PROJECT REPORT

ON
A study on Solid Waste Management
Environmental Science
(SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELORS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION) (2020-2021)

SUBMITTED BY:

Sushank Pandey

(00921001719)

Under the guidance of

MS. RUCHI KALIA KHARA

Assistant Professor
(Supervisor)

IDEAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY 16-

X KARKARDOOMA, INSTITUTE AREA, NEW DELHI
110092
(Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University)
 APPROVAL FORM

1. Name of the student- SUSHANK PANDEY

2. Class - BBA GENERAL 3.

3.. Enrollment No. - 00921001719

4. Title of the project- A study on Solid Waste Management

Ms. Ruchi Kalia Khara

Assistant Professor
(Supervisor)

Dr. Seema Nath Jain Prof. (Dr.). Anil Prakash

sharma (Principal, BBA 2nd shift) (Director, IIMT)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am writing this final project for the program of Bachelor of

Business Administration on A study on Solid Waste Management for
Ideal Institute of Management & Technology , Affiliated to Guru
Gobind singh Indraprastha University.

It has been a great challenge but plenty of learning and

opportunities to gain and a huge amount of knowledge on the way
of writing this project report. I could not have completed my project
without the constant guidance of Ms. Ruchi Kalia Khara, my faculty
guide, who helped me along the way and was prepared to give me
feedback and guidelines whenever I needed.

Sushank
Pandey
(00921001719)
 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE REMARKS

NO.
1. CHAPTER 1(Introduction) 1
1.1Introduction of solid waste 2
management
1.2Classification of wastes 3
Various methods of solid waste 9
11
Advantages
12
Disadvantages

2. CHAPTER 2 16
2.1 Introduction 18
Classification of hazardous 19
wastes The F and K lists
P and U lists 20
Characteristics of hazardous wastes 20
3. CHAPTER 3 25
Introduction of management of 26
biomedical waste
Classification of bio-medical waste 28
Risk of biomedical waste 30
4. CONCLUSION 32
5. BIBLOGRAPHY 33
CHAPTER 1
(Introduction)

1
 CHAPTER 1
1. Introduction of Solid waste management

It refers to the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded or is no
longer useful. Solid waste management is an important aspect of urban area management.
Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, which can lead to
environmental pollution and the outbreak of vector-borne disease.

The task of solid waste management presents complex technical challenges. They also pose
various economic, administrative, and social problems which need urgent attention.

The major sources of solid waste are households; agricultural fields; industries and mining,
hotels and catering; roads and railways; hospitals and educational institutions; cultural centers
and places of recreation and tourism, etc. Plastic waste is also a solid waste.

2
Classification of wastes
Some of the major various classification of solid waste are as follows:

1. Municipal Waste

2. Domestic Residential Waste

3. Commercial Waste

4. Garbage

5. Rubbish

6. Institutional Waste

7. Ashes

8. Bulky Wastes

9. Street Sweeping

10. Dead Animals

11. Dead Animals

12. Construction and Demolition Wastes

13. Industrial Wastes

14. Hazardous Wastes

15. Sewage Wastes

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16. Biomedical/Hospital Waste

17. Plastics.

1. Municipal Waste:
Municipal waste includes waste resulting from municipal activities and services such as
street wastes, dead animals, market wastes and abandoned vehicles. However, the term is
commonly applied in a wider sense to incorporate domestic wastes and commercial
wastes.

2. Domestic I Residential Waste:

This category of waste comprises the solid wastes that originate from single and multi-
family house hold units. These wastes are generated as a consequence of house hold
activities such as cooking, cleaning, repairs, hobbies, redecoration, empty containers
packaging, clothing, old books, paper and old furnishings.

3. Commercial Waste: Included in this category are solid wastes that originate in
offices, wholesale and retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses and other
commercial establishments. Some of these wastes are further classified as garbage and
others as rubbish.

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4. Garbage:
Garbage is the term applied to animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling,
storage, sale, cooking and serving food. Such wastes contain putrescible organic matter,
which produces strong odours and therefore attracts rats, flies and other vermin. It
requires immediate attention in its storage, handling and disposal.

