‘ My sk all. ARNING REIMAGINED Mathematics Percentage, Base, and Rateing Percentage, Base, and Rate LESSON 1: Identi PD ) TARGET At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: * define percentage, rate or percent, and base; and * Identify the base, percentage, and rate in a problem. @ OPTIMIZE In your previous lessons, you have learned that ‘percent’ literally means “per hundred” and is represented using the hundreds grid. You can determine 1% of a hundred, given a value, and the given value can be shared equally among the 100 parts of the hundreds grid. For example, if the hundreds grid represents 300 people, then each small square represents 3 people. Similarly if the hundreds grid represents 65 kilograms, then each small square has a value of 0.65 kilograms. Before proceeding with the lesson, check whether you can still recall how to solve simple percent problems. Read the following situation and answer the problems. Write your answers in the blanks If the hundreds grid represents 500 people, solve the following: 1. How many people will be represented by half of the hundreds grid? How many people will be represented by one-fourth of the hundreds grid? What part of the hundreds grid will represent 250 people? What part of the hundreds grid will represent 50 people? 2B» 'y What part of the hundreds grid will represent 5 people? Look at the Answer Key. Are your answers correct? If yes, then you may find this lesson much easier to understand. If not, try answering more exercises about percent.@ CAPTURE {kind of presents do you buy? Do you save money to buy a present for your loved one? Wha 's mom's birthday In the following problem, you will read about Paolo, who will like to Save for hi ye has accepted the Paolo has thought of getting a summer job to earn extra mn ng price of every Job of selling children’s books. By doing so, he can have 20% Oo! 00 and earn P80.00 from book he sells. He is able to sell the first storybook that costs P400. its selling price. What do you notice about the situation? Do you know How do you calculate Paolo's earnings from the next few book: @ NAVIGATE You can begin by translating the story of Paolo of the selling price of every book. It means that 20% ot each number is called. Paolo is given 20% of the selling price of every book he can sell. The 20% here is the rate. Rate is the number that is part of the whole. It comes with the percent (%) symbol or the word “percent”. Paolo sells the book that costs P400.00. In this situation, P400.00 is the whole or the entire amount. This is called the base. The earnings that Paolo gets from selling the book that is worth P400 is a part or portion of the whole amount. The result of finding a certain percent of a number is called percentage. what these numbers represent? s he was able to sell? into a simple problem. Paolo gets 20% 100.00 is P80.00. Then, define what In this situation, P80 is the percentage. You can further understand the given definitions in the following problems. By definition, the base is the original amount that usually comes after the word “of” in a mathematical statement. Identify the base in the following problems: ; pa as | i> 250 is 25% of, pe What percent a) is 125? | 48 is 12% of | [what nu ber?) Now, identify the rate in the following problems. Take note that finding the rate is easy. au can do it by just looking for the number with the percent symbol (%) or the word “percent” a problem.250 ts (25% of 1,000. | What percent of 500 Is 1257 | 48 ue 12% of what number? Look for the percentages in the following problems. The percentage value representing a part of a base of a whole amount. It is usually beside the word ‘mathematical statement 280 te 25% of 1.000. acme im oe is defined as the ina 45 912% of what pumber? What do you notice about the given problems? You can see that percentage is related to the identified base and rate. It is important to identity these three parts in a problem to find out what is being asked. For example, in the question “What is 25% of 607". can you tell what 25% represents? What does 60 represent? What does the answer represent? In this question, 25% is the rate; it is associated with the percent symbol (%6). The number 60 represents the base, which means that it is the whole amount and the number that comes after the word “of. The answer that you need to find is the percentage. It is the part of the. whole, usually associated with the word “is”. The following illustration summarizes the descriptions of percentage, rate, and base: mm sale wifey What is 25%) of | 60? pecannge = ale paee CHECKPOINT In the blanks, write True if the statement is correct or False if itis not. 1. Apercentage is a number that represents a part of a base. 2. The base can be identified in a problem as the whole amount and comes after the word “of”. 