BRIEF HISTORY OF PATROL

The history of patrol is as old as organized society. Men have always needed protection, first from
animals, and then his own kind. His first attempt is to protect himself and his family which involves
barricading the entrance to his cave. 

UNITED STATES

Boston - in 1636 formed the first Night Watch

New York - after 20 years, formed a Ratelwatch 

Philadelphia - 20th century, formed a Watchman, a system of obligated duty for citizens
The American Watchman was called “Leatherheads” because they wore varnished leather hats. 

1833 - Philadelphia instituted the first daytime paid police service.

1844 - New York organized the First Modern American Police Force based on English Metropolitan Police
System.

Pendleton Act of 1883 - an act that established the Civil Service for federal employees

1920’ - modern period in patrol began with the use of automobile patrol and voice radio
communications. 

PHILIPPINES

Section 2275, Book III, Title IX, Art. XI of the Revised Administrative Code of the Philippines = authorizes
a mayor upon approval of the governor to require all able-bodied male residents between the ages of 18
and 30 year old, to assist for a period of five days in any one month in apprehending outlaws or other
law breakers and act as PATROLS for the protection of municipality, not exceeding one day in each
week. 

Metropolitan Police Force (MPF) - established as the police force in Manila on January 9, 1901
Gen. Arthur McArthur (Father of Douglas MacArthur) - first District Director of MPF

July 31, 1901 - MPF evolved into Manila Police Department (MPD)

Goldenberg Mansion - initial headquarters of MPD located along Gen. Solano St., San Miguel, Manila
and then moved to Manila City Hall where it stayed until 1945 and after WWII in United Nations where it
stands today.

1978- MPD underwent another transformations with its integration into the Integrated National Police
(INP)

1986 - MPD further evolved into the Western Police District (WPD) Command.

July 20, 2005 - WPD was renamed Manila Police District pursuant to General Order 05-10

Captain George Curry - first chief of Police of Manila

Col. Antonio C. Torres - first Filipino Police Chief 

December 8, 1941 - Col. Torres declared Manila as an open city

Col. Lamberto T. Javalera - first Filipino Chief of Police of Manila, appointed by Pres. Manuel Roxas 

1939 – the Manila Police District introduced the bicycle patrol.

March 17, 1954 – Automobile Patrol was introduced in Metro Manila.

Isaias Alma Jose – first chief of Mobile Patrol of MPD 

BASIC POLICE FUNCTIONS

1. Crime Prevention – it includes crime suppression 

2. Crime Solution – covers investigation of crimes 

3. Traffic Management – covers direction and control, traffic accident investigation 

IMPORTANCE OF POLICE PATROL

I. Patrol as the Backbone of Police Organization

Patrol is the single largest element in the police organization. The actions taken by the officers have
direct impact on the citizens.

Patrol provides the “ears and eyes” of the department.

II. Patrol as the Essence of Police Function

Patrol is the only police service that directly attempts to eliminate the desire and opportunity to commit
crime.

III. Patrol as the Operational Heart of Police Organization

The patrol force incorporates all objectives inherent in the police organization.
OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PATROL

1. Crime Prevention and Suppression

2. Crime Investigation
a. Preliminary Investigation
b. Follow-up Investigation
c. Collection of Evidence
d. Crime Reporting

3. Law Enforcement - primary function of the police the greatest responsibility is on patrol officers
because of the nature of their duties.

4.  Maintenance of Social Order - fundamental and primary obligation of the police department which
includes the element of “Peace Keeping”.
- considered as the most important function performed by the patrol officers. 

5. Police Service - it is one that creates confusion and discord among police authorities in which police
officers should provide public service or social service which is an important part of police patrol.

GENERAL GOAL OF PATROL

“SAFEGUARD THE COMMUNITY”

PATROL FUNCTIONS TO ACHIEVE ITS GOAL

1.Protection of Life and Property
2. Preservation of Peace and Order
3. Prevention of Crime
4. Suppression of Criminal Activities
5. Apprehension of Criminals
6. Enforcement of Laws and Ordinances
7. Regulation of Non-Criminal Conduct
8. Performing Necessary Services and Inspection 

PURPOSES OF PATROL
1. To prevent the commission of crime.
2. To safeguard life and property.
3. To maintain peace and order.

BASIC DUTIES OF POLICE PATROL

The duties and objectives of police patrol are many, but the basic duties could probably be summed up
in two words, protection, and service.

OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PATROL

1. Preventive Enforcement
Preventive enforcement falls under the heading of protection, and involves the prevention of crime
through the noticeable presence of police vehicles and personnel.

