HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Heat Exchangers [PART 1]

Dr. N. R. Banapurmath & Dr. P.P. Revankar
Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering
KLE Technological University
 CONTENT

Heat Exchangers - Classification, overall heat transfer coefficient,

fouling and fouling factor; LMTD, Effectiveness-NTU methods of
analysis of heat exchangers. Numerical problems 5 hrs.
 HEAT EXCHANGERS
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:

➢Classify heat exchangers based on flow and mode of heat exchanger.

➢List the different terms associated with heat exchanger.

➢Design the heat exchangers of parallel and counter flow type for the given
requirements.

➢Evaluate the LMTD, NTU, effectiveness of heat exchangers with specified

operating conditions.
 INTRODUCTION
❖Heat exchangers - transfer heat energy from one fluid to another.

❖Condensers and evaporators - air conditioning units and refrigerators

❖Boilers and condensers in thermal power plants.

❖Radiators and oil coolers - automotive.

 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
INDIRECT-CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGERS:

❖Direct-transfer type
❖Storage or regenerative type

In
Shell-side fluid

Tube-side fluid

Out

In

Out
 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
DIRECT-CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGERS:
 DIRECT-TRANSFER TYPE
SINGLE-PASS EXCHANGERS: Cold out Cold out

Hot in Hot out Hot out

Hot in

Cold in Cold in

Hot fluid Hot f

luid

d Cold
l d flui fluid
Co

(a) Parallel flow (a) Counter flow

 SINGLE-PASS EXCHANGERS
PARALLEL FLOW EXCHANGER:

Th,i Th,i Th,i

Ch>Cc Ch=Cc Ch<Cc
Ho Ho
t fl t fl
Th,o uid uid
Hot fluid

Th,o Th,o
Tc,o
d
Tc,o Tc,o
lui fluid
df fluid
Co
l
Cold Cold

Tc,i Tc,i Tc,i

0 L 0 L 0 L
x x x

Typical temperature distributions in a Parallel-flow heat exchanger

 SINGLE-PASS EXCHANGERS
COUNTER FLOW EXCHANGER:

Th,i Ch>Cc Th,i Th,i

Hot f Ch=Cc Ch<Cc
luid

Th,o Tc,o Ho
t fl
Tc,o Ho
t fl uid
Co uid
ld
flu Co Tc,o
i d ld
flu
i d
Th,o Cold
fluid Th,o

Tc,i Tc,i
Tc,i

0 L 0 L 0 L
x x x

Typical temperature distributions in a Counter-flow heat exchanger

 MULTI PASS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS
Multi pass flow - increases overall effectiveness
➢ One shell two tube pass
➢ Two shell four tube pass
In

➢ Three shell six tube pass Shell-side fluid

Tube-side fluid

Out

Shell side fluid in In

Out

Tube-side fluid

Out

Two-shell passes and four-tube passes

 CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS
Fluid2 Fluid2
Fluid2

Fluid1 Fluid1 Fluid1

(a) (b) (c)

Fluid2 Fluid2

(f) Fluid1 (g)

Fluid1
 CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS
Temperature distributions in a Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger

Tc,i
a

Hot fluid outlet

temperature
Th,i distribution

Cold fluid outlet temperature

distribution
 FOULING FACTOR
Surfaces of a direct transfer type heat exchanger become unclean when coated
with deposits after a prolonged usage and results in lowered performance.

