Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Influence of Ni2+ doping in the structural, magnetic and optical

properties of MnFe2O4 spinel ferrite synthesized by sol–gel facilitated
microwave method
P. Amalthi a,b, J. Judith Vijaya a,c,⇑
a
Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Loyola College, Chennai 34, India
b
Department of Chemistry, C.T.T.E College for Women, Chennai 11, India
c
Research and Development Centre Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Transition of superparamagnetic behaviour to ferromagnetic behaviour is earned by incorporating a diva-
Available online 20 May 2021 lent transition metal ion Ni2+into the lattice of nanocrystalline MnFe2O4 and consequently evolves as a
soft magnet. The present work exploits sol–gel facilitated microwave combustion method to synthesize
Keywords: the nickel doped manganese ferrite nanocrystals Mn1-xNixFe2O4(0.0  x  0.5). The resulting nanocrystals
Microwave combustion synthesis were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-
Spinel ferrite ray analysis (SEM-EDAX), UV–Visible Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and Vibrating sample
Nanocrystalline
magnetometer (VSM) studies. Within the tested calcination temperature (700 °C/4hr) it was feasible to
Superparamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
procure nanocrystalline magnetic ferrites with a single crystalline phase confirmed by XRD analysis lead-
ing to a cubic spinel structure with a prominent superparamagnetic regime. The VSM studies evidences a
diminishing saturation magnetization (Ms) from 66.89 to 49.42 emu/g, a decrease in magnetic moment
(mB) and an increase in coercivity (Hc) from 51.45 kOe to 66.36 kOe with the higher doping of Ni2+ions in
the lattice. The crystalline size of the synthesized ferrites varied between 30 and 40 nm illustrated by XRD
analysis and an average particle size of 70 nm evidenced by SEM results. An increase in band gap with an
increase in Ni2+could be observed from the UV-DRS results. The analysed characteristics of these ferrites
could be exploited in places of minimum energy dissipation such as transformer and motor cores.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Web Con-
ference on Advanced Materials Science and Engineering.

1. Introduction tion condensers [19], hyperthermia applications [20] and as MRI

‘ Nanocrystalline spinel ferrites are well known for their promi-
nent magnetic [1], structural [2], optical [3], catalytic [4], electrical
[5] and electrochemical [6] properties. These ferrites are influential
in the process of adsorption of heavy metals [7], oxidation of
hydrocarbon [4], decomposition of CO2 into methane [8], photocat-
alytic degradation of dyes [9], Anode for solid oxide fuel cells [10],
drug delivery [11] and established in the field of high frequency
applications [12], high density information storage [13], superca-
pacitor applications [14], optical limiters [15], switching [16],
microwave applications [17], magnetic recording [18], refrigera-
⇑ Corresponding author at: Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Loyola
College, Chennai 34, India.
E-mail address: judithvijaya@loyolacollege.edu (J. Judith Vijaya).
contrast agents [21].
The alluring properties of nanocrystalline spinel ferrites per-
suade researchers to explore and transfigure their properties fur-
thermore for beneficial industrial demands in the near future. In
general spinel ferrites of the formula [AB2O4] are represented as
normal, inverse or mixed spinels [22]. A and B demonstrates a
divalent and a trivalent cation namely (Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+/
Fe3+, Mn3+). The distribution of cations mostly relies on the method
of synthesis and the chemical composition. According to their
affinity towards tetrahedral or octahedral sites the cations A2+
and B3+ occupy their sites and constitutes a cubic symmetry with
the Fd3m space group. In a normal spinel divalent cations occupy
all the tetrahedral sites [A] and trivalent cations occupy all the
octahedral sites [B]. An inverse spinel forces some or equal ratio
of the trivalent cations into the tetrahedral sites [A] since the same

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.598
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Web Conference on Advanced Materials Science and Engineering.
P. Amalthi and J. Judith Vijaya
ratio of divalent cations occupies the octahedral sites [B] [22,23]. In
a spinel ferrite, the unit cell comprises of 64 tetrahedral sites and
32 octahedral sites [16].
In view of their low power loss at high frequency, high satura-
tion magnetization [7], large surface area to volume ratio, single
domain effects and high coercivities [22], spinel ferrite structures,
especially manganese ferrites [MnFe2O4] holds high implications
[1]. Phenomenal chemical stability, outstanding magneto crys-
talline anisotropy, large saturation magnetization and mechanical
hardness define the uniqueness of manganese ferrites. They are
known for their magnetic behaviour and electromagnetic absor-
bent properties [16].
Manganese ferrites, characterized as a soft ferrite, are pre-
ferred over other ferromagnetic materials due to its minimum
eddy current losses and inflated electrical resistivity. Efficient
tailoring of its morphology, microstructure and uniformity in
particle size extends the applications of these ferrites in various
fields broadly. Manganese ferrites finds specific application in
computer memory chips, electronic and telecommunication,
inductance components, transformer cores, radio frequency coil
fabricator, ferro-fluids, catalysts and sensor technology [24].
Owing to its magnetic property it’s easily retrieved and recycled
from the reaction site. The presence of Fe, imparts good redox
property to the ferrite [4]. The A and B site in the structure of
nanocrystalline manganese ferrites [MnFe2O4] consists of 80%
and 20% of Mn2+respectively, imparting a partially inverse spinel
characteristics [1]
Discrete choice of preparation method is requisite to procure
the desired magnetic property [25], control on particle size, parti-
cle shape and the morphology of the ferrite powder. Doping of a
third metal into the A or B site reflects in the decrease of particle
size, calcination temperature and thereby its properties. Incorpora-
tion of various alkali, transition and few of the inner transition
metals such as Co2+[7], Ni2+[26], Zn2+[27], Cr3+[24], Sc3+[5],
Al3+[12], Zr4+[28], Gd3+[29], Cu2+[16] etc have been reported. Syn-
thesis of nanocrystalline soft ferrites reported so far includes PEG
assisted hydrothermal route [30], electrospinning [31], sol–gel
[3,22,27], Co-precipitation [1,7,12,28,25], auto-combustion and
evaporation [5], microemulsions [32], sono chemical route [33],
microwave combustion [34], citrate-gel [2], spray pyrolysis [14],
solvothermal synthesis [19,26], reverse micelle method [11] and
Hot injection thermolysis [35].
Many of the conventional routes are considered disadvanta-
geous due to their high-temperature treatment, long time dura-
tion, large size particles [12], limited degree of homogeneity [28]
etc. therefore adopting wet chemical processes yields a good con-
trol of stoichiometry and sub-micron sized particles and good
homogeneity [28]. Another effective method of preparation widely
adopted is microwave combustion method. It has drawn the atten-
tion of researchers by its advantages such as efficient energy trans-
formation, control of particle size and shape, rapid heating, easy
reproducibility, shorter time duration, high yield, fast reaction, vol-
ume heating and high purity [34]. Evaluating the convenience and
productivity of the above-mentioned methods of synthesis, sol–gel
facilitated microwave combustion method of synthesis is adopted
in the current study of nickel doped manganese ferrite
nanocrystals..
This chapter deals with the materials and methods adopted for
the preparation of Mn1-xNixFe2O4(0.0  x  0.5) by sol–gel facili-
tated microwave combustion method. Its optical, magnetic and
structural properties are discussed. The experimental techniques
like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope with
energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX), UV–Visible Diffuse
reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and Vibrating Sample Magne-
tometer (VSM) are used for the characterization of the
nanoparticles.
2114
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119
2. Experimental materials and characterization
Nickel doped manganese ferrite Mn1-xNixFe2O4 (0.0  x  0.5)
samples were synthesized by sol–gel facilitated microwave com-
bustion method. All analytical grade precursors namely, nickel
nitrate [Ni(NO3)2
6H2O], manganese nitrate [Mn(NO3)2
H2O], ferric
nitrate [Fe(NO3)3
9H2O] and citric acid were used. These analytical
grade precursors of MERCK, India were purchased in its pure form.
The fuel combusting agent chosen for the preparation was citric
acid. The metal nitrate precursor constituents chosen for the syn-
thesis were dissolved in water separately before preparing it into
a solution. A solution of the above constituents is made by simple
mixing. The fuel combusting agent, citric acid is added to the
mixed constituents in the form of aqueous solution. The complete
mixture is subjected to stirring in a magnetic stirrer for 30 mins.
The stirring progresses to form sedimentation free gel. Once the
mixture converts completely into a gel form, it is irradiated for
12 min with microwave radiation of 450 MHz at 540 W. The irra-
diated samples were brought down to room temperature prior to
calcination in a high temperature furnace at 700 °C for 4 h. The
synthesized samples were labeled as MF, MFN1, MFN2, MFN3,
MFN4 and MFN5 (where MF represents pure MnFe2O4, MFN1 rep-
resents Mn0.9Ni0.1Fe2O4, MFN2 represents Mn0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4, MFN3
represents Mn0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4, MFN4 represents Mn0.6Ni0.4Fe2O4 and
MFN5 represents Mn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4) according to the ratio of nickel
nitrate added.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization
The crystal structure of Nickel doped manganese ferrite (Mn1-
xNixFe2O4 (0.0  x  0.5) samples, MF, MFN1, MFN2, MFN3,
MFN4 and MFN5 were determined by X-ray Diffraction studies
(Rigaku Ultima X-ray diffraction unit (Cu-Ka radiation (k = 1.541
8 Å)). Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) comprising 1Tesla
magnet (PMC micromac 3900) was made use of to explore the
magnetic properties of the prepared samples. UV–Visible spec-
trophotometer Cary 100 was utilized to determine the band gap
energy of the nanomaterials by recording their UV–Vis diffuse
reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The morphology of the particles
of the prepared samples was captured using a JEOL JSM6360 scan-
ning electron microscope (SEM) and by using energy dispersive X-
ray analysis (EDX) the elemental composition of the samples was
confirmed.
3.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies
The XRD patterns of the prepared Mn(1 x)Ni(x)Fe2O4 samples
confirms the crystallinity and structure. (Fig. 1). The database ref-
erence of JCPDS card No: 74–2403 (space group Fd-3 m) was found
to match with all the identified reflection peaks and were indexed.
The reflection peaks confirm the formation of a spinel structure. A
single-phase cubic structure with indexed peaks as (2 2 0), (3 1 1),
(4 0 0), (4 2 2), (3 3 3) and (4 4 0) were characterised. The high crys-
tallinity of the samples was visualized by the sharp lines obtained
from the diffractogram. Debye Scherrer equation was employed to
calculate the average crystalline size (L) from the XRD data for all
the prepared nano Mn(1 x)Ni(x)Fe2O4 samples.
L = 0.89k/bcosh (1)
Where, the value of b is the breadth of the observed diffraction
line at its half intensity maximum (FWHM). An X-ray source of
wavelength k is used in XRD. The constant 0.89 is termed as the
shape factor. The calculated values are given in (Table.1). It is con-
cluded from the table that as the substitution degree of Ni2+ions
P. Amalthi and J. Judith Vijaya Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119

Table 2
Weight % and Atomic % values of MFN3 and MFN5 samples.

Element MFN3 MFN5

Weight% Atomic% Weight% Atomic%
OK 29.50 59.41 28.62 58.44
Mn K 13.94 8.17 11.97 7.12
Fe K 49.27 28.42 48.66 28.46
Ni K 7.29 4.00 10.75 5.98

the decrease in the particle size on doping. Uniformity in the distri-

bution of the doped ions can also be understood. Energy-dispersive
X-ray spectra help us to analyze the elemental composition of the
nanocomposites (Fig. 3) [38]. The presence of Mn, Fe, O and Ni are
indicated by their corresponding peaks in the spectrum. The
absence of no additive impurity and the purity of the prepared
nanocomposite are confirmed by the results obtained. The changes
in the relative atomic ratio of the samples MFN5 and MFN3 are
revealed by the quantitative analysis of EDX spectrum. An average
particle size of 83–125 nm was observed. The EDX spectrum
matches the stoichiometry in preparation with the experimental
values of atomic percentage.Fig. 4.

3.4. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of (a) MF (b) MFN1 (c) MFN2 (d) MFN3 (e) MFN4 and (f) MFN5.
decrease, the average crystalline size of the sample decreases. Sub-
sequently, the diffraction patterns become sharper and narrower
accordingly. The formula representation in equation [2] is used
to calculate the lattice parameter (a) from the diffraction planes
for the samples.Table 2.
1/d2 = 1/a2 (h2 + k2 + l2) (2)
Where h, k, l represents the miller indices, d represents the
interplanar distance and a denotes the lattice constant. To derive
the physical properties of the samples such as microstrain and lat-
tice parameter, Rietveld analysis has been employed to the spinel
MnFe2O4 ferrite [36].
3.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies
Scanning electron microscope was employed to study and anal-
yse the morphology and microstructure of the prepared nanocom-
posites. Electrical, physical and magnetic properties of a
nanomaterial are influenced by parameters such as the type of
grain growth and the average particle size. These parameters are
well studied from the microstructural analysis. The nanocrystalline
nature of all the Mn1 xNixFe2O4 samples was confirmed which is
shown in Fig. 2 [37].
The various SEM images clearly shows the difference in the par-
ticle size between the pure and the Ni2+ doped samples and also
depicts the increase in doping. The smaller ionic radius of Ni2+
(139 pm) replacing the Mn2+ ions could be well identified from
The vibrating sample magnetometer was used to record the
magnetic measurements of Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 nanocrystalline fer-
rites. The magnetic hysteresis loops obtained from VSM measure-
ments for all Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 samples which were calcined at a
temperature of 700 °C is shown in Fig. 3.The relation between
the applied field (H) and magnetization (M) could be obtained from
the hysteresis loop. The hysteresis loop gives a concise information
about the sample’s magnetic parameters such as remanent magne-
tization which is the magnetization at zero field represented as Mr,
saturation magnetization which is the maximum value of magne-
tization represented as Ms and coercivity which is the magnetic
field that is required to reduce the magnetization of the material
to zero once the saturation magnetization has been obtained rep-
resented as Hc. Hence, these parameters Mr, Ms and Hc are analysed
to understand the magnetic properties of any magnetic material.
Table 3 tabulates the calculated magnetic parameters mentioned
above of all the prepared samples of Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 from their
individual hysteresis loops. A decrease in the value of saturation
magnetization (Ms) in the Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 ferrites with the
increase in the Ni2+ ion doping from 66.89 to 49.42 emu/g is evi-
dent from the table. The variation in Ms value on doping could
be explained by the replacement of the highly magnetic Fe3+ ions
which has a magnetic moment of 5 lB in the octahedral (B) sites
of Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 ferrite by the lesser magnetic Ni2+ ions which
has a magnetic moment of 2 lB. The Fe3+(B)/Fe2+(A) ratio is
decreased as the doping concentration of the Ni2+ ion increases
thereby reducing the A-B super exchange interaction [39].
The nickel substitution from x = 0 to x = 0.5 affects the Hc(mag-
netic field strength to overcome anisotropy and change the mag-

Table 1
Lattice parameter and crystallite size (Scherrer formula, Rietveld analysis) of nano Mn(1 x)Ni(x)Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) samples.

Samples LatticeParameter(A)(RietveldAnalysis) Crystallite size, D(nm) Band gap(eV) Strain (%) S(goodness of fit)
Scherrerformula RietveldAnalysis
MnFe2O4 8.477 42.94 44 1.76 0.452 1.14
Mn0.9Ni0.1Fe2O4 8.468 40.23 42 1.96 0.439 1.17
Mn0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 8.463 38.34 39 2.02 0.446 1.10
Mn0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4 8.459 36.12 37 2.23 0.411 1.05
Mn0.6Ni0.4Fe2O4 8.457 33.45 34 2.39 0.362 1.07
Mn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 8.455 30.28 31 2.53 0.355 1.14

2115
P. Amalthi and J. Judith Vijaya Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119

Fig. 2. HR-SEM images of (a) MF (b) MFN1 (c) MFN3 and (d) MFN5.

Fig. 3. EDX image of (a) MFN3 and (b) MFN5 samples.

2116
P. Amalthi and J. Judith Vijaya Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119

Magnetic crystalline anisotropy increase for the ferrites could

be due to the increase in coercivity. Surface anisotropy of the fer-
rite nanocrystals displays a finite size crystal which majorly con-
tributes to the coercivity [40].With the small crystalline size, the
coercivity of the samples tend to increase. This is a common trend
in most of the ferrites where the dominancy of the surface is more
evident [41]. In the current study of Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 the higher
coercivity of the nanocrystals are influenced by their particle size
effect. Ni2+ is found to occupy the B sites in the lattice greatly
which is evident from the decrease in the magnetic moment values
with increase in Ni2+ions concentration. A decrease in magnetiza-
tion with Ni2+ doping is evident. Thus, it can be concluded that
the Ni2+ doping converts the ferrite into a soft magnetic material.
A wide difference in the area inside the hysteresis loop is found
for both the pure MnFe2O4 and MnNiFe2O4. A larger area for
MnFe2O4 when compared with MnNiFe2O4 is displayed which
again confirm the decrease in magnetization (soft magnet) with
Fig. 4. Magnetic hysteresis loops of (a) MF (b) MFN1 (c) MFN2 (d) MFN3 (e) MFN4
increase in Ni substitution. The novelty of the soft magnetic
and (f) MFN5 samples.
Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 material under study relies on the fact that it could
be demagnetized and magnetized with ease. These soft magnets
find its application in minimizing the energy dissipation with the
Table 3
alternating fields associated with AC electrical applications in the
Variation of the Coercivity Hc, Remanant magnetization MR (emu/g) and Saturation
magnetization Ms (emu/g) values of Mn1-x NixFe2O4 (Mn = 0.0, 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5) motor cores and transformers.
samples. x3.4 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) Studies
The optical behaviour of the prepared nanocrystalline samples
Samples H (Oe) MR (emu/g) MS (emu/g)
Mn1-xNixFe2O4 were measured using UV–Visible diffuse reflectance
MnFe2O4 51.45 11.75 66.89
spectroscopy (DRS). The UV–Visible DRS results help to calculate
Mn0.9Ni0.5Fe2O4 54.21 11.41 62.59
Mn0.8Ni0.4Fe2O4 58.27 10.97 61.98 the absorption coefficient (a) for powder samples. The band gap
Mn0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4 60.87 10.09 59.06 (Eg) values (eV) of the samples are calculated using the Kubelka-
Mn0.6Ni0.2Fe2O4 64.55 9.35 55.13 Munk function [42]. Optical properties of all the prepared
Mn0.5Ni0.1Fe2O4 66.36 8.37 49.42 nanocrystalline samples were displayed in the visible region. The
black colour of the nanocrystals and the band-gap transition of
the material evident the results. Kubelka-Munk function F(R) is
directly proportional to the absorption coefficient (a).
netic moments) value of Mn(1-x)NixFe2O4 with an increase from The following equation is used to calculate the value, [43]
51.45 kOe to 66.36 kOe tabulated in Table 3. (F(R)) = a=(1-R) 2/2R

Fig. 5. Variation of Coercivity Hc, Remanant magnetization MR (emu/g) and Saturation magnetization Ms (emu/g) of Mn1-x NixFe2O4 (Mn = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5)
samples with the increase in composition of Nickel.

2117
P. Amalthi and J. Judith Vijaya Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119

Fig. 6. UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra of (a) MF (b) MFN1 (c) MFN2 (d) MFN3 (e) MFN4 and (f) MFN5 samples.

where, a is the absorbance, F(R) is Kubelka-Munk function, and ence of a cubic spinel structure for all the prepared samples is evi-
R, the reflectance. 1.76, 1.96, 2.02, 2.23, 2.39, and 2.53 eV are the dent from the XRD results. The calculated range of crystalline size
band gap values calculated for the Mn1-xNixFe2O4(x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, from the XRD results was from 30 to 40 nm. The transition from
0.3, 0.4, 0.5) samples respectively (Fig. 5) and (Table.1) discusses super paramagnetism to ferromagnetism (soft magnet) with the
the DRS values. Evaluating the band gap values, it is clear that increase in Ni+2 is confirmed from the magnetic susceptibility mea-
the Ni2+ doping affects the band gap of the material [44]. Increase surements. The substitution of Ni+2 ions in Mn ferrites results in an
in Ni2+ doping increases the band gap. The SEM and XRD results increase in coercivity, decrease of saturation magnetization, and
also support the results.Fig. 6. because of the replacement of Fe+2 by Ni+2 a decrease in magnetic
moment is observed, weakening the sublattice interaction and
4. Conclusion lowering the magnetic moments of the unit cells. The formation
of soft magnetic materials is confirmed from the VSM measure-
A low temperature sol–gel assisted microwave combustion ments. These soft magnets find its application in minimizing the
technique has been adopted to synthesize Mn(1- energy dissipation with the alternating fields associated with AC
x)NixFe2O4(x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) nanocrystalline material. The pres-
electrical applications in the motor cores and transformers. An