5. Rubbish:
Rubbish is general term applied to solid wastes originating in households, commercial
establishments and institutions, excluding garbage & ashes.

6. Institutional Waste:
Institutional wastes are those arising from institutions such as schools, universities,
hospitals and research institutes. It includes wastes, which are classified as garbage and
rubbish, as well as wastes, which are considered to be hazardous to public health and to
the environment.

7. Ashes: Ashes are the residues from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and
other combustible materials for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small
industrial
5
establishments. When produced in large quantities at power generation plants and
factories, these wastes are classified as industrial wastes. Ashes consist of a fine powdery
residue, cinders and clinker often mixed with small pieces of metal and glass.

8. Bulky Wastes:
In this category are bulky household wastes, which can’t be accommodated in the normal
storage containers of households. For this reason they require special collection. In
developed countries residential bulky wastes include household furniture and “white
goods” appliances such as stoves, washing machines and refrigerators, mattresses and
springs, rugs, TV sets, water heaters, tires, lawn mowers, auto parts, tree and brush
debris, and so forth.

Commercial bulky wastes include packaging and containers in a wide range of sizes,
including corrugated cardboard, and wood boxes, fiber, plastic and steel drums usually
under 40 gallons (0.15m3), loose and bundled paper (office, printouts), bundles of textiles
and plastics, bales of corrugated and paper, furniture and equipment, and flat and wire
banding.
Industrial bulky waste includes dunnage, including crates, cartons, pallets, skids; large
and small steel, fiber, and plastic drums; bales and rolls of paper, plastics, and textiles;
miscellaneous metal boxes, tubing, rod, punching’s, and skeleton; wire, rope, and metal
banding; and paper, textile, and plastic streamers (William D. Robinson, 1986).

9. Street Sweeping: This term applies to wastes that are collected from streets,
walkways, alleys, parks and vacant lots. In the more affluent countries manual street
sweeping has virtually disappeared but it still commonly takes place in developing
countries, where littering of public places is a far more widespread and acute
problem. Street wastes include paper, cardboard, plastic, dirt, dust, leaves and other
vegetable matter.

6
10. Dead Animals:
This is term applied to dead animals that die naturally or accidentally killed. This
category does not include carcass and animal parts from slaughterhouses, which are
regarded as industrial wastes. Dead animals are divided into 2 groups, large and small.
Among the large animals are Horses, Cows, Goats, Sheep and the like.

Small animals include dogs, cats, rabbits and rats. The reason for this differentiation is
that large animals require special equipment for lifting and handling during their removal.
If not collected promptly, dead animals are a threat to public health because they attract
flies and other vermin as they putrefy. Their presence in public places is particularly
offensive and emits foul smell from the aesthetic point of view.

11. Construction and Demolition Wastes:

Construction and demolition wastes are the waste materials generated by the
construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition of houses, commercial buildings and
other structures. It mainly consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber, roofing
materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires and parts of general
municipal waste stream, but when generated in large amounts at building and demolition
sites, it is generally removed by contractors for filling low lying areas and by urban local
bodies for disposal at landfills.

7
12. Industrial Wastes:
In this category are the discarded solid material of manufacturing processes and industrial
operations. They cover a vast range of substances which are unique to each industry. For
this reason they are considered separately from municipal wastes. However, solid wastes
from small industrial plants and ash from power plants are frequently disposed of at
municipal landfills.

13. Hazardous Wastes:

Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin
which because of their physical, chemical or biological characteristics are potentially
dangerous to human and the environment. In some cases although the active agents may
be liquid or gaseous, they are classified as solid waste because they are confined in solid
containers.

Typical examples are solvents, paints and pesticides whose spent containers are
frequently mixed with municipal wastes and become part of urban waste stream.

14. Sewage Wastes:

The solid by-products of sewage treatment are classified as sewage wastes. They are
mostly organic and derive from the treatment of organic sludge from both the raw and
treated sewage. The inorganic fraction of the raw sewage such as grit is separated at a
preliminary stage of treatment, but because it entrains putrescible organic matter which
may contain pathogens, must be buried/disposed off without delay.