Epstein has delineated following six categories of fouling:

➢ Scaling or precipitation fouling:
➢ Corrosion fouling
➢ Chemical reaction fouling
➢ Freezing fouling
➢ Biological fouling
➢ Particulate fouling
 FOULING FACTOR
1 1
𝑈𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙
=𝐹+
𝑈𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
- ----(1)

1 1
𝐹=
𝑈𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙
−
𝑈𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
-----(2)

Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)

1 𝑟𝑜 1 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 1
= + 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛( ) + 𝐹𝑜 +
𝑈𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑟𝑖 𝑘 𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑜

1 1 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑖 1
= + 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛( ) + 𝐹𝑜 +
𝑈𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑘 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 ℎ𝑜
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON FOULING FACTOR
Example (6.1): Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient U based on the
outer surface of a steel pipe with an inside diameter of 2.5 cm and an outside
diameter of 3.34 cm having thermal conductivity 54 W/moC for the following
flow and fouling conditions. ℎ𝑖 = 1800 𝑊/𝑚2𝑜 𝐶, ℎ𝑜 = 1250𝑊/𝑚2𝑜 𝐶, 𝐹𝑖 =
𝐹𝑜 = 0.00018𝑚2𝑜 𝐶/𝑊.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON FOULING FACTOR
Solution (6.1) : 𝑟𝑖 = 0.0125𝑚, 𝑟𝑜 = 0.0167𝑚

1 𝑟𝑜 1 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 1
= + 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛( ) + 𝐹𝑜 +
𝑈𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑟𝑖 𝑘 𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑜

1 0.0167 1 0.0167 0.0167 0.0167 1

= + 0.00018 + 𝑙𝑛( ) + 0.00018 +
𝑈𝑟𝑜 0.0125 1800 0.0125 54 0.0125 1250
𝑼𝒓𝒐 = 𝟒𝟖𝟕. 𝟏𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝒐 𝑪
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON FOULING FACTOR
Example (6.2): The design of a water cooled steam condenser steam condenser
has been made by presuming that the overall heat transfer coefficient 5000
W/m2K. The engineer while designing the condenser neglected the fouling
resistance by taking flowing water to be clean. But however it was later found
that the water was not clean and that it had a fouling resistance whose
magnitude varied from 0.0006 to 0.002 m2K/W. Justify the designer claim
whether right or wrong?
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON FOULING FACTOR
Solution (6.2):

𝑈𝑜 = 5000𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾, 𝐹 = 0.0006𝑡𝑜0.002𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊

1 1
=𝐹+
𝑈𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝑈𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛

1
𝑈𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙 =
1
𝐹+
𝑈𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON FOULING FACTOR
Solution (6.2): (Cont.):
When F1=0.0006 m2K/W,
1
𝑈𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙 =
1
0.0006 +
5000

𝑼𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲
When F2=0.002 m2K/W,
1
𝑈𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑙 =
1
0.002 +
5000
𝑼𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒍 = 𝟒𝟓𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝑾/𝒎𝟐𝑲

Redesigning of the condenser has to be taken up as the fouling is a crucial issue in

this case.
 MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
Let 𝑑𝑄 represent the rate of heat transfer across an elementary area 𝑑𝐴 and is given
by,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑈𝛥𝑇𝑑𝐴
The total heat transfer rate is given by: T

න𝑑𝑄 = 𝑄 = 𝑈 න𝛥𝑇𝑑𝐴 −−− −(1) Thi Hot fluid

Tho
DT
𝑄 = 𝑈 න𝛥𝑇𝑑𝐴 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇𝑚 Cold fluid Tco

1 Tci
𝛥𝑇𝑚 = න𝛥𝑇𝑑𝐴
𝐴
As
𝐴𝛥𝑇𝑚 = න𝛥𝑇𝑑𝐴
Hot fluid Hot fluid

න𝛥𝑇𝑑𝐴 =
Thi 𝐴𝛥𝑇
𝑚
Out
Tho

Equation (1) becomes Cold fluid in

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇𝑚 −−− −(2)
 MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OR LMTD FOR PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

(Students are advised to refer to the notes (pdf) supplied by course instructors)

𝑸 = 𝑼𝑨𝜟𝑻𝒎
T

Thi Hot fluid

Tho
For parallel flow heat exchanger DT

Cold fluid Tco

𝜟𝑻𝒊 − 𝜟𝑻𝒐
𝜟𝑻𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 = Tci
𝜟𝑻𝒊
𝒍𝒏
𝜟𝑻𝟎 As

