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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 56, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020 4600608

Effect of Fe3 O4 Nanoparticles on Magnetorheological Properties

of Flake-Shaped Carbonyl Iron
Water-Based Suspension
Chandra Shekhar Maurya and Chiranjit Sarkar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Patna, Patna 801103, India

To analyze the effect of magnetite Fe3 O4 disk-shaped nanoparticles with flake-shaped microparticles in water-based magneto
rheological (MR) suspension, the rheological properties were studied using a parallel plate rheometer. The morphology, crystallinity,
and magnetic property of the prepared MR suspensions were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),
X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. In the presence of a magnetic field, micron-sized carbonyl iron
(CI) particles lead to form a robust columnar structure with Fe3 O4 nanoparticles and enhanced the magnetorheological performances.
The magnetorheological performances of MR suspensions were examined in shear rate, shear strain, and shear stress testing sweep
modes with and without a magnetic field. It was observed that adding the 1 wt% of Fe3 O4 , the magnetorheological performance of
MR suspension enhanced. The MR fluid with CI/Fe3 O4 nanoparticle mixture showed significantly higher shear viscosity and shear
stress and yielded stresses than pure CI-based MR fluid. The yield stresses were higher in the shear rate sweep mode than strain
and stress sweep testing modes.
Index Terms— Dynamic yield stress, magnetic field, magnetorheological fluid (MRF), Masons number, shear stress, shears viscosity,
static yield stress.

I. I NTRODUCTION While CI particles have been widely accepted magnetic

M AGNETORHEOLOGICAL fluid (MRF) is one of

the interesting magnetoresponsive smart materials
composed of soft micron-sized magnetic particles, like
carbonyl iron (CI) and metal oxide dispersed in non-magnetic
carrier fluids, that have the ability to change rapidly,
continuously, and reversibly from liquid-like to solid-like
state in milliseconds in the presence of magnetic field [1],
[2]. This behavior of MRFs occurs due to the magnetostatic
polarization of magnetic particles and forms a chain structure
in the presence of a magnetic field [3]. While in the absence
of a magnetic field, the MRF shows a Newtonian fluid-like
behavior of randomly dispersed particles [4]. The formed
chain-like structure leads to significant changes in magne-
torheological properties, such as the yield stress and viscosity,
and these phenomena are called the magneto rheological
(MR) and MV effects, respectively [5], [6]. Because of
their smart, controlled, field-responsive behavior, they have a
wide variety of potential applications in transmission control
[7], active vibration control, and damping systems such as
automobile clutches [8], [9], seismic vibration control [5],
drilling fluids [10], and precision polishing [11]. The other
potential applications of magnetic materials are cooling
liquids and directional transportation, dynamic seals, drug
delivery [12]–[14], biochemistry [15]–[18], biosensors [19],
magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, wave absorbers
[20], [21], and hyperthermia treatment of cancer [22], [23].
Manuscript received July 23, 2020; revised September 4, 2020; accepted
October 9, 2020. Date of publication October 15, 2020; date of current
version November 18, 2020. Corresponding author: C. S. Maurya (e-mail:
1821me19@iitp.ac.in).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available
online at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2020.3031239
0018-9464 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
material for MRF among various magnetic materials, they
have superior magnetic behavior due to its soft magnetic
characteristics, high saturation magnetization value, high per-
meability, and low remanent magnetization, have suitable
shapes like flake shape and spherical shape, and are com-
monly available at low cost [24], [25]. Upadhyay et al.
[25] observed that flake-shaped CI particle-based MRF has
better MR effects compared to sphere-shaped CI particle-
based MRF due to robust particle–particle interaction, which
results in higher friction among the particles. The rheological
properties of MRFs are affected by the particle size, volume
fraction, shape, properties of the carrier fluid, extra additives,
temperature, magnetic field, and its applied direction [26],
[27]. In the last few years, researchers have focused on
the size and morphology of the nanoparticles due to their
broad technological applications and fundamental scientific
importance [4]. Fe3 O4 has been used in various shapes
and sizes like hollow nanospheres [28], [29], submicrometer
spheres [30], triangular-shaped single crystalline [4], tube
[31], core–shell structured [32], octahedral [33], polyhedron
[34], wire [35], and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)
coated [36]. The nanoparticles enhanced the magnetorheo-
logical performance of MRFs as the nanoparticles filled the
gaps between the micron-sized particles and strengthened
the particle–particle chain structure with well-arranged par-
ticle structures. Water-based MRFs were least studied by the
researches with nanoparticles, which have higher shear stress
than hydrocarbon-based MRF under the same condition [37].
