LEA 4 – Law Enforcement Operations and

Planning with Crime Mapping

Philip B. Magtaan, Part-time Instructor
Preliminaries
• This subject provides the fundamental concepts of
planning as a leadership role and the operations of
selected Law Enforcement and Public Safety Agencies
and their respective legal mandates and limitations
under existing laws. The Crime Mapping and its
relations to police operations.
Subject’s Requirements
• Class Standing (Attitude, Attendance and Submittals)
• Major Examinations (Prelim, Midterm, Semi-finals and
Finals)
• All examinations were given in Multiple Choice through google
classroom.
• Coverage of examination will be given ahead of time.
• Final Exam will cover the lectures from Prelims to Semi-finals.
• No Permit, no exam is strictly observed. Settle your tuition prior
to the examination period.
Computation of Grades
• The PRELIM GRADE is the average of PRELIM EXAM,
QUIZZES and CLASS STANDING. (Same with MIDTERMS to
FINAL GRADE)
• The average of CLASS STANDING will be computed at the end
of semester and will become the 20% of your Final Grade.
• The FINAL TERM GRADE will be the average of PRELIM
GRADE, MIDTERM GRADE, SEMI-FINAL, FINAL GRADE and
CLASS STANDING.
• Grades will be submitted through the PORTAL.
Sample Computation of Grades
• Class Standing
Attendance 100 • PRELIM GRADE
Submittals 90
Class Standing 95
AVERAGE 95
Quizzes 85
• Quizzes
Prelim Exam 78
Quiz 1 80
AVERAGE 86%
Quiz 2 90
AVERAGE 85
Sample Computation of Grades
• PRELIM GRADE 86
• MIDTERM GRADE 82
• SEMI-FINAL GRADE 87
• FINAL GRADE 80
• CLASS STANDING 95
________________________________
FINAL TERM GRADE 86%
Course Outline
I. Introduction
a.Brief History of Policing and Law Enforcement Organization

II. Law Enforcement Planning

a. Principles of Planning
b. Elements of Planning
c. Types of Plans
d. Classification of Plan
e. Police/Law Enforcement Plans
f. Steps in Police Planning and operations
 
• PRELIM EXAM
III. Constitutional and Statutory Rights of persons
affected/subject by Police/Law Enforcement Operations
a.The Miranda Doctrine
b.Rights of person under Custody

IV. Law Enforcement Operations

c.Police Operations
• MIDTERM EXAM

a.BFP Operations
b.PCG Operations
c.Operations of other law enforcement units
•SEMI-FINAL EXAM
III. Constitutional and Statutory Rights of persons
affected/subject by Police/Law Enforcement Operations
a.The Miranda Doctrine
b.Rights of person under Custody

IV. Law Enforcement Operations

c.Police Operations
• MIDTERM EXAM
a.Police Communication System
b.BFP Operations
c.PCG Operations
d.Operations of other law enforcement units
•SEMI-FINAL EXAM
V. Crime Mapping
a.Historical Development of Crime Mapping
b.Theories of Crime
c.Place and Environmental Design
d.Types of Crime Mapping and Crime Analysis
e.Crime Incidence Situationer
f. Geographic Information of Crimes

