EE352

ELECTROMECHANIC ENERGY CONVERSION

Dr.Mehmet BULUT
 2

TEXTBOOKS
Course Textbook:
Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Stephen J. Chapman,
Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill International Edition

Additional Sources:
• Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, Theodore
Wildi, Fifth Edition, Printice Hall
• Electric Machinery, Fitzgerald, Kingsley and Umans, McGraw-
Hill, 6th ed. 2003.
• Electric Machinery & Transformers, Guru and Hızıroğlu,
Saunders College Publishing, 3rd ed. 2001.
Course Outline
1. INTRODUCTION AND ENERGY, UNITS
2. ELECTROMAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
3. ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
4. TRANSFORMERS
5. ROTATING MACHINES - DC MACHINES
History
5

-1878 : Thomas Edison founded the Edison

Electric Light Co. (US), in New York City. He
bought a number of patents related to electric
lighting and began experiments to develop a
practical, long-lasting light bulb.

-1882 : Thomas Edison opened th Pearl Street

Power Station in New York City. It was one of
the world’s first central electric power plants and
could power 5,000 lights. The Pearl Street
Station was a direct current (DC) power system,
6

-1883 : Nikola Tesla invented the “Tesla coil”, a

transformer that changes electricity from low voltage to
high voltage making it easier to transport over long
distances.

-1884: Nikola Tesla invented the electric alternator, an

electric generator that produces alternating current (AC).
AC electrical systems are better for sending electricity
over long distances.
 First Power Transmission line
7
-1895: Tesla built the hydroelectric power
plant in Niagara Falls with industrialist
George Westinghouse, carrying electricity
to Buffalo, which was 40 kilometres away.
Electromechanical Energy Conversion(EMEC):

Electrical Energy to Mechanical Energy (i.e. Motors)

Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy (i.e. Generators)
+ Transformers (Not a EMEC device)
TOE (TEP : Ton Eşdeğeri Petrol)
Electric System of Turkey
 Capacity: 90 GW=90.000 MW (5th in Europe)
 Max. Consumption: 48 GW (~24 million kettles)

 Annual Energy Generation: 307 TWh

(30% domestic, 70% industrial)

 Per Capita Consumption: 3740 kWh/year
 Turkey's rapid growth in electricity demand,
12

With this newly added electricity generation capacity, Turkey's total installed power
capacity reached 91,267 Mega Watts (MW) at the end of 2019.

Turkey's
Electricity
Installed
Capacity:
91.267 MW
(2019)
RENEWABLE RESOURCE POTENTIAL
Structure of electric power section in Turkey
 The Electricity Generation Company
(EÜAS) is the state owned generation
company responsible for the operation of
existing power plants owned by the public
and for new capacity additions.
 The Turkish Electricity Transmission
Company (TEIAS) is the transmission
system operator and is responsible for
planning, installing and operating the
transmission grid.
 Distribution Companies: Twenty-one
distribution companies with their own
geographical region are all legally
unbundled and privatized through transfer of
operating rights (TOOR) contracts.
 The ownership of the distribution network
asset remains with the state (with TEDAS
as holding company)
Electricity generation by source, Turkey 1990-2018

Annual Energy Generation: 307 TWh ( end of 2019)

Difference between Power and Energy ?

 The unit of Energy is Joules (J= Watt.Seconds).

 Common unit for electrical energy:

 kilo-watt hours (kWh).
Cost of Energy?

 How much does it cost to run a kettle or electric

heater for 1 min?
Your electricity bill ?
20

P=V x I = (15 A ) x ( 240 V ) = 3600 W

1 Wh = 3,600 J then W=180 kJ = 180 000 J / 3600 (Wh/J) = 50 Wh
W = P x time then time = 50W x 3600s / 3600 W we find that t= 50 s
 UNITS
21

This system of units became known as the System International (SI) and has
been adopted throughout most of the world.