In this work, we used disk-shaped iron oxide (Fe3 O4 )
nanoparticle as an additive with flake-shaped CI particle water-
based MR suspension to enhance the magnetorheological
performance. The magnetorheological performance of MR
suspensions is examined in shear rate, shear strain, and shear

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4600608
Fig. 1. Preparation and synthesis of the MRF.
stress testing sweep modes using a parallel plate rotational
rheometer. It was observed that adding the 1 wt% of Fe3 O4 , the
magnetorheological performance of MR suspension enhanced.
The yield stresses were higher in the shear rate sweep mode
than the strain and stress sweep testing modes.
II. C HARACTERIZATION AND E XPERIMENTAL M ETHODS
A. Materials
Flake-shaped magnetic soft CI powder and disk-shaped
iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3 O4 ) were purchased from Sigma
Aldrich (Germany) with the average particle size 6–10 μm
(SEM) and 50–100 nm (SEM), respectively. The CI has a
density of 7.86 g/mL at 25 ◦ C, and the molecular weight
is 55.85, with 97% purity. CI particles have a higher satu-
ration magnetization value, which is the crucial parameter for
excellent MRF behavior. The iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3 O4 ) has
a molecular weight of 231.53, a density of 4.8–5.1 g/mL at
25 ◦ C, and a surface area of 20–50 m2 /g with 97% purity.
The Fe3 O4 nanoparticles were used with micron-sized CI
particles and deionized and filtered Millipore water suspension
to prepare the MRF and enhance the MR effects. Both
Fe3 O4 nanoparticles and CI particles are used without further
chemical treatment and any purification.
B. Preparation and Particle Characterization
MR suspensions were prepared by dispersing flake-shaped
CI particles with 65 wt% in water and stirred 1 h, and
after that, Fe3 O4 nanoparticles were added by 1 wt% in MR
suspension to see the effect of the MR nanoparticles and stirred
2 h. Note that 1 wt% of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles concentration was
chosen based on the fact that more than 1 wt% of nanoparticles
could significantly increase the viscosity of MR suspension in
the OFF-state without not much enhancing the ON-state MR
properties. The preparation and synthesis method of MRF are
shown in Fig. 1, and mixtures were stirred continuously by
using a mechanical stirrer with a rotating speed of 500 RPM
at room temperature.
The surface morphology and average particle size of CI
and Fe3 O4 nanoparticles are measured using field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) (S-4800) images of
as-synthesized suspensions equipped with energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis. The crystalline
structure and phases of CI particles and Fe3 O4 nanoparticles
MR suspension were studied using an X-ray diffractometer
(XRD). The magnetic property of pure flake-shaped CI was
measured by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) at room
temperature.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 56, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020
Fig. 2. SEM image of (a) pure flake-shaped CI, (b) disk-shaped Fe3 O4 ,
(c) CI/Fe3 O4 mixture, and (d) VSM plot of pure CI (the inset shows the
enlarged hysteresis loops at the low applied magnetic field).
C. Magnetorheological Measurement
The MR responses were measured using a rotational
rheometer (Anton Paar MCR102) through shear rate sweep,
shear strain sweep, and shear stress sweep modes. The
mechanical properties of MR suspension were investigated
through strain amplitude and frequency sweep test. The oper-
ating parameters like coil current, gap, and temperature were
tuned using Anton Paar RheoCompass 1.22 software. All the
measurements were investigated with and without a magnetic
field at 22 ◦ C temperature by maintaining an initial gap of
0.5 mm between the 20 mm diameter parallel plates. The
rotating plates are made of non-magnetic material to prevent
the occurrence of the radial component of the magnetic force
on the soft, and parallel plate geometry is more comfortable
for operating and cleaning. The sedimentation stability of
micron-sized CI water-based MR suspensions was observed
with adding Fe3 O4 nanoparticles.