Sir Robert Peel first presented preventive enforcement as a criminological philosophy. And this had been
regarded as the soundest of all criminological theories. “It is much easier to patch a crack in the dike
than to repair the wall after it has broken.  An ounce of prevention being worth a pound of cure.”

2. Selective Enforcement
This involves going either where the trouble is, or where the trouble likely to occur.
If a certain area is subject to a high crime rate, the patrol cars spend a greater part of their patrolling
time in that area.

3. Traffic Enforcement
Large police departments have traffic divisions, but the majorities of the departments are small, and
have only patrol division to handle traffic enforcement.
Traffic enforcement is strongly dependent upon personal contact between the patrol officers and the
violators. The important thing is that the violator is stopped and the violation is brought to his attention.

4. Emergency Call for Service

One of the duties and purposes of patrol is the handling of emergency calls for service. Since the
handling of emergency calls for service is one of the basic duties of the patrol officer, he should be
trained in first aid and water life-saving emergencies.

5. Routine Call for Service

Routine call account for the majority of services provided by the patrol division. Because of this, officers
have to guard against becoming callused and indifferent to calls of this nature.

CLASSESS OF PATROL ACTIVITIES

1. Called for Service - incidents requiring immediate police action

2. Inspectional Service - patrol activity tends to reduce criminal opportunity and accidents

3. Routine Patrol - directed at less tangible hazards such as poor lighted areas, business section, etc… 

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE PATROL DEPLOYMENT

1. Resident and transient populations in the business and tourist district, and University belt
2. Number and types of crimes and arrests
3. Location of crimes and arrests
4. Traffic collision statistics and patterns
5. Location of frequent incidents or hazard requiring concentrated police coverage
6. Disproportionate concentration of population
7. Socio-economic factors
8. Zoning plan of the city
9. Size and shape of Area of Responsibility (AOR)
10. Location, size and access to parks and recreational facilities
11. Age, gender and civil status ratio of population
12. Homogeneity of population 
13. Modes of transportation and location of criminals
14. Number and qualification of officers available for field duties
15. Level of trust and confidence of the people to the police

POLICE PERSONNEL DISTRIBUTION

Patrol force – an organization within an organization. It serves as the nucleus or focal point of the
department. Functions are distributed as follows:

1. Patrol Function = 50%

2. Criminal Investigation = 15%

3. Traffic Functions = 10%

4. Vice and Juvenile Related Functions = 10%

5. Administrative Functions = 10%

6. Auxiliary Functions = 5%
Manning Level of Patrol Force
The patrol unit must have the most number of personnel. 
Rule of the Thumb – regarding manning level of any police department must be observed.
R.A. 6975 – standard manning level is 1:500, however, in extreme conditions, this may be stretched to
maximum of 1:100. 

FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL FORCES

1. Police Hazard 
- situations or conditions that may induce incidents calling for some kind of police action. 

- includes any person, place, thing, situation, condition possessing a high potential for criminal attack or
for creation of any other type of problem necessitating a demand for immediate police service. 

KINDS OF POLICE HAZARDS

a. Persons - such as criminals, alcoholics, addicts, gamblers, prostitutes, drug peddlers, juvenile
delinquents, insane persons

b. Property - includes piers, warehouse, unoccupied dwellings, gambling joints, banks, pawnshops, drug
dens, gambling dens

c. Places - terminals, demonstrations, parks, bars, parades, conventions, political meetings, lodging
houses, schools, athletic events 
FACTORS THAT CREATE HAZARDS

a. Deficient Visibility = resulting from inadequate illumination or obstruction of views

b. Insecurity of Premises = created by the absence of suitable locks, bars and gratings

c. Presence of Conditions of Things = poorly designed roadways, defects or obstruction in public spaces
and presence of combustibles
 
d. Presence of People = crowd offers opportunities for theft, loss of persons or things, fights and panics

e. Lack of regulation 

2. Chronological Distribution = involves consideration of the nature and causes of crimes. Patrol officers
should know how crimes are committed, when and who commits them.

Crime Clock = signifies what time crime is often or frequently committed

Crime Map = location or place or crime prone areas wherein crime is frequently or often committed.

3. Geographical Distribution = involves weighing  categories of incidents and accounting the number of
identifiable hazards and street mileage. 

4. Walking Beats = it involved determining man hours needed to cover the streets and alleys to inspect
the police hazards predominating the AOR. 

5. Motor Patrol Distribution = involves determining the need to shift motor patrol units hour-by-hour at
the area according to where and when crime mostly likely to occur. 
POST ASSIGNMENT

1.  Regular Post - assigning members to regular/usual post which usually based on seniority.

2. Post Rotation - is the process of assigning members of patrol force from post to post 

PREPARATIONS FOR PATROL OPERATIONS

1. General Preparation -  attitude is the first and foremost preparation of patrol officer since he will be
dealing with different persons in the society. His value system must be in harmony with the objective of
law enforcement and sense of fair play. 

