LIE DETECTION AND INTERROGATION

The issue of lie detection is as old as man himself. Back in the ancient times, rulers and their justice courts used various
techniques to catch a liar and establish the truth. Historical chronicles and ancient written records carry evidence about complex rituals and
sophisticated ordeals otherwise known as ‘divine justice’ developed to this end.
EARLY FORMS OF TRIAL
 Trial by Combat (resolving issue by use of human strength)
 Trial by Ordeal (by means of pain)
 Trial by Jury (fact finders)
 Trial by Torture (witch hunt)
Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting them to a painful task. If either
the task is completed without injury, or the injuries sustained are healed quickly, the accused is considered innocent. In medieval Europe, like
trial by combat, it was considered a
-Judicium Dei: a procedure based on the premise that God would help the innocent by performing a miracle on their behalf.
I. RED HOT IRON ORDEAL- Practiced in the hill tribe of Rajhmal in North Bengal. The accused had to carry a bar of red-hot iron in
his hands while he walked 9 marked paces. In the unlikely event of no burns appearing on his hands, he was adjudged innocent.
II. ORDEAL OF BALANCE- Practiced in the institute of Vishnu, India. A scale of balance is used, in one end of the scale, the accused
is placed and in the other end a counter balance.
 The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an exhortation on the balance and get back in . If he
was found lighter than before then he should be acquitted.
III. ORDEAL OF WATER- In this type of ordeal, the water was symbolic of the blood of the Old Testament, washing sin from the face
of the earth, allowing only the righteous minority to survive.
There are two kinds of ordeal by water the boiling water and of cold water. Ordeal of water was the usual mode of trial
allowed to members of the lower classes.
A. Boiling Water Ordeal- According to the laws of Athelstan, the first King of England, the ordeal consisted of lifting a stone
out of the boiling water with the hand plunged as deep as the wrist. More serious offences demanded that arm was
submerged up to the elbows. The burn was bandaged for 3 days before fateful examination..
B. Cold Water Ordeal- The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. In this ordeal, the accused was tied at the feet and hands and
was lowered to cold water by rope. This rope is tied around the defendant’s waist and had a knot at a particular distance
from the torso. If both knot and the accused is dipped beneath the surface of the water, the accused was proven innocent.
If the knot is dry or if the water refused to receive him, the defendant was guilty.
IV. ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING- Indians practiced this ordeal. It was formed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with various
incantations. The person on trial eats the sathee, with the face to the east and then spits upon a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed with
blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
V. ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER- In a wide region of Eastern Africa, the ordeal of the sassy bark or red water is used. The accused is
made to fast for twelve hours, and then swallows a small amount of rice. Then he will be imbedded in dark colored water. The
water is actually emetic and if the suspect ejects all rice, he is considered innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is
guilty.
VI. ORDEAL BY COMBAT- The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged offender or to pay a champion to fight for him.
The victor is said to win not by his own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of the
right, as in the duel in the European Ages in which the “judgment of God was thought to determine the winner”. If still alive
after the combat, the loser might be hanged or burned for a criminal offense or have a hand cut off and property confiscated in
civil actions.
VII. ORDEAL OF THE CORSNEAD/ORDEAL OF THE BLESSED BREAD- A priest puts the corsnaed or hallowed bread in the mouth of
the accused, with various imprecations. If the accused swallowed it he was freed from punishment.
VIII. TEST OF THE EUCHARIST- This was applied chiefly among the clergy and monks. When they took the host it was believed that
God would smite the guilty with sickness or death. Others believed that if the accused is innocent, when given a poisonous drink
for him to take in, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven to prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink
IX. ORDEAL OF THE BIER- It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out the killer. In England, it was usual for the
accused to approached the bier on the which the corpse lays. In view of the witness, the wounds of the victim were observed to
see if they began to bleed again.
a. They believed that the touch of the corpse or the murderer is near causes the blood to flow out from the wound of the victim.
This ordeal was recorded well by Shakespeare in “Richard III”.
X. ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE- A red-hot needle was drawn through the lips of the alleged criminal and if blood flowed from the
wound, he was deemed guilty, but if none, he is innocent. Wanaka in Eastern Africa practiced this ordeal.
XI. TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT- The accused was dressed in a cloth covered with wax and walked barefoot over coals of fire. If he
was not hurt by the fire and the wax did not melt, he was considered innocent.
XII. HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD- Hans Gross “Father of Criminalistics”, wrote in his famous book in Criminal Investigation in which
beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of the suspect was called, mentioned this ordeal. If the beans jumped out of the
sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent. If the beans remained in the sieve the person named is a thief.
XIII. ORDEAL OF THE TIGER- Practiced in Siam, the accused and accuser are placed on a cage of a tiger: if the tiger spare one of them
he is considered innocent.
OTHER COUNTRIES PRACTICING ORDEAL
Burma
The Ordeal of Divination is being practiced in this country, whereby it involves 2 parties being furnished with candles of
equal size and lighted simultaneously the owner of the candle that outlast the other is adjudged to have won his cause.
Madagascar
Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal. The supposed criminal was made to drink a decoction, a poisonous fruