College of Engineering, Architecture and

Technology
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
BSEE 2 - STEM

ANDRIAN C. DONADO
JOSE JESSIE PAHILA MR. ALBERTO PAULO L. CERCADO
EZEKIEL JOHN BULANA Professor
Group 04

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

What are Solid Wastes?

SOLID WASTES mean any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials
including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial,
commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

As nations and cities urbanize, develop economically, and grow in terms of population,
the World Bank estimates that waste generation will increase from 2.01 billion tonnes in 2016 to
3.40 billion tonnes in 2050. At least 33% of this waste is mismanaged globally today through
open dumping or burning.

SOLID WASTE SOURCES

 RESIDENTIAL

Residences and homes where people live are some of the major sources of solid waste.

Includes: food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals, yard wastes,
ashes and special wastes like bulky household items such as electronics, tires, batteries,
old mattresses and used oil.

 INDUSTRIAL
 Industries are known to be one of the biggest contributors to solid waste.

Include: light and heavy manufacturing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants,
canning plants, power and chemical plants.

 COMMERCIAL

Commercial facilities and buildings are yet another source of solid waste today.
Commercial buildings and facilities, refer to hotels, markets, restaurants,

go-downs, stores and office buildings.

 INSTITUTIONAL

The institutional centers like schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other
government centers also produce solid waste.

Include: glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, metals, electronics as well as
hazardous wastes.

 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION AREAS

Construction sites include new construction sites for buildings and roads, road repair
sites, building renovation sites and building demolition sites.

Include: steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass.

 MUNICIPAL SERVICES

The urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries
today.

Include: street cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches, wastewater treatment plants,
etc.

 TREATMENT PLANTS AND SITES

Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce solid waste. They include refineries,
power plants, processing plants, mineral extraction plants and chemical plants.

 AGRICULTURE

Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources of solid wastes.
Include: spoiled food, pesticide containers and other hazardous materials

 BIOMEDICAL
 This refers to hospitals and biomedical equipment and chemical manufacturing firms.
Include: syringes, bandages, used gloves, drugs, paper, plastics, food wastes and
chemicals.

HARMFUL EFFECTS of SOLID WASTES

HEALTH HAZARD

 If solid waste are not collected and allowed

 to accumulate , they may create unsanitary conditions.

 This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .

 Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea,

dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastrointestinal diseases

may spread and cause lossof human lives.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Soil and Groundwater Pollution

 Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the groundwater. During
the process of collecting solid waste, hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage
and other flammable wastes making the disposal process even harder and risky.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals

 Carelessness with waste and garbage also affects animals, and they suffer the effects of
pollution caused by improperly disposed of wastes and rubbish.

 Animals are at risk of poisoning while consuming grasses near contaminated areas or
landfills as the toxins seep into the soil.

EMISSION OF TOXIC GASES

 When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc,
cleaning solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics mixed up with paper and
other non-toxic scraps are burned they produce dioxins, furans, polychlorinated
biphenyls, and other gases. These toxic gases have the potential of causing various
diseases, including cancer.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The discipline associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transport or

transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the range
of public health, conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental
considerations.

The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and eliminating adverse
impacts of waste materials on human health and the environment to support economic
development and superior quality of life. This is to be done in the most efficient manner possible,
to keep costs low and prevent waste buildup.

Following the 3Rs: REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE

 REDUCE – lessen the use of unrecyclable and hazardous materials, especially the

one-time use or disposables such as styro-foam cup, plastic spoon etc.

 REUSE – practice reutilizing usable things to avoid buying new ones which could pile
up unmanageable wastes later on.
 RECYCLE – be resourceful by recreating trashes into something usable. This could help
prevent and lessen the solid waste being dumped in the environment.

6 Functional Elements of the Solid Waste Management System

1. WASTE GENERATION: This encompasses any activities involved in identifying

materials that are no longer usable and are either gathered for systematic disposal or
thrown away.
2. ONSITE HANDLING, STORAGE, AND PROCESSING: This relates to activities at
the point of waste generation, which facilitate easier collection. For example, waste bins
are placed at sites that generate sufficient waste. 
3. WASTE COLLECTION: A crucial phase of waste management, this includes activities
such as placing waste collection bins, collecting waste from those bins, and accumulating
trash in the location where the collection vehicles are emptied.
 4. WASTE TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT: These are the activities involved in moving
waste from the local waste collection locations to the regional waste disposal site in large
waste transport vehicles.
5. WASTE PROCESSING AND RECOVERY: This refers to the facilities, equipment,
and techniques employed to recover reusable or recyclable materials from the waste
stream and to improve the effectiveness of other functional elements of waste
management.
6. DISPOSAL: The final stage of waste management. It involves the activities aimed at the
systematic disposal of waste materials in locations such as landfills or waste-to-energy
facilities.

Solid Waste Management Development

Due to the rapid increase in yearly produced solid wastes, several techniques on
management had been developed, one of these is the ISWM.

ISWM (Integrated Solid Waste Management) refers to the selection and use of
appropriate management programs, technologies, and techniques to achieve particular waste
management goals and objectives.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that ISWM is composed of waste
source reduction, recycling, waste combustion, and landfills.

These activities can be done in either an interactive or hierarchical way.

REFERENCES:

1. New York State's Solid Waste Program. Retrieved from:

https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8498.html
2. Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from:
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management
3. Various Sources of Solid Waste. Retrieved from: https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-management.php
4. An Introduction to Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from:
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/an-introduction-to-solid-waste-management-
 2878102#:~:text=Solid%20waste%20management%20is%20defined,aesthetic%2C
%20engineering%2C%20and%20other%20environmental
5. Solid Wastes. Retrieved from: http://osp.mans.edu.eg/environmental/ch6f.htm
6. What is Integrated Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from:
https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1000L3W.TXT