3. _ In the problem “65 is 25% of what number?" the unknown number is the percentage. rate. In the problem “what percent is 180 of 6002", the number 180 is the 5. The percentage is unknown in the problem “What is 35% of 257°TAKEAWAYS: t. In A percentage is a value representing a part of a base or a whole amount. In a problem, it is usually beside the word “is”. %6 Rate is the number that is part of the whole. It has the percent symbol (%) or the word “percent” in a given problem. i aft Abase is an entire value or whole amount. In a problem, it usually comes after the word “of”. MBevrce Guided Activity: Identify the base, rate, and percentage in each of the given problems. Write your answer in the space before each number. For numbers 1-2, identify the rate. 1. 16 is 20% of 80. 2. What is 5% of 40? For numbers 3-4, identify the base. 3. 45 is 3% of 1,500. 4. 5S out of 30 is 6. For numbers 5-6, identify the percentage. 5. What percent of 500 is 150? 6. What percent of 40 is 14? Independent Activity: Identify the percentage, base, or rate in the following problems. Fill in the table with what is asked according to the number it represents. An example is given for your reference.LESSON 2: Computing Percentage, Base, and Rate ee ) TARGET At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: e find the percentage in a given problem, e find the base, given the percentage and rate; and e find the rate, given the percentage and base. €2) OPTIMIZE Before proceeding with the lesson, check whether you can recall converting percent into decimals and fractions. Complete the following table. Express the following percent as a fraction and as a decimal. An example is given for your reference.Docimal Porcent Fraction Example: 30% 30 as? 100 55% 27% 6% 200% 3% 1, proceed to the Look at the Answer Key and check your answers. If they are all crest, PCTS eT Next topic. If not, check which parts you need help with so that you can lesson better. @ CAPTURE At times, you will encounter percentage problems where the base, rate, or percentage needs tobe identified, For example, read Paolo's problem on the left. sod book t P380.00 tn eam 20% of Pe sling een, them how much dear? Can you hep a compe nats 20% fF 350.007 What are these given numbers? What do you have to solve in the problem? How do you compute the unknown number? How do you calculate the percentage when the base and the rate are given? @ navicate You can begin by understanding the problem and identify what each number represents. The rate is the number in the problem with the percent sign (%), so 20% is the rate. The sale Price of the book, which is P350.00, refers to the total amount or the base. You are asked to identify how much earning does Paolo get. This is just a part ofthe total amount; therefore, by definition, you are going to compute the percentage. You can also take note of the equivalent mathematical symbol of the words “of” and “is.” You have learned that the word “of" in mathematics is also associated with multiplication (e.g.,2 groups of 4is the same as 2 * 4) and the word “is” represents “equal to.” Now, you can identify the percentage, rate, and base of the following problems. Find out how much Paolo earns.Finding the Percentage In Paolo's problem, the question is "What is 20% of 3502” Here, 20% is the given rate or percent, the base is 350, and the Percentage is unknown or missing. ‘As shown in the illustration above, to get the percentage of a number, you multiply the base by the rate (the number with the percent sign) and use the formula Percentage = Base * Rate. You can find the percentage of a number by changing the rate or percent to decimal before doing multiplication, Recall that to change a percent into a decimal, you change the percent symbol (%) into a decimal point (.) and move the decimal point two places to the left. That is, 20% = 0.20. Now, you are ready to multiply 0.20 x base to get the percentage. Study the solution illustrated using the formula: Percentage = Base x Rate Identify the equation to be used. 350 Percentage = 350 x 20% Write the number sentence. x20 Percentage = 350 x 0.20 Convert percent as decimal (20% = 0.20). + a Percentage = 350 «0.20 Multiply the base and rate. 7000, Percentage = 70 Get the final answer. Therefore, 70 is 20% of 350. Sometimes, the unknown may either be the base or the rate. Thus, keep in mind the formula, Percentage = Base x Rate; hence, you can derive the formulas to get the base or the rate, Finding the Rate Rephrasing Paolo’s problem, you will have “If Paolo earned P70 from a book that was Sold at P350, what was the rate of his earnings?” Here, notice that the rate is unknown. You can rewrite the problem into the statement “70 is what percent of 3507" Using the P = B * R formula, you can derive the formula in finding both sides of the equation by the base: Percentage _ Base x Rate Base Base the rate by dividing Percentage al “Rat ange Thus, you will have Base Rate. To get the rate, do the following: Write the number sentence by substituting the values to the formula: Rate = 10 350° 2. Divide the percentage by its base: 2 =0.20. 9Convert the decimal into percent by moving two decimal places to the right and write 3. the percent sign (%). Percentage __70 =20% Rate = “Sreentage _ 7 = 0.20=2 ee Base 350 So, P70 is 20% of P350, Paolo earns 20% of the sales. Finding the Base “ receives P70 for selling a Fe bool notice that the Once again rephrasing Paolo's problem, you will have ei book. This is 20% of the selling price of the book. How much is the book?" Here, : “70 i ber?” base is unknown. You can rewrite the problem into the question “70 is 20% of what number?" Using the P = B R formula, you can derive the formula in finding the base by dividing both sides of the equation by the rate; Percentage _ BasexRate Rate Rate Thus, you will have Percentage = Base. To get the base, do the following: ‘ate 1. Write the number sentence by substituting the values to the formula: 70 Base = ——. 20% 2. Convert the percent into decimal: 20% = 0.20 3. Divide the percentage by rate. Percentage 70 _a59 Base "Rate 0.20 So, 70 is 20% of 350. The selling price of the book is P350. the following formulas: Percentage = Base x Rate Percentage Rate o Rate = Petoentage Base In computations, the rate should be expressed as a decim: rate should be written with the percent symbol. ° Base Percentage (P), base (B), and rate (R) are related. This can be summarized in fal. AS an answer, theenrich Guided Activity: Using the P = B » R formula, compute the base, rate, or percentage to complete the table. Use a separate sheet of paper for your solution. Percentage Base Rate 1 160 15% 30 2 24 12 300 3. 4. 800 120% 2,400 5. 80% Independent Activity: Answer the following problems. Write your answers in the blanks. 1. What is 35% of 280? 2. 30% of what number is 900? 3. What percent of 20 is 5? 70% of 130 is what number? 5. 24% of what number is 3487 LESSON 3: Solving Word Problems Involving Percentage @® ) TARGET At the end of the lesson, you will be able to: *® solve routine and nonroutine word problems involving percentages; and © create problems involving percentages. 11@) OPTIMIZE Before you proceed to the next lesson, keep in mind the P= B* R formula. ic. Write your Answer the following items. This will help you prepare for the next foPl * answer in the space provided each the number. What number is 50% of 50? —______1 —___ 4% What number is 4% of 600? pi 1 40% of what number is 10? ———e 25 is 2% of what number? 5. What percent of 10 is 137 Ifyou solve the following problems with ease, then you are ready to proceed to the next lesson, Otherwise, review the previous lessons. @ CAPTURE What do you do when you prepare for an exam? Do you get higher grades when you study? In the problem below, Susan studied for her year-end examinations, so she got high scores. In her English test, she answered 200 questions and got 90% of them correct. Then, in the 150-item Math test, she got 80% of them correct. How many questions in the English test did she answer correctly? How many Math test questions did Susan miss? In solving percentage word problems, can identifying percentage, base, or rate help? What are your methods in finding these unknown terms? How will you solve the given problem? @ NAVIGATE To solve problems involving percentages, you can also use Polya’s four-step process: (1) understand the problem, (2) make a plan, (3) carry out the plan, and (4) look back. Another strategy is to restate the situation into a simple problem, make an equation, and perform the needed operations of numbers. In solving routine word problems, you need to use at least one of the basic operations to get the answer. Nonroutine word problems, on the other hand, need more than one strategy and operation to come up with an accurate answer. 12Now. try to solve the previous word problem. If you consider only the first question, itis a routine problem: Ina year-end examination, Susan answered 200 questions in her English Test. She got 90% of them correct. How many questions did she answer correctly? 1, Understand the problem. * What are the given facts? 200 is the total number of questions answered by Susan. 90% is the given percent of Susan's correct answers. * Whatis being asked? the number of questions out of 200 that she answered correctly. 2. Make a plan. Rewrite the situation into a simple problem. Restate the problem to “What is 90% of 2007" Identify the percentage, base, and rate in the problem. In this problem, 90% is the rate, 200 is the base, and the percentage is unknown or missing. To find the percentage, multiply the base by the rate and use the formula Percentage = Base x Rate. 3. Carry out the plan. Solve the percentage. + Change the percent to decimal: 90% = 0.90. + Substitute the values to the formula: Percentage = 200 x 0.90 Percentage = 180 So, Susan answered 180 questions correctly in her English test. 4. Look back. To check, you can use the formula for finding the base. Restate the problem to “180 is 90% of what number?” _ Percentage 180 _ 180 __ Base = = 599 7200 Rate 90% 13Ninety percent of 200 is 180, which is the total number of questions. Therefore, your answer is correct. it becomes a nonroutine problem: The Math Test had 150 questions. Susan got 80% correct answers. How many M Now, if you consider the second question, if lath test questions did ‘Susan miss? 1. Understand the problem. © Whatare the given facts? 