Chapter IV DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 4.1 Previous Studies Drainage analysis is also an important method to know the various characteristics of the study-area, related drainage texture, density, frequency and pattern. During the last twenty years, drainage morphology has become an important branch of quantitative geomorphology. Drainage basin is one of the most fundamental geomorphic units. It occupies a nodal position in geomorphic studies. By analysing various properties of a drainage basin, the degree of internal adjustment which has taken place among different properties and the stages of basin development can be established. Morphometric analysis is an attempt to measure the degree to which the present set of processes has externally or internally adjusted to variable of drainage basin in relation to each other. The present fluvial landscape of Upper South Koel Basin is composed of drainage basins of different magnitudes. The surface is, no doubt, polygenetic in orign where numerous new drainage basins have developed and the order has advanced their basins after the Tertiary elevations. They are provide convent units for the measurment and analysis of their morphometric properties and for the understanding of the landscape as a whole in the sense that they are all evolving in a similar way in relation to each other. ‘The sample drainage basins are selected from different parts of the area representing distinct terrain and litholagy. The catchment of the Upper South Koel Basin, a right and left bank tributaries of the Bambhani, Paras, Khatwa Nadi describes its drainage basin over undualating planation surface of the extensive Ranchi plateau,DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 86 The sample basins have developed within different major drainage systems, Climatically, there is little difference among them. It is also controlled by stratigraphy, structure of rocks, climate and biotic factors. Asthana, V.K. (1978) states that, "the adjustment of stream lines to the landscape is rather an index of the landform evolution in a humid region in which rain water becomes the most important sculpturing agency". Similarly the drainage patterns delineated by the Zernitz, E.R. (1932), where further elaborated and confirmed by Parvis, M. (1950), with the help of air photos in relation to the soils and bed rocks. The first step towards analysis is the assessmet of the ‘component classes’, Lueder, D.R. (1959) of drainage ways. The other bases for this can be the consideration of the main stream, the tributaries and sub-tributaries and stream ordersing (Strahler, A.N., (1952) system which denotes finger tip channels as first order and successive union of the two some order segments producing consecutively the second, third, fourth, etc, order channel segments. The drainage morphology has become an important branch of quantitative geomorphology. Initiated by Horton, R.E. (1945) and has been developed more recently by other American geomorphologists, notably Strahler, A.N. (1952) and Schumm, S.A. (1956). Drainage characteristics is the most important aspect the study in the analysis of landforms. Another aspects of surface configuration such as absolute and relative relief, dissection index and slope. The morphological characteristics of the ten drainge basins are measured from 1:50,000 topograhical maps. The present landforms are the combined product of the processes of weathering, running water and mass wasting. The most important element ‘of the fluvial system of the basin landscape is the stream channel system. The various characteristics of theseDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 87 channel systems cna be measured and grouped under broad heads of linear, areal and relief properties of drainage basin. These measured properties of sample drainge basins have been grouped and analysed to establish their interrelationships with the preset fluvial erosion system. This can be made be under the following aspects: 4.2 Drainage Texture 4.2.1 Drainage Density 4.2.2 drainage Frequency 4.3 Drainage Pattern 4.4 A Comparative Study of Some Selected Drainage Basins 4.2 Drainage Texture ‘The channel systems of the ten sample basins have been sub- divided into a hierarical order of different magnitudes followed by Strahler, AWN. (1952) system and Horton's low (1945) of stream number. The linear properties of drainage basins portray the branching system of draiange lines regardless of their width. Thornbary, W.D. (1954) defines ‘drainage texture’ as 'the relative spacing between streams lines’. Infact the term ‘texture’ as applied to terrain relates to various horizontal dimensions of landsforms, such as (i) distance between streams, valleys, depressions, crests of summits, (ii) breadth of such features as lakes, river divides, badrocks exposures or patches of ice, and (iii) length of various linear features such ridges. For the presetn analysis, streams of various order have been counted and their characteristics, viz, length, area, relief entrance angle, and average gradient, etc., measured and plotted over logarithmic graphs. Plotted graphs show the relationship of stream orders with their number, length and draiange area. Sinha, N.K.P. (1968) and Miller, A.A. (1964) suggest that the ratio of water length/area obtained for individual squares of the grid, covering the study-area offers an index of drainage texture.DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 88 4.2.1 Drainage Density The analysis of drainage density, which controls the texture of basin dissection and the spacing of streams reveals that one km? of area sufficient to produce, The distance between to adjacent channels in this respect is reciprocal of their drainage density one half of this distance is known as the length/of overland flow. This is an important matter to know the account of water needed to exceed erosion. To know the nature of run off, the measurement of the constant of channel maintenance (Schumm, S.A. (1956) will be more helpful, Primarily, the study-area has been divided into a network of squares with an unit area of 9.0km?, and after this, the length of drainage line within each squares has been measured by rotameter. These values have been grouped into five categories, ranging from less than] to over 4m/km’, as suggested by Singh, R.L. (1967). Table IV.1 Areal Distribution of Drainage Density Categories over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Symbol Frequency ‘Area Density (km?) (%) (eam) (km/km?) <1 Tee 09 81.0 3.00 3.00 1-2 Tve 19 711.0 26.60 29.60 2-3 Te 100 900.0 . 33.70 63.30 3-4 Tm 57 513.0 19.20 $2.50 4 > Tf 52 468.0 17.50 100.00 Total 297 2673.0 100.00 ‘Mean: 2.71 km/km?; Median: 2.60 km*/ km?; Mode: 2.32 km/ km?oo13 Noege os a N, Q > (War sign] Wa8isy>A ALISNAG — SOVNIVYd S9VYSAV ™. NiSV@ 730% HANOS YaddN ony 1DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 89 Statistical analysis shows that the mean, median and modal values of the drainage density in the area, lies in the class group of 2- 3km/km’, thier actual values are 2.71km/km?, 2,.60km/km?, and 2.32 km/km? respectively. These values lies in coarse drainage density which characterizes about 33.70% of the study-area. Also a low degree of positive correlation is found between the drainage density categories on the one hand and absolute relief on the other; their Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlations is r=+0.107. It is noted that a large parts of the basin surface, exzept the highland margins, is in the late mature stage of landform developmen- 4.2.1.1 Areal Distribution of Drainage Density Categorizs and their Correlation with Absolute Relief Drainage density area is reprensented by the Fig 4.1 and 4.2. These denote existence of five types of drainage density which are decribed as follow: 4.2.1.4.1 Extremely Coarse Drainage Denstiy (Tec: Less than tkmikm?) The area under extremely coarse draiange densitym2asures about 81.0km? or 3.0% of the study area only. It is the lowest category of areal coverage of he study-area. It is mostly associated with the peneplained surfaces of the upland zone of the basin and lower eroded valley tracts of the river basins. Table I1V.2 shows that the a>solute relief categories of less than 700m and 700m-800m account for 55.6 % and 44.4% of the extremely coarse drainage density respectively. This category characterises the Raghunathpur gorge (689m) in the northeast and Doda tableland (629m) in the northwestern part of the study-area. 4.2.1.1.2 Very Coarse Density (Tvc:1-2 km/km?) Very coarse drainage density,marked by the isopleth of 1-2 km/km*, covers an area of about 711.0 km* or 26.60% of the study-area. It is the secondant ‘aivea00H asuvoo, ALISNAG 39VNIVYG NiSwa 130% w4'ONg T T T ere ee ee ee =. Tay ne Hanos vadan 3pe08 300).68 1 iDRAINAGE ANALYSIS ‘ovr00r OSLT ocr OLee 099% Oe % wool Lee NOT SC OOTSCSSCOOT~—«CT:SCOOT LOOT THOL ore OF 0 of © Of wo e€1 10 . 