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
A. Particles’ Characterization
Fig. 2(a)–(c) shows the morphology characteristics of the
flake-shaped pure CI particles, Fe3 O4 nanoparticles, and pre-
pared MRF mixture of CI/Fe3 O4 , respectively. SEM image
shows that pure CI particles have a flake shape with rough,
unlike smooth surface. The morphology shows that Fe3 O4
nanoparticles have a disk shape with the nano-size range of
50–100 nm. In the case of a mixture of CI/Fe3 O4 , Fe3 O4
nanoparticles fill the voids between the micron CI particles
and some nanoparticles attached on the surface of CI par-
ticles because of magnetic property. The size and surface
morphology of the particles affect the MR effect of the MRF
[38]. The magnetization characteristics of pure flake-shaped
CI particles were measured in powder state over the magnetic
field range of −30 to +30 kOe, as shown in Fig. 2(d). The
magnetization curve shows negligible coercive force (HC )
and remnant magnetization (Mr ) and because of this prop-
erty, CI is considered as the superparamagnetic material for
MAURYA AND SARKAR: EFFECT OF Fe3 o4 NANOPARTICLES ON MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Fig. 3. (a) EDS of CI/Fe3 O4 mixture and (b) XRD pattern of CI and Fe3 O4 .
MRF applications. The magnetization saturation (Ms ) value
differed from sample to sample, but the intrinsic hysteresis
characteristics of the pure CI particles were maintained in the
MRF suspensions. The measured magnetization saturation of
pure flake-shaped CI is 205.52 emu/g. The particles, which
have higher magnetic saturation, will be able to support higher
magnetic field strength before the yield stress saturates [39].
Soft materials have very high reversibility since they are easily
magnetized and demagnetized under the applied magnetic
field [40].
The EDS spectral results, which are performed on powder
microclusters of CI/Fe3 O4 mixture, are shown in Fig. 3(a).
It reveals the composition of the microcluster with high Fe
content and the presence of O and C elements in the prepared
MRF mixture. Fig. 3(b) shows the typical XRD pattern peaks
for flake-shaped CI particles and Fe3 O4 particles measured at
room temperature. XRD data provide information about peak
positions and intensity of the samples. The position of peaks
indicates the crystal structure and symmetry of the contributing
phase, while peak intensity reflects the total scattering from
each crystal plane and depends on the distribution of atoms
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4600608
Fig. 4. Schematic of the MR effect of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles added to the CI
particles.
in the crystal structure. XRD characterizes the crystallinity,
computes the interplanar spacing of each set of planes indexed,
and determines the lattice parameter of Fe for each peak. Each
diffraction peak of CI and Fe3 O4 particles has been indexed
and a series of characteristics as (110), (200) (211), and (111),
(220), (311), (400), (422), (511), (440), (533), (731), (800)
planes of body-centered cubic (bcc) phase Fe, respectively.
B. Rheological Measurement of MRFs
1) Shear Rate Sweep Mode: The magnetorheological
properties of CI-based MRF with and without the Fe3 O4
nanoparticles as an additive were investigated at different
applied magnetic fields. The MR measurements with various
suspensions were performed using a rotational rheometer
under controlled shear rate sweep mode. The schematic of
the MR effect is shown in Fig. 4, and it can be seen that
Fe3 O4 nanoparticles fill the voids between the micron-sized CI
particles and attached on the CI surfaces. As a result, magnetic
interaction among CI and Fe3 O4 particles is enhanced and
forms more sturdy chain structures, and the MR properties
of MRF under the applied magnetic field are enhanced.
In addition, the wrapping effect of the CI particles strengthens
the columns and reforms the broken structures. The magnetic
field applied is normal to the applied shear deformation of
the MRF, and the velocity gradient of the flow is normal
to the applied magnetic field direction. At the same time,
the magnetic moment of the particles created by the applied
magnetic field is parallel to the magnetic field direction [41].
The shear rate sweep mode is a typical experiment to obtain
the shear stress and shear viscosity as a function of shear rate
under the applied magnetic field.
Figs. 5 and 6 (log–log plot) show the MR response of
shear viscosity and shear stress with a shear rate for CI-based
MRF and iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles as an additive
with and without a magnetic field. The shear rate and mag-
netic field strength ranged from 0 to 100 s−1 and 0 to
131 kA/m, respectively. Fig. 5 indicates the flow curve of
shear viscosity as a function of shear rate, and the shear
viscosity of CI and CI/Fe3 O4 -based MR suspension grew with
increasing the magnetic field strength. At a low shear rate,
the viscosities have higher value because of the resistance of
disordered arrangement and aggregation of magnetic particles.