160 is the total number of questions in the Math test. 80% is the given percent of Susan's correct answers. What is being asked? the number of Math test questions that Susan missed Make a plan. © Rewrite the situation into a simple problem. Restate the problem into “What is. 80% of 1507” in the problem. In this problem, 80% is Identify the percentage, base, and rate i the rate, 150 is the base, and the percen do the two steps: (1) compute the unknown using the ubtract the percentage from its . tage is unknown or missing. ¢ __Infinding the final answer, formula: Percentage = Base * Rate; and (2) s base. Carry out the plan. Find the percentage. Change the percent to decimal: 80% = 0.80. ‘Substitute the values to the formula: Percentage = 150 * 0.80 Percentage = 120 To get the number of questions that Susan missed, subtract the percentage from its base. correct answers + missed questions = total questions (80% of 150) + (20% of 150) = 150 14120+2= 150 150-120 = 30 So, Susan missed 30 questions in the Math test. 4, Look back, To check, you can use the formula of finding the rate. Restate the problem to “30 is what percent of 1502” Rate = Percentage _ 30 _9 >9_ 20% Base 150 If you add 80% of 150 and 20% of 150, you will have 120 + 30, which is equal to the base (150). Therefore, your answer is correct. Creating Own Problems Now, use your understanding of finding the percentage, base, and rate by solving and creating similar word problems that can be found in reab-life situations. Example: What is 80% of 25? ¢ Study the given expressions. Here, 80% is the given rate, the base is 25, and the Percentage is not given. * Use a context (e.g., sharing). You can create a percentage word problem, such as “Darryl had 25 packs of goods at first. He shared 80% of it with his neighbors. How many packs of goods did he give?” * Provide a reasonable solution. You may use Polya’s four-step process. 1. Understand the problem. + What is asked? ‘The number of packs of goods that Darryl gave + What are the given facts? 28 is the total number of packs of goods that Darryl had. 80% is the percent of packs of goods given by Darryl. 2. Make a plan. + Identify the percentage, base, and rate in the problem. In this problem, 80% is the rate, 25 is the base, and the percentage is unknown or missing. 15Since the percentage is unknown, multiply the base by the rate. Use the formula: Percentage = Base * Rate. 3. Carry out the plan. Find the percentage. + Change the percent to decimal: 80% = 0.80. + Substitute the given to the formula: Percentage = 25 x 0.80 Percentage = 20 So, Darryl gave 20 packs of goods to his neighbors. 4. Look back. To check, you can use the formula for finding the base. Restate the problem to “20 is 80% of what number?” In finding the base, use the formula: Base = Percentase 20 _ 20 Base F0% 0.8 =25 80% of 25 is 20; therefore, your answer is correct. CHECKPOINT ‘Answer the following. Write your answer in the blank or space provided. 1. Carlo finished 42 pages of a 300-page book yesterday. What percent of the book does he still need to read? 2 Write a real-life problem involving the question "180 is 60% of what number?” Then, solve it: © __Insolving word problems involving percentages, you can use Polya’s four-step process: Understand, Plan, Solve, and Look Back. ¢ You can create your percentage word problem when at least two of the three terms (percentage, base, and rate) are identified.Go to Rex Learning Pathways to leam more about solving routine and onroutine problems involving percentage using appropriate strategies and tools (MENS-1IIb-140). Guided Activity: Solve the following word problems. Use the formula Percentage = Base x Rate as a guide. Write your final answer in the blank before each number. You can use a separate sheet of paper for your solution ———___1. Out of the 2,000-seating capacity of the cinema hall, only 70% ? are occupied. How many seats are occu ————_—___2. 180 out of 900 registered voters were not able to vote in the elections. What percent of the voters were not able to vote? ——____________3. At the Museo Pambata, 60% of the visitors are children. There are 252 children at the museum. How many visitors altogether are at the museum? ———_________4. Carol is saving her allowances for a pair of shoes she wants to buy. If the pair of shoes costs P1,200 and she already has saved 'P960, what percent of the cost has she already saved? —________5. The people in Barangay Matulungin launched a tree-planting project. They targeted to plant 600 trees in a month. They were able to plant 70% of the targeted number of trees last week. How many trees do they need to plant to reach their goal? Independent Activity 1: Solve the following word problems. Write your final answer in the blank before each number. You can use a separate sheet of paper for your solution. In @ 50-item Math exam, Erwin got 10% of the items wrong. What is his score? 2. 30 percent of the class were absent due to heavy rains. How many students attended the class if there were 60 students in the class? 17