5 < 0007 a rr) a . or 10 : : - 0001-006. OUCH 00. Sit 00 oe) Or 10 a . a a 006 - 008, oly ol 69TSCL:C(ti«CIE::*SCSdTZ:SCi« CS Shh 08 00L Osseo bhISCE:C*«iRTSC‘<‘éiSS:*O#*CE:*!*#«OCOMS| OS STH ESS SD NL > % WN % a % a % a % a % a «Ey oo €-O ed a> (@) iL wy oL OAL aL, JPA TOL Gen) Aisuaq oBeureiq aynyosqy UIseg Joy yng saddy x9A0 Jaz]ow aamiosay pus Aysuaq aBeuswrq wsoajoq woHL|e1105 TALLPlate V (A): A view of the South Koel river near the Duko village Plate V(B): A panormic meandering river of West Anariya, 3.5 km northeast of Ghaghra marketDRAINAGE ANALYSIS om lorgest category interms of areal coverage. It is mostly confined on the lower peneplains and the gently sloping flood-plains of the major streams. Table IV.2 shows that absolute relief categories of lees than 700m, 700m-800m and over 1000m accounts for 41.8 %, 56.9% and1.3% of area under very coarse drainage density respectively. This category charactrizes. the Ratu (726m), Kullu (700m)peneplains, Mander (703m), Mahuajari (700m) uplands, Bensjari (711m), Choria(707m)pahars, Lundri (ravineland (761m), Kakargarh isolated higland (789m) and lower Bambhani valley (600m) in the northeast ; Rampur (679m), Hendlaso (667m) peneplains, Karak gorge (667m) and Salgi tabbland (700m) in the northwest; Itki (709m), Nagari (749m) peneplains, Dighiya scarp (700m) and middle Bambhani Nadi (670m) in the southeast and Adar (780m),Gunia (613m) peneplains, Sirkot (780m), Halmat (760m), Toto (649m), Basua (600m) uplands, Sisai tapleland (633m), West Anariya (639m), Middle Barki (681m), Middle Khatwa (599m) and lower Paras (601) Nadi in the southwestern part of the study-area, 4.2.1.1.3 Coarse Drainage Density (To:2-3 km/km?) Corse drainage density occupies an area of about 900.0 km? or 33.7% of the study-area. It is the largest category interms of areal coverage. Oceurance of coarse drainage density associated with water-divides is but natural, and so in the case of risolated hillocks. However the overland flow in case of longitudinal ranges is somewhat concentrated because of their turn directional slope. Consequently, streams are formed more readily on the range than in case of isolated hillocks where the slope is present in every direction. The drainage length per unit area is, therefore, more in case of longitudinal ranges and water-divides than on isolated hillocks. Table 1V.2 shows that absolute relief categories of lessthan 700m, 700m-800m, 800m-900m, 900m-DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 2 1000m and over 1000m account for 56.0%, 40.0%, 1.0%, 1.0% and 2.0% of the area under coarse draiange density respectively. This category characterizes the Umari peneplain (600m), Nandani gorge (700m), Kharta pahar (750m), Barwatoli ravineland (700m) and Upper South Koel trough (788m) in the northeast; Hirhi (646m), Waina (644m), Loharadaga (648m), Bhargaon (620m) tablelands, Phuljhar Nadi (990m) and middle South Koel trough (650m) in the northwest; Hetha gorge (714m), Narkopi (754m), Bharno (640m) tablelands, Bhandra pahar (783m), Ita isolated highland (732m), Ghaghri ravineland (732m), Kans valley (650m) and middle Paras Nadi (700m) in the southeast and Jamira (600m), Ghagra (639m), Atkora (658m), Shalmajira (622m) peneplains, Kugaon (639m), Arangi (689m) uplands and Puso tableland (700m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. It is rather natural that streams are farmed on hill-tops; they often originate a little below the crest. Large patches of coarse drainage density are linked with moderate to moderately steep hill-slopes in the study-area. 4.2.1.1.4 Moderate Drainage Density (Tm: 3-4 km/km?) The area under moderate drainage density measures about 513.0 km? or 19.2% of the study-area. It is the third largest category interms of areal coverage. It is apparent from Table IV.2 shows that 56.1%, 36.8%, 3.5% and 3.6% of the area under moderate drainage density lie in the altitudinal zones of less than 700m, 700m-800m, 800m-900m and over 1000m respectively. More conspicuous development of streams on the steeper slopes of the parts of the basin and water divides accounts for the occurrence of moderate drainage density in these parts. Moderate drainage density is confined to the Makandu (802m), Changhari (857m) pahars in the northeast; Salaiya scarp (998m), Nawadih gorge (680m), Kentoli pahar (743m), Barwatoli. tableland (600m), Bukata ravineland (700m), Banki (990m), Doka (680m) Nadi in the northwest; Ghagho gorgeDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 93 (802m) and Kans trough (800m) in the southeast and Arko isolated highand (695m), Barka scarp (900m), Tergo (900m), Masriya (771m) valleys, upper Khatwa (973m), upper Barki (1012m) Nadi, Kujrahat (959m), Kans (600m) gorges in the southwestern part of the study-area. The crests of ranges, forming the primary, secondary and tertiary water-divides, are also characterized by moderate drainage density. 4.2.1.1.5 Fine Drainage Density (Tf: Over 4 km/km?) The area under fine drainage density measures about 468.0 km? or 17.5% of the study-area. It is the fourth largest category interms of areal coverage. A comparative study of absolute relief and drainage density reveals that area bearing the highest elevation correspond with areas of fine drainage density. It suggests that this part of the study-area, marked with intense dissection, is in the ‘mid-mature stage’ of landform development. Table IV.2 shows that the absolute relief categories of less than 700m, 700m-800m, 800m- 900m, 900m-1000m and over 1000m account for 34.6%, 26.9%, 11.5%, 17.4% and 9.6% of the area under fine drainage density respectively. The fine drainage density covers of the Huddu (911m), Mahwari (960m) pahars in the northeast; Khamar (1068m), Rundi (1064m) pats, Bagru (1097m), Bhal Tongri (791m) pahars, Danru (680m) and Chandawa (860m) gorges in the northwest and Charma (1031m), Chilam (786m), Bhursu (692m), Baghni (650m) pahars and East Anariya ravineland (692m) in the southwestern part of the study-area, 4.2.2 Drainage Frequency The study of drainage texture forms a significant aspect of the geomorphological analysis. Drainage texture implies the relative spacing of drainage lines. Horton, R.E. (1935m) states what we commonly refer to as drainage texture realy includes both drainage density and drainage frequency. He also defines drainage frequency as the total number of streams in a drainageDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 4 basin divided by the area of drainage basin, Drainage frequency has been defined symbolically by Melton, M.A. (1958) as F=N/A, where ‘N’ is the total number of streams obtaining in the area ‘A’. The study of the areal distributional pattern of drainage frequency in an area provides a better understanding of its terrain. Its distribution is largely a function of the stage in the evolution of landforms, nature and structure of rocks, vegetation cover, nature and amount of rainfall in the valley catchment and infiltration capacity of the soil. Numberof drainage in the area has been gained by counting in a grid unit. The number of streams in each square unit having an area of 9.0 km’, as has been done in the case of drainsge density. The streams frequency, thus calculated ranges from 1 to 5 streams/km? as Singh, R.L. (1967), suggested that the drainage frequency has been divided into three broad categories, namely (i) poor (less than 2 streams/km’), (ii) medium (3-4 streams/km?) and (iii) high ( over 5 streams/kim?). Table 1V.3 Areal Distribution of Drainage Frequency in Upper South Koel Basin No. of Symbol Frequency ‘Area (Streams/km*) (km) (%) (eum) <2 Fp 191 1719.0 64.30 64.30 3-4 Fm 90 810.0 30.30 94.60 = Fh 16 144.0 5.40 100.00 Total 297 2673.0 100.00 Mean: 2.32 streams/km’; Median: 1.78streams/ km’; Mode: 1.65 streams/ km* Table 1V.3 gives the distribution of the drainage frequency in the study-area. Statistical analysis shows that the mean, median and modal values of drainage frequency in the area are 2.32 streams/km”, 1.78 streams/km’ and 1.65 streams/km? respectively. All thesé values fall under the category ofis Co LS . (WH somes Se ] ADNSINOAYSA SOVNIVYUG SOVYAAV NiSva@ 130% HinOS waddn 390158DRAINAGE ANALYSIS — 95 poor drainage frequency (Fp). The mode is a bit nearér to the origin than the mean. A preponderance of poor drainage frequency, in the area, suggests the ‘old stage’ of this topography. A moderate degree of pasitive correlation is obtained between the drainage frequency categories and absolute relief, the Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation is as +0.428. It is characterizes the dissected parts of the basin where river short, intermittent and straight. In contrast, low frequencies are typical of the riverine plains where the meandering streams have a few tributaries only. 4.2.2.1 Areal Distribution of Drainage Frequency and their Correlation with Absolute Relief The distribution of drainage frequency in the area is as follows (Fig. 4.3 & 4.4): 4.2.2.4.4 Poor Drainage Frequency (Fp: 1-2 streams/km?) Poor drainage frequency characterizes a maximum area of about 1719.0 km? or 64.3% of the study-area. It is the largest areal coverage of drainage frequency. It is mostly confined to the lower peneplains and gently sloping flood-plains of major streams. Patches of poor drainage frequency also occur associated with the flat-topped upper basin surface. Table IV.4, which gives the distributional pattern of drainage frequency values in relation to absolute relief, shows that 51.3%, 47.1% and 1.6% of the area under poor drainage frequency are associated with altitudinal zones of less than 700m, 700m-800m and 800m-900m respectively. Poor drainage frequency ocures in the areas namely, Mandar (703m), Mahuajari (700m) uplands, Kullu (700m), Barrainbe (700m), Umari (600m) peneplains, Nandani (700m), Raghunathpur (689m) gorges, Lundri ravineland (761m), Kakargarh isolated highland (689m) and lower Bambhani ‘Nadi (600m) in the northeastern part of the study-area, This is due to lower absolute relief and permeable nature of alluvial soils in the area which alsoAONANOAYS FOVWNIVEC NISv8 130% HINOS wads 300).$@DRAINAGE ANALYSIS - 96 account for the meandering nature of the stream course of the Kans, Paras and lower South Koel basin. In the northwest, this frequency occupies the alluvial zones of the Salgi (700m), Barwatoli (600m), Hirhi (646m), Waina (644m), Bhargaon (620m) tablelands, Hendloso (667m), Rampur (679m) peneplains, Karak (667m), Nawadih (680m) gorges, Phuljhar (959m) and Doka (680m), Nadi. It is noted that the impermeable nature of the rocks in the area, infact, do not favour stream development. Table IV.4 Correlation between Drainage Frequency and Absolute Relief over Upper South Koel Basin ‘Absolute Drainage Frequency (Noof streams/km?) Relief Fp Fm Fh @ ry 6-4) 6 >) F % F % F % ‘Net % — 98 oo 44 48.9 02 12.5 144 700 - 800 90 471 33 36.7 ol 63 124 41.70 800-900 03 16 ol Be 05 31.2 09 3.00 900-1000 - - 08 89 02 125 10 3.40 1000) = - 04 44 06 375 10 Total 191 100.0 90 100.0 16 1000 297 100.00 ‘The important areas of poor drainage frequency are associated with Itki (709m), Nagri (749m) peneplains, Narkopi (754m), Soranda (700m), Bharno (640m) tablelands, Arko (695m), Ita (732m) isolated highlands, Dighiya scarp (700m), upper Bambhani (709m) and Kans trough (800m) in the southeastern part of the study-area. The undulating nature of topography, in this part, isDRAINAGE ANALYSIS - composed of gneisses which are thinly veneered with alluviun in the riverine plains. It is also associated with Sirkot (780m), Halmat (760m), Arangi (689m), Toto (674m), Basua (600m) uplands, Gunia (613m), Bargaon (620m) peneplains, Puso (700m), Sisai (633m) tablelands, West Anariya (639m), Ghaghra (719m), Sankh (646m), middle Barki (681m), middle Khatwa (599m) and lower Paras Nadi (601m) in the southwestern part of the study-area. 4.2.2.1.2 Medium Drainage Frequency (Fm: 3-4 Streams/km’*) The area under medium drainage frequency is about 810.0 km? or 30.3% of the study-area. It is the sceond largest areal coverage of drainage frequency. Occurrency of medium drainage frequency near the confluence of two major streams, is rather natural, because the adjoining area is effected by the both of them which speedily reduces its relief. Further, the increased mass of water rushing through river channel, below the confluence, tends to disperse the water in other directions which leads to the formation of gullies and furrows on the banks. Thus, areas of medium drainage frequency are generally confined to the confluence of streams and the divides and ridge tops. These are distributed in small patches over the study-area. Table IV.4 reveals that 48.9%, 36.7%, 1.1%, 8.9% and 4.4% of the area under medium drainage frequency are associated with the altitudinal zones of less than 700m, 700m-800m, 800m-900m, 900m-i000m and over 1000m respectively. The important area of medium drainage frequency are the Ratu peneplain (726m), Barkatoli ravineland (700m), Makandu (802m), Huddu (911m), Kharta (750m), Choria (707m), Bansjari (711m), Changhari (857m) and Mahuari (960m) pahars in the northeast; Kentoli (743m), Bhal Tongri (791m) pahars, Lohardaga tableland (648m), Bakata ravineland (700m), Tati (1068m), Danru (680m) gorges, Sukari (646m), Banki (996m) Nadi middle South Koel trough (650m) in the northwest; Hetha (714m), Kadali (686m), Ghagho (802m) gorges, Binhipat (690m), Ujari ravineland (700m), upper Paras (717m) andPlate VI(A): A view of terraced field on gently sloping surface in Baranbe village, about 5.5 km west of Ratu market Plate VI (B): A view of the Narrow Gauge Railway line near the Railway StationDRAINAGE ANALYSIS middle Bambhani (670m) Nadi in the southeast and Jamira (600m), “Arko (658m), Jhalmajira (622m), Adar (780m) peneplains, East Anriya (692m), Duko (588m) ravinelands, Kujrahat (695m), Kans (600m) gorges, Tergo (900m), Masariya (771m) valleys, Gamhariya (610m), Kugaon (639m) uplands, Chilam (783m), Bhursu (692m), Baghni (560m) pahars, Upper Barki (1012m) and upper Khatwa (973m) Nadi in the southwestern part of the study- area. 4.2,2.1.3 High Drainage Frequency (Fh: 5 and More Streams/km?) High drainage frequency characterizes a minimum area of about 144.0 km? or 5.4% of the study-area only. Its coincidence with areas of high relative relief suggests that landscape; although highly dissected, is characterized by somewhat straight streams of smaller lengths. Table IV.4 which give the distributional pattern of drainage frequency values in relation to absolute relief, show that the height categories of less than 700m, 700m- 800m, 800m-900m, 900m-1000m and above 1000m account for 12.5%, 6.3%, 31.2%, 12.5% and 37.5% of the area under high drainage frequency respectively, High drainage frequency occurs in the areas namely, Khamar (1068m), Rundi (1064m) pats, Bagru (1097m), Agariakhai (1057m) pahars, Saliaya scarp (998m) and Chandawa gorge (860m) in the northwest and Sehal (800m), Hetlori (800m), Kulhi (800m) gorges, Barka scarp (900m) and Charma pahar (1031m) in the southwestern part of the study-area, The rocks of Mid-Triassic and Lower Cretaceous age, in the area, might have been helpfull in increasing the channel lengths of these streams by headward erosion. 