The bulk of treated dewatered sludge is useful as a soil conditioner but invariably its use
for this purpose is uneconomical. The solid sludge therefore enters the stream of
municipal wastes unless special arrangements are made for its disposal.

15. Biomedical/Hospital Waste:

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human
beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of

8
biological. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste,
cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc.

These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human
excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to human health if
not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It has been roughly estimated that
of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.

16. Plastics:
Plastics, due to their versatility in use and impact on environment can be grouped under a
different category of solid waste. Plastic with its exclusive qualities of being light yet
strong and economical, has invaded every aspect of our day-to-day life.

It has many advantages viz., durable, light, easy to mould, and can be adapted to different
user requirements. Once hailed as a ‘wonder material’, plastic is now a serious worldwide
environmental and health concern, essentially due to its non-biodegradable nature.

VARIOUS METHODS OF SOLID WASTE

Landfill sites

Landfill means storing harmful substances under the ground. It can be of two types:

9
Open Dumps
The waste is dumped in an area selected for the purpose. When the area gets filled with the
wastes, it is left open and uncovered. This is not a efficient method of waste disposal and has the
following disadvantages.

 It ruins the appearance of an area.

 It provides a breeding ground for various disease vectors and home for rats.
 The garbage often rots and spreads a bad and unbearable odour in the surrounding areas.
 When open dumps are bunt, the smoke spread around and harms the environment
by generating greenhouse gases.
 Rainwater drains through wastes and carries harmful substances to the nearbywater
bodies.

Sanitary Landfill
Sanitary Landfills are the disposal sites where the areas filled with wastes are properly and
carefully covered with clay, soil or plastic membranes. As a result, the wastes do not harm the
surroundings. As compared to open dumps, it has following advantages.

 It does not harm the beauty of an area.

• Being covered, it does not let disease vectors breed and rats enter into the refuse.

 It causes little damage to the environment and is much more efficient method. The area

10
Incineration
Another method of solid waste disposal is through a special process called Incineration. The
device that is used for incineration is called Incinerator.

 It burns waste products at a very high temperature and convert them into
gaseous substances releasing a lot of heat.
 These gaseous substances are released into the atmosphere.
 The reduce left is called slag or ash which is finally dumped in a Landfill.

Advantages
 The leftover residues occupy much less landfill space. Thus, it i generally adopted by
large manufacturing industries and big cities which do not have enough areas forwaste
disposal sites.
 Some metals can be recovered from the ash residues.

 The heat released can be utilised for various purposes, such as generation
ofelectricity and of steam to runturbine

11
 Disadvantages
 Incineration is a very expensive process and cannot be practical for common man.
 It disposes wastes by burning and thus, only combustible wastes can be incinerated.
These include clothes, wax, emulsions, papers, plant and animal remains, rubbers,
resins, etc.
 Incinerators have to be installed away from residential areas and need a lot of space.

Dumping at sea
 This method prevents the contamination of groundwater and freshwater bodies.
 However, this is not an efficient method as it pollutes the seawater. Though there is a
myth that dumping of wastes in seawater does not pollute it because of its large
quantity.

Most famous example of disposal of waste at sea causing harmful effect is that of Minamata
Bay at Japan.

12
Underground Disposal
This method is generally used for the disposal of extremely hazard radioactive and nuclear
wastes which cannot be disposed of by above methods.

 Underground disposal may be a safe option for their disposal where they also
undergo natural decay.
 Generally, the sites used for underground disposal are Salt Mines. Salt deposits prevent
the interaction of these wastes with other materials.

13
COMPOSTING

Composting is the most common process of recycling the waste products where waste organic
matter is decayed and used as fertilizer for agricultural land.