Hot fluid Hot fluid

𝜟𝑻𝒊 = 𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊 Thi Out

Tho

𝜟𝑻𝒐 = 𝑻𝒉𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒐 Cold fluid in

 MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OR LMTD FOR COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

(Students are advised to refer to the notes (pdf) supplied by course instructors)

T
𝑸 = 𝑼𝑨𝜟𝑻𝒎 Hot fluid
Thi
Th DT
Tco Tho
For counter flow heat exchanger
Tc Tci

Cold fluid
𝜟𝑻𝒊 − 𝜟𝑻𝒐
𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫𝒐𝒓𝜟𝑻𝒎 =
𝜟𝑻𝒊 As
𝒍𝒏
𝜟𝑻𝟎 Hot fluid Hot fluid
𝜟𝑻𝒊 = 𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒄𝒐
In Out

𝜟𝑻𝒐 = 𝑻𝒉𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊

Cold fluid in
 ARITHMETIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE [AMTD]:
AMTD is defined by the following equation,

From practical point of view, LMTD should invariably be used when the ratios
𝜟𝑻𝒊
≥ 𝟏. 𝟕.
𝜟𝑻𝒐
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Example (6.3): Water at the rate of 1.133 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 is heated from 35 oC to 75oC, by
an oil of specific heat 1900 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝑜 𝐶 in a pipe in pipe heat exchanger. The oil
enters and leaves the heat exchanger at 110oC and 75oC. The overall heat
2𝑜
transfer coefficient is 320 𝑊/𝑚 𝐶. Determine the heat exchanger area.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution:

For hot fluid (oil): 𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 110𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 75𝑜 𝐶

For cold fluid: 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 35𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 75𝑜 𝐶

Determine: LMTD, Heat exchanger area

𝛥𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 110 − 75 = 35𝑜 𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 75 − 35 = 40𝑜 𝐶

𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝛥𝑇𝑖 − 𝛥𝑇𝑜
𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫𝒐𝒓𝜟𝑻𝒎 = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟒𝟒𝒐𝑪 𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷𝑜𝑟𝛥𝑇𝑚 =
𝟑𝟓 𝛥𝑇𝑖
𝒍𝒏 𝑙𝑛
𝟒𝟎 𝛥𝑇0
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution (Cont.):
Heat lost by the oil (hot fluid) is absorbed by the water. Accordingly it is given by:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝑄 = 1.1333 × 4186 × (75 − 35)
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝑾
The heat lost by the oil is given by:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
189759.75 = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 × 1900(125 − 70)
189759.75
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = 1.815882𝑘𝑔/𝑠
1900 × 55
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇𝑚
18979.75 = 320 × 𝐴 × 37.44

𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 𝒎𝟐
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Example (6.4): A counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool
engine oil having specific heat 𝐶𝑝= 2130 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 from 160oC to 60oC. The
cooling medium used being water flows at the rate of 2𝑘𝑔/𝑠 through a tube of
inside diameter 0.5 m while oil flows at the rate of 2𝑘𝑔/𝑠 through outer
annulus having diameter 0.7𝑚 . What should be the length of the heat
exchanger required in order to meet its cooling requirement, when the value of
2𝑜
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 250 𝑊/𝑚 𝐶.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution:
For hot fluid (oil): 𝑚ℎ. = 2𝑘𝑔/𝑠, 𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 160𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 60𝑜 𝐶
For cold fluid: 𝑚𝑐. = 2𝑘𝑔/𝑠, 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 25𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇𝑐𝑜 =?
Determine: LMTD, Heat exchanger length for Counter flow heat exchanger:

𝛥𝑇𝑖 − 𝛥𝑇𝑜
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇𝑚 =
𝛥𝑇𝑖
𝑙𝑛
𝛥𝑇0
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution (Cont.):
The heat lost by the oil (hot fluid) is given by∶ 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐶𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑇ℎ 𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )

𝑄 = 2 × 2130(160 − 60) 𝑄 = 426000𝑊

The heat lost by the oil (hot fluid) is absorbed by the water.
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

426000 = 2 × 4186 × (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 25)

𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 75.8838𝑜 𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 160 − 75.8838 = 84.1162𝑜 𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 60 − 25 = 35𝑜 𝐶

𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟐 − 𝟑𝟓
𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫 𝒐𝒓 𝜟𝑻𝒎 = = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟐𝒐 𝑪
𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝒍𝒏
𝟑𝟓
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution (Cont.):
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇𝑚
426000 = 250 × 𝐴 × 56.0142

𝐴 = 30.42085 𝑚2

𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿 = 30.42085 𝑚2

NOTE: Students are advised to refer to the Course Material for additional
problems
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Example (6.5): A simple heat exchanger consisting of two concentric passages is
used for heating 1110 kg/h of oil whose specific heat is 𝐶𝑝 = 2100𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾 from
27oC to 49oC. The oil flows through the inner pipe made of copper with outside
diameter =2.86 cm, inside diameter=2.54 cm, k=350 W/mK and the surface
heat transfer coefficient on the oil side is 635 W/m2K. The oil is heated by hot
water supplied at the rate of 390 kg/h with an inlet temperature of 93oC. The
water side heat transfer coefficient is 1270 W/m2K. The fouling factors on the
oil and water sides are 0.0001 and 0.0004 m2K/W respectively. What is the
length of the heat exchanger required for (i) parallel and (ii) counter flow heat
exchanger arrangements?
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution:
For hot fluid (Water):

= 4187𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾
For cold fluid (oil):

= 2100𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾

ℎ𝑖 = 635𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾, ℎ𝑜 = 1270𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾, 𝑘 = 350 𝑊/𝑚𝐾, 𝐹𝑖

= 0.0001𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊, 𝐹𝑜 = 0.0004𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊

𝑑𝑖 = 0.0254𝑚, 𝑟𝑖 = 0.0127𝑚, 𝑑𝑜 = 0.0286𝑚, 𝑟𝑜 = 0.0143𝑚

 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution (Contd.): Determine: Heat exchanger area
1 𝑟𝑜 1 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 1
= + 𝐹𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛( ) + 𝐹𝑜 +
𝑈𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝑟𝑖 𝑘 𝑟𝑖 ℎ𝑜

1 0.0143 1 0.0143 0.0143 0.0143 1

= + 0.0001 + 𝑙𝑛( ) + 0.0004 +
𝑈𝑟𝑜 0.0127 635 0.0127 350 0.0127 1270

𝑼𝒓𝒐 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝑾/𝒎𝟐𝒐 𝑪
The heat lost by the alcohol (hot fluid) = Heat gained by water
𝑄 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝐶𝑝ℎ𝑙 × (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) = 𝑚𝑐. × 𝐶𝑝𝑐 × (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐. × 𝐶𝑝𝑐 × (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) = 0.308 × 2100 × (49 − 27) = 14.23 × 103 𝑊
𝑄 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝐶𝑝ℎ𝑙 × (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) = 0.1083 × 4187 × (93 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 )
𝑻𝒉𝒐 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝒐 𝑪
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution (Contd.): Parallel flow heat exchanger:

𝛥𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 93 − 27 = 66𝑜 𝐶

𝛥𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 61.53 − 49 = 12.53𝑜 𝐶

66 − 12.53
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷𝑜𝑟𝛥𝑇𝑚 = = 32.18𝑜 𝐶
66
𝑙𝑛
12.53
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝛥𝑇𝑚
14.23 × 103 = 325 × 𝐴𝑜 × 32.18
𝐴𝑜 = 1.3606 𝑚2
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝑑𝑜 𝐿
1.3606 = 𝜋 × 0.0286 × 𝐿
𝐿 = 15.15𝑚
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON LMTD
Solution (Contd.): Counter flow heat exchanger::
𝛥𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 93 − 49 = 44𝑜 𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 61.63 − 27 = 34.53𝑜 𝐶