• FINAL EXAM
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Introduction
• The history of Police and especially that of Anglo-Saxon police is
interesting. The following centuries are relative to laws and
police.
• Policemen as such, were known in ancient Egypt and in China,
as far back as 4000 BC. This is a period of 6,000 years. In the
days of the greatness of the Roman Empire, the Praetorian
Guard, the imperial guard of the city of Rome, had definite police
function in dealing with the populace of that city. Thus, we know
that civil police work dates back to the beginning of civilization.
A. Anglo-Saxon Period (600 to 1006 AD)
• With the fall of Rome about 300 AD. And the over-
running of Europe by the Germanic hordes from the
east, the Anglo-Saxon tribes of Europe migrated, first
to Normandy and then to the island of Britain. These
tribes’ conic as refuges from oppression and their
government reflected this fact, they settled in small
tribal areas which were called tuns, or as we know
them today, towns.
The following are the features of the system:
• FRANKPLEDGE System. Policing was carried out under a
system called mutual pledge, whereby every male over 12 years
old join nine (9) of his neighbors to form a TYTHINGMEN –a
group of men whose duty was to apprehend any person who
offends another and deliver that offender for trial. Anyone who
failed to join and perform this obligatory duty was severely fined.
Thus, policing responsibility lies on the hands of the citizens.
• TUN Policing – a system of policing whereby all male residents
were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the people.
• Hue and Cry - a village law started in Britain which provides for
methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant
to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the
suspect. This becomes the basis of what we call today a citizen's
arrest.
• Royal Judge System - the royal judge conducted investigation of
crimes and gives punishment fitted to the crime committed. It also
started the practice of identification of criminals.
• Trial by Ordeal - an ancient method of determining the guilt or
innocence of a suspect by subject the suspect to a test or a trial.
Using this procedure, it should be said that the citizen police were
able to secure 100% convictions.
B. The Norman Period (1066 to 1225 AD)
• This period saw a revolution in law
enforcement ideas and methods.
When Norman William (William
the conqueror), King of France
invaded and conquered England,
a military regime of conqueror and
dictator began. He changed the
concept of crime being committed
against the state.
Significant contributions of this period to the development of policing
system:

• SHIRE-REEVE System. When King William Norman became the ruler

of England, he divided his kingdom into 55 military districts known as
the Shire-Reeve. SHIRE means a district while REEVE means the
ruler who made laws, pass judgment and impose punishment. He was
assisted by a group of constables, the forerunner of the constabulary.
The term Shire-Reeve eventually became Sheriff, the title of the chief
of constables or police officers in a certain town.
• TRAVELLING JUDGE was held responsible in deciding cases that
were taken from Reeve due to some abuses. He travels from one
district to another to try and decide cases.
• LEGIS HENRIE. This law was enacted during the time of
King Henry I, which imposed the following features:
• Law violations were classified as offenses against the King and
against ordinary people
• Policemen became public officers
• The police and the citizens were given the broad power to arrest.
• Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
• KEEPERS OF THE PEACE – in 1195, King Richard of
England appointed Knights to keep the King’s peace by
standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the
people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
• MAGNA CARTA (Great Charter) was sealed by King
John of England on June 15, 1215. This became a law
upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table.
The knights forced King John to sign the document
which declared the following:
• No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed,
outlawed, or bowed except by legal judgment of his peers.
• No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof of
the body of the victim.
• There should be national and local government as well as
the national and local legislation.
C. Westminster Period (1285 to 1500 AD)
The systems of Policing were:
• STATUTE OF WINCHESTER (1285) was enacted for law and order.
This law introduced the system of WATCH AND WARD.
• STATUTE OF 1295 was enacted, which began the closing of the gates
of London during sunset. This started the observation of curfew hours.
• JUSTICE OF THE PEACE was a position given to a respected citizen,
who has the power to arrest, pursue and imprison the offenders.
• STAR CHAMBER COURT was established as special court that tried
offenders against the state.
• THE MERCHANT POLICE (1500). It. was at about this time that
merchants began to employ persons to protect their property Banks
began to employ guards. Night watchmen were hired to watch business
establishments and private detective were employed to locate and
identify stolen property.
• THE PAROCHIAL POLICE. The people of the cities were divided into
religious areas or parishes and they would bond together and employ
their own police to protect them and their property. In one parish in
London there were more than 700 such private policemen.
• MILITARY POLICE. In 1655 England and Wales under Oliver Cromwell,
were divided into 12 military districts as “Provost Marshall” and to act
as judges. The Military personnel under the Provost Marshall had police
control over both military personnel and the civilian population.
D. The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)
• This act was designed to combat the indiscriminate jailing and holding of
prison without trial, the act provide that the police and prisoners promptly
produce a jailed prisoner when demanded by the courts. The prisoner,
himself could demand to know the cause of his imprisonment and
prisoners could only be imprisoned within the borders of the country in
which the offense, for which he was jailed, occurred.
• In 1688 the “Bill of Rights” was passed and became law. This outlawed
the “Third Degree” which had been permitted, legally since 1497. The
“Bill of Rights” prohibited excessive bail, excessive fines and provide that
“No cruel or unusual punishment may be inflicted”. The “Bill of Rights”
also provides the “Doctrine of Protection against Self-Incrimination”.
E. Modern Period (17th to 18th Century)
• NIGHT WATCHMEN AND BELLMEN – in 1663, King
Charles II appointed and employed male citizen to be on duty
at night. They were considered as the first security guard.
• BOW STREET RUNNERS OR THE THIEF CATCHER
(1748) – established by Henry Fielding. They are reformed
thief. He later formed the BOW STREET HORSE PATROL
whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the
travelers from highwaymen or highway bandits.
F.Beginning of Modern Policing (1800 to 1850)
• The British statesman SIR ROBERT PEEL in 1829
established the LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE, which
became the world’s first modern organized police force. It
was later called SCOTLAND YARD. The development of the
British police system is especially significant because the
pattern that emerged not only became a model for the
American police system but also had great influence on the
style of policing in almost all industrial societies. Peel earned
the title – THE FATHER OF MODERN POLICING SYSTEM.
Peel’s Concept of Policing
• The police should be organized along military lines
• The police should be placed under screening and
training.
• The police should be hired on a probationary basis.
• The police should be deployed by time and by area.
• Police headquarters should be accessible to the people.
• Police-Records keeping is essential.
Principles of Law enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel

• Prevention of Crime is the basic mission of the police.

• Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
• A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police.
• Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases.
• Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
• Physical force is sued only as a last resort.
• The police are the public and the public are the police.
• The police represent the law.
• The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency.
G. The French Policing System
• Developmentsin FRENCH POLICE SYSTEM during the Modern
Period in France:
• During the 17th century in France, King Louis XIV maintained a small
central police organization consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with
the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with
details about the conduct of private individuals.
• In Paris, the position OFFICERS DE PAIX was formed in 1791. This
was the origin of the term Peace Officers. The French were the first
to establish uniformed police officers – they were called SERGENT
DE VILLE (servant of the city).
Other contributions of the French in the development of policing
system were:

• Conceiving street signs.

• Assigning house numbers.
• Installing street lighting.
• Creating emergency and rescue services.
• Use of police ambulances.
• Use of “warrant card” and ID signifying authority to arrest.
H. American Policing System
Policing system in America was modeled to the English System.
• NIGHTWATCH/ RATTLEWATCH – they carried rattle while on duty to inform the
public of their watchful presence.
• Development of American municipal (rural and city) police force.
• 1638 – night watch was initiated in Boston, Massachusetts
• 1658 – rattle watch was organized in New York
• 1700 – night watch started in Philadelphia
• 1722 – New Haven had a police regulation that “No watchmen will have the liberty to sleep”
• 1800 – able bodied males over 16 years old were required to serve without pay
• 1856 – New York City Police Force began to adopt a full police uniform
• 1833 – was the advent of daytime police with pay.
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING
Policing during Pre-Colonial Era
  During those periods, inhabitants in the islands lived in Barangay
settlement in a kinship group headed by a Chieftain called Lakan, Rajah,
Hadji or Datu. The head of the settlement exercise his duty by employing
all males of the tribe as guardian of the people. And then later, he
confined his choice among the able-bodied males (Aliping Namamahay)
only to conduct patrolling. A certain number detailed as watchmen, were
selected by turns. They main duty considered in, “seeing that the
regulations of the community were enforced”. The chief of the tribe alone
and unaided, could perform the function of a Ruler, Judge and Lawmaker.
Policing during Spanish Regime (1521-1898)
The maintenance of law and order in the Philippines up to the
19th century was looked upon by the Spanish government as part
of the military system for the defense of the colony, thus the dual
function as soldier and policeman.
Police function during the Spanish time:
1. The suppression of brigades by patrolling unsettled area:
2. Controlling the works and movements of the peoples; and
3. The enforcement of tax collection, including church revenues.
Brief History of Philippine Policing
The institution of police in the Philippines formally started during
Spanish period. The establishment of the police was not entirely
intended for crime prevention nor peacekeeping. Rather, it was created
as an extension of the colonial military establishment.

