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ISSN : 0975-7945
FOUNDATION, DERIVATION, AND EVOLUTION OF URDU LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE UP TO 1857
Mohd Tahir
Jounier Research Fellow at CAS, Department of History, AMU Aligarh, 202002.
Abstract:
The core objective of this paper is to review the origin and evolution of Urdu as a language of influence. The debate of the origin
of the Urdu language is very engaging and diverse. Various theories and arguments have been developed by different scholars and
linguists throughout the study of the origin and history of the Urdu language and literature. Its origin from different dialects such
as “Khari Boli” and “Baraj Bhasha” is also debatable. Apart from this unending discussion about its origin, the study of its
advancement is also crucial. Historically, Urdu is associated with the establishment of Muslim rule in the subcontinent. It has
adopted the Persian alphabet as a writing style and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic calligraphy as a source for technical and
literary vocabulary. Urdu had many names throughout its evolution and in the end, it became famous as “Urdu”, during the 19th
century. Like its predecessors, Persian and Arabic it also developed its own literature. Urdu literature was served and watered by
several famous and noted writers and poets of Persian literature. It had begun to become famous among Indian intelligentsia, a
newly emerging class in the Indian subcontinent, during the last phase of Medieval India. After the decline of the Persian language,
it became one of the main lingua-franca of Indian literates. So the present study will also describe that how the Urdu language and
Its literature became very popular among all the sections of Indian society at the dawn of the 19th century and how it achieved a
reasonable position in the Indian subcontinent up to 1857.
Keywords: History of Urdu Language; Urdu literature; Marsiya; Galib; Urdu Poetry.
Introduction:
A language is the method of human communication in a particular area or community, either spoken or written, consisting of the
use of words in a structured and conventional way. Human beings can exchange knowledge, beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats,
commands, thanks, promises, declarations, feelings, etc, through a specific language. Today, about 7,106 languages are being
spoken throughout the world. These languages can be grouped into more than 90 language families. Languages belonging to the
same family have certain structural similarities and share a significant number of similar and related words.
Linguists and Philologists have divided the languages of the Indian sub-continent into an Indo-European family, Dravidian family,
Austro-Asiatic family, and Tibto-Burmese family. Urdu has been identified with the Indo-European family of languages, along with
Hindi, Punjabi, Marathi, Persian, Bengali, Gujarati. Urdu is associated with the Nastaliq script style of Persian calligraphy and
reads right-to-left, whereas Hindi is written in Devanagri script, like Sanskrit, and reads left-to-right. It is a very difficult question
to answer that, how old the ancestor of Urdu is because the old surviving documents have only a few words that help us to trace
the origin of the Urdu language. The most common view, and one which contemporary scholars agree with, is that’ the Khari-Boli
is Urdu’s ancestry language. Meer Amaan (1748-1806), quoted that “Urdu is a Pidgin born during the middle Mughal period”, he
traced the language back to the time of Akbar. His theory is that “speakers of different languages came together in Akbar’s capital
(Agra, the area of Braj Bhasha), and during buying, selling, and trade a language (Urdu) was created”. Amrit Rai, however, has
traced the origin of Urdu back to the fourteen to the eleventh century, during the growth of Nath-Panthi literature. While the verse
line and the phrase of Nath-Panthi literature remain more or less in their original form, and older and archaic words are
unintentionally changed into more familiar current idioms. According to Tariq Rahman, “the specimens accepted as being authentic
by Amrit Rai are to be taken as being approximations of an ancient form of Urdu-Hindi”.i
However, Urdu developed more decisively during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal Empire (1526–1858). The
earliest verse dates to the 15th century and the golden period of Urdu language and literature was the 18th–19th centuries. Urdu
religious prose goes back several centuries, while secular writing flourished from the 19th century onward. Modern Urdu is the
national language and lingua-franca of Pakistan. In India it is one of the twenty-two official languages recognized in the constitution
of India, having official status in the four states, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand, and in two union territories, Jammu
& Kashmir and Delhi, National Capital of India.
Marsiya Writers:
The development of Marsiya reaches its climax with the rich contribution of Anis’s Marsiya or Elegy, which is a lament or sorrow
at the death of a friend, relative, or patron, especially a king. In Urdu, it is used in the specialized sense of an account of the
tribulation of Hussain (RA) and his family, which culminated in the tragedy of Karbala. Anis and Dabir gave it finished and
grandeur of style. According to Graham Bailie, “Marsiya is the highest form of Urdu literature”. xx Also, the Other Urdu writers
consider it the most dominant and admirable form of Urdu literature.
