BANANA (MUSA ACUMINATA × BALBISIANA) AND GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) WASTES

AS ALTERNATIVE PAPER
Independent variable(X)( variables that is changed)
Banana (Musa acuminata × Balbisiana) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Wastes

Dependent variable(Y)(variables affected by the change)

Alternative Paper.

Local Literatures and Studies

Banana

According to the study of Subagyo (2018) entitled “Banana Fiber:

Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications”, banana fibers consist cellulose,

hemicellulose, and lignin; which makes banana peels applicable as a raw

ingredient for creating an alternative paper. That alternative paper is then

characterized for low density, high stiffness, high disposability, high renewability,

and high tensile strength.

a literature from Espejo, et.al. (2019) reported that utilizing

banana peels may affect paper in terms of color, texture, and odor. First, banana

peels are green (if unripe) or yellow (if ripe) so the paper will be faint green, yellow,

or brown in color as well. Second, it will tend to be rough in texture as a result of

drying. Third, it will have moderately foul odor at start that goes away after 1–2

days. This is different from commercial paper that is light in color, smooth in

texture, and odorless. This implies that the kind of peel to be chosen and the step-

by-step procedures to be executed can impact the paper’s overall quality.

Garlic

a literature from Romero (2018) reported that Sen.

Cynthia Villar donated machines which can be applied to create specialty paper

from garlic wastes to poor residents on Tondo, Manila. Villar said that the primary

livelihood activity of residents of Gasangan Street in Baseco is garlic peeling, so

might be best to encourage them to turn their garbage to profitable materials. As

demonstrated by Danny Espnola, a big deckle is utilized to filter garlic pulp from

water on a big container. The sheet is then transferred to Muslin cloth for de-

watering and uniform pressing until ready to be used.

there is a study from Cervantes (2019) entitled “Production of

Organic Paper out of Garlic (Allium sativum) Peelings” that aims to determine how

acceptable garlic paper is in terms of color, texture, and odor. It showed that the
paper is white in color because garlic peelings are white and boiling is excluded

from the process; texture is rough due to garlic fiber not grinded properly by

blender; and odor has intense garlic aroma that goes away after a day. It is

revealed as well that the paper from garlic peelings is acceptable by T-test.

Foreign Literatures and Studies

Banana

Based on the study of Agustina and Susanti (2018), data from Institute for

Research and Development of Cellulose Industries showed that banana peels

have finer fibers than softwood. Banana fibers have 60–65% cellulose, 6–8%

hemicellulose, and 5–10% lignin. Conversely, softwood only have 41% cellulose,

24% hemicellulose, and 27.8% lignin. On top of that, among the treatments of their

experiment entitled “Natural wrapping paper from banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn)

peel waste with additive essential oils”, the closest to commercial wrapping paper

is the paper from banana peels within the brightness level of 24.68%.

Ogunlade (2021)

affirmed that the crude fiber content of banana peels decreases diversely as a

result of ripening. It was postulated that this is due to the hydrolysis of

hemicelluloses and the disintegration of pectic substances. This indicates that it is

better to just utilize unripe banana peels for fiber extraction purposes.

Garlic

Based on the study of Ali and Ibrahim (2019), the proximate composition of

Allium sativum bulb has 03.96% crude fiber.

Similarly

the study of Zhivkova (2021)

of Carpathian Journal of Food Science & Technology entitled “Determination of

Nutritional and Mineral Composition of Wasted Peels from Garlic, Onion, and

Potato” showed that garlic wasted peels have the highest content of total fiber

which accounts to 62.10%.

Statement of the Problem

1. How may the paper made out of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and

garlic (Allium sativum) wastes be described in terms of:

1.1 color;

1.2 odor; and

1.3 texture?

2. How may the paper made out of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and

garlic (Allium sativum) wastes be compared to commercial paper in terms of:

2.1 color;

2.2 odor; and

2.3 texture?

3. Is there a significant difference between the paper made out of banana (Musa

acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium sativum) wastes and commercial

paper?

Research Objectives

1. Describe the paper made out of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and

garlic (Allium sativum) wastes in terms of color, odor, and texture.

2. Compare the paper made out of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and

garlic (Allium sativum) wastes to commercial paper in terms of color, odor, and

texture.

3. Determine if there is a significant difference between the paper made out of

banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium sativum) wastes and

commercial paper.

Assumptions

1. The paper made out of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium

sativum) wastes is dark, rough, and odor-free.

2. The paper made out of banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium

sativum) wastes is dark, rough, and odor-free while commercial paper is light,

smooth, and odor-free.

3. There is a significant difference between the paper made out of banana (Musa

acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium sativum) wastes and commercial paper.
Hypothesis

H0(null): There is no significant difference between the paper made out of banana (Musa

acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium sativum) wastes and commercial paper

in terms of color, odor, and texture.

H1(alternative): There is a significant difference between the paper made out of banana (Musa

acuminata × balbisiana) and garlic (Allium sativum) wastes and commercial paper

in terms of color, odor, and texture.

Statistical treatment to be applied are frequency, mean, weighted mean, and t-test

Research Design

experimental-descriptive

The researchers chose it since making

paper out of banana and garlic wastes requires gathering of ingredients and

materials as well as treatment: which are methods involved in conducting

experiment.

However, this study is not purely experimental because it has a descriptive

side to it. Describing paper in terms of color, odor, and texture needs sensory

evaluation that cannot be done by the researchers to maintain objectivity or avoid bias — so there
would be respondents. This is also to effectively address their

statements of the problem.

Research Method

post-test method and survey method will be used.

The researchers chose it because the paper made out of banana and

garlic wastes (experimental group) and the commercial paper (control group) will

only be measured in terms of the characteristics they set in the SOP after the

treatments are applied and the product is done.

The researchers chose it since it is the easiest and fastest way to get responses from respondents

to answer their SOP 2.

Research Instrument

survey questionnaire (likert scale) and observation sheet will

be used to collect all the data needed to answer the SOP.

Sampling Procedure

incidental quota sampling will be used.

because demographics

have nothing to do with their research. They are only interested in respondents’

response to sensory evaluation and not on their name, age, or sex. Aside from

that, this also saves time, money, and effort.

Research Procedures

Gathering of banana and garlic wastes.

Preparation of banana and garlic wastes.

Blending.

Molding.

Drying.