SOCRATES

1st SLIDE
 One of the 3 greatest figures of the ancient period of western philosophy ( the others were plato
and Aristotle) who lived in athens in the 5th century BCE.
 He is recognized as the father of western Philosophy because he began to lay the foundations
for philosophical thought. And also the element to make it more effective. “the power of word”
 He was the first greek philosopher to seriously explore questions of ethics.
 Socrates is known for having provided the first teachings to a series of disciples who would
then continue to develop their own philosophical concepts, such as Plato.
 He attempted to establish an ethical system based on human resources than theological
doctrine. And he also pointed out that human choices was motivated by the desire for
happiness.
 Socrates did not leave any type of writing .his discoveries and teachings were recorded and
taught by one of his students who was plato.

2ND SLIDE

 Socrates' most important contribution to Western philosophy was his technique for arguing a point,
known as the Socratic technique, which he applied to many things such as truth and justice. Socrates
was known for posing thought- provoking questions. He encouraged his students to think critically
by asking them series of questions that led them to think deeply.
 The Socratic technique is a negative strategy for gradually disproving unwanted theories, leaving you with the most logical
one. It aims to make the individual examine their own beliefs and challenge the legitimacy of such convictions.
 The importance of this strategy cannot be understated and has led to Socrates earning the title of the “father of political
philosophy, morality, and good logic.” The Socratic technique is frequently regarded as an essential part of the American
legal system.
 Socratic Debate and Basic Reasoning -

 Socrates focused on discussion and debate as the main way of exposing ideas. Faced with those who
doubted their abilities, he presented himself as ignorant of certain issues, considering that only
through discussion could he enrich knowledge.
 He pioneered the use of inductive reasoning to make conclusion. He used the inductive argument to
ensure the effective exchange of ideas.


Socratic Ethics
 Socrates introduced philosophy and reflection in the homes of Greece, generating new perspectives
on the notions of daily life, virtues and vices, good and evil. Socrates spent most of his time asking
question about ethicical issue. He believed that if one knows what the good is, one will always do
what is good.

Socratic Irony

 Socratic irony is a process used in the Socratic teaching method. It involves a person assuming a position
of ignorance in order to encourage others to make statements that can then be challenged. They have
described him as a man of ironic character and careless appearance. Socrates always claimed
that he did not know anything; In this way, Socrates could claim that his opponents were knowledgeable
and play down his own insight by pretending that he did not know the answer to the question raised.
  Socrates believed that by authentic search for knowledge he was able to perceive33 the true essence
of a man.

PLATO

 He was a greek philosopher who became a brilliant figure in the history of western thought. The
Athenian logician Plato (c. 428–347 BC) is a standout amongst ancient Greek
philosophers, and his ideas have formed the basis of much Western ideology. He
was a student of Socrates and he carried on many of Socrates’ teachings in his
work.
 Plato also founded the Academy, an academic program that many consider
to be the first Western university, where he stressed the importance
of science and mathematics. Because of this, he became known as the
“maker of mathematicians.”
 Plato was an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy. That’s why
Plato is also considered the founder of Western political philosophy with his republic,and laws
among other dialogues providing some of the earliest extant treatments of political questions
from a political perspective. .
 His most famous contribution is the theory of Forms known by pure reason, in which plato
presents solution to the problem of universals known as platonism

 Plato’s most famous work is the Republic, which details a wise society run by
a philosopher. In his republic, he advocated a form of government which
called aristocratic socialism. In this government, the state was to control
everything even the personal transactions and activities of individual. The
most intriguing belief of plato was the abolition of family.

Epistemology or Theory of Knowledge

Plato believed that genuine knowledge could be gained from the wider universe . 

 Held the foundational epistemological view of “justified true belief,” that for
one to know that a proposition is true, one must have justification for the
relevant true proposition.
 Expressed the view, often referred to as Platonism, Platonism is the view
that there exixt such things as abstract objects

 Plato’s Dialectic Explored

Plato’s commitment to logic and reasoning was profound, and he used the strategy of discourse to explore
philosophical ideas. d Plato used these exchanges of different viewpoints to set ideas and thoughts against
one another, allowing the best ideas to rise to the surface.
In “the republic” he said “ intelligent people should be taken care of by the government next to the best
school to be a greater service to the country.

 Membership in each class was determined by intelligence, virtue, and ability. Plato believed that if the
members of each class performed their duties and obligations diligently, social justice would be
attained.
 Plato’s educational system was to accommodate both sexes. Both boys and girls should be given equal
opportunity to develop themselves.

ARISTOTLE

 ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the

greatest intellectual figures of Western history. He was the author of a
philosophical and scientific system
 Aristotle then is called a realist philosopher because he advocated for a world
that truly exists and isontologically independent of our minds. This is
metaphysical realism and even in its modern from it is stillassociated with a
strong essentialism

 he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition.

 Aristotle believed the purpose of school was to develop and exercise students' potential for
reasoning, form ethical character, and provide a skill and knowledge base. He thought the
purpose of schooling was to develop dispositions and habits that exercise reason and forming a
human's ethos.

 Aristotle’s intellectual range was vast, covering most of the sciences and
many of the arts,
including biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, history, logic, metaphysics, rhet
oric, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, physics, poetics, political
theory, psychology, and zoology.