Furthermore, shear-thinning behavior is caused by the shear
deformation and breakage of the internal structure over a wide-
range shear rate domain and, as a result, abrupt decrease in
viscosity is observed. The particles began to arrange their
orientation along the shearing direction, and the viscosity
differences become negligible [24]. The viscosity at a higher
4600608
Fig. 5. Shear viscosity plotted as a function of the shear rate.
Fig. 6. Shear stress plotted as a function of the shear rate (inset figure shows
the magnified view shear stress at 0 T).
shear rate without the magnetic field has not yet dropped down
because the chain structure of the particles is strong enough to
resist the shear force [33]. The MR suspension with 1 wt% of
CI/Fe3 O4 showed higher viscosity compared to CI-based MR
suspension in both with and without a magnetic field due to
a slightly higher concentration of particles.
Fig. 6 shows the flow curve of shear stress as a function
of shear rate; the shear stress of CI and CI/Fe3 O4 -based
MR suspensions showed a similar behavior to shear viscosity
flow curves. Both MR suspensions exhibited a non-Newtonian
fluid-like behavior with an applied magnetic field. The shear
stress first showed the maximum value (yield stress) and
then showed a slightly decreasing slope over the shear rate
domain. Under the applied magnetic field, magnetic particles
were polarized, and the gap between the micron-sized flake-
shaped CI particles filled their nano-sized Fe3 O4 nanopowder,
causing a sturdy magnetic chain-like structure and improved
the MR response. Furthermore, the CI/Fe3 O4 nanopowder-
based MR fluid showed higher shear stress compared to
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 56, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020
Fig. 7. Shear stress plotted as a function of the shear rate (inset figure shows
the magnified view shear stress at 0 T).
CI-based MR fluid at all applied magnetic field strength. This
can be explained as the CI/Fe3 O4 nanoparticles enhancing the
susceptibility of the CI particles to magnetic fields, resulting
in the formation of a more stable chain-like structure with an
applied magnetic field.
With the addition of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles in a small amount
(1 wt%) in a micron-sized CI water-based suspension, the
shear stress significantly increases. However, by adding more
amount of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles (2 wt%) in a micron-sized
CI water-based suspension, the shear stress was not much
enhanced under an applied magnetic field, while the viscosity
of the fluid significantly increases in OFF-state by increasing
the wt% of solid particles, as shown in Fig. 7 [24], [42].
It might be because of that by adding more nanoparticles,
there was not much strengthening of the chain formation of
the magnetic particles under the applied magnetic field.
2) Shear Strain and Shear Stress Sweep Modes: The shear
stress was measured under shear strain sweep testing mode,
and the strain rate was increasing with increasing the shear
strain. The shear stress is a function of shear strain, and the
measuring range of shear strain varied from 0 to 100%, as
shown in Fig. 8. This method had been previously used by
Yang et al. [2] and Walls et al. [43] to measure the yield
stress of F-MRF and C-MRF, respectively. The stress–strain
curve of CI/Fe3 O4 MR suspension showed a higher value
compared to the CI-based MR suspension curve because of
higher resistance and reconstruction of particles against shear
strain than pure CI-based MR suspension at each applied
magnetic field strength. It was observed that shear stress
reflects the opposing force against the shear deformation. The
shear stress curve deviates from the increasing trend, shows
a maximum value, and then tends to level off. The maximum
stress is defined as the yield stress, and the yield stress notably
increases with increasing the magnetic field strength. It was
also found that at a higher magnetic field strength, the yield
point occurs at higher shear stress. The shear stress becomes
unstable and fluctuates after yield point with increasing the
MAURYA AND SARKAR: EFFECT OF Fe3 o4 NANOPARTICLES ON MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Fig. 8. Shear strain sweep: shear stress as a function of shear strain.
shear strain, fluctuation was negligible at lower magnetic field
strength, and it may be due to weak magnetic chain-like
cluster. The fluctuations in the shear stress at the higher strain
would be because of the destruction and reconstruction of the
magnetic chain-like cluster under the applied magnetic field
strength.
Fig. 9 indicates the strain–stress curve of CI and CI/Fe3 O4
MR suspension measured under the shear stress sweep testing
mode at the applied magnetic field strength. The shear stress
shifted to a higher value with increasing the magnetic field
and approaches its maximum value for each applied magnetic
field strength; the maximum value obtained at each magnetic
field strength is considered as yield stress of MR suspension.
The yield stress, also known as the point before and after
which the slope of the strain–stress, is different. The CI/Fe3 O4
MR suspension has higher yield stress than CI MR suspension
at each applied magnetic field strength. It was observed that
after the yield point, stress slightly decreases, and at some
point, it becomes constant, while the shear strain increases
continuously to its maximum value.
3) Yield Stress Calculation: The yield stress is an essential
factor and a critical rheological parameter for designing MRFs
to be used in MR devices. The static yield stress and dynamic
yield stress of the prepared MR suspensions were measured
in shear rate, shear strain, and shear stress sweep modes. The
static yield stress is the minimum stress needed to cause to
flow or quasi-static unbounded strain of the fluid, and it was
higher than the others yield stress. The dynamic yield stress is
the minimum stress corresponding to continuous breakage of
field-induced particle chain that tends to reform in the presence
of the magnetostatic forces once the stress exceeds the static
yield stress [36]. After the yield stress, the viscoplastic flow
of MR suspension was initiated because of the breakage of
the columnar structure of the magnetic chain. With increasing
the magnetic field strength, the columnar structure of the MR
suspension becomes progressively robust, and the resulting
elastic to viscoplastic transition limit increased [44]. Since
the yield stress of an MRF varies directly with the applied
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4600608
Fig. 9. Shear stress sweep: shear strain as a function of shear stress.
magnetic field strength, this yield stress is also known as ‘field-
dependent yield stress’
 [30], [45].
The yield stresses τy are commonly investigated as a func-
tion of magnetic field strength with a power-law relationship
τ ∝ H m . The yield stress varies quadratically at the lower
magnetic field as τy ∝ φμo H 2 , where φ is the volume fraction
of the MRFs, H is the magnetic  field strength, and μo is the
permeability of free space μo = 4π × 10−7 H/m . Further-
more, at higher magnetic field strength but lower than the com-
plete saturation limit of the magnetic
√ particles, the yield stress
1/2
is predicted by equation τy = 6ϕμo Ms H 3/2 [46], where
μo Ms is the local saturation magnetization of the magnetic
phase. Under the complete magnetic saturation of the particles,
the yield stress only depends on μo Ms , should be independent
of particle size for an MR suspension, and assumes that
the magnetic properties of particulates of different sizes are
identical [39]. The equation that  predicts
 the
 yield stress
under complete saturation is τy sat = 4/55/2 ξ (3)φμo (Ms )2
[46], where constant ξ (3) = 1.2.0. A universal equation has
been given because of the existence of the critical magnetic
field strength (Hc); it assumes that MRF suspensions may be
present in analogous ways
 √ 
2 tanh H0 /Hc
τy (Ho) = α H √ . (1)
Ho /Hc
Here, α depends on the susceptibility of the fluid, volume
fraction, and another physical parameter. The yield stress
shows two limiting characteristics for Ho [47]

τy ∝ α H 2 Ho ≤ Hc , τy = α Hc Ho3/2 Ho ≥ Hc . (2)
The static and dynamic yield stresses are proportional to Ho2
when Ho ≤ Hc, and no local particle magnetization saturation
occurs. Furthermore, yield stresses are proportional to Ho1.5
when Ho ≥ Hc. Under the intermediate region of the magnetic
field, the static and dynamic yield stresses show a decrease
in the slope due to the local saturation of magnetic particles
except for the static yield stress of CI/Fe3 O4 MR suspension
in the shear rate sweep mode as shown in Fig. 10.
4600608
Fig. 10. Yield Hc stress curve of MRFs as a function of magnetic field
strength: (a) static yield stress (b) dynamic yield stress.
The static yield stress is obtained by extrapolating the max-
imum stress at a lower shear rate of 3.3 s−1 from shear stress–
shear rate curves for the shear rate sweep mode, while in the
shear strain and shear stress sweep modes, it is the maximum
value over the whole time range of tests. The dynamic yield
stresses are obtained by extrapolating the minimum stresses
from all three testing modes, which break the induced mag-
netic particle chain structure under the magnetostatic force.
The static yield stress of CI/Fe3 O4 -based MRF suspension has
a higher value than CI-based MR suspension. It was observed
that the yield stress obtained in the shear strain and shear stress
sweep testing modes is lower when compared to the shear rate
sweep testing mode. This can be explained as: in the shear
strain and shear stress modes, the responding strain (or stress)
may be unable to follow the stress (or strain) applied, and a
smaller value of strain (or stress) was observed. As a result, the
shear strain and shear stress sweep modes have smaller yield
stress in comparison with the shear rate sweep modes [2].