2. Pre-Patrol Preparation – the police officer should be armed with knowledge and equipment. This can
be done thru fall-in formation in the headquarters, precincts or police blocks devoted to giving of
assignments.

3. Vehicle Inspection – involves inspection of patrol vehicle to be used before going out on patrol

4. In-Field Preparation – this is made by having debriefing conference with the officer who is being
relieved and who has just spent the previous tour of duty.

5. District Orientation Tour – this involves familiarization of assigned area for patrolling upon arrival in
the field.

STREET KNOWLEDGE
This refers to thorough geographical knowledge of the patrol area or an understanding of the character,
fears, concerns, problems and attitudes of the local residents 
TERRITORIAL UNITS IN PATROL

1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty

2.  Route – a length of street or streets designated for patrol purposes

3. Beat – area assigned for foot patrol purposes

4. Sector – area containing two or more beats, routes or posts

TYPES OF PATROL

1. Foot Patrol – it is the most expensive type of patrol in terms of human resources and most
departments had reduced their foot patrols to a minimum because of this. However, it does have
certain advantages that warrant its continued use if even on a limited basis.
Usually, foot patrol is used to secure two types of geographical units:
a. Post
b. Beat 

Types of Foot Patrol

1. Fixed Foot Patrol – usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events.

2. Mobile Foot Patrol – used where there is considerable foot movement such as business and shopping
center, family dwellings and the like.

a. Line Beat Patrol – used in securing certain portion of the road.

b. Random Foot Patrol – used in checking residential buildings, business establishments, dark alley,
parking lots 
2. Automobile Patrol – is the most economical type of patrol and offers tactical ability when used in
numbers. It is considered as the most extensively used and most effective means of transportation for
police patrol. 

Features of State-of-the-Art Patrol Car

1. Vehicle-Mounted TV – high resolution video camera with wide angle lens

2. Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) – computer that allow officers in patrol cars to access files from NHQ and
other Law Enforcement agencies

3. High-Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan (HELP) – a heavy duty light that can provide 2 million candle
power of light.

The Traditional Foot Patrol Pattern

1. Clockwise Patrol Pattern

The officer walk from one beat to another making sure that he stays on the left side and at the center or
middle portion of any street between adjoining beats. For every beat, the officer calls the station until
the clockwise patter is completed. Ideal for rectangular of square beat.
Usually conducted during the first hour of duty. 

2. Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern

The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic of an area to be patrolled. Usually done
during the last hour of the tour of duty to ensure that nothing unusual happened in the AOR. 

3. Zigzag or Free Wheeling Pattern

Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat not at random but with definite target
location where he knows his presence is necessary.
It starts at one corner of the patrol area and work your way diagonally across it to the opposite
corner 
 

4. Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern

It is considered as Hazard Oriented Patrol. 
In straightway pattern, it involves patrolling the length of the street, therefore, movement of
officer is easy to observe. On the other hand, criss-cross is almost similar with zigzag.
“In any patrol pattern, the relieving patrol officer shall make his first hourly call before starting
his patrol duty.” 

5. Cloverleaf (Cloverleaf Pattern) – a highway intersection designed to route traffic without interference,
by means of a system of curving ramps from one level to another, in the form of a 4-leaf clover 

PATROL TACTICS AND STRATEGIES

I. The Psychology Of Omnipresence

Psychology of omnipresence as an initial police strategy is to establish the aura of police presence in the
community through uniformed foot patrol and mobile (marked and equipped) patrol cars.
Patrol officer cannot detect the thinking or desire of the criminal, yet he can destroy the
opportunity to commit a crime by his presence, thus, it best for crime prevention. 

Strategic Objectives: 
a. High visibility police presence 
b. Feeling of security for law abiding 
c. Feeling of fear for would be criminal 
d. Feeling of confidence for the public that police are constantly available 

II. Proactive and Reactive Patrol

1. Proactive Patrol – it is the deployment of patrol officers in their area with prescribe objectives and
verifiable task for the day.
- More economical alternative patrol system, it addresses crime at its very root before it can be
developed into felonious act. 

2. Reactive Patrol – it involves going around the area of responsibility waiting for something to happen
and to react accordingly if something does happen 

III. Crime Prevention and Crime Suppression

1. Crime Prevention – it involves recognition of crime risk and initiation of positive action to remove or
reduce risk
 - its objective is to eliminate or reduce the desire to commit crime

2. Crime Suppression – is the actual prevention of the commission of crime 

IV. High and Low Visibility

Police Visibility – not just presence of patrol officer but actual presence which involves: 1) Physical
Presence 2) Patrolling Scheme 3) Response Time – is the running time of the dispatched patrol car from
his position where the assignment was received and the arrival at the scene (the ideal time is 5minutes)

*Critical Time – it is the time between the call of concerned individual to the police regarding crime
incident  and the arrival at the scene of patrol officer. 

1. High Visibility – it is accomplished by deploying uniformed patrol officers and marked patrol cars in
the AOR with the objective of increasing the “aura of police omnipresence”.

2. Low Visibility – a strategy wherein patrol officers are in civilian clothes or in unmarked patrol cars with
the primary purpose of increasing the apprehension of criminal engage in street crimes and deterrence
of criminal activity as a result of greater probability of apprehension. 

V. Directed, Interactive and Aggressive Patrol

1. Directed Patrol Strategy – patrol activities designed by patrol officers are based on analysis of specific
community problems. The emphasis is on participative decision making and sophisticated methods of
crime analysis. 

2. Interactive Patrol Strategy – the emphasis in on police-citizen interaction wherein the community
input is sought in resolving patrol problems

3. Aggressive Patrol Strategy – the emphasis is on positive, target oriented activities which includes
physical security inspection. This is effective if the information regarding identifiable crime trends is
based on crime analysis. 

VI. Stop and Frisk

It involves stopping of person on the street whose behavior is suspicious, questioning them and frisking
them for concealed weapons. This heightens the effect of high visibility. 

VII. Street Interview/Interrogation

It is an aspect of stop and frisk strategy where individuals of doubtful character are being questioned. 

VIII. Decoy
Decoy means trap, bait or induce. This strategy involves disguise or deception which is specifically used
in high crimes areas by highly trained specialist rather that regular patrol officer. 

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF POLICE INTERVENTION OPERATIONS

All police intervention operations (arrest, raid, search and seizure, checkpoint, demolition, civil
disturbance management) shall be conducted:

a. with a marked police vehicle;

b. preferably led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO); and
c. with personnel in prescribed police uniform. 

WARNING BY USE OF MEGAPHONES

During actual police intervention operations, the TL shall use peaceful means including the use of
megaphones or any other similar instruments to influence/warn the offenders/suspects to stop and/or
peacefully give up. 

WARNING SHOTS
The police shall not use warning shots during police interventions. 

USE OF FORCE 

Issuance of Warning 
The police officer must first issue a warning before he could use force against an offender. The warning
is issued for the police officer to identify himself and to give opportunity to the offender to surrender. 

The duty to issue a warning is however not absolute. The directive to issue a warning is necessary only in
situations where several options are still available to the police officer but in cases where the threat to
the life of a police officer is already imminent, and there is no other option but to use force to subdue
the offender, the law enforcer’s failure to issue a warning is excusable. 

Reasonable Force 
During an armed confrontation, only such necessary and reasonable force should be applied as would be
sufficient to overcome resistance put up by the offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger posed
by him; or to justify the force/act under the principles of self defense, defense of relative, or defense of
stranger. The Officer-in-Charge of the operation shall, at all times, exercise control over his men in the
area, and shall exhaust all possible means so that no innocent civilian is caught in the crossfire. 

The reasonableness of the force employed will depend upon the number of aggressor, nature and
characteristic of the weapon used, physical condition, size and other circumstances to include the place
and occasion of the assault. A police officer, however, is not required to afford a person attacking him
the opportunity for a fair or equal struggle. His duty requires him to overcome his opponent. In the
lawful performance of his duty, the police officer must stand his ground to accomplish his mandated
task of enforcing the law and maintenance of peace and order. 
Use of Weapon 
The excessive use of force is prohibited. The use of weapon is justified if the suspect poses imminent
danger of causing death or injury to the police officer or other persons. 
The use of weapon is also justified under the Doctrines of Self-Defense, Defense of Relative, and
Defense of Stranger. However, one who resorts to self-defense must face a real threat on his life, and
the peril sought to be avoided must be actual, imminent and real.

Moreover, unlawful aggression should be present for self-defense to be considered as justifying

circumstance. 

Unlawful Aggression – refers to an attack amounting to actual or eminent threat to the life, limb, or right
of the person claiming self-defense. 

Necessary and Legal means – as used in the definition shall include, but not limited to, the employment
of appropriate number of troops, armor assets and tactical or special units to effectively and
permanently quell the threat or present danger, or to swiftly restrain or arrest the suspect or suspects.

