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There is decrease in energy required to operate intelligent devices. The search will be for a zero
level of entropy where the device or system will have to harvest its own energy.
IPv6 as an integration layer: allows to exploit the potential of IPv6 and related standards.
• Energy
• Intelligence
• Communication
• Integration
• Interoperability
• Standards Image Source: The Internet of Things, 2012, New Horizons, Edited by: Ian G Smith,
Technical Editors: Ovidiu Vermesan Peter Friess Anthony Furness http://www.internet-of-
things-research.eu/pdf/IERC_Cluster_Book_2012_WEB.pdf
• The components, and interfaces for various building blocks such as device interfaces,
data formats, networking standards and protocols, service platforms and application
interfaces are to be defined in IoT standards.
Source: The IET Technical Report, Digital Technology Adoption in the Smart Built Environment: Challenges and opportunities of data driven systems for building,
community and city-scale applications,
http://www.theiet.org/sectors/built-environment/resources/digital-technology.cfm
Sensors & Actuators
• Sensors:
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
• Actuators:
– They are mainly output components
– They alter the surrounding.
– Some examples:
• Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
• Controlling motors to move objects
• Displaying messages
• and others…
Things
• We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
• A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
• A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
– Sensors & actuators
– Microcontroller
– Communication unit
– Power supply
• A “thing” has the following properties:
– It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy.
– It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing capability.
– It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
• Power consumption is the main design issue.
Communications
• A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”
• The Role of Communications
– Providing a data link between two nodes
• Communication type:
– Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
– Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular
choice (and also our focus)
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:
– IEEE 802.15.4
– IEEE 802.11 (or Wi-Fi)
– Bluetooth
– Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
Networks
• The Roles of Networks
– Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
– Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in the network.
• Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform networking
related tasks.
• RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop Network.
– Wireless Sensor Networks
– Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks
– Wireless Mesh Networks
– Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
– and many others...
• Main concern: Reliability & Performance
The Internet
Data link
Gateway
Network
IoT Protocol Stacks
IoT Stack Web Stack
TCP/IP Model IoT Applications and Device Web Applications
Management
Data Format Binary, JSON, CBOR HTML, XML, JSON
Application CoAP, MQTT, XMPP,AMQP HTTP, DHCP, DNS, TLS/SSL
Layer
Transport Layer UDP, DTLS TCP, UCP
Internet Layer IPv6/IP Routing and IPv6, IPv4, IPSec
6LoWPAN
Network Layer IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, IEEE Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), DSL, ISDN,
802.15.4 PHY/ Physical Radio Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11), Wi-Fi
Source: LOGANATHAN V, Welcome to the Workshop on IoT & Cloud Computing the Coexistence . Available at
https://slideplayer.com/slide/13103760/ and http://www.ismuniv.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/coexistance.ppt
Protocol Stack
Thing Thing
Application Application
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
Application Gateway
TCP/UDP
Source: http://ftp.onem2m.org/Meetings/TP/2015%20meetings/20150720_TP18_Philadelphia/TP-2015-0764-ITU-T_presentation_to_oneM2M_SC27.PPT
System Models and Applications of IoT
Source: Kizza , Chapter 24: Internet of Things (IoT): Growth, Challenges and Security: Guide to Computer Network Security
https://www.utc.edu/faculty/joseph-kizza/docs/guide4notes/chapter24.ppt
IoT in Libraries
• Data of Social Media used in Libraries
• E-platforms like e-resources subscriptions used by the users
• Devices used by the users like laptops, tablets, smartphones, scanners, printers
etc.
• Library gate can be enabled with high-end sensors and are providers of IoT
• IoT, online connectivity to the membership counters
• Catalogues and OPACs are the potential IoTs for the libraries
• Fire detection and prevention devices are also potential IoTs of the libraries
• Mobile Apps and Mobile Referencing are based on IoTs
• Tracking movement of Resources and Inventory in Libraries
• Assistive Technologies used in Libraries
• Virtual and Digital Libraries are based on IoTs
Potential Areas of IoT in Libraries
• Library automation software – LMS
• Library management tools – all the applications
• Digitisation technology – digital libraries and virtual platforms
• Tools for search- Discovery and Federated Search provided
• Access to e-resources and publisher content
• Preservation and Digitization platforms
• Internet and Wi-Fi of Libraries
• Library websites and other electronic marketing tools, including social
media
• Mobile Applications used by Libraries
• Other digital means of communications like SMS, emails etc
Source: Bansal, Alka; Arora, Dipti; and Suri, Alka, "Internet of Things: Beginning of New Era for Libraries" (2018). Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 2081. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2081
Conclusion
• Libraries are now using Magic Mirror consisting of camera, sensor with Wi-Fi
enabled provides interaction between people and computers to record the data of the
users
• Pressure pad sensor consisting of a thin sheet sensor pad enabled with Wi-Fi
technology is connected to processing unit which records and controls the systems
and users activities.
• Cloud based applications are also used by the libraries which are attached to IoT
apps
• Mobile apps are now used to have the virtual tour of the library on their mobile
devices thus can be based on IoT
• Online mobile apps are used to keep and track the availability of the book on the
respective shelves or check the other resource availability despite the location
wherever they are. These are also connected to IoTs to provide the data.
• Smart books, gaming, augmented reality, and object-based learning are have
potential for IoTs in Libraries.
Source: Ashwini Nag1 and Dr. Khaiser Nikam. Internet Of Things Applications In Academic Libraries. International Journal of
Information Technology and Library Science. ISSN 2349-235X Volume 5, Number 1 (2016), pp. 1-7.
https://www.ripublication.com/ijitls16/ijitlsv5n1_01.pdf
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