2118
P. Amalthi and J. Judith Vijaya
average of 70 nm nano scale size particles is evident from the SEM
results. Evaluating the band gap values, it is clear that the increase
in Ni2+ doping increases the band gap. The obtained results were in
good agreement with the XRD and SEM studies.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
P. Amalthi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization,
Supervision. J. Judith Vijaya: Writing - original draft, Writing -
review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] M. Arshad, M. Asghar, M. Junaid, M.F. Warsi, M. Naveed Rasheed, M. Hashim,
M.A. Al-Maghrabi, M.A. Khan, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
474 (2019) 98–103.
[2] H. Bakhshi, N. Vahdati, A. Sedghi, Y. Mozharivskyj, Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials 474 (2019) 56–62.
[3] D.K. Mishra, X. Qi, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 504 (2010) 27–31.
[4] Z. Iqbal, S. Sadiq, M. Sadiq, M. Ali, K. Saeed, N. Ur Rehman, M. Ilyas, S. Ullah, S.
Ullah Jan, I. Ahmad, M. Shah, Crystals 10 (2020) 335.
[5] V.J. Angadi, L. Choudhury, K. Sadhana, H.-L. Liu, R. Sandhya, S. Matteppanavar,
B. Rudraswamy, V. Pattar, R.V. Anavekar, K. Praveena, Journal of Magnetism
and Magnetic Materials 424 (2017) 1–11.
[6] V. Vignesh, K. Subramani, M. Sathish, R. Navamathavan, Colloids and Surfaces
A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 538 (2018) 668–677.
[7] K. Ahalya, N. Suriyanarayanan, V. Ranjithkumar, Journal of Magnetism and
Magnetic Materials 372 (2014) 208–213.
[8] C.-L. Chiang, K.-S. Lin, P.-J. Hsu, Y.-G. Lin, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy 42 (2017) 22123–22137.
[9] X. Hou, J. Feng, X. Xu, M. Zhang, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 491 (2010)
258–263.
[10] M. Lo Faro, S. Campagna Zignani, A.S. Aricò, Materials 13 (2020) 3231.
[11] S. Rana, A. Gallo, R.S. Srivastava, R.D.K. Misra, Acta Biomaterialia 3 (2007) 233–
242.
[12] M. Gul, K. Akhtar, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 765 (2018) 1139–1147.
[13] R. Sharma, P. Thakur, P. Sharma, V. Sharma, Journal of Alloys and Compounds
704 (2017) 7–17.
[14] M.K. Zate, S.M.F. Shaikh, V.V. Jadhav, K.K. Tehare, S.S. Kolekar, R.S. Mane, M.u.
Naushad, B.N. Pawar, K.N. Hui, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 116
(2015) 177–182.
2119
Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 2113–2119
[15] S. Yuvaraj, N. Manikandan, G. Vinitha, Ceramics International 44 (2018)
22592–22600.
[16] S. Yuvaraj, N. Manikandan, G. Vinitha, Optical Materials 73 (2017) 428–436.
[17] M. Pardavi-Horvath, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 215–216
(2000) 171–183.
[18] M.V.CabañasJ.M.González-Calbet, M.Vallet, Journal of Solid State Chemistry,
115 (1995) 347-352.
[19] M.R. Safaei, R. Ranjbarzadeh, A. Hajizadeh, M. Bahiraei, M. Afrand, A.
Karimipour, International Journal of Refrigeration 102 (2019) 86–95.
[20] J. Giri, P. Pradhan, T. Sriharsha, D. Bahadur, Journal of Applied Physics 97
(2005) 10Q916.
[21] M. Ravichandran, S. Velumani, Materials Research Express 7 (2020) 016107.
[22] L.A. Kafshgari, M. Ghorbani, A. Azizi, Particulate Science and Technology 37
(2019) 904–910.
[23] L.M. Salah, A.M. Moustafa, I.S.A. Farag, Ceramics International 38 (2012) 5605–
5611.
[24] K. Akhtar, M. Gul, I.U. Haq, R.A. Khan, Z.U. Khan, A. Hussain, Ceramics
International 42 (2016) 18064–18073.
[25] H. Farooq, M.R. Ahamed, Y. Jamil, A. Hafeez, Z. Mahmood, T. Mahmood, Journal
of Basic and Applied Sciences 8 (2012) 597–601.
[26] W. Chen, W. Wu, S. Liu, J. Xu, D. Liu, X. Wu, Y. Zhou, J. Wu, Materials Science in
Semiconductor Processing 39 (2015) 544–550.
[27] K. Jalaiah, K. Vijaya Babu, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 423
(2017) 275–280.
[28] M.N. Ashiq, S. Saleem, M.A. Malana, Anis-Ur-Rehman, Journal of Alloys and
Compounds 486 (2009) 640–644.
[29] P. Thakur, R. Sharma, V. Sharma, P.B. Barman, M. Kumar, D. Barman, S.C. Katyal,
P. Sharma, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 432 (2017) 208–217.
[30] Y. Köseoğlu, F. Alan, M. Tan, R. Yilgin, M. Öztürk, Ceramics International 38
(2012) 3625–3634.
[31] J. Xiang, Y. Chu, X. Shen, G. Zhou, Y. Guo, Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science 376 (2012) 57–61.
[32] A.A. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, M.B. Moreno-Trejo, M.J. Meléndez-Zaragoza, V.
Collins-Martínez, A. López-Ortiz, E. Martínez-Guerra, M. Sánchez-Domínguez,
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 (2019) 12421–12429.
[33] P.P. Goswami, H.A. Choudhury, S. Chakma, V.S. Moholkar, Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research 52 (2013) 17848–17855.
[34] M. Venkatesh, G.S. Kumar, S. Viji, S. Karthi, E.K. Girija, Modern Electronic
Materials 2 (2016) 74–78.
[35] K.O. Abdulwahab, M.A. Malik, P. O’Brien, G.A. Timco, Materials Science in
Semiconductor Processing 27 (2014) 303–308.
[36] X. Ying, O. Yun, M. Feiyue, Y. Qian, T. Xiaolan, X. Shuhong, Nanosci.
Nanotechnol. Lett. 5 (2013) 546.
[37] S.D. Bhame, P.A. Joy, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 40 (2007) 3263.
[38] S.D. Bhame, P.A. Joy, Journal of Applied Physics 99 (2006) 073901.
[39] I.H. Gul, A. Maqsood, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 465 (2008) 227–231.
[40] S.E. Shirsath, S.S. Jadhav, B.G. Toksha, S.M. Patange, K.M. Jadhav, Journal of
Applied Physics 110 (2011) 013914.
[41] K.M. Batoo, S. Kumar, C.G. Lee, Alimuddin, CurrApplPhy. 9 (2009) 1397–1406.
[42] R. Lopez, R. Gomez, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 61 (2012) 1–7.
[43] H.N. Choi, K.S. Baek, S.W. Hyun, I.B. Shim, C.S. Kim, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics 45 (2009) 2554.
[44] G. Srinet, R. Kumar, V. Sajal, Journal of Applied Physics 114 (2013) 033912.