Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

(Local Literature) According to D. Corpuz (2020) found out that the learning management
system that fits to enhance the research capabilities of public elementary teachers in the
northern district, schools division of Nueva Vizcaya. It also provides comparison of different
available learning management tools. An evaluation of the research capability of teachers
was determined. The study found out that the MOODLE and Edmodo are the most
appropriate learning management system for public school teachers of Nueva Viscaya,
Synthesis of Related
Literature and Studies Philippines. Although some differences in terms of functionalities among selected learning
management system are observed, the most recommended learning management system
are MOODLE and Edmodo.

According to Dela Pena-Bandalaria (2018) the Philippines is one of the active users of
Learning Management System (LMS) that mostly used academic discussion, learning
assessment and submission of subject requirements. It is also included in the Enhanced
Basic Education of Republic Act 10533 to implement other way to deliver learning through
online platform . DepEd promotes and strengthens the culture of research in basic education.
Department Order No. 16, s. 2017, provided a guideline that manages the research is the
Research Management Guidelines of DepED provides the guidelines in managing research.
However, because of overpopulation in the public schools in the Philippines, the teachers
have limited time in other aspect of the pillars of education.
CHED.gov.ph (2020) Chairman Prospero De Vera issued an advisory to all Colleges and
Universities that there is a need to “Deploy available distance learning, e-learning, and other
alternative modes of delivery in place of residential learning if they have the resources to do
so” so that the operations will still be continued.

Toquero (2021) suggested conducting studies related to the effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on the educational system. It is necessary to strengthen the practices of the
curriculum and make it more adaptable to the needs of students beyond traditional setups.

(Foreign Literature)
A study conducted by Holmes and Prieto-Rodriguez (2018) where mix research method was
employed to examine the perceptions of academic staff and students on various Learning
Management System (LMS) in terms of effectiveness in teaching and learning, and the
affordances it can bring, such as accessibility and interactivity. Findings revealed that the
most effective element of LMS in course learning for teachers are: access to course
materials; recorded face-to-face lectures; course blogs or wikis; and online discussion. These
mean that the results for LMS effectives in terms of accessibility in teaching and learning
revealed a statistically different response for academic staff and students. However, there is
no significant difference in relation to LMS interactivity.

(Local Studies)
Dotong, De Castro, Dolot and Prenda (2016) illustrated some limitations of ICT integration
like shortage of ICT facilities, poor maintenance of available or existing ICT resources, lack of
ICT budget (e.g., Lorenzo, 2016; Tomaro, 2018; Vergel de Dios, 2016). In fact, there are still
areas in the Philippines, particularly in rural areas, where reliable supply of electricity and
internet are miles away to achieve. Thus, it inhibits and affects the capability of teachers to
become skillful on the use of ICT in blending with teaching and learning.
(Foreign Studies) Ngeze (2017) argues that the use of the learning management systems in
higher education is of great importance to both students and lecturers. LMSs can help
lecturers save time in many activities, but to be effective it needs to be improved. System
improvement should be done regularly to support various activities and increase interaction
between students and faculty as well as among students. These improvements are also
required for providing students with advanced features such as video tutorials or Computer
Assisted Assessment (CAA).
There are many benefits of LMS for the students, teachers, and academic staff. For example,
they can review lectures, give feedback, answer exam, assignments, hold discussions, and
have social interactions. In addition, LMS features have been examined so that writing
instructors might become more familiar with writing education (Duin, 2020).

(Relevance of Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present Study)

Dotong, De Castro, Dolot and Prenda (2016) discussed some limitations of ICT integration
like shortage of ICT facilities, poor maintenance of available or existing ICT resources, lack of
ICT budget (e.g., Lorenzo, 2016; Tomaro, 2018; Vergel de Dios, 2016). D. Corpuz (2020)
pointed that the MOODLE and Edmodo are the most appropriate learning management
system for public school teachers. Holmes and Prieto-Rodriguez (2018) found out that using
Learning Management System (LMS) have various benefits in teaching and learning.
 This study anchored with the theory was developed based on a wide review of the published
literature on technology acceptance in information systems and perceived usability in e-
learning. More specifically, eight usability attributes were adopted into the technology
acceptance model (TAM). As usability is important in uptake of e-learning systems, the
authors believe that extending TAM with usability attributes would be helpful in explaining the
variance of TAM constructs and in investigating how usability attributes influence student use
and acceptance of LMS. The results of this study show that usability attributes (content
quality, learning support, visual design, system navigation, ease of access, system
interactivity, instructional assessment and system learnability) influence both perceived ease
of use and perceived usefulness, which are the main constructs of TAM. This work opens
Theoretical
Framework doors for future research in examining the effect of usability on student use of LMS. Further,
understanding the influence of usability attributes might be useful for decision makers and
professionals to improve usability as perceived by students and increase uptake.
 Figure _1_. The Technology Acceptance Model

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is designed to measure the adoption of new
technology based on customer attitudes. TAM is largely credited to Fred Davis in 1986, when
he was part of the Computer and Information Systems, Graduate School of Business
Conceptual
Administration at the University of Michigan in the US. TAM states that the success of the
Framework
new technology adoption is based on positive attitudes towards two measures: Perceived
usefulness and Perceived ease of use. Recognized as a leading model in explaining users’
behaviour towards technology, many researchers have subsequently developed and
extended this model, creating more complicated versions, but the original model is still used
and widely recognized.
This model was a forerunner of measuring user experience and the questions applied in the
original study are still valid today.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Figure 2. Research Paradigm

Prepared: ________________________________
Researcher

Noted: _______________________________
 Research Coordinator

________________________________
Department Head