 A large pit, 5 m long, 1.5 m wide and 1.5m deep is dug

 The biodegradable wastes, especially food remains, especially food remains,
discarded fruits, vegetables, excreta, tree leaves and other organic matters are
dumped in thepit.
 These wastes are left for 2-3 months during which these undergo decomposition
to produce a humus-like material, compost.
 This acts as good manure and increases the fertility of the soil.

Composting may occur in two ways.

 Natural process of decomposition by small microorganisms and bacteria.
 Artificial introduction of earthworms in the compost pit. They eat their way
throughthe soil and convert waste material into manure. This is called
Vermicomposting.

Composting is a cheap and simple method. The resultant product is without any harmful
components. Sewage can be treated in especially designed sewage treatment plants in two stages:

14
Primary Treatment: This treatment involves

 Physical removal oflarge debris by filtration followed by sedimentation of

soil and small pebbles.

 The settled down solid waste forms the primary sludge. The supernatant that forms the
effluent is subjected to secondary treatment

Secondary Treatment: It involves the biological treatment of wastewater by the action of

microorganisms. It takes place by the following series of steps:

 The primary effluent is passed into the large aeration tanks where it is constantly
agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful
microbes.
 The microbes oxidise the major part of the organic matter in the effluent andrelease
carbon dioxide.
 As the amount of organic matter reduces in the effluent, it is passed into a settling tank.
It results in the formation of sediment, called activated sludge. This can be uses as
Manure.
 A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank for treatment
of more water. Whereas the major part of the activated sludge is pumped into the large
tanks called Digesters where other bacteria digest the organic matter and produce a
mixture of gases (methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide). This is used a
Biogas.

Now the water is safe enough to be released into natural water bodies

15
 CHAPTER 2

(HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT)

16
 CHAPTER 2

2. HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Hazardous waste is the waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health and the
environment. The sources of hazardous waste are basically agricultural and agro industries,
medical facilities, commercial centers, household and the informal sectors. Rapidly growing
industries in the country have contributed in the production of large part of hazardous waste
material. Therefore, to reduce environmental hazardous, proper attention is required during
storage, segregation, transportation and disposal of waste, because it cannot be disposed of by
common means like other by products of our daily lives. Hazardous waste management is an
important issue in our country now days. Unscientific disposal of hazardous waste and only few
secured landfill sites available in the country for disposal of hazardous waste in an
environmentally sound manner posed serious risk to the environment system. Rapid
industrialization in last few decades have led to the depletion of natural resources and
increase in pollution in the country. In India though there are certain rules and regulation cited
by the central government for reduction of hazardous waste and for the minimization of
hazardous effect on the environment still hazardous wastes are stored, transported, disposed
or managed unsystematically causing health and environmental (air, water, soil) related
problems. This paper is a review report about the hazardous waste management in India.

17
2.1 INTRODUCTION
India is a developing country, and industries is a major source of hazardous waste in
developing countries, but industrial hazardous waste sources presents greater risks in
developing countries than in developed countries because of poor management and obsolete
technologies, multinational companies often set their plants in developing countries so, that they
can use technologies banned in their house country. The accident at the Bhopal plant in India,
which belonged to union carbide of USA is a prime example of this situation (Khan Danielle J).
The major source of hazardous solid wastes in our country are industrial activities, agriculture
and argo-industries, medical facilities, commercial centres, household and the informal
sector. Small competitive and labour intensive businesses that are not regulated by
government is the source of hazardous solid waste that is currently recognized as major problem
in developing countries. Hazardous waste in India has been defined as “any substance, excluding
domestic and radioactive wastes, which because of its quantity and/or corrosive, reactive,
ignitable, toxic and infectious characteristics causes significant hazards to human health or
environment when improperly treated, stored, transported and disposed”. Hazardous wastes refer
to wastes that may, or tend to, cause adverse health effects on the ecosystem and human beings.
These wastes pose present or potential risks to human health or living organisms, due to the fact
that they: are non- degradable or persistent in nature; can be biologically magnified; are highly
toxic and even lethal at very low concentrations. To determine the nature of hazard, the criteria
that would be followed is toxicity, phyto toxicity, genetic activity and bio-concentration of the
substance.