𝟒𝟒 − 𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟑
𝑳𝑴𝑻𝑫𝒐𝒓𝜟𝑻𝒎 = = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟏𝟎𝒐 𝑪
𝟒𝟒
𝒍𝒏
𝟑𝟒. 𝟓𝟑
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝛥𝑇𝑚
14.23 × 103 = 325 × 𝐴𝑜 × 39.10

𝐴𝑜 = 1.12 𝑚2
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝑑𝑜 𝐿
1.12 = 𝜋 × 0.0286 × 𝐿
𝐿 = 12.47 𝑚
For the same fluid temperatures, the surface area required for the same cooling
requirement in a counter flow heat exchanger arrangement is less than that required
by parallel flow heat exchanger arrangement.
 MULTI-PASS HEAT EXCHANGER ARRANGEMENTS
Parallel and counter flow heat arrangements - temperature -function of a single
variable 𝑥.

Cross flow HE - Hot and cold fluid temperatures - functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 variables
and vary in two dimensions.

For such situations a Correction Factor (F) needs to be adopted and is defined
as follows.
 MULTI-PASS HEAT EXCHANGER ARRANGEMENTS
In parallel and counter flow heat arrangements it may be well
noticed that the temperature on both sides are a function of a
single variable 𝑥 as they vary only along the length of the heat
exchanger.
𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑭=
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹 × (𝛥𝑇𝑚 )𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟

𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒄𝒐] − [𝑻𝒉𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊

(𝜟𝑻𝒎)𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒓 =
𝑻𝒉𝒊 − 𝑻𝒄𝒐
𝒍𝒏
𝑻𝒉𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄𝒊
MULTI-PASS HEAT EXCHANGER ARRANGEMENTS
MULTI-PASS HEAT EXCHANGER ARRANGEMENTS
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTIPASS HE
Example (6.5): A one shell pass, two tube pass heat exchanger with
flow arrangement as water on the tube side and engine oil on the shell
side. It must be designed to heat 1.5 kg/s of water from 30oC to 80oC
with hot oil entering at 130oC and leaving at 80oC. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2oC. Calculate the heat transfer required.
Take specific heat of water Cpwater =4180 J/kgoC.
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTIPASS HE
Solution:
One shell pass two tube pass heat exchanger
For hot fluid (oil): 𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 130𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 80𝑜 𝐶
For cold fluid (water): 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 30𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 80𝑜 𝐶, 𝑚𝑐 = 1.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠
2𝑜 2𝑜
𝑈 = 250𝑊/𝑚 𝐶, 𝐶𝑝𝑤 = 4180𝑊/𝑚 𝐶
Required: Heat transfer area
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTIPASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
.
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑤 × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 × (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )

𝑄 = 1.5 × 4180 × (80 − 30) = 313500𝑊

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 ] − [𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

(𝛥𝑇𝑚 )𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
𝑙𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTIPASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
130 − 80] − [80 − 30 50 − 50
(𝛥𝑇𝑚 )𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = = =0
130 − 80 50
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛
80 − 30 50
AMTD can be used instead of LMTD,

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 130 − 80

𝑃= = =1
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 80 − 30
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTIPASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
Correction factor 𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖

(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.8 × 50 = 40𝑜 𝐶

 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTI PASS HE
Example (6.6): A two shell pass, four tube pass heat exchanger with
flow arrangement as water on the shell side and brine on the tube side.
Water is cooled from 18oC to 6oC with brine entering at -1oC and leaving
at 3oC. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 600 W/m2oC. Calculate the
heat transfer area required for a design heat load of 𝑄 = 24000𝑊 .
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTI PASS HE
Solution:
Two shell pass four tube pass heat exchanger
For hot fluid (water):𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 18𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 6𝑜 𝐶
𝑜 𝑜 1.5𝑘𝑔
For cold fluid (brine):𝑇𝑐𝑖 = −1 𝐶, 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 3 𝐶, 𝑚𝑐 =
𝑜 𝑠
𝑈 = 600𝑊/𝑚2 𝐶, 𝑄 = 24000𝑊
Required: Heat transfer area
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTI PASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
For a multi-pass heat exchanger,
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 ] − [𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