Anis (1801-1874): Mir Babar Ali Anis was born at Faizabad, and at an early stage of his life he came to Lucknow. Anis was born
a poet and received poetry in his inheritance. He had written a few gazals early in his carrier but soon gave up in favor of Marsiya
and Salam. He has written many thousands of Elegies, Quatrain, and Qitas. His published poems extended to five volumes.
Dabir (1803-1875) : Mirza Salamat Ali Dabir born at Delhi. He was a rival of Anis and was a perfect master of elegiac poems and
spend his whole life for the attainment of this object. He was probably the first to write Ramziya Marsiya. The service of “Marsiya
Nigari” render to the language is great and immense. “The five lacs of couplets composed by Anis and Dabir brought into play and
use many words and idioms and thus amplified the stock of Urdu words”.
The Age of Zauq and Ghalib: While Delhi was struggling for healing her wounds, given by external invasions and internal
political failures, the main center of Art and Culture had shifted to Lucknow. But a shimmering twilight was still captivating the
fancy of the writers and poets like Ghalib and Zauq.
Zauq (1789-1854): Sheikh Ibrahim, generally known by his surname Zauq was born in Delhi. He was the contemporary and rival
of Galib and a virtual poet-laureate of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal ruler.xxi To the Zauq, the title of Khakani-i-hind was
granted by the Mughal emperor. He is a master of gazal and qasida and has left a considerable number of each. His Masnavi ‘Nama-
I-Jansoz’ running over to five hundred couplets was a creditable performance that was lost in the Mutiny of 1857 AD. He is the
author of many Mukhummus, and quatrains. In qasida, he carries away his position from his contemporaries. His Diwan has been
called a “bouquet of variegated flowers”.
GHALIB(1797-1869): One of the greatest figures in Urdu literature and the most distinguished and genius personality of his age.
His full name is Mirza Asad-ullah Khan, and Ghalib was his poetical surname. He was born in Agra and spend his childhood there,
until at the age of thirteen he was married to a bride of eleven, and shortly afterward made his permanent home in Delhi.
The atmosphere of Delhi was surcharged with poetry and the various poetical assemblies were the order of the day and night. It
provides him a literary atmosphere, he was quick-witted, begun to compose poetry in Persian first and then Urdu. He saw himself
above all a great Persian poet, but what bounce his fame instantly, was his Persia prose, Urdu poetry, and most of all Urdu prose.
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ISSN : 0975-7945
Ghalib as a scholar ranked very high, he had gone through all the important works of his contemporaries, and Sufism, and he made
use of these doctrines in his works. He had no aptitude for religious Elegy or Chromograms, but some of the best of his verses deal
with universal themes, themes that have been, and probably always will be, intelligible everywhere. He expresses them in the form
of ghazals, in which a simple thought or feeling is encapsulated in a single couplet of the poem, although, he uses very tough
language. Ghalib, the man of universal fame, is an author of a large collection of Urdu and Persian literature. Some of his important
works including, Ood-i-Hindi, Urdu-i-Mualla, Diwan-i-Urdu, Kuliyat of Persian poetry, Qata-i-Burhan, Panch Ahang, Mahr-i-
Nimroz, Dastanbo, and Subdahin.
ریختہ کے اک تم ہی استاد نہیں ہو غالب۔
کہتے ہیں اگلے زمانے میں کوئ میر بھی تھا۔ غالب
Conclusion:
The above study of the ‘Origin and evolution of Urdu language and literature up to 1857’ makes it crystal clear that like other
languages of the world, the exact origin of the Urdu language is also obscure. Though some tried to trace the origin of the Urdu
language to the mid-Indo-Aryan period from 800 to 600 BC, followed by the age of Prakrit and Pali. Mahmud Ghazni annexed
Punjab in 1027A.D and settled his army of occupation in Lahore. His descendants held Punjab till 1187A.D, and then came
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Muhammad Ghori, who captured Delhi in 1193A.D. This all took more than 200 years, during this long period, Punjab, Delhi, and
other northern areas were largely dominated by foreign troops. The soldiers and people met in daily intercourse and needed a
common language, Persian was the language of soldiers (foreigners), had many Arabic and few Turkish words. Whereas local
people spoke different dialects including Khari and Braj Bahasa. After centuries of amalgamation between local inhabitants and
foreigners a new language came into existence which was known as Hindavi, Hindustani, or Hindi, and later derived to Urdu. As
for as, the debate of the origin of Urdu is concerned, there are different theories of different scholars. According to some Pakistan-
based scholars, Urdu was born in Punjab and Punjabi is its real ancestor while some view that Sindh is the birthplace and Sindhi is
its ancestor. On the other hand, most Indian philologists and scholars view that the origin of the Urdu language took place in Delhi
and its surrounding areas, and the dialects spoken in this region became the base of the Urdu language.
