Atienza, Nicole G.

CAS- BS Math

1. Define what computer is and give examples of computer usage.

Computer is an electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out any
sequences of logic operations automatically. To manipulate data, or information
given by the user. Some of the usage of computer are, it has the ability to store data ,
retrieve and process data in any field. It can also be serve as an easy way for
transaction, use as entertainment and etc.

2. Explain the difference between computer hardware and software.

Computer hardware is any physical component of a computer have. And these
components are tangible, computer hardware can be divided into input devices and
output devices. It develops using electronic and other material. While computer
software is a virtual collection of programming code installed on your computer and
also it is a set of instruction given to a computer to perform a certain task. Computer
software has two main types which are system software and application software.
And computer software develops by writing an instructions using a programming
language.

3. Give three examples of input devices and three examples of output device.
Example Input devices : barcode reader, joystick, scanner
Example Output devices:plotter, screen projector,USB

4. There are three types of software. Explain each one of them.

A. System software controls a computer internal functioning, through an
operating system. It is also used to manage the computer itself, it runs in the
background ,maintain the basic function of a computer so we can run a high level
software application to do a certain task. The example of system software are utility
program , firmware, programming language translators.

B. Programming software is a program that help the software developers to

assist them in debugging , creating and maintaining other programs and applications.
Because it was an act of writing the computer code to enables computer software to
function. The example of this software are coda, eclipse, sublime text and etc.

C. Application software is a computer program that is capable of dealing with

user inputs and help the user to finish the task. The example of this are software
presentation, graphics , sending email and etc.

5. What are the four basic computer operations.

 Receive input data
 Process data
 Produce output information
 Store data, informationand instructions
6. Define what machine cycle is. Explain the four step in machine cycle.
Machine cycle is a list of steps to execute the instructions given by the machine
in the computer processor. It is also considered as the sequence of the four different
processes that run in an repetitive manner for the execution of the instruction.
Step of a Machine Cycle:
 Fetch in this step the instruction is fetched from the memory that needs to be
executed by the processor. Since we all know that computer main memory store
all the data information and instruction which is need to be executed by the
processor
 Decode in this process the fetched instructions is decode for execution of an
instruction. Decoding process use the instruction register contents to know what
type of operation is needed to applied in the instruction and to infrom ALU
( Arithmetic Logi Unit) so that it can be executed for the decode operation.
 Execute in this step the decoded instruction is finally executed by the computer
processor.
 Store in this process the execution result will be stored in memory. Because once
the ALU operate the data, the result of the opreation and the processed data will
sent to the main memory for restoration of the result

7. What are four common structures of all computer programs.

The common structures of all computer program are:
 sequences of instructions
 branches
 loops
 modules

8. Explain all the steps in programming process.

 Defining problem it is where we identify the task problem in the given data or in
the input and for us to get what we want to obtain or the result because we
cannot go with the process if we can't identify the problem first.
 Planning the solution in this part after knowing the problem we can now plan or
make an action to solve the problem that we identify. We can do it by doing a
flowchart or pseudocode.
 Code the program in this part after planning we can translate the logic from the
flowchart or pseudocode or in any other tool that we use to a programming
language to solve the problem.
 Test the program after coding the program, now we can test it to know if the
program produces a correct result. Because almost all programs contain a few
errors like syntax errors, semantic errors,run-time errors and bugs.
 Document everything after going through the four step we can now write all the
detailed description about the programming cycle, the specific facts about the
program and also the comments.