Imminent Danger –the danger is “imminent” if it is on the point of happening. It is not required that the
attack already begins, for it may be too late. (The Revised Penal Code, Book I, JBL Reyes). The elements
of imminent danger are the following: 

1. Intent of the suspect to harm the policeman; 

2. The capability of the suspect to harm the policeman or other persons; and, 
3. Accessibility or the proximity of the suspect in harming the policeman and other persons. 

Reportorial Requirements 
Any police officer who used his firearm against a suspect must submit an after-encounter report
outlining the circumstances necessitating the use of weapon against the suspect. 

MOVING VEHICLES
A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon except when its occupants pose imminent danger of causing
death or injury to the police officer or any other person, and that the use of firearm does not create a
danger to the public and outweighs the likely benefits of its non-use. 

In firing upon a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered: 

a. the intent of the fleeing suspect/s to harm the police officer or other persons;
b. the capability of the fleeing suspect/s to harm in certainty the police officer or other persons; and
c. accessibility or the proximity of the fleeing suspect/s with the police officer and other persons. 

THINGS TO BE DONE AFTER AN ARMED CONFRONTATION

Immediately after an armed confrontation, the Officer-in-Charge shall:

a. Secure the site of confrontation;

b. Take photographs;
c. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger;
d. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital;
e. Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are not moved from their original position. Arrested
suspects, on the other hand, should be kept in isolation;
f. Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives; and
g. Submit After-Operations Report. 

Spot Check/Accosting 
It is the brief stopping of an individual, whether on foot or in a vehicle, based on reasonable
suspicion/probable cause, for the purpose of determining the individual’s identity and resolving the
officer’s suspicion concerning criminal activity.

Reasonable Suspicion – acts that, within totality of the circumstances, lead an officer to reasonably
suspect, or to have probable cause to believe, that criminal activity has been, is being, or is about to be
committed. 

Grounds for Spot Check

a. The appearance or demeanor of the individual suggests that he is part of a criminal enterprise or is
engaged in a criminal act;
b. The actions of the individual suggest that he is engaged in a criminal activity;
c. Questionable presence of the individual in the area;
d. The subject is carrying a suspicious object;
e. The suspect’s clothing bulges in a manner that suggests he is carrying a weapon;
f. The suspect has been found in the time and place proximate to an alleged crime;
g. The police officer has knowledge of the suspect’s prior criminal record or involvement in criminal
activity; and
h. The individual flees at the sight of a police officer.

PROCEDURES FOR SPOT CHECK / ACCOSTING

a. When approaching the individual, the police officer shall clearly identify himself as a police officer. If
not in uniform, by announcing his identity and displaying official identification card and/or badge.
b. Police officers shall be courteous at all times but maintain caution and vigilance for suspicious
movements like tending to retrieve weapon, conceal or discard contraband, or other similar actions.
c. Before approaching more than one individual, police officers should determine whether the
circumstances warrant a request for back-up and whether the spot check/ accosting can and should be
delayed until such back-up arrives.
d. Police officers shall confine their questions as to suspect’s identity, place of residence, and other
inquiries necessary to resolve the police officer’s suspicion. However, in no instance shall a police officer
hold a suspect longer than the period reasonably necessary to be able to make these limited inquiries
and to resolve suspicions.
e. Police officers are not required to give the suspect Miranda Warning unless the person is placed
under arrest.

Pat-down Search 
It is a “frisk” or external feeling of the outer garments of an individual for weapons only.

GROUNDS FOR BODY FRISK/PAT DOWN

a. The type of crime believed to be committed by the subject – particularly crimes of violence where the
threat of use or use of deadly weapon is involved;
b. Where the police officer handles several suspects;
c. The time of the day and the location where the pat-down search took place;
d. Prior knowledge by the police officer of the suspect’s use of force and/or propensity to carry deadly
weapons;
e. The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;
f. Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is carrying a firearm or other deadly weapon; and 
g. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be performed by police officers of the same gender.

PROCEDURES OF PAT DOWN SEARCH

a. Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be conducted by at least two (2) police officers, one to
perform the search while the other provides protective cover.
b. Because pat-down searches are cursory in nature, they should be performed with the suspect in a
standing position, or with hands placed against a stationary object, and feet spread apart. However,
should an officer visually observe a weapon, a more secure search position may be used like the prone
(lying face down) position.
c. In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only to feel the outer clothing of the suspect. Police
officers may not place their hands inside the pockets of the subject’s clothing unless they feel an object
that could probably be a weapon, such as a gun, knife, club, or the likes.
d. If the suspect is carrying an object such as handbag, suitcase, briefcase, sack, or other similar items
that may conceal a weapon, the police officer should not open the item but instead put it in a place out
of the suspect’s reach. 
e. If the external patting of the suspect’s clothing fails to disclose evidence of a weapon, no further
search may be made. If a weapon is found and the possession of which amounts to a violation of the
law, the police officer shall arrest the suspect and conduct a complete search.