C. Mason Number
The hydrodynamic force and magnetic force are essential
factors from the application point of view of MR devices,
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 56, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2020
Fig. 11. Specific viscosity as a function of Mason number at (a) constant
shear rate and (b) constant magnetic field strength.
which play a vital role in the flow behavior of MRF [48],
[49]. Mason number is the ratio of the hydrodynamic force
and magnetostatic force acting on the particles; it represents
the flow behavior of MRF and is given by
ηc γ̇
Mn = (3)
2μo μc β 2 H 2
where ηc is the carrier viscosity of the fluid, γ̇ is the shear
rate, H is the magnetic field strength,  β is the magnetic
contrast factor and given as β = μp − μc / μp + 2μc ,
where μp is the relative particle permeability and μc is the
relative permeability of the liquid medium phase, and μo is
2
the vacuum permeability μo = 4π × 10−7 N/Ȧ . Fig. 11
shows the master curve plot generated between specific vis-
cosity η/η∞ and Mason number for CI and CI/Fe3 O4 MR
suspensions. Specific viscosity is defined as the ratio of the
apparent viscosity (η) to the viscosity (η∞ ) at the infinite
shear rate, at zero magnetic field strength, and Mason number
proportional to γ̇ /M 2 .
Fig. 11(a) shows that the specific viscosity decreases
with increasing the Mason number for constant shear rate
(40 s−1 ). It means for a constant shear rate at lower Mason
number, the magnetic force dominated the viscous force.
MAURYA AND SARKAR: EFFECT OF Fe3 o4 NANOPARTICLES ON MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Fig. 12. Sedimentation stability of suspensions.
The CI/Fe3 O4 -based MR suspension has a higher specific vis-
cosity than CI-based MRF suspension at a constant magnetic
field, as shown in Fig. 11(b). The specific viscosity increases
with increasing the magnetic field because at a higher magnetic
field, apparent viscosity will be higher. The specific viscosity
curves were at constant shear rate collapse to a single function.
The collapse curve can still be attributed to nonlinear particle
magnetization, where the magnetostatic interparticle force is
only proportional to H 2 at small field strengths.
D. Sedimentation Stability
The sedimentation stability of micron-sized CI water-based
MR suspensions was observed with adding Fe3 O4 nanopar-
ticles, with respect to time. The suspension stability was
observed visually for 1 h, and the settling rate is relatively
abundant during the first 20 min; after that, there were no
significant changes in the stability of the MR suspensions.
Such rapid sedimentation of particles occurs in water-based
suspensions because the density of CI particles and Fe3 O4
nanoparticles is 7.86 and 4.8–5.1 g/mL, respectively, which are
much larger than that of water. To measure the sedimentation
stability of MR suspensions, we calculated the sedimentation
ratio, as shown in Fig. 12, which is the ratio of the volume of
the supernatant liquid to the volume of the entire suspension.
We observed that adding the nanoparticle sedimentation ratio
of the suspension decreased. Because the larger particles pack
together, leaving large voids between them into which the
smaller particles can continue to settle under gravity, the
nanoparticles will help bring the heavy particles down into
the heavy layer of water-based suspension.
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this study, the effect of iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles
on the magnetorheological behavior of soft flake-shaped CI
water-based MRF suspension was measured. FESEM iden-
tified the surface morphology of the Fe3 O4 nanoparticles,
and the degree of crystallinity and crystal structure was
confirmed with XRD. The magnetorheological behavior of MR
suspension was measured in shear rate, shear strain, and shear
stress testing sweep modes with and without a magnetic field
using a parallel plate rheometer. The measured MR response
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4600608
indicates that by adding 1 wt% of iron oxide in CI water-based
MR suspension, the rheological properties like shear viscosity,
shear stress, and yield stress enhanced. It was observed that
yield stresses have a higher value in the shear rate sweep
mode than the shear strain and shear stress sweep modes.
Therefore, Fe3 O4 spherical-shaped nanoparticles improved the
MR properties and suitable candidates for future water-based
MRF technology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the smart material and
machines lab in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at
IIT Patna, Patna, for providing a rotational rheometer (Anton
Paar MCR102) for the experiment and all other resources used
in this research.
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Jul. 2006.
[2] Y. Yang, L. Li, and G. Chen, “Static yield stress of ferrofluid-based
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