CNTs Deposited on Ferrites

Supervisor Dr. Amna Mir

Haris Ishtiaq SP20-BPH-043

Ali Hamza SP20-BPH-026
 Table of contents
 Introduction of Ferrites
 Ferrites and its types on basis of Magnetic Properties
 Types on the basis of Structure
 CNT and types
 Synthesis Procedure
 Synthesis Technique
 Literature Review
 Conclusion
 Ferrites
Magnetic Types Structural Types

Soft Ferrites Hard Ferrites Spinel Ferrites

Ferrites and its types on basis of magnetic
properties
Soft ferrites
These Ferrites have low coercivity and are
used in applications that require frequent
magnetization and demagnetization cycles,
such as inductors and transformers.
They exhibit high permeability at low
magnetic fields.
Hard Ferrites
These Ferrites have high coercivity and are
used in permanent magnet applications, such
as refrigerator magnets or motors.
They retain their magnetization even when
the external magnetic field is removed.
Types of ferrites based on their structure
 It is Based on their crystal structures, ferrites can be classified in four types, i.e.,
 spinel, garnet,
 ortho
 hexagonal ferrites
but I will discuss spinal ferrites.
 Spinal ferrites:
1. Spinel ferrite materials are metal oxides with spinel structures and Formula AB2O4 or AO.B2O3
2. FCC packing of anions
3. Partial occupancy of both tetrahedral and octahedral sites
-1/8th of Tetrahedral and ½ of the Octahedral sites
are occupied
4. A spinal unit cell is made up of eight FCC cells made by oxygen ions in the configuration 2x2x2
-32 oxygen atom, 8A atoms and 16 B atoms in a cell\
5. Depending on how cations occupy different interstices spinal structure can be normal or inverse
Normal spinal
 Chemical formula (A2+)(B3+)2O4
 Example : MgAl2O4
 All the A+2 ions occupy the Tetrahedral sites and
 All the B+3 ions occupy the Octahedral sites.
 Inverse spinel:

 Chemical formula (A+2)(B+3)2 O4 but can be more conveniently written as B(AB)O 4

 Most ferrites follow this structure such as Fe 3O4 (or FeO.Fe2O3), CoFe2O3 etc.

 ½ of the B+3 ions occupy the tetrahedral sites and

 Remaining ½ B+3 and all A+2 ions occupy the Octahedral sites
Crystal structure of spinel ferrites
Carbon Nanotubes CNT
 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a type of carbon with a diameter of nanometers and a length
of micrometers (where the length to diameter ratio exceeds 1000). CNT is made up of
enrolled cylindrical graphitic sheets (named graphene) wrapped up into a seamless cylinder
with a nanometer-sized diameter.
Single Layer CNT Multi Layered CNT

Single-walled carbon nanotubes Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

(SWCNTs): These are made of a single
layer of carbon atoms and have a
diameter of about 1 nanometer.
They have excellent electrical
conductivity and can be used in
electronics and energy storage devices
(MWCNTs): These are made of multiple
layers of carbon atoms and have a
diameter ranging from 2 to 100
nanometers. They have better mechanical
properties than SWCNTs and can be used
in structural materials such as composites
and coatings.
CNTs have various applications in different fields
 Electronics: CNTs can be used in transistors, sensors, and memory devices due to their excellent
electrical conductivity and small size.
 Energy storage: CNTs can be used in batteries and super capacitors to store energy due to their high
surface area and electrical conductivity.
 Structural materials: CNTs can be used in composites, coatings, and fibers to improve mechanical
properties such as strength and stiffness.
 Synthesis
CNT(0.1g)
+ Distilled Water 10ml
ZnMnCoFe2O4(0.5g)

Stir for 30 minutes

Stir for 20 minutes

Put solution in Si oil for 10 min

at 125C
Solution +
Again keep on hot plate for 4h
at 125C
Eythelen Glycol(12ml)
+
Distilled Water 8ml
Grinding
Synthesis Technique

Uv visible spectroscopy
Tauc Plot

 A Tauc plot is used to determine the optical bandgap.

 ( α h ν )^ 1 / n = A ( h ν − E g )
 Tauc plot shows the quantity hν (the photon energy) on the abscissa (x-coordinate) and the
quantity (αhν)1/2 on the ordinate (y-coordinate), where α is the absorption coefficient of the
material.
 n = 1/2 for direct allowed transitions
 n= 2 for indirect allowed transitions
 Output Spectra of Uv Visible

 Literature Review
Method Formula Properties Applications
enhance/decrease


Co-precipitation Co1-xZnxFe2O4 Eg =(2.258 eV to

method 2.8306 eV)
/Magnectic
decrease with
increasing Zn2+

sol-gel method Mn1−xCoxFe2O4 decreases from (Eg

2.12 to 1.81 eV) with
Co doping.
sol-gel method (Co1-x(MnZn)xFe2O4 Magnetization increase Sensor,microphones,lo
udspeaker

sol-gel method MnxCo0.5−xZn0.5Fe2O4 Decrease Energy storage devices

magnetization due
Mn(non magnetic)
 Andhare, D. D., Patade, S. R., Kounsalye, J. S., & Jadhav, K. (2020). Effect of Zn doping on structural,
magnetic and optical properties of Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via. Co-precipitation
method. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 583, 412051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2020.412051
 Ansari, M. M., & Khan, S. (2017). Structural, electrical and optical properties of Sol-gel synthesized
Cobalt substituted MnFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 520,
21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2017.06.020
 Liu, M., Li, J., Wang, J., Yi, H., Bao, X., & Gao, X. (2023). Effect of Mn and Zn binary Co-substitution
on structure and magnetic properties of Cobalt ferrites. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 289,
116229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2022.116229
Literature Review for CNTs
Method Formula Properties Applications
enhance/decrease

co-precipitation method NiFe2O4@CNT/ Eg=1.45 to 1.23eV photocatalytic

CoFe2O4@CNT. Eg=1.5 to 1.2 eV application

Iftikhar, S., Warsi, M. F., Haider, S., Musaddiq, S., Shakir, I., & Shahid, M. (2019). The impact of carbon
nanotubes on the optical, electrical, and magnetic parameters of Ni2+ and Co2+ based spinel ferrites. Ceramics
International, 45(17), 21150-21161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.07.092