Reporting after the Spot Check/Accosting or Pat-Down Search 

If after conducting a spot check/accosting or pat-down search, the police officer has no basis for making
an arrest, he should record the facts of such spot check/accosting or pat-down search and forward a
report to the appropriate authority. 

If the spot check/accosting or pat-down search gives a justification for a valid warrantless arrest, then an
arrest shall be made. 

Police Checkpoint 
It is a location where the search, which is duly authorized by the PNP, is conducted to deter/prevent the
commission of crimes, enforce the law, and for other legitimate purposes.

Composition 

a. Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take responsibility in the conduct of checkpoint preferably an officer
with the rank of at least Police Inspector; 

b. Spotter - PNP personnel who will point/profile suspected vehicle subject for checkpoint;

c. Spokesperson - TL or member who is solely in charge of communicating with the motorists subject for
checkpoint; 

d. Investigation Sub-team - in charge of investigation and documentation of possible incidents in the

checkpoint to include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic Violation Report (TVR); 
e. Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to conduct search, seizure and arrest, if necessary; 

f. Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security in the checkpoint area; and 

g. Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - team tasked to block/pursue fleeing suspects/vehicle. 

Hasty Checkpoint
It is an immediate response to block the escape of lawless elements from a crime scene, and is also
established when nearby checkpoints are ignored or during hot pursuit operations. It is set up by police
personnel conducting mobile patrol on board a marked police vehicle, or those conducting ISO and foot
patrol operations within the vicinity/periphery of the national or provincial highways.

Hot Pursuit (Cross Jurisdictional Pursuit) - (also termed in the US as fresh pursuit) shall mean an
immediate, recent chase or follow-up without material interval for the purpose of taking into custody
any person wanted by virtue of a warrant, or one suspected to have committed a recent offense while
fleeing from one police jurisdictional boundary to another that will normally require prior official inter-
unit coordination but which the pursuing unit cannot, at that moment, comply due to the urgency of the
situation. 

High Risk Stop – is the actual stopping or accosting of armed and dangerous person or persons, aboard a
vehicle or on foot, including the power to use all necessary and legal means to accomplish such end.

High Risk Arrest – is the actual restraint of armed persons following a high-risk stop.
Pre-Determined Area – is the specific or projected spot where the armed and dangerous person or
persons would pass or likely to pass and so tactically located as to gain calculated advantage against said
person or persons.

Stopping Zone - is the strategic predetermined area strongly sealed off, barricaded and occupied by
tactical forces in a lawful display of authority to maintain law and order or in defensive response to an
event of criminal nature or of such gravity that occurred or likely to occur calling for a high risk stop or
arrest.

Dragnet Operation - is a police operation purposely to seal-off the probable exit points of fleeing
suspects from the crime scene to prevent their escape. 

High Risk Stop and High Risk Arrest

a. Initial Stage
Upon receipt of information involving movement of armed person or persons, either singly or in group,
including unauthorized movement of government troops, or in immediate response to a reported
commission of crime perpetrated by armed persons, the PNP shall immediately: 

1) Organize appropriate tactical security forces utilizing maximum firepower and armor assets; 

2) Deploy the security forces to stopping zones in defensive position; and 

3) Seal off the area and establish strong roadblocks/ barricades. 

b. Effecting a High Risk Stop 

When effecting high-risk stop, the police officer shall: 

1) Exert utmost effort to persuade the suspects to halt or stop their movement. 

2) Start with the procedural conduct of regular warrantless arrest where arrest is inevitable. 
3) Ensure proper documentation of the process. 

4) Respect the rights of all the persons involved. 

c. During Violent Stage

The PNP shall strictly adhere to the PNP Operational Procedures (POP) particularly on the use of
reasonable force. 

Public Assembly 
It means any rally, demonstration, march, parade, procession or any other form of mass or concerted
action held in a public place for the purpose of presenting a lawful cause; or expressing an opinion to the
general public on any particular issue; or protesting or influencing any state of affairs whether political,
economic or social; or petitioning the government for redress of grievances.

Public Place – shall include any highway, boulevard, avenue, road, street, bridge or other thoroughfare,
park, plaza, square, and/or any open space of public ownership where the people are allowed access.

Freedom Park – shall mean the venue or place established or designated by local government units
within their respective jurisdictions where a public assembly could be held without securing any permit
for such purpose from the local government unit concerned.

Maximum Tolerance – means the highest degree of restraint that the police, military and other peace
keeping authorities shall observe during a public assembly or in the dispersal of the same.

INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS)

 - PNP’s answer to the requirement of police visibility.
- PATROL means – Policemen Assigned To Reinforce Order in the Locality
- best way of immersing policemen in various activities
- provides a symbiotic relationship between the police and the community which would
eventually draw active support and cooperation of the populace. 

THREE COMPONENTS OF IPS

1.  Fixed Components – these are different stations, precincts, police visibility points, traffic posts and
headquarters

a. Station Desk – serves as the 3 C’s of police force: Communication; Coordinating; Center/Command
Post
Situation/Locator Map – capable of providing visual IPS situation which shows the AOR, Real Time
Current Situation and Real Time Status of the IPS

b. PCP – headed by PCO with a rank of Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a minimum of 30
personnel including the Commander divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours duty.

2. Patrol Components – include line beat, mobile patrol, motorcycle, bicycle, air patrol and detective
repressive patrol 

a. Police Beats – consist of identifiable boundaries within the AOR where an officer can conduct patrol.
Police Beats identification:
b. Mobile Patrol – similar with mobile patrol discussed

c. Detective Beat System – contiguous area where a team of police investigators is assigned with a
specific task of conducting follow-up investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals and other requests
with the end in view of full compliance and/or filing of case 

DETECTIVE BEAT SYSTEM (DBS) – one of the concrete responses of PNP in reinventing the field of
investigation.
- it is concerned with crime solution and detectives are charged with total investigation responsibility

POLICE BEAT – is concerned with crime prevention

- the patrol officers usually respond to crime incidents for arrest, protection of crime scene until
detectives arrive to investigate.

Guidelines in the Conduct of Patrol

I. Pre-Deployment Phase – conducted by means of formation or assembly in police stations for at least
30minutes which will be allotted for:

a. inspection as to appearance and completeness of individual equipment.

b. dissemination of assignments, instructions and orders.

II. Deployment Phase – upon arrival at the patrol beat, officer shall report to the desk officer or
dispatcher
- while on patrol, they shall adopt the “buddy-buddy system”
- upon reaching the end of the line beat, officer shall make a situation report before returning to their
point of origin
- any unusual incident must be reported and/or recorded in the patrol sheet report. 

III. Post-Deployment Phase – after the tour of duty, officers shall return to police stations for the
following:
a. surrender the equipment
b. accomplish the Daily Patrol Report
c. Turn-over to the Front-Desk Officer all items confiscated or recovered during the tour of duty
d. patrol commander shall conduct an accounting of patrol officers before being dismissed 
3. Auxiliary Components – include security guards, traffic enforcers, barangay tanods, civilian volunteers
and non-governmental organizations

TEAM POLICING SYSTEM – is an attempt to integrate the police and the community interest into a
working relationship so as to produce the desired objective of peace keeping in the community.

- Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland 

- Team of 5-10 men is assigned according to concentration of crimes and citizens-calls for police service. 

- Effective police-community cooperation is critical to the success of a team policing system. 

Characteristics of Team Policing 

1. Geographic Stability of the Patrol Force – The application of permanent patrolling to foster greater
awareness and sensitivity to local police problems by team members. 

2. Maximum Interaction between Team Members – Members must be given opportunity to work closely
together in solving problems. 
- Members are encouraged to share information with one another through informal meetings or
conference. 

3. Maximum Communication between Team Members and Community Residents – Team policing is
intended to develop a greater sense of understanding and increased cooperation between members of
the team and community residents. 
- Encourage members of the community to attend informal sessions in which they discussed community
problems with the team. 

COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING SYSTEM

In Japan, they have operationalized and even institutionalized it through the Koban or Police Box
System. 
 In Singapore, they are wielding it through the Neighborhood Police Post.

 In the United States about 60 % of the police departments are implementing it through Community 
Oriented Policing/Problem Oriented Policing COP/POP.

In Canada and several countries in Europe and other parts of the world, they are into it also. 

In the Philippines, the implementation of National Anti-Crime Strategy (NACS) at the community level
started as mere initiative of some innovative police commanders.

In Bacolod City, the Negros Occidental Provincial Commander of the defunct PC/INP managed to
mobilize the community to support and team up with Bacolod City Police Station through the Bacolod
Citizens for Unity and Peace (BAC–UP) Foundation from June 7, 1986 to date. 

On August 8, 1991, the Davao Del Norte Provincial PNP Commander instituted the KAUBAN, an
integrated undertaking of the police/barangay/citizenry to maintain peace and order.

It was also in 1991 when the PNP started implementing the “Koban Philippine style” dubbed as Pulis
Patrol Lingkod Bayan (PPLB).

On May 04, 1993, the PNP started establishing the KABABAYAN Center as Community Oriented Policing
Units. 