Units for other quantities

such as volume,
force, energy, etc.,
are derived from
these seven base
units.
 SI System
The SI system is built on a system of 7 base units.
22

-Units for other quantities such as volume, force, energy, etc., are
derived from these seven base units.
- Specifically, definitions for the following five important quantities will
be provided since these are key quantities in this course.
• Charge
• Current
• Voltage
• Power
• Energy
 The fundamental unit of work or energy is the joule (J).
23

One joule (a kg m2 s-2 in SI base units) :

1J equivalent to 0.7376 foot pound-force(ft・lbf)
Other energy units include the calorie (cal), equal to 4.187 J;
the British thermal unit (Btu), which is 1055 J;
and the kilowatthour (kWh), equal to 3.6 × 106 J.

Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is expended.

The fundamental unit of power is the watt (W), defined as 1 J/s.
One watt is equivalent to 0.7376 ft ・ lbf/s
or, equivalently, 1/745.7 horsepower (hp).
 Scale and Notation
24

The SI uses the decimal system to relate larger and smaller units to the
basic unit, and employs prefixes to signify the various powers of 10.

Daily Using
HW: If Electrical cost is 75 krş/ kWh find total electricity cost ?
Assumption $ = 6.85 TL
 MOTION
26

Angular Position θ
The angular position θ of an object is the
angle at which it is oriented, measured
from some arbitrary reference point.

Angular position is usually measured in

radians or degrees. It corresponds to the
linear concept of distance along a line. Motion of a body about a fixed axis
27

This is the angle at a particular instant in time that

the object makes with respect to some fixed
reference axis.
This angle may be measured in degrees
or radians.

A radian is defined such that 2π radians

represents one complete revolution (360o).
The conversion is therefore 1 radian = (360/2π).
Since pi is approximately 3.14, this gives about
57o per radian.
Rotation of an object about a fixed axis.
 Angular Velocity ( ω )
28

Angular velocity (or speed) is the rate of change in angular

positi on with respect to time.

It is assumed positive if the rotation is in a counterclockwise

direction. Angular velocity is the rotational analog of the
concept of velocity on a line.

Onedimensional linear velocity along a line is defined as

the rate of change of the displacement along the line (r)
with respect to time
29

Similarly, angular velocity ( ω ) is defined as the rate of

change of the angular displacement θ with respect to time.
30

If the units of angular position are radians, then angular velocity is

measured in radians per second.
In dealing with ordinary electric machines, engineers often use units
other than radians per second to describe shaft speed.

Angular position θ : radian

Angular velocity ω : rad /sec

1 radian = 360/2π
 The speed is given in revolutions per second or revolutions per minute (rpm).
31

By using these different symbols, any possible confusion as to the units intended
is minimized. The following symbols are used in this class to describe angular
velocity:

The subscript m on these symbols indicates a mechanical quantity, as opposed

to an electrical quantity.
These measures of shaft speed are related to each other by the following
equations:
 Angular Acceleration ( α )
32

Angular acceleration is the rate of change in angular velocity with respect to time.
It is assumed positive if the angular velocity is increasing in an algebraic sense.
Angular acceleration is the rotational analog of the concept of acceleration on a
line.

Just as one-dimensional linear acceleration:

Angular acceleration is defined by :

If the units of angular velocity are radians per second, then angular
acceleration is measured in radians per second squared.
 UNITS
33

Eylemsizlik
 Linear - Angular
34
 Linear - Angular
35
 TORQUE
36

The torque on an object is defined as the product of the force applied to the
object and the smallest distance between the line of action of the force and the
object's axis of rotation.

If r is a vector pointing from the axis of rotation to the point of application of the
force, and if F is the applied force, then the torque can be described as

where θ is the angle between the vector r and the vector F.

The units of torque are newton-meters in SI units and pound-feet in the English
system.
37

The direction of the torque is clockwise if it would tend to cause a clockwise

rotation and counterclockwise if it would tend to cause a counterclockwise
rotation (Figure 1-2).
Work ( W )

Work (W) is the energy used or gained. For

linear motion, work is the application of a force
(F) through a distance (r).
constant force

For rotational motion, work is the application of

a torque through an angle. Here the equation
for work is

if the torque is constant

 Power (P)
39

Power is the rate of doing work, or the increase in work

per unit time. The equation for power is

It is usually measured in joules per second (watts), but also can be measured
in foot-pounds per second or in horsepower.

By this definition, and assuming that force is constant and collinear with the
direction of motion, power is given by
 Examples
40
41
42

1 HP = 745,69 (~ 746) Watt

1,34 HP = 1000 Watt = 1 KW