18
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

Hazardous Wastes are Classified as F, K, P, and U lists:

The F and K Lists

The F-list, found at 40 CFR section 261.31, identifies wastes from common manufacturing and
industrial processes as hazardous. Because the processes generating these wastes can occur in
different sectors of industry, the F list wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources.
They can be divided into seven groups depending on the type of manufacturing or industrial
operation that creates them:

 Spent solvent wastes,

 Electroplating and other metal finishing wastes
 Dioxin-bearing wastes,
 Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons production,
 Wood preserving wastes,
 Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment sludges, and
 Multisource leachate.

The K-list identifies hazardous wastes from specific sectors of industry and manufacturing and
are considered source-specific wastes. To qualify as a K-listed hazardous waste, a waste must fit
into one of the 13 categories on the list and the waste must match one of the detailed K list waste
descriptions in 40 CFR section 261.32. the 13 industries that generate K list wastes are:

 Wood preservation,
 Organic chemicals manufacturing,
 Pesticides manufacturing,
 Petroleum refining,
 Veterinary pharmaceuticals manufacturing,
 Inorganic pigment manufacturing,
 Inorganic chemicals manufacturing,
 Explosives manufacturing,
 Iron and steel production,
 Primary aluminum production,
 Secondary lead processing,
 Ink formulation, and
 Coking (processing of coal to produce coke).

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P and U lists
The P and U lists designate as hazardous waste pure and commercial grade formulations of
certain unused chemicals that are being disposed. For a waste to be considered a P- or U-listed
waste it must meeting the following three criteria:

 The waste must contain one of the chemicals listed on the P or U list;
 The chemical in the waste must be unused; and
 The chemical in the waste must be in the form of a commercial chemical product.
EPA defines a commercial chemical product for P and U list purposes as a chemical that is either
100 percent pure, technical (e.g., commercial) grade or the sole active ingredient in a chemical
formulation.

The P-list identifies acute hazardous wastes from discarded commercial chemical products. The
P-list can be found at 40 CFR section 261.33. The U-list identifies hazardous wastes from
discarded commercial chemical products. The U-list wastes can be found at 40 CFR section
261.33.

Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes

a) Ignitability: According to the EPA, “Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain
conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F).
Examples include waste oils and used solvents.” A flash point is the lowest temperature at
which a substance can evaporate enough to produce sufficient vapor to form an ignitable
mixture with the air.

Ignitable wastes can be broken down into two categories, solids, and liquids. As stated above,
flash point is the most important things to remember when it comes to ignitable liquids. You
have to consider other things with solids though. Non liquid ignitables are capable under
standard temperature and pressure of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or
spontaneous chemical changes. If ignited, these wastes will burn so vigorously and persistently
that they create a hazardous situation.

20
A waste is an ignitable hazardous waste, if it has a flash point of less than 60C; readily
catches fire and burns so vigorously as to create a hazard; or is an ignitable compressed gas or
an oxidizer. Ex: Naphtha, lacquer thinner, epoxy resins, adhesives, oil based paints etc.

Wastes that are hazardous due to the ignitability characteristic include liquids with flash points
below 60 °C, non-liquids that cause fire through specific conditions, ignitable compressed gases
and oxidizers. EPA assigned D001 as the waste code for ignitable hazardous wastes.

b) Corrosivity:According to the EPA, “Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than
or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers,
such as storage tanks, drums, and barrels. Battery acid is an example.”

A corrosive can cause skin damage to people and significantly corrode metal. A corrosive
hazardous material can be either liquid or solid.Wastes that are hazardous due to the corrosivity
characteristic include aqueous wastes with a pH of less than or equal to 2, a pH greater than or
equal to 12.5 or based on the liquids ability to corrode steel. EPA assigned D002 as the waste
code for corrosive hazardous wastes .

