. Ostomy-
Wound Management, 58(8), 37.

Bumpus, K., & Maier, M. A. (2013). The ABC’s of wound care. Current cardiology reports, 15(4),
1-6.

Doughty, D. (2005). Dressings and more: guidelines for topical wound management. Nursing
Clinics, 40(2), 217-231.

Enoch, S., & Leaper, D. J. (2008). Basic science of wound healing. Surgery (Oxford), 26(2), 31-
37.

Monaco, J. L., & Lawrence, W. T. (2003). Acute wound healing: an overview. Clinics in plastic
surgery, 30(1), 1-12.

Robson, M. C., & Barbul, A. (2006). Guidelines for the best care of chronic wounds. Wound
repair and regeneration, 14(6), 647-648.

Sarabahi, S., Tiwari, V. K., & Bhattacharya, S. (2012). Principles and practice of wound care.

Sussman, C., & Bates-Jensen, B. M. (Eds.). (2007). Wound care: a collaborative practice

manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Werdin, F., Tenenhaus, M., & Rennekampff, H. O. (2008). Chronic wound care. The
Lancet, 372(9653), 1860-1862.

Wild, T., Rahbarnia, A., Kellner, M., Sobotka, L., & Eberlein, T. (2010). Basics in nutrition and
wound healing. Nutrition, 26(9), 862-866.

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