4.3 Drainage Pattern The drainage pattern of the individual streams differ in their spatial relationship to one another as they are governed by initial slope, rock resistance, structure, earth movements and the geomorphological history of the basin. AnDRAINAGE ANALYSIS — 99 outline of the macro and micro basins defines the varying orders of stream system, but an analysis of the composition of each type of basin brings out distinctily the pattern of landform. The channels later on unite after excavating their respective valleys. The description of the main drainage lines as given above, chapter I (Fig. 1.5) shows that these are some order in their pattern. The rivers flow across to main erosion levels but some of the rivers like Kans and Paras, the source stream of these river, rise from a still higher surface lying to the east of the Ranchi peneplait While emphasizing the importance of drainage and structure, Spark, B.W. (1967) has expressed his view, "the arrangment of the relief is merely the pattern of the inter fluves, so that in an area of well adjusted drainage, the study of the drainage pattern is automatically the study of the relief pattern both being basically dependent on structure." Zernitz, E.R. (1931) says that, "the pattern of drainage is one of the most revealing features of landscape and casts light on the rock type, geological structure, stage in drainage evolution." Drainage pattern has been defined by Merle Parvis (1950) as, "the manner of design in which a given set of tributary streams arrange themselves, “within a given drainage basin". Lueder, D.R. (1959) defines it as, "the arrangement of surface drainage ways, covering an area in the complete detail their density, orientation, uniformity and plain”. The drainage pattern, according to Thornbury, W.D. (1954), "reflects the influence of such factors as initial slope, inequalities in rock hardness, structural controls, recent diastrophism and the geologic and geomorphic history of the drainage basin." He considers it extremely helpful in the interpretation of geomorphic features and in the understanding of structural and lithological control in landform evolution. Miller, A.A. (1964) also remark that, “the pattern of drainage is one of the most revealing features of landscape that casts light on the rock type, geological structure, stage in drainage evolution, etc.” It is evident that the arrangement andDRAINAGE ANALYSIS ~ 100 design of streams speak a lot about the structural and geomorphic character of an area. Hence, an appraisal of the patterns of drainage, found in the study-area, is desirable. Fig. 1.5 shows that the drainage network in Upper South Koel Basin, It reveals the following drainage patterns: 4.3.1 Radial Drainage Pattern An over-all picture of the drainage reveals drainage pattern in the Upper South Koel Basin. The western and eastern elevated tract of Upper South Koel basin forms the diverging point of streams flowing in every direction (Singh, R.P., 1969). The radial pattern of drainage, in general appears to be associated with the huge batholithic mass of Upper South Koel Basin. Some of the important tributaries of the Khatwa, Banki and Sukari rivers also rise in this part. Most of these radiating streams are still cutting headwards, bre: ing the northwestern escarpment. Gneissic domes also provide examples of radial drainage in the area. Khamar hill (1068m) is a classical example of this type. Streams descent here in almost every direction form the ridge-like crest that extends NW-SE for about 9.0 km only. (Chhibber, H.L., 1953). Smaller igneous intrusi 2 masses like laccoliths and isolated residual hills provide local example of this pattern of drainage. 4.3.2 Parallel or Sub-Paralle! Drainage Pattern Parallel or sub-parallel drainage pattern is quite distinctly marked in north and east of Upper South Koel Basin where structural cortrois are remarkable. Laterite capped basin with pronouced slope and structure! control has guided stream development. Faulting along the northern and western edges of Upper South Koel Basin has lead to a somewhat regular spacirg of the tributaries of the Banki and Kans rivers, which exhibit the paralle. or sub- parallel pattern of drainage.DRAINAGE ANALYSIS — 101 4.3.3 Annular Drainage Pattern Annular drainage pattern seems to have developed around the Huddu pahar (911m), which appears to be a maturely dissected dome having alternating belts of resistant and non-resistant rocks around it. A similar pattern with a ring-like design has also developed on the western edge of Upper South Koel Basin, in the vicinity of Makandu (802m), Bhandra (783m), Chilam (783m) and Bhursu (692m) pahars. 4.3.4 Dendritic Drainage Pattern ‘The dendritic drainage pattern is generally associated with areas of uniform lithology, horizontal or very gently dipping strata and low relief. The dominant drainage pattern of Upper South Koel Basin is dendritic revealing irregular branching of tributary streams in any direction and at any angle which is considerably less than right angle, evoluing on homogeneous structure of massive granite rock of Upper South Koel Basin and lack of structural control. Its design includes a multitude of small tributary streams which join each other, usually at fairly acute angles, to mourish a large trunk streams. The pattern indicates little adjustment to structure. It is frequently found on massive igneous rocks which occupy a large part of the basin. Its development has also taken place on the complex metamorphic rocks of the west and the horizontal sedimentary rocks of the Gondwana basins. A special type of the dendritic pattern, namely the pinnate, characterizes the stream descending the western eadge of the Uppar South Koel Basin, near Bagaru pahar (1097m). The dendric drainage pattern of Uppar South Koel Basin preserve the evidences of the End-Tertiary upliftment as indicated by the occurrence of water-falls in major streams. Marks of recent uplift is also detectable in the different parts of the basin. A majority of source streams over the granitic gneissic terrain of Uppar South Koel Basin reveals the dendritic drainageDRAINAGE ANALYSIS: 102 pattern, The Binbipat river is a tributary of the Kans Nadi, provides such an example. 4.3.5 Trellis Drainage Pattern A variant of the trellis drainage pattern is seen in the Bansjari pahar (711m), where a'series of parallel faults have produad alternating band of strong and weak rocks. It can be better described as the "fault trellis pattern." Rectangular joints in the granite gneiss masses have, at places, resulted in the development of "rectangular" or "angular pattern" of drainage. The nature of the present drainage systems help to reconstruct the past story. The highland when they wear covered with Archaean schists and other rocks forming the Archaean mountains must have developed a drainage in sympathy with the folds. 4.3.6 Centripetal Drainage Pattern ‘The Upper South Koel Basin reveals a variety of drainage pattem. Even a centripetal drainage pattern in the basin country surrounded by hills is not practically absent. The individual streams courses in the contrast to the over all drainage pattern. Parts of Upper South Koel Basin reveal even a centripetal drainage pattern where the area happens to be surrounding by a series of hills. 4.4 Morphometric Analysis of Some Selected Drainage Basins Drainage basin is one of the fundamental geomorphic unit. It occupies a nodal position in geomorphic studies. Morphometric analysis is an attempt to measure the degree to which the present set of processes has externally or internally adjusted to variables of drainage basin in relation to each other. The present fluvial landscape of Upper South Koel Basin is composed of drainage basinsof different magnitudes. The surface is, no doubt,DRAINAGE ANALYSIS - 103 polygenetic in origin where numerous new drainage basins have developed and the order has advanced their basins after the Tertiary elevations. They all provide convenient units for the measurement and analysis 9f their morphometric properties and for the understanding of the landscape as a whole in the sense that they all evolving in a similar way in relation to eazh other. Horton, R.E. (1945), Strahler, A.N. (1952), Morisawa, M.E, (1953) and King, L.C. (1967) have made notable contributions to the study of drainage basins and their morphometric properties. Horton, in particular, has defined certain laws of drainage composition, which have been tested again and again. The morphological characteristics of the ten draiange basins are measured from half centimetre topographical maps. The present landforms are the combined product of the processes of weathering, running water cnd mass wasting. The most important element of fluvial system of the basin lan Jscape is the streams channel system. The various characteristics of these channel system can be measured and grouped under three broad heads of linear, areal cnd relief properties of drainage basin. These measured properties of sample drainage basins have been grouped and analysed to establish their interrelations nips with present fluvial erosion system. The sample drainage basins have been made with particular reference to drainage frequency, bifurcation ratio, length to streams, relief, slope, chnnel gradient, draiange density, valley slopes and geomorphic stage of development on the basis of hypsometric curves, hypsometric integra.s. These include the counting of stream length for each order separately. In 1945, Horton, R.E., proposed certain laws of drainage composition which assumed a1 orderly development of geometrical qualities of an insequent drainage sysem. The analysis of draiange frequency, bifurcation ratio and length of streams Fave been made on the basis of Horton's law.DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 104 4.4.1 Stream Frequency and Mean Stream Lengths ‘The analysis of drainage stream frequency, bifurcation atio and stream length are based on the Horton's techniques which include the counting Table IV.5 Order- wise Frequency of Streams in Selected Drainage Streams over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Order wise Stream Frequency Basins ive) 1. Anriya 12 6 2 1 : 2. Dulki 17 U 2 1 - 3. Auranga 20 12 2 1 7 4. Mattia 14 8 3 1 7 5. Phuljhar 10 a 1 - - 6. Ariya 27 15 4 1 - 7. Saphi 18 8g 3 1 : 8. Sukri 14 8 3 1 - 9. Shankh 31 14 5 2 1 10. Tharo 9 1 2 1 - of stream numbers and measurement of their lengths for each order (Horton, 1945). The number of streams of different orders in a given drainage basin tend closely to approximate on inverse geometric series in which the first term is unity and ratio is the bifurcation ratio. With the help of stream numbe-s of each order, semilog graphs have been plotted to examine the relationsshir between stream number and their order (Fig. 4.5). Plots of stream frequency and cumulative mean stream length on logarithmic scale and stream order on arithmetic scale show a straight line relationship.vaay 3ovuiveo | OBvHE ¥3080 H. mao missEF lacwo sisnosf>] waove ownf] f2cee onooas >] vwaos0 ise] Lu SS unos) Say vauy doviieya ___ Yani 43080 HLenod wauy aovNIvEd Honwis e300 Hista [6 vauy gownivaa pins W308 HLuNoS g] vauy sovniveo ldvs 930¥0 Hiunoa a va a0vniveg visyswH Baq80 Hiunos [7] vauy 30vNIvO yHPINHd waa OBL 8 (ooHi3W SNoLdOH ) NiISvg__730%_Hinos NISVE 3IdWVS 43O Y3qHYO ZOVNIVYC gaddN aay 2ovNIvea vouveny wzqyo Hisnod — [E ety a vata wa0u0 Leno [7]DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 105 Table IV.5 and IV.6 show order-wise frequency and mean stream lengths, obtained for the 10 selected drainage basin Plots of order-wise stream frequency of Anriya, Dulki, Auranga, Masaria, Phuljhar, Ariya, Saphi, Sukri, Shankh and Jhara shows a straight-line relationship, accordant with Horton's law of stream numbers (Fig. 4.6). A slight deviation is, however, noted in the case of Auranga and Shankh streams. Table IV.6 Order-wise Streams Length in Selected Drainage Streams over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Order wise Stream length (km) = Basins I tr I IV. Vv Sears reaeree aaa naar =| 2.4 - 2, Dulki 23.4 9.5 2.5 4.6 - 3. Auranga 18.2 23.5 5.5 3.7 - 4. Masaria 11.3 19.2 64 an - 5. Phuljhar 12.4 4.4 4.0 - - 6. Ariya 24.0 37.5 13.5 1.5 - 7. Saphi 17.8 14.5 4.8 6.2 - 8. Sukri 14.7 ia a. 4.5 - 9. Shankh 29.6 27.5 11.7 5.2 3.2 10. Jharo 6.4 15.1 4.8 55) : The analysis of stream frequency of the sample basins reflects a perfect interrelation between stream order and drainage texture. Area of first order streams represents the zone of fine texture of drainage where value of stream frequency per km? is high.Frequency tends to decrease gradually with the increase in basin order. Low frequency with in higher order of basin area indicates advanced condition of basin maturity. The comparative study of stream frequency reveals, further that Ariya is more matured and less dissected than other basins. Higher frequency value of first order in case of Shankh is due toDRAINAGE ANALYSIS wos higher scarps marking northwestern part of basin perimeter. The higher frequency of first order streams may be explained due to rejuvenation, effecting the first order streams, during Pliocene times. In contrast, fewer number of fourth and fifth order streams in these basins may be explained as a consequence of the old peneplained surfaces over which they continue to flow even ofter the rejuvenation of these surfaces. The analysis of confirms Horton's law of streams number that follow of a geometric progression confirming to a negative exponential function. Table IV.7 ‘Mean Length of Streams in Selected Drainage Streams over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Mean Stream Length (km) Basins [fr 0 mm WoVv 1. Anriya 1.04 1.88 2.85 2.4 2. Dulki 1.37 1.35 1.25 4.6 - 3. Auranga 0.92 195 5.50 3.7 . 4. Masaria 0.80 2.40 2.13 3.1 . 5. Phuljhar 1.24 1.48 4.00 - . 6. Ariya 0.88 = 2,503.37 15 7. Saphi 0.98 1.81 1.60 6.2 - 8. Sukri 1.05 2.95 5.03 4.5 - 9. Shankh 0.95 1.96 2.34 2.6 3.2 10. Jharo 0.71 215 2.40 5.5 . The total length of streams of different hierarchical orders and its mean values are of great importance in the study of drainage basins. Stream length is a result of either the number of stream segment or of the presence of200 1 nny Base UPPER SOUTH KOFL BASIN 1005 DRAINAGE COMPOSITION +0 Le OF = SAMPLE BASINS "9 A CORRELATION s q —+— ORDER AND MEAN STREAM FREQUENCY ORDER ANO MEAN STREAM LENGTHS (MD Wea pe pa ryt 700) 2 puLKI Basin 2009 5 PHULUHAR BASIN 2007 g@ SUKRI BASIN 50) 0 4 op NT "0: v0 a — % * 7 [oa 8 ya TF 700) 3 AURANGA BASIN 200 & ARIVA BASIN 7007 9 SHANKH BASIN TPs eS UD SES 2007 4 wasania Basi 2007 7 sprit satin 200) 19 sano Basin 100 10. 100 s0 +0 / 10 Lo : ongERs eee) r 2 5 8 5 ‘ORDERS ORDERS FIGa 6DRAINAGE ANALYSIS on larger segments Even the cumulative mean length reflects a progressive increase within order (Table IV.7). The mean cumulative stream lengths against stream order for the selected drainage basins reveals a more perfect straight line relationship, accordant with Horton's law of stream lengths, Such approximately constant length ratio seems to be associated with the nature and evolution of these basins. The length ratio is further used to find out the adjusted mean length of segments and its departure from the best fitted line. In ideal conditions, the length ratio tends to be approximately constant for a given drainage system. The Table IV.8 depicts the adjusted length of segments cumulative mean length and deviation from the adjusted mean value of segments. The mean stream lengths are somewhat more then anticipated in case of the third order streams of the Shankh and Jharo basins for first order streams in Anriya basins. This may be due to the impact of Tertiary rejuvenation effecting the areas over with these streams flow. 4.4.2 Bifurcation Ratio The bifurcation ratios between first and second order segments; Schumm (1956) states that the ratio between the total number of streams of one order to that of the next higher order, is know as the bifurcation ratio. It is an index of the degree of integration of streams of various orders in a drainage basin. For example, it can reveal as to how for the first order segment join the next order channels independently. Table IV.8 gives that bifurcation ratio of the sample basins. The bifurcation ratio between first and second order streams ranges from 1.28 to 2.42. This ratio is high in case of the Dulki (2.42), Saphi (2.25) and Shankh (2.21). This become the first order streams are more numerous in upper parts of the northwest and sowthwestern escarpment zones. The low ratio inDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 108, Table 1V.8 Bifurcation Ratio and Weighted Mean of Bifurcation Ratio in Sample Drainage Basins over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Order Ratio Basins [Tt Wl WIV IV-V Weighted Mean 1. Anriya 2.00 2.42 2.0 z 2.11 2. Dulki 2.42 3.60 2.0 2.68 3. Auranga 1.66 6.00 2.0 - 2.86 4. Masaria 1.75 2.66 3.0 - 2.15 5. Phuljhar 2.00 5.00 ~ 2.85 6. Ariya 1.80 3.75 4.0 : 2.52 7. Saphi 2.25 2.66 3.0 . 2.43 8. Sukri LIS 2.66 3.0 - 2d1 9. Shankh 2.21 2.80 2.5 2.0 2.38 10. Sharo 1.28 3.50 2.0 B 2.07 case of Auranga (1.66) and Jharo (1.28) basins is due to the development of a peneplained surface with fever first order streams. The bifurcation ratio between the second and third order streams ranges from 2.42 for the Anriya to 6.00 for the Auranga basins. Between the third and fourth order streams varies from 2.0 for Anriya, Dulki, Auranga and Jharo and 4.0 for the Ariya basins. The ratio between the fourth and fifth order stream is only 2.0 for Shankh basin. 4.4.3 Weighted Mean of Bifurcation Ratio To arrive at a more representative bifurcation number, Strahler, A.N. (1953) used a weighted mean of bifurcation ratio for each successive pair of orders which is obtained by multiplying the bifurcation ratio for eachDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 109 successive pair of orders by the total number of streams involved in the ratio and then taking mean of the sum of these values (Table IV.8). It is noted that the weighted mean of bifurcation ratio varies from 2.07 for the Jharo to 2.86 for the Aurange. These variations are due to topographic variations. It is, however, noteworthy that the values for most of the drainage basins fluctuate around 2.00. 4.4.4 Stream Length Ratio ‘The ratio between length of streams of any two consecutive orders, known as the length ratio, has also been taken into consideration (Table IV.9). It reveals that the ratio between first and second order stream Jengths are somewhat Table IV.9 Order- wise Mean Stream Length Ratio in Sample Drainage Basins over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage | __Order- Wise Stream Length Ratio _ Basins [Ty eV ve 1. Anriya 1.80 1.51 0.84 - 2, Dulki 0.98 0.92 3.68 - 3. Auranga 241 2.82 0.67 - 4. Masaria 3.00 0.88 1.45 - 5. Phuljhar 1.19 2.70 - - 6. Ariya 2.84 1.34 0.44 . 7. Saphi 1.84 0.88 3.87 - 8. Sukri 2.80 1.70 0.89 : 9. Shankh 2.06 1.19 Mi 1,23 10. Jharo 3.02 Lit 2.29 - similar, fluctuating around 0.98 (Dulki) to 3.02 (Jharo). Similarly the stream length ratio between second and third order streams are also somewhatDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 110 similar, ranging from 0.88 (Saphi) to 2.82 (Auranga) while that between the third and fourth order streams varies from 0.44 for Ariya to 3.87 for Saphi rivers. The streams length ratio between the fourth and fifth order streams is obtainable for 1.23 only for Shankh river. Development of first and second orders streams over the Upper South Koel basin areas account for the similarity in the length ratio of these stream in the various drainage basins order consideration. The length ratio between nee order indicate independent behaviour which may be due to as” in slope and topographic conditions in the different drainage basins. The study aims also at the different elevations of magnitude of fluvial erosion system and its relation to the basin area and the length of streams. 4.4.5 Drainage Basin Characteristics Examination of the shape and size, relief, valley slopes, drainage density and the stage of the geomorphic development are some other aspects note worthy of consideration in the study of drainage basins. Table IV.10 gives the drainage basin characteristics namely relief ratio, elongation ration, mean channel gradients and the stages in the geomorphic cycle of selected drainage basins. 4.4.5.1 Relief Ratio Relief ratio indicates the nature of basin and availability of relief for dissection. Analysis of basin relief has been made by obtaining the relief ratio, which is defined as the ratio between the total relief of a basin and the largest dimension of the basin parallel to the principal drainage line. Schumm, S.A. (1956) states that, "it is dimensionless height-length ratio to the tangent of the angle formed by plains intersecting at the mouth of the basin, one representing the horizontal and the other passing through the highest point of the basin”. Table IV.10 reveals that the relief ratio is the highest (0.065) in the basin of theaw five var [3] (e28) Nisa Hunvis [6] sauiah wi Sota Ed some EZ] aL iN) (oon) a wsve meen UG SNE mew (giant vey) 3ZIS® 3d VHS AHAVYOOISAHG SNISVG@ AOVNIVYG S3IdWVS Nisva 130% HLNOS waddn (orsm) nisva. vAtuny [T]DRAINAGE ANALYSIS ut Shankh. This is because it drains a large part on the western escarpment zone. In contrast the basins of the Anriya, Dulki, Auranga, Masaria, Phuljhar, Ariya, Saphi, Sukri and Jharo are show the moderate relief ratio of 0.032, 0.030, 0.030, 0.028, 0.029, 0.044, 0.028, 0.027 and 0.027 respectively. These streams rise in the moderate heights of Upper South Koel basin. Lower relief ratio characteristics the basins are formed by peneplained surfaces with residual hills of little significance. Table IV.10 Drainage Basin Characteristics of the Sample Drainage Basins over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Relief Elongation Mean Channel Remarks Basins Ratio Ratio Gradient (%) 1. Anrya 0.032 0.296 0.065 Late Mature Stage 2. Dulki 0.030 0.278 0.045 Late Mature Stage 3. Auranga 0.030 0.263 0.065 Late Mature Stage 4. Masaria 0.028 = 0.217 0.065 Old Stage $5. Phuljhar 0.029 0.395 0.040 — Mid-Mature Stage 6. Ariya 0.044 0.227 0.145 Late Mature Stage 7. Saphi 0.028 0.301 0.110 Mid-Mature Stage 8. Sukri 0.027 0.223 0.100 Old Stage 9. Shankh 0.065 0.232 0.280 Mature Stage 10. Jharo 0.027 0.320 0.045 Mid-Mature Stage 4.4.5.2 Elongation Ratio ‘The shape of drainage basin is expressed in terms of elongation ratio which is the ratio between the maximum length of stream basin, as measured for relief ratio, and the diameter of a circle having the some area as that of the stream basin. It establishes a fundamental law, i.e., smaller theDRAINAGE ANALYSIS - 12 fraction, is the more elongated in the shape of the basin and vice-versa. Table IV.10 reveals that 10 sample drainage basins, namely the Anriya (0.296), Dulki (0.278), Auranga (0.263), Masaria (0.217), Ariya (0.227), Sukri (0.223) and Shankh (0.232) have elongated shapes. In contrast the Phulghar (0.395) is most circular which the Saphi (0.301) and Iharo (0.320) are the somewhat ‘ess a circular. 4.4.5.3 Mean Channel Gradient Calculation of the mean channel gradient of the master streams of the sample basins shows that the Dulki, Phuljhar and Jharo have very low or gentle slope forms, their mean gradient being 0.045%, 0.400% and 0.245% respectively (Table IV.10). These low values are due to the meandering nature of the streams on peneplained surfaces of very low gradient. On the other hand streams like the Anriya, Auranga, Masaria, Ariya, Sapahi, Sukri and Shankh basins have a much moderate and higher mean channel gradient being 0.065%, 0.065%, 0.065%, 0.145%, 0.110% and 0.280% respectively. Existence of meanders with interlocking spurs have been noted in the upper parts of these drainage basins. The upper part is formed by the resistant Archaean granites and gneisses while its middle and lower parts are composed of less resistant Upper Carboniferous and Lower Triassic Gondwana rocks. 4.4.5.4 Stream Density The sample drainage basins exhibit fine stream density ranging from 0.787 kmv/km? to 1.647 km/km?. The basins of the Anriya, Phuljhar, Sukri and Jharo are moderately drained; their stream density varies between 0.787 km/km? to 0.958 km/km?, The Dulki, Auranga, Ariya, Saphi and Shankh basins are very well drained; there have stream density of 1.205 km/km?, 1.118km/km?, 1.514 km/km’, 1.647 km/km? and 1.237 km/km’ respectively (Table IV.11).DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 113 Table IV.11 Texture of Drainage in the Sample Drainage Basins over Upper South Koel Basins Drainage Stream Density StreamFrequency Nature of Streams Basins (Stream Length (No. of streams/km’) kan/km’) 1. Anrya 0.787 0.518 Moderately drained pb! 1.205 0.813 Very well-drained 3. Auranga 1.118 0.747 Very well-drained 4. Masaria 1.001 0.651 Moderately drained 5. Phuljhar 0.940 0.632 Moderately drained 6. Ariya 1.514 0.930 Very well-drained 7. Saphi 1.647 0.952 Very well-drained 8. Sukri 0.958 0.430 Moderately drained 9. Shankh 1.237 0.849 Very well-drained 10 Jharo 0.927 0.554 Moderately drained 4.4.5.5 Stream Frequency The stream frequency in the sample drainage basins ranges from 0.430 streams/km? to 0.952 streams/km* (Table IV.11). This value is at a maximum in the late youth or early maturity. Fewer streams frequency are indicative of the geomorphic cycle. The basins of the Saphi, Ariya, Shankh and Dulki are well-dissected part of the basin, have stream frequency of 0.952 streams/km?, 0.930 streams/km?, 0.849 streams/km? and 0.813. streams/km? respectively. They appear to be in the mature stage of the geomorphic cycle. The Anriya, Auranga, Masaria, Phuljhar, Sukri and Jharo with stream frequencies of 0.518 streams/km’, 0.747 streams/km?, 0,651 streams/km’, 0.632 streams/km”, 0.432 streams/km” and 0.554 streams/km? are in the late mature stage.DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 14 4.4.5.6 Percentage Hypsometric Curves Percentage hypsometric curves (Strabler, A.N, 1952) have been drawn to analyse the nature and character of erosion surfaces as also to determine the stages in the evolution of the sample drainage basins. These curves show the distribution of ground surface are with respect to efevation and drawn by involving two ratios: 1. a/A (‘a’ is the area enclosed between each pair of contours and ‘A’ is the total basin area) represented by abscissa, and 2. h/H (‘h’ is the height of the contour above the base and ‘H’ is the total basin height) plotted another ordinate. The hypsometric curves have been plotted separately for each basin (Fig. 4.8). Calculation of hypsometric integrals, expressed in percentages, have been made for each basin with the help of planimeter. The hypsometric integral is a measure of the stage because it expresses in percentage the mass of the drainage basin remaining above the basal plane of reference’ (Schumm, S.A. 1956). Analysis of the hypsometric curves shows several irregularities that are represented by inflection points on the curves. These have resulted due to lithological and structural variations present in the drainage basins. Although the basin of Anriya is entirely composed of Archaean unclassified granites and gneisses including charnockites, its curve shows abnormalities. This may be dur to the existence of undulating and flat-topped upland which descended steeply to be lower valley. The upper part of the curve is steep due to the presence of isolated and steep side hills, i.e., Basua pahar (692m) projecting above the basin. Lower down, the curve became concave due to the existence of gentle slopes down streams, covering most of the southwestern part of Masaria basin, This "Sei aie cng depen fe bypsometric integral (3) Youth or Inequilibrium: above 60% Monadnock or old stage: below 35% e basins based upon the values ofthe ) Equilibrium or mature stage: 35%-60% and (il)DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 11s basin has a hypsometric integral of 50.95% with is indicative of its mid-mature stage. Table IV.12 Percentage Hypsometric Integral of Selected Drainage Basins over Upper South Koel Basin Drainage Basins Hypsometric Integral (%) ‘Remarks 1. Anya 50.95 Mid-Mature stage 2. Dulki 38.45 Mature stage 3. Auranga 51.05 Mid-Mature stage 4. Masaria 46.55 Mature stage 5. Phuljhar 43.45 Mature stage 6. Ariya 35.55 Mature stage 7. Saphi 42.00 Mature stage 8. Sukri 34.60 Old stage 9. Shankh 27.10 Old stage 10. Sharo $1.75 Mid- mature stage The curve for the Auranga and Jharo, a fourth order drainage basins, are more or less a straight line. It is developed on Archaean rocks. The middle part of the curve is concave which show that the river flows over a variety of rock beds of different ages. The gently sloping lower part of the curve indicates its development on alluvial surfaces. The drainage basin, with a hypsometric integral of 51.05% and 51.75% in mid-mature stage. The Masaria, Phuljhar, Saphi, Sukri and Shankh basins, formed by the upper parts of these curves are quite steep, accounting for the existence of isolated and detached hills, are in mid-mature stage and mature stage of landform deelopment, there hypsometric, integrals are as below as 46.55%, 43.45% and 42.00% respectively. Their curves are generally concave but aretaco UPPER SOUTH KOEL BASIN . (00%) os HYPSOMETRIC CURVES ao os os CHYPSONETRLC INTEGRAL IN) 02 "yH —— RELATIVE HEIGHT 0+ 2/4 — RELATIVE AREA ¢ & oh ob OF vo Xe Foy 2.0ULKI_ Basin 0) SPHULJHAR ASIN 1-04 B SUKARI_ BASIN (en) fare (2%) os 08 os ut ay an ag hed Me on oud on 02 024 0 of ° \ 5% of 04 ob ob vo Ooh ds Oo OS Oe OS OE am * an 0, 2AURANGA. BASIN FOy, BARIVA, Basi 1-04 9 SHANK, sas ¢ Gs. ‘Sra oe os 08 a My My oh oe bs on om ons on oa. Ba ° ° 0 TO os ds 8 10 0 02 oh 08 08 vo 0 OF On 6 OB tb am ® ay Hoy aasanta Bagi Oy 7 SaPmt Basin OK 10.HAR0 Basis we) (20%) se ° o-8 os a MH Ya Bs ts a one ow on o2 on on ° = ° St oo Oe cee oo Oh de ca oh de We vo Ay » Am FIG.4.8DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 116 marked by three inflection points, which may be due to recent -ectonic disturbances in the area. These basins are entirely composed of Arzhaean- unclassified granites and gniesses. These drainage basins is in mature staye. The Dulki, Ariya, Sukri and Shankh drainage basins, with hypsometric integrals are 38.45%, 35.55%, 34.60% and 27.10% respectively, the oldest among the sample drainage basins. The upper part of the these curves are quite steep, accounting for the existence of isolated and detached hills in the basin. The lower parts of these basins are formed by Archaean and Gondwana rocks. Infact, the Gondwana surface, in these basins, are some times confused with the alluvial plain, because they occur at the same elevations. 4.5. Summary and Conclusion Analysis of drainage include those for texture (density and frequency), patternsand a comprehensive morphometic analysis of 10 selected ec). 1 2 km/km* (Tve), 2-3 km/km? (Te), 3-4 km/km? (Tm) and over 4 km/tm? (Tf), have been identified and its account for 3.00%, 26.60%, 33.70%, 19.20% and drainage basins. Five categories of stream densities; less than 1 km/km? 17.50% of the study-area respectively. It is noted that coarse to medium streams densities (1-4 km/km?) characterize 82.50% of the upper basin surface. Fine stream density is confined to the dissected parts of the basin margins and the riverine-infésted flanks of rivers and hill-slopes. Statistical analysis shows that the mean, median and moéal values of stream densities lies in the class of 2-3 km/km?; their actual values are 2.71 km/km?, 2.60 km/km? and 2.32 km/km? respectively. Correlation between drainage density and absolute relief is low positive; their coefficient of correlation is + 0.107. The drainage density characteristics suggested lete mature stage of landform development in the study-area, Vestiges of former peneplanation characterize most of the basin surface except the margias, where vigorous dissection is still in the progress. The morphology of the region is,DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 17 therefore, conditioned by the interplay of former surviving surface, elevated time and again during the tertiary era and the recurring erosion cycles. Stream frequency ranges from 1-2 streams/km? to over 5 streams/km’. It has been noted that the stream frequency categories of 1-2 streams/km? (Fp), 3-4 streams/km? (Fm) and over 5 streams/km? (Fh) account for 64.30%, 30.30% and 5.40% of the study-area respectively. The mean, median and modal values of drainage frequency in the area are 2.32 streams/km?, 1.78 stream/km? and 1.65 stream/km? respectively. These values fall under the category of poor and medium drainage frequency. A preponderance of high drainage frequency suggests that the 'late mature! stage of its topography. There is almost moderate positive correlation (r= +0.428) between the drainage frequency categories and absolute relief. Though the dendetric of drainage pattern is typical of most of intrusive igneous masses of the basin, some variants of radial, parallel, annular and trellis patterns are also found is the area. For example, the radial pattern is associated with the batholithic mass of Sirkot upland and gneissic domes in the area. Similarly annular pattern has developed around the Bagru pahar (1097m) and parallol to sub-parallel pattern is noted in the regular spacing of tributary streams of the Khatwa and Paras rivers where they descend the dasin scarps. A detailed morphometric analysis of 10 selected drainage basins has been made and some of the laws of drainage composition tested. The drainage basins have been analysed with respect to streams frequency and density, bifurcation ratio, channel length ratio, basin shape, relief ratio, channel gradient and hyposometic integrals. Plots of order-wise streams frequency for Anriya, Dulki, Auranga, Masaria, Phuljhar, Atiya, Saphi, Sukri, Shankh and Jharo show of straight line relationship accordant with Horton's law of stream numbers. A slight diviation is, however, noted in the case of Anriya, Auranga and Jharo basins because of recent rejuvenation in some parts and structuralDRAINAGE ANALYSIS 118 variation in other. Plots of cumulative mean lengths of streams ranges order for the related drainage basins reveals are almost perfect straight line relationship, accordant with Horton’s law of stream length. The bifurcation ratios between first and second, second and third, third and fourth, fourth and fifth order streams ranges from 1.28 to 2.42, 2.42 to 6.0, 2.0 to 4.0 and 2.0 respectively. The weighted mean of bifurcation for most of the drainage basins however, fluctuate around 2.00. Stream length ratio reveals that the ratio between first and second, second and third, third and fourth, fourth and fifth order streams ranges from 0.98 to 3.02, 0.88 to 2.82, 0.44 to 3.8 and 1.23 respectively. All the drainage characterized by low to moderate relief ratio. Calculation of mean channel gradients shows that the main streams of the selected drainage basins have either very low or moderate slope forms. The sample drainage basins exhibit poor density. The basins of the Anriya, Masariya, Phuljhar and Jharo are moderately drained. The hypsometric curve for Anriya, a fourth order drainage basin is more or less a straight line. Auranga and Jharo are in the mid-mature stage. Dulki, Masaria, Phuljhar, Atiya and Saphi basins are in the mature stage. Sukri and Shankh basins are in the old stage of landform development. These hypsometric integrals are: 50.95%, 38.45%, 51.05%, 46.55%, 43.45%, 35.55%, 42.00%, 34.60%, 27.10% and 51.75% respectively, The patterns of drainage range from dendritic to annular and barded and stand a testimony to the initiation and progress of cycle over the surface of different orders. The marks of super inposition over the phyllite, Dalma lava and schist hills do not lack where has river piracy over the elevated landscape also appears. Morphometric analysis of sample basins mearsures the degree which present stt of process has adjusted of variables of drainage basins. Study of basin morphometric provide better understanding of the interrelated variables. The denudation chronology has also been established to give a connected picture of its history.DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 19 4.6 References Asthana, V.K. (1968): Landforms and settlements in Almora and its environs. Unpublished Ph.D. Thisis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Chhibber, H.L (1953): The landforms, life and radial drainage of mount Parasnath, Hazaribagh, Bihar. National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Bull 18: 3-29 Horton, R.E. (1945): Erosinal development of streams and their drainage basins; Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Bull. Geol. Society of America, 56: 276- 370 King, L.C. (1967): ‘The Morphology of the Earth’, Oliver & Boyds, Edinburg: 275- 282 Lueder, D.R. (1959): ‘Geomorphology’. Longmans Green & Co. Ltd. London Lueder, D.R. (1959): Areal photographic interpretation, principles and application. McGraw Hill Book & Comp., England Miller, A.A. (1964): ‘The skin of the Earth’. Methuen & Co., Ltd. London: 63- 65 Morisawa, M.E. (1953): Accuracy of determination of stream lengths from topographic maps. Trans. Amer. Geographics Union, 38: 86- 88 Melton, M.A. (1958): Geometric properties of nature of drainage system and their representation in E, phase space. Journal of Geology, 66: 35- 54 Parvis, M. (1950): Drainage pattern significance in airphoto identification of soils and bed rocks. Photogrammetric Engg. 16 (3): 387- 409 Schumm, S.A. (1956): Evolution of drainage system and slopes in badland at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Bull. Geol Soc. Amer, 67: 567- 646 Singh, R.P. (1969): Geomorphological Evolution of Chhotanagpur Highlands. N.G. S. LReaserch Publication No. 5: 69 Singh, R.L. (1967): Morphometric analysis of terrain. Presidential Address, Proc. 54" Indian Science Congress, Part II, Geology and geography Section (Hydera bad): 115- 135DRAINAGE ANALYSIS 120 Sinha, N.K.P. (1968): ‘Geomorphic Evolution of Northern Rupununi, British Guina, Tech, Report No-12 Geography Branch, Office of Naval Research., Washington Spark, B.W. (1967): ‘Areal Photographic Interpretation, Principles and Applications’. Mc Graw Hill Book & Comp., England Strahler, A.N. (1952): Physical Geography’. John Wiley & Sons. New York: 232 Thornbury, W.D. (1954): ‘Principles of Geomorphology’. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., NewYork: 126 Zemnitz, E.R. (1932): Drainage pattern and their significance. Journal of Geology, NewYork, 40 (6): 498- 521 6068