Wastes that are hazardous due to the corrosivity characteristic include aqueous wastes with a pH
of less than or equal to 2, a pH greater than or equal to 12.5 or based on the liquids ability to
corrode steel. EPA assigned D002 as the waste code for corrosive hazardous wastes. Aliquid
waste which has a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5 is considered to
be a corrosive hazardous waste. Sodium hydroxide, a caustic solution with a high pH, is often
used by many industries to clean or degrease metal parts. Hydrochloric acid, a solution with a
low pH, is used by many industries to clean metal parts prior to painting. When these caustic or
acid solutions are disposed of, the waste is a corrosive hazardous waste.

c) Reactivity: The EPA defines reactive wastes as, “wastes [which] are unstableunder
“normal” conditions. They can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when
heated, compressed, or mixed with water. Examples include lithium-sulfur batteries and
explosives.”Reactive wastes are, in themselves, unstable. They have the potential to form
toxic gases, vapors, or fumes which can endanger human health. Some form potentially
explosive mixtures with water. Reactive wastes are capable of detonation or explosive
reactions.

21
 Wastes that are hazardous due to the reactivity characteristic may be unstable under normal
conditions, may react with water, may give off toxic gases and may be capable of detonation or
explosion under normal conditions or when heated. EPA assigned D003 as the waste code for
reactive hazardous wastes. A material is considered a reactive hazardous waste, if it is unstable,
reacts violently with water, generates toxic gases when exposed to water or corrosive materials,
or if it is capable of detonation or explosion when exposed to heat or a flame. Examples of
reactive wastes would be waste gunpowder, sodium metal or wastes containing cyanides or
sulphides.

d) Toxicity: Toxic wastes are defined by the EPA as wastes that are “harmful or fatal
when ingested or absorbed (e.g., containing mercury, lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are land
disposed, contaminated liquid may leach from the waste and pollute ground water.”Wastes
that are hazardous due to the toxicity characteristic are harmful when ingested or absorbed.
Toxic wastes present a concern as they may be able to leach from waste and pollute
groundwater.

To determine if a waste is a toxic hazardous waste, a representative sample of the material

must be subjected to a test conducted in a certified laboratory. The toxic characteristic
identifies wastes that are likely to leach dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals into
ground water.

Hazardous Waste can be classified into - (i) Solid wastes (ii) Liquid wastes (iii) Gaseous wastes
(iv) Sludge wastes from various anthropogenic sources (Babu and Gupta, 1997). Any
product that releases hazardous substance at the end of its life, if indiscriminately disposed
of is known as hazardous waste. An efficient Hazardous Waste Management protocol needs to
be executed; other-wise it may cause land, surface and ground water pollution (Ramakrishna
and Babu,1999a; Rao, 1999, Wentz,1995; Parsa et al. 1996; Chakradhar et al., 1999).

e) Oxidizing:

This type of waste may yield oxygen and thereby cause or contribute to the combustion of other
materials.Although oxygen itself isn’t necessarily hazardous, the production of oxygen in high
concentrations is extremely dangerous.

In the event of a fire or chemical reaction, the presence of oxidizers can lead to massive
combustion of an otherwise small, contained chemical event. This video shows the energetic
reaction between an oxidizer and organic compound.

22
Because oxidizers are so hazardous and reactive, they need to be handled in a very specific way.

If your employees must handle oxidizers in your facility, it’s important that they:

 At a minimum wear standard laboratory attire, which consists of closed-toe shoes,

long pants, a lab coat, safety glasses with side shields or splash goggles, and gloves.
 Seek more specific information on the reactivity of particular chemicals when a
procedure requires mixing a strong oxidizer with an organic chemical. Mixing can
result in a violent reaction.
 Use oxidizers in a chemical fume hood. If there is a risk of explosion or violent reaction,
it is absolutely necessary to use the hood sash as a protective barrier between you and the
hazard.
 Not return excess chemicals to its original container. Contamination of the material
could cause an unwanted and dangerous reaction.

f) Poisonous(Acute):
Acute hazardous waste means waste found to be fatal to humans in low doses or, in the absence
of data on human toxicity, that has been shown in studies to have an oral lethal dose (LD) 50
toxicity (rat) of less than 50 mil- ligrams per kilogram, an inhalation lethal concentration (LC)
50 toxicity (rat) of less than 2 milligrams per liter, or a dermal LD 50 toxicity (rabbit) of less
than 200 milli- grams per kilogram or that is otherwise capable of causing or significantly
contributing to an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness,] and
therefore are either listed in § 261.31 with the assigned hazard code of (H) or are listed in §
261.33(e). These waste have high potential to cause death, serious injury or to harm health if
swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact. Chemical Industries, Radioactive and Nuclear Units, etc.