The development of every language is associated with its literature, and the literature of Urdu language developed with the
emergence of different schools of Urdu poetry, starting with the Delhi School of Hatim, Arzu, Mir, Sauda, and Dard. The Lucknow
school of thought and its contribution can never be ignored, particularly the role of Masshafi, Insha, Nasik, Atish, Naseem, and
others. The debate of Urdu language and literature would remain insufficient if we will not count the role of Mirza Ghalib. His
power of expression and philosophical attitude gave a new life to Urdu literature. His Diwan of Poetry and excellent letters are
eternal. The establishment of Fort William College played a vital role in the development of Urdu prose. In the post-Mughal era;
Mirza Ali Lutf, Syed Haider Baksh Hyderi, Mir Aman, Bhadur Ali Hussain, Sher Ali Afsos, Nihal Chand Lahori, are the prominent
number among Urdu prose Writers up to 1857.
References:
i
TARIQ RAHMAN, From Hindi to Urdu, 1st edition, Orient Black Swan, Hyderabad, 2011, 56.
ii
Syed Ahtisham Hussain, Urdu Adab ki Tanqidi Tareekh, 1st edition, Director Qaumi Council Bara-e- Farogh-e- Zaban Urdu
New Delhi;1999 ,p, 10.
iii
Ali Jawad Zaidi, A History of URDU LITERATURE, 1st edition, Sahitya Akadmi, Delhi 1993,np, 03.
iv
ibid, p.07.
v
TARIQ RAHMAN, From Hindi to Urdu, 1st edition, Orient BlackSwan, Delhi, 2011, p,80.
vi
Ibid,pp. 87-94 .
vii
ibid,p. 91.
viii
SHAMSUR REHMAN FARUQI, Literary Culture and HISTORY, 1 ST edition, Oxford press 2001, p.23.
ix
ibid , p,27.
x
Ali Jawad Zaidi, A History of URDU LITERATURE, 1st edition (Sahitya Akadmi, Delhi 1993).p 49.
xi
Ibid, pp, 76.
xii
Syed Ahtisham Hussain, Urdu Adab ki Tanqidi Tareekh, 1st edition, Director Qaumi Council Bara-e- Farogh-e- Zaban Urdu New
Delhi;1999, P.64.
xiii
Muhammad Sadiq, A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE ,2nd edition, Oxford University Delhi 1984, P.91
xiv
Ram Babu Sexena, A History of Urdu Literature, 2st edition, Asian Education House, Delhi 1990, p.27
xv
Muhammad Sadiq, A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE ,2nd edition, Oxford University Delhi 1984, P, 102.
xvi
Ali Jawad Zaidi, A History of URDU LITERATURE, 1st edition , Sahitya Akadmi, Delhi 1993, p.144.
xvii
Ram Babu Sexena, A History of Urdu Literature, 2st edition, Asian Education House, Delhi 1990, p.102.
xviii
Muhammad Sadiq, A HISTORY OF URDU LITERATURE ,2nd edition, Oxford University Delhi 1984, p. 138 .
xix
Syed Ahtisham Hussain, Urdu Adab ki Tanqidi Tareekh, 1st edition, Director Qaumi Council Bara-e- Farogh-e- Zaban Urdu
New Delhi;1999, p.104.
xx
Graham Bailey,A History of URDU Literature, london, 1932, p,64.
xxi
Ali Jawad Zaidi, A History of URDU LITERATURE, 1st edition, Sahitya Akadmi, Delhi 1993, p.180.
xxii
Syed Ahtisham Hussain, Urdu Adab ki Tanqidi Tareekh, 1st edition,Director Qaumi Council Bara-e- Farogh-e- Zaban Urdu New
Delhi;1999, p. 79
xxiii
Graham Bailey,A History of URDU Literature, London, 1932, p.83.
xxiv
Syed Ahmed Latif, Influence of English literature on Urdu Literature, 1st edition, London, 1924, .p.82.
xxv
Graham Bailey,A History of URDU Literature, London, 1932, p, 80.
xxvi
RALPH RUSSELL, GHALIB life, letters and Ghazals, The Oxford University press,2003, p.74.