Various Schools of Comparative Literature (Comparative Literary Studies) Dr Bhautik Limbani Assistant Professor Depantment of English School of Languages Marwadi University, RajkotThe Idea Proposed © World literature is a term coined by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1827 when talking to Eckermann. Goethe introduced this concept of Weltliteratur to describe the growing availability of texts from other nations, including translations from Sanskrit, Islamic and Serbian epic _poetry.Genesis In 1877, Hugo von Meltzl de Lomnitz (1846-1908), a Transylvanian Hungarian, published “Acta Comparationis Litterarum Universarum,” which was a multiple- language journal introducing the literatures in major European countries or the other literatures outside Europe. In 1887, Marx Koch (1855-1931), a German scholar, founded the world’s first journal of truly Comparative Literature named “Zeitschrift fir vergleichende Literaturgeschichte™ 1901, he also founded the “Studien zur vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte.” (Periodicals)Theoretical Work © 1886, Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, an Irish scholar Comparative LiteratureCourses at College In 1870, Alexander N. Veselovsky (Anexcanap Huxosaesi4 Becenonckniit, 1838-1906), a Russian scholar, gave lectures on the general literature at St. Petersburg University In 1871, Francesco Sanctis (1817-1883), an Italian scholar, chaired Literatura Comparata in Naples during 1887-1889, Charles Mills Gayley began a “comparative literary criticism” seminar at Michigan University during 1890-1891, Arthur Marsh opened the first American Comparative Literature Seminar at Harvard University in 1892, French scholar Joseph Texte, a student of Pierre Brunel, founded in Université de Lyon a seminar named “Littérature allemande depuis la Renaissance jusqu’a la littérature francaise.”Dissertations, monographs, and bibliographies In 1900, Betz compiled La Littérature Compiz ssai Bibliographique , which had a collection of more than 2,000 entries of Comparative Literature terms. Danish literary critic Georg Brandes (1842-1927) also completed his, monumental work in Comparative Literature, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature (1872 1890). Tn addition, in 1894, Gustave Lanson published Histoire de la Litterature Frangaise , which established his status in the French literary studies. Tn 1904, Frédéric Loliée published A Short History of Comparative jterature: From the Earliest Times to the Present .German School ® Johann Gottfried von Herder compiled On the Influence of Poetry on the Customs of People (1778), which collected the folk songs from other ethnic groups including the German, the British, the French, the Spanish, the Italian, the Greek, the Danish, the Icelandic, the Swedish, and the Polish, and was the first anthology of “World Literature.” More importantly, in 1827, Goethe proposed accordingly the concept of “Weltliteratur,” which pointed out that literature would have the dual nature of global and national identity; when the national Literature became part of the world literature, the national literature would be the spiritual wealth enjoyed by all mankind. ® ThematologyFrench School In the programmatic article introducing the first number of “Revue de Littérature Comparée” (1921), Baldei ‘ally summarized the academic opinions and promoted that scholars should systematically apply empiricism to the research of the Telations between foreign literatures and French literature. Paul Van Tieghem’s classical work La lit ture comparée further elaborated the ideas of the French school including the definition of the term, He held the view that the word “comparative” should avoid its aesthetic value to get a scientific one. Jean-Marie Carré (1887-1958), the chief editor of “Revue de Littérature Comparée,” claimed that Comparative Literature was not the comparison of literatures but the study of the factual relationship of literatures in his masterpiece La littérature comparée . The concepts of Guyard’s La littérature comparée are similar to those of Paul Van Tieghem who held that the essence of Comparative Literature was the study of the history of the relationship of international literatures. Influence Study or Reception Study jestioned by Crisis of Comparative Study Rene Wellec (1958-59)American School of Comparative Literature © “Comparative Literature is the study of literature beyond the confines of one particular country, and the study of the relationships between literature on the one hand, and other areas of knowledge and belief such as the arts (e.g. painting, sculpture, architecture, music)”, philosophy, history, the social sciences (e.g. politics, economics, sociology), the sciences, religion, etc., on the other. - Henry RemakCont... * According to Remak, the French school was too narrow, and relied too heavily on factual evidence. In influence studies in the French tradition, he argued, were unimaginative, deriving from a positivistic approach. * In a good many influence studies, the location of sources has been given too much attention rather than such questions as: what was retained and what was rejected, and why and how was the material absorbed and integrated, and with what success?Cont... © The French tried to confine the boundaries of comparative literature, limiting what could be and could not be included in the proper study of the subject, whereas in Remak and the American school of comparative literature anything can be compared with anything else, even if it is not literature. * Remak’s approach focuses on the concept of “process”, while the French school focuses on the concept of “product”.Cont... ° The American school focuses on a model that involved interdisciplinary work. It focuses on the network of related subjects, when it comes to the study of comparative literature. * Influence study © Reception StudyBritish School © Mattew Arnold (1848) © Touchstone Method ® Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett S.S. Prawer - PlacingIndia in Comparative Literature Tagore Vishwa Sahitya (VS) in his Address in 1907 Vishwamanava David Damrosch has brought about demands revisiting the concept of WL after seeing Tagore’s a mandir (temple) ustad (master) mahakal (the Great Time) and Nataraj ‘hat about Idol of the temple?)Shri Aurobindo ‘assembly of poets of world” Hariprasad Dwivedi ‘the end of the literature is the man’ ‘laghumanav’, ‘Vishvamanay ‘Umashankar Joshi, world-wide human consciousness Shamasher Bahadur Singh, Aman Raga Peace is the precondition of human developmentComparative Inferences © The words Tqtla EFA (vasudhaiva kuTumbakam) come from the mantra VI- 72 in Maha Upanishad which belongs to Samaveda tradition. The mantra reads: serahart 7 sEla Sorry I Meaning: The distinction “This person is mine, and this one is not” is made only by the narrow-minded (i.e. the ignorant who are in duality). For those of noble conduct (i.e. who know the Supreme Truth) the whole world is one family (one Unit). ® Know Thyself: These were the words inscribed almost as a warning in the pronaos of the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. It was Plato who actually transmitted this phrase via his dialogues.References (DOC) Critical Practice- Journal of Literary and Critical Practice. Ed. Avadhesh Kumar Singh | Avadhesh Kumar Singh - Academia, Edu. hips: (www. academia.edw/468759 |/Critical_ Practice Journal of Literary and Critical Practice. ed, avadhesh kumar singh, Accessed 18 Mar. 2020, “Comparative Literature: An Introduction.” Wivw.youtube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?y=mC8xiRRVpnM. Accessed 11 Dec. 2021. “Comparative Literature: Ben Hutchinson.” Www.youtube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=V34vu0 ljpS4&t=219s. Accessed 11 Dec. 2021 Shunging Cao. Variation Theory of Comparative Literature. Springer, 2016,Thank You ‘e