This results in Loss of productivity of land, Behavior abnormalities, Cancer, Physiological

malfunctions.

g) Infectious Substances(Biomedical waste):

These waste contain micro-organisms and their toxins, and responsible for diseases in animals or humans. It
may also include waste associated with the generation of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of
medical or laboratory origin (e.g. packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits etc.), as well research
laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are mainly restricted from environmental
release. As detailed below, discarded sharps are considered

23
biomedical waste whether they are contaminated or not, due to the possibility of being
contaminated with blood and their propensity to cause injury when not properly contained and
disposed. Biomedical waste is a type of biowaste. Research and Development Organizations,
Health care Units, Bio Tech Laboratories, Drugs manufacturing units, etc.

h) Organic Peroxides:
These are organic waste containing bivalent-O-O- structure and may undergo exothermic self-
accelerating decomposition An organic peroxide is any organic (carbon-containing) compound
having two oxygen atoms joined together (-O-O-). This chemical group is called a "peroxy"
group. Organic peroxides can be severe fire and explosion hazards. Organic peroxides are
available as solids (usually fine powders), liquids or pastes. Some materials, such as water,
odourless mineral spirits, and some phthalate esters do not react with organic peroxides and are
often used to dilute them. The diluted mixtures or formulations are less likely to explode when
exposed to heat or physical shock than the undiluted organic peroxide. Dilution makes the
unstable peroxides safer to produce, handle, and use. We use the term "organic peroxide" to refer
to both undiluted and diluted organic peroxides, unless otherwise specified.

24
 CHAPTER 3

(Introduction of Management of Biomedical Waste)

25
 Introduction of Management of Biomedical Waste

The wastes generated by hospitals, nursing homes and health centre constitute an important
component of waste management systems. If not properly handled and disposed, biomedical
wastes generated by these sources could pose a major environmental and health problem.
Biomedical wastes could be both hazardous as well as non-hazardous. In order to regulate the
disposal of these wastes, MEF, Govt. of India notified Biomedical wastes Rules 1998. These
Rules apply to all hospitals, nursing homes, laboratories, animal houses and veterinary
institutions. These Rules have been amended twice in 2000.

These Rules provide for segregation, transportation, storage and disposal of wastes ofbiomedical
categories. Ten categories of these waste have been notified and disposal of each category is
specified. Also, standards for incineration, autoclaving, microwaving and land disposal have
been prescribed. A steering committee on Biomedical Wastes Management has been constituted
by the MEF to monitor implementation of rules. The steering committee has recommended
following amendments to Biomedical Wastes Rules.

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Scope of definition of Biomedical Wastes Treatment facility has been enlarged to include
common Biomedical Wastes Facility.

Non-biomedical wastes generated by hospitals and nursing homes as well as treated biomedical
wastes, shall continue to be picked up by municipal bodies for disposal.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified medical waste into eight categories:

1. General Waste
2. Pathological
3. Radioactive
4. Chemical
5. Infectious to potentially infectious waste
6. Sharpe
7. Pharmaceuticals
8. Pressurized Containers

 Sources of Medical Waste

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 Wherever there are people, these is medical waste. It is generated in small quantities in
many locations.

