have had

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guilty
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is the true reason for the accusation. When everyone is guilty, all that serves
justice is the punishment of everyone; when the guilt extends to the existence of
the world�s misery itself, only the fatal punishment will suffice.
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famine
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the forced collectivization of the all-too-recently successful peasantry of the

Ukraine and elsewhere that preceded the horrifying famines of the 1930s. In the
same decade, and in the following years, George Orwell risked his ideological
commitments and his reputation to tell us all what was truly occurring in the
Soviet Union in the name of egalitarianism and brotherhood
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dead
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to still consider that doctrine �progressive,� and fit for the compassionate and
proper thinking person? Twenty-five million dead through internal repression in the
Soviet Union (according to The Black Book of Communism). Sixty million dead in
Mao�s China (and an all-too-likely return to autocratic oppression in that country
in the near future). The horrors of Cambodia�s Killing Fields, with their two
million corpses. The barely animate body politic of Cuba, where people struggle
even now to feed themselves. Venezuela, where it has now been made illegal to
attribute a child�s death in hospital to starvation. No political experiment has
ever been tried so widely, with so many disparate people, in so many different
countries (with such different histories) and failed so absolutely and so
catastrophically. Is it mere ignorance (albeit of the most inexcusable kind) that
allows today�s Marxists to flaunt their continued allegiance�to present it as
compassion and care? Or is it, instead, envy of the successful, in near-infinite
proportions? Or something akin to hatred for mankind itself? How much proof do we
need? Why do we still avert our eyes from the truth? Perhaps we simply lack
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proverb
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Well-fed horses don�t rampage.

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Gorky
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Material for this book was also provided by thirty-six Soviet writers, headed by
Maxim Gorky, authors of the disgraceful book on the White Sea Canal, which was the
first in Russian literature to glorify slave labor.
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the gulag archipelago

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Glossary 58er � person convicted of �Counter-revolutionary crimes� under Article 58

of the 1926 Criminal Code, i.e. a political offender. B & C Bolsheviks � Wing of
the RSDLP (1903), renamed the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) after Lenin�s
seizure of power in October 1917. Cadet � liberal party of Constitutional
Democrats. Central Committee � highest elected body within Communist Party, with
extensive permanent Secretariat; cf. Politburo. Cheka (1917�1922) � The
Extraordinary Commission �for Combatting Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and
Corruption�, see Dzerzhinsky. See also GPU, OGPU, NKVD, NKGB (1922�1946); MGB, KGB
(1946�1991). Chekist � officer, employee, of Cheka; for serving security service
officers a term still linked with a romanticised view of the Soviet regime�s early
years. Cf. gepayushnik (GPU, OGPU), enkavaydeshnik (NKVD), and gaybist (NKGB, MGB,
KGB). Civil War, 1918�1921 � fought between the �Workers� and Peasants� Red Army�
(see Trotsky), and other forces, national and local, among them the White Movement
(see Denikin, Kolchak, Krasnov, Yudenich et al). Collectivisation of agriculture,
1927�1933 � coercion of peasantry to join kolkhoz or collective farms, see
dekulakisation. Communists � Bolsheviks; in 1925 the name of their party became the
All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik); in 1952 it changed again to become the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Congress � five-yearly gathering of
Communist Party delegates from all over the USSR. Constituent Assembly, January
1918 � dispersed by Bolshevik-Left SR regime, see Provisional Government.
Corrective Labour Camps � see Gulag. D Decembrists � Participants in attempted coup
by young military officers on Senate Square in St Petersburg on 14 December 1825,
see Volkonskaya, M.N. Dekulakisation, 1929�1932 � dispossession and exile of
�wealthy� peasants and their families during the Collectivisation of agriculture.
Deported nations (1941�1944) � see Balkars, Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, and
Volga Germans (Name and Place Index). F & G Five-Year Plans � 1928�1932; 1933�1937;
resumed after the �Great Patriotic War�. GPU (1922�1923) � Chief Political
Directorate headed by Dzerzhinsky, then Menzhinsky. Great Purges, 1936�1938 �
Trials of former Party leaders in Moscow; quotas for arrests and executions
throughout the USSR. �Great Patriotic War� (1941�1945) � Soviet-German conflict
during Second World War. Gulag � Main administration for corrective-labour Camps.
For particular camp complexes and individual camps, e.g. Steplag, Norilsk, Kolyma,
Ekibastuz, see Name and Place Index. K & L Katorga � hard-labour regime for
convicted offenders under Tsars (see Part Five, Chapter 1). KGB (1954�1991) �
Committee for State Security. Komsomol � youth wing of Communist Party, 14�28 age
range. Leningrad prisons - Kresty � main remand centre for Leningrad and Northwest
Russia; - Big House � Secret Police headquarters in Leningrad since 1934. M
Mensheviks � Wing of RSDLP after 1903. MGB (1946�1953) � Ministry for State
Security. Moscow prisons - Butyrka � main remand prison; - Lefortovo � detention
centre of the secret police; - Lubyanka � Secret Police headquarters from 1918; -
Sukhanovka � interrogation and torture centre, 1938 onwards. N & O Nazi-Soviet Pact
� 1939�1941. NEP or New Economic Policy, 1921�1927 � temporary return to market
relations for small businesses and agriculture. NKGB (1941�1946) � People�s
Commissariat for State Security. NKVD (1934�1941) � People�s Commissariat for
Internal Affairs headed, successively, by Yagoda, Yezhov and Beria. OGPU
(1923�1934) � United Chief Political Directorate, see Yagoda. P Party � with a
capital P refers to Bolsheviks (Communists) and their Party. People�s Commissariats
� all renamed Ministry in 1946. Petrograd Soviet � revival of body created during
1905 Revolution, see Zinoviev. Politburo � most powerful body within Communist
Party and USSR. Political Trials � stage-managed by Bolsheviks from 1922 onwards
and held, with few exceptions, in Moscow. See Trials. Populists (in 19th century
Narodniks) � placed hope for transformation of Russian society on the peasantry;
tradition continued after 1902 by the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs).
Provisional Government � Administration of Russia from February to October 1917 was
vested in a temporary body until the elected Constituent Assembly could choose a
legitimate successor regime to the Tsars (see Kerensky). Pugachev Insurrection,
1773�1774 � popular uprising led by Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev. R & S Red Terror,
1918 � see Cheka, Dzerzhinsky, Lacis. RSDLP � Russian Social-Democratic and Labour
Party, founded in 1898. Second World War, 1939�1945 (cf. �Great Patriotic War�).
Secret Police � Cheka, GPU, OGPU, NKVD, NKGB, MGB, KGB. SMERSH � lit. �Death to
spies!� Wartime State Security organisation. Socialist Revolutionary Party �
founded 1902, won largest number of deputies to January 1918 Constituent Assembly.
�Socially friendly� � doctrine that workers had more in common with ordinary
criminals than with political opponents of the Soviet regime (see Chapter 16, Part
Three). Soviets � bodies created in 1917, and subsequently established at district,
city, and regional level throughout the USSR (cf. Petrograd Soviet). Special Board
(OSO) � extra-judicial body, active during Great Terror. SRs see Socialist
Revolutionaries. Supreme Measure (of Punishment) � death penalty. Supreme Soviet �
in theory, highest legislative body in the Soviet Union. T Trials - �Anti-Soviet
Right-Trotskyist Bloc�, August 1938. - �Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Centre�, January
1937. - �Anti-Soviet Trotskyist-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre�, March 1936. -
Menshevik Bureau, 1931. - Promparty (Industrial Party), 1930. - Shakhty Engineers
(Donbass), 1928. - Socialist Revolutionaries, 1922. V, W & Z Vladimir Prison �
transit prison for those being sent to camps in the Urals, Siberia or the Far East,
located in city of that name 250 kms east of Moscow. Winter War, 1940 � invasion of
Finland. Zek � from official abbreviation for prisoner, z/k (zaklyuchonny).