(𝛥𝑇𝑚 )𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜
𝑙𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖

18 − 3] − [6 − (−1) 15 − 7
(𝛥𝑇𝑚 )𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = = = 10. 50 𝐶
18 − 3 15
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛
6 − (−1) 7
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON MULTI PASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
To find 𝐹:

𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 18 − 6 12
𝑃= = = =3
𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 3 − (−1) 4
𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.98 × 10.5 = 10.29𝑜 𝐶

𝑄 24000
𝐴= = = 3.89𝑚2
𝑈(𝛥𝑇)𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 600 × 10.29
SPECIAL TYPE OF HEAT EXCHANGERS:

Fluids Temperature distribution in (i) Condenser (ii) Evaporator

 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON CONDENSOR/EVAPORATOR PASS HE
Example (6.7): Saturated steam at 120oC is condensing on the outer
tube surface of a single pass heat exchanger. The heat transfer
coefficient is 𝑼𝒐 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲. Determine the surface area of a heat
exchanger capable of heating 1000 kg/h of water from 20oC to 90oC.
Also calculate the rate of steam condensed taking 𝒉𝒇𝒈 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON CONDENSOR/EVAPORATOR PASS HE
Solution:
For hot fluid: 𝑇ℎ𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 120𝑜 𝐶
For cold fluid: 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 20𝑜 𝐶, 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 90𝑜 𝐶, 𝑚𝑤 = 1000𝑘𝑔/ℎ
ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2200𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, 𝑈𝑜 = 1800𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾
Determine: LMTD, Surface area, rate of condensation
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON CONDENSOR/EVAPORATOR PASS HE
Solution (Contd.): Parallel flow heat exchanger:

𝛥𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 120 − 20 = 100𝑜 𝐶

𝛥𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 120 − 90 = 30𝑜 𝐶

100 − 30
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 𝑜𝑟 𝛥𝑇𝑚 = = 58.14𝑜 𝐶
100
𝑙𝑛
30
The rate of heat transfer is given by,
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 [𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ]

𝑄 = 0.27777 × 4186 × [90 − 20]

 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON CONDENSOR/EVAPORATOR PASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
𝑄 = 0.27777 × 4186 × [90 − 20]
𝑄 = 81394.4𝑊

The rate of steam condensation is given by,

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑠. ℎ𝑓𝑔
81394.4 = 𝑚𝑠. × 2200 × 103

𝑚𝑠. = 133.2𝑘𝑔/𝑠
 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON CONDENSOR/EVAPORATOR PASS HE
Solution (Contd.): Counter flow heat exchanger:
𝛥𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 120 − 90 = 30𝑜 𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 = 120 − 20 = 100𝑜 𝐶

100 − 30
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷𝑜𝑟𝛥𝑇𝑚 = = 58.14𝑜 𝐶
100
𝑙𝑛
30

The rate of heat transfer is given by,

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 𝐶𝑝𝑐 [𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ]

𝑄 = 0.27777 × 4186 × [90 − 20]

 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON CONDENSOR/EVAPORATOR PASS HE
Solution (Contd.):
𝑄 = 0.27777 × 4186 × [90 − 20]
𝑄 = 81394.4𝑊

The rate of steam condensation is given by,

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑠. ℎ𝑓𝑔
81394.4 = 𝑚𝑠. × 2200 × 103

𝑚𝑠. = 133.2𝑘𝑔/𝑠