There Include:

1. Hospitals
2. Emergency care facilities
3. Outpatient facilities, dialysis centres, prisons, transfusion centres, blood banks
4. Laboratories
5. Mortuaries, death care facilities
6. Veterinarians
7. Nursing homes
8. Doctor and dentist offices
9. Chiropractors
10. Ambulance companies
11. Needle exchanges
12. Tattoo parlours
13. Ear Piercing businesses

Old style dental fillings were a mercury amalgam (alloy of mercury and materials). While
mercury is rarely employed in today’s fillings, dentists still deal with mercury waste when old
filings or teeth are removed. Regulatory agencies keep an eye on dentists’ offices as generators
of hazardous waste containing mercury and lead. They also produce waste cotton and plastic
which may be contaminated with body fluids as well as sharps common in other medical
facilities such as scalpels, lancets, needles, and syringes. Funeral homes and mortuaries also
product sharps waste.

Home healthcare providers are in a special situation. When the patient and/or family produce
medical waste at home with no nurses or assistants involved, the waste is under no special
regulation. It can be disposed of as regular household waste as far as the law is concerned. When
a home healthcare provider is employed, it must employ waste management practices similar to
those used in doctor’s offices.

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Wastes from different facilities may be subject to different rules. In the state of Texas, for
instance, businesses that generate less than 50 pounds per month of medical waste as classified
as small quantity generators (SQG) while those that generate over 50 pounds per month are
large quantity generators. The two types are subject to different rules for transport of the waste
and on- site treatment.

Risk Of Biomedical Waste

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Pathogens in medical waste pose a disease risk and if the disease is contagious (or if the waste is
released over a large area) a potential public health problem. The reason we treat medical waste
before disposal is to substantially reduce (for all practical purposes eliminating of disease
transmission. Diseases caused by improper disposal of waste include parasitic infection, lung
infection, Bacterial Meningitis, HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, fungal infection, and Bacteraemia
(bacteria in the bloodstream).

The EPA has said that, in general risks posed by medical waste are greater for health care
workers than for the general public. This is because the maximum disease-causing risk is at the
point of generation and over time diminishes.

The US centres for Disease Control and Prevention states “no epidemiologic evidence suggest
that traditional waste-disposal practices of health-care facilities (whereby clinical and
microbiological wastes were decontaminated on site before leaving the facility) have caused
disease in either the health-care setting or the general community.”

Medical waste can also include non-infectious hazardous components. These might be materials
that are deemed hazardous by their ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, or toxicity to living
organisms. Hospitals produce radioactive waste because radioactive materials are used in both
diagnosis and therapy. Engineers have ways of treating waste to reduce those risks, too.

The riskiest type of medical waste as far as transmitting diseases is microbiological wastes such
as, sharps (needles, etc.) also pose a risk for injury.

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 CONCLUSION

Despite the various new technologies that are emerging for solid waste disposal, landfilling still
remains the most common solution in the northeastern Illinois region. The establishment and
closure of landfills could pose a potential hazard to ground water, due to leachate seepage, and
air quality due to gases released. Unless proper maintenance and management is sustained for a
fairly long time (30 years), public health may be compromised as a result. Such management is
costly and potentially dangerous if faulty. Thus, a safer and more sustainable approach may be
minimizing the number of landfills constructed and insuring their longevity so as not to continue
taking viable land for waste disposal. It is therefore critical to divert waste from landfills through
reduction and recycling.

There seems to be significant awareness of the importance of recycling in the region, however
not all communities have curbside collection at single and multi-family homes, specifically inthe
unincorporated areas. Although these experts are in consensus that landfilling waste is the most
economical disposal method, they also agree that more recycling and resource reduction should
be attained to reduce the continuous need for landfills. That said, not all counties have recycling
ordinances, the main reasons being political opposition and lack of funding for personnel to
propose, monitor and enforce regulations. The various counties and municipalities will have to
collaborate to reach a comprehensive solution that addresses solid waste disposalregionally.
CMAP can play an important role towards that end in proposing policies and techniques that will
handle this issue in an innovative and sustainable manner.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The contents and all the information are collected from the following books:-

 Dr. Vineeta Sharma (ES book)

https://www.slideshare.net/
https://www.wikipedia.org/

http://neamtic.iocunesco.org/index.php?option=com_cont ent&

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ #:~:text=A%20solid%20waste%20is%20a,storms%2C%2 0and%20other

%20geo

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