Finally on August 15, 1994, the PNP adopted and started implementing the Community Oriented
Policing System (COPS).

Basic Principles / Foundation Of COPS

1. Democracy – Philippines is a democratic and republic state.

It is imperative for the people to participate in and support the processes, programs and
activities of the government to attain SUMMUM BONUM or the greatest good for the greatest number
of our people.

2.  Criminal Justice – a machinery used by a democratic government to protect the society against crime
and disorder. 
3. Who are the Police – according to Robert Peel, “The police are the public and the public are the
police.”

4. People’s Power – the greatest source of power to wage war against crime and other threats to society
lies among the people. 

CONCEPT OF COPS
“COPS is a philosophy of full service, personalized policing where the same patrol officers works in the
same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with the
citizens to identify and solve problems.” 

ELEMENTS OF COPS

1. Philosophy – the present and future crime and other disorder requires the police to provide full
service policing and problem solving with the active participation and support of the community.

2. Personalized – officers should have person to person contact with the members of the community 

3. Patrol – officers must work and patrol their defined beat or AOR as often as possible. 

4. Permanent – officers should be assigned permanently for at least 18 months to defined beat.

5. Place – the AOR should be divided/sectorized into distinct neighborhoods in urban areas and clusters
of barangays in rural areas. 

6. Proactive – shall have proactive focus of pre-empting, preventing, suppressing, and deterring crimes.
Anticipate or at least detect as early as possible the occurrence of crimes.

7. Policing – provide full service policing in the community

8. Problem Solving – includes those abets or serves as breeding grounds of crime

9. Partnership – establish community partnership 

POLICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

IMPORTANT TERMS

1. Communication – in general, it is the transfer of thought or idea from one person to another through
channel or medium. Technically, it refers to equipment used which can be electrical or electronic used
to exchange information.

2. Communications – refers to the technical field of study or science which involves exchange of
information through various channels. 

3. Communications Medium – the language or code used in transferring information or idea.

4. Amplitude Modulation – modulation in which the amplitude of a wave is subject to variation of

changes. This is used in single side band, double side band, and independent side band.

5.  Frequency Modulation – the amplitude is made constant in the carrier wave together with the signal. 

6. Antenna – metallic wire or rod used for radiating and receiving waves to and from space. Also termed
Aerial.

7. Coordinating Center – is a center base station of a police or law enforcement communications. Also 
called Center.

8. Intercommunication (Inter-Com) – wires system used within a building or compound for direct
exchange of calls 

9. Intra-Communication – a communication existing within a province, organization or communication

that exists between institutions of farthest distance.

10. Radio – a communication by means of electromagnetic waves transmitted through space.

11. Landline – is a wired form of communication 

12. Television Broadcasting (Telecast) – a form of broadcasting through television

13. Subscriber – refers to person, residence or office connected to the Private Base Exchange (PBX)

14. Dispatcher – personnel in police communication center charged with receiving and transmitting of
messages. 

POLICE COMMUNICATIONS – refers to the technical means used by the police which consists of
interrelated but relatively independent sub-systems such as telephone, telegraph, teletype, radio and
television systems and other electronic and automated processes. 

ESSENTIALS OF POLICE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

1. Training – messages should be committed to standard handling procedures by trained personnel

2. Dependability – provides that communications must be reliable and available at all times in good
condition

3. Security – provides that communications system must be secured from any criminal action toward
destruction of police organization’s functions.

4. Accessibility – provides that operational units must have convenient access to every communication
that is essential to its efficient operation.

5. Speed – provides that communications must be adequate considering that the quick response of
officers depend on the transfer of information.

6. Confidentiality/Secrecy – provides that informations in the organization must be private and should
not be held public as it relates to suspects or victims. 
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

1. Administrative Communications Net – it involves the exchange of non-operational information among

police precincts, units, departments or headquarters. 

2. Operational Communications Net – it pertains to exchange of police field informations involving

peace, law and orders as well as general public well being. 

Police Radio Operator/Voice Radio Operator/ Dispatcher/ Coordinator – is a person charged with
receiving and transmitting information and is trained in his job. 

Requisites of a Good Police Radio Operator

1. Alertness – gives an impression that the operator is awake and interested what the person is saying
on the other line

2. Pleasantness – creates a proverbial voice with smile

3. Naturalness – it involves the utilization of simple straightforward words and avoidance of repetition. 

4. Expressiveness – use of normal tone of voice which should not be too fast or too slow. The tone of
voice will vary on meaning of sentence that the operator is saying

5. Distinctiveness – it involves speaking clearly and distinctly by moving the lips, tongue and jaw freely.