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RELATION AND DIFFERENCE OPERATOR (FORMULA)

1. SHIFT OPERATOR(‘E’)= E-1 f(x)=f(x+h).

2. INVERSE OPERATOR(E-1)= E-1 f(x)=f(x-h).
3. FORWARD DIFFRENCE(∆)=∆f(x)=f(x+h)-f(x).
4. BACKWARD DIFFRENCE(𝛁)= 𝛁f(x)=f(x)-f(x-h) .
5. CENTRAL DIFFRENCE(δ) = δf(x+h/2)- f(x-h/2).
6. CENTRAL MEAN OPERATOR(µ)= µf(x)=1/2[f(x+h/2)+f(x-h/2)].
7. DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR= Df(x)= d/dx(f(x)).

# INTERPOLATION FOR EQUAL INTERVAL (FORMULA)

1. NEWTON’S FORWARD: First we make Forward Difference Table then use the formula:
y(x)=yk+∆yku+(∆2yk/2!)u(u-1)+(∆3yk/3!)u(u-1)(u-2)+……….+ (∆(n-k)yk/(n-k)!)*u(u-1)…..[u((n-k)-1)]

2. NEWTON’S BACKWARD: First we make Backward Difference Table then use the formula:

y(x)=yk+ 𝛁yku+( 𝛁2yk/2!)u(u+1)+( 𝛁3yk/3!)u(u+1)(u+2)+……….+ (𝛁(k-1)yk/(k-1)!)*u(u+1)…..[u((k-1)-1)]

3. GAUSS FORWARD: First we make table like Central Difference Table but use the concept of
Forward Difference Table to fill the value in the table and then use the formula:

y(x)=y0+∆y0u+(∆2y-1/2!)(u-1)u+(∆3y-1/3!) (u-1)u(u+1)+ (∆4y-2/4!) (u-2)(u-1)u(u+1)+……….

4. GAUSS BACKWARD: First we make table like Central Difference Table but use the concept of
Forward Difference Table to fill the value in the table and then use the formula:

y(x)=y0+∆y-1u+(∆2y-1/2!)(u+1)u+(∆3y-2/3!) (u-1)u(u+1)+ (∆4y-2/4!) (u-1)u(u+1) (u+2)+ (∆5y-3/5!)(u-2)

(u-1)u(u+1) (u+2).

5. STIRLING’S FORMULA: First we make table like Central Difference Table but use the concept of
Forward Difference Table to fill the value in the table and then use the formula:

y(x)=y0+(∆y0+∆y-1/2)u+(∆2y-1)u2/2!+(∆3y-1+∆3y-2/2)u(u2-1)/3!+(∆4y-2)u2(u2-1)/4!

6. BESSEL’S FORMULA: First we make table like Central Difference Table but use the concept of
Forward Difference Table to fill the value in the table and then use the formula:

y(x)=(y1+y0)/2 + ∆y0(u-1/2) + 1/2(∆2y0-∆2y-1)[u(u-1)]/2! + (∆3y-1) [u(u-1)(u-1/2)]/3! + 1/2(∆4y-3-∆4y-2)

(u(u-1)(u+1)(u-2))/4! + (∆5y-2) [u(u-1)(u+1)(u-2)(u-1/2)/5!]

# INTERPOLATION FOR UNEQUAL INTERVAL

1. NEWTON’S DIVIDED DIFFERENCE: First we make Forward Difference Table then use the
formula:

y(x)= yk+∆yk(x-xk)+ ∆2yk(x-xk)(x-xk+1)+ ∆3yk(x-xk) (x-xk+1) (x-xk+2)+……….+ ∆(n-k)yk(x-xk) (x-xk+1)…. (x-xn-1)

2. LAGRANGE’S INTERPOLATION: In this we don’t make any difference table we only use the value
given in the question and use the formula:

In this we use 2 formula for different value to find in the question:

1. If we want to find y(x) then we use:

(𝒙 𝒙𝟐)(𝒙 𝒙𝟑) (𝒙 𝒙𝟏)(𝒙 𝒙𝟑) (𝒙 𝒙𝟐)(𝒙 𝒙𝟏)

y(x)= (y )+ (y )+ (y )+………
(𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐)(𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟑) 1 (𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑) 2 (𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐)(𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏) 3

2. If we want to find x(y) then we use:

(𝒚 𝒚𝟐)(𝒚 𝒚𝟑) (𝒚 𝒚𝟏)(𝒚 𝒚𝟑) (𝒚 𝒚𝟐)(𝒚 𝒚𝟏)

x(y)= (𝒚𝟏 (x )+ (x )+
𝒚𝟐)(𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟑) 1 (𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟏)(𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟑) 2 (𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟐)(𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟏) 3
(x )+………