• Ancient Root
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of
barangay chieftain to select able-bodied young men to protect their
barangay during the night. Among the duties of those selected were to
protect the properties of the people in the barangay and protect their
crops and livestock from wild animal.
Spanish Regime (1700)
• Carabineros de Seguridad Publica
Organized in 1712 for the purpose of the carrying the regulations of the department of
state; this was armed and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police
organization discharged the duties of a port, harbor and river police.
•  Guardrilleros/Cuardillo
This was a body of rural police organized in each town and established by the Royal
Decree of 18 January 1836; this decree provided that 5% of the able-bodied male
inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in the police organization for three years.
•  Guardia Civil
This was created by Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852 to partially
relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns; it consisted of a body
of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of the Central
provinces of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.
American Period (1900)
• 1901: General Howard Taft
The Americans established the United States Philippine Commission
headed by General Howard Taft as first governor-general. On January 9,
1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to
Act No. 70 of the Taft Commission. This has become the basis for the
celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.
•  Act no. 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the Organization and
Government of an Insular Constabulary”, enacted on July 18, 1901.
• Capt. Henry Allen – the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.
• Capt. George Curry – the first chief of police of the Manila Police
Department in 1901
• Act no. 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into
Philippine Constabulary, enacted on October 3, 1901
• Executive Order 389 - Ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be
one of the four services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
enacted on December 23, 1940, Post-American period.
• RA 4864 - Otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of
1966, enacted on September 8, 1966; created the Police
Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local police forces under the
office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National
Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
Martial Law (1970)
• Proclamation 1085 – President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared Martial Law.
• PD 765 - Otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8,
1975; established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine
Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces as
components, under the Ministry of National Defense. It also transferred the
NAPOLCOM from the office of the President to the Ministry of National Defense.
• Executive Order No. 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the
operational supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their
locality; issued on March 22, 1985
• Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision
of the INP from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police
Commission. Issued on July 10, 1985
Post-martial Law (1900)
• RA 6975 - Otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and
Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990;
reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police,
Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
and the Philippine Public Safety College
• RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform
and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this
law amended certain provisions of RA 6975.
• RA 9708 – law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on
the minimum education qualification for appointment to the PNP and
adjusting promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009
• Republic Act No. 11200 – New rank classification of PNP personnel.
• Republic Act No. 11279 – an act transferring the Philippine National
Police Academy (PNPA) and the National Police Training Institute
(NPTI) from the Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) to the
Philippine National Police (PNP)
VIP of Philippine Policing
• BGen Rafael T Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine
Constabulary in 1917
• Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila
Police Department on March 2, 1936
• Col. Lamberto Javalera - the first Chief of Police of the Manila Police
Department after the Philippine Independence from the United States
of America on July 4, 1946
• PDG Cesar Nazareno - the first Chief of the Philippine National Police
(PNP)
Chapter Summary
American Policing System
Philippine National Police
16th Century

Modern Period The French Policing

(17th to 18th Century) System (17th Century

Westminster Period The Habeas Corpus Act

(1285 to 1500 AD) (1679)
LAW
ENFORCEMENT
Anglo-Saxon Period AGENCIES Norman Period
(600 to 1006 AD) (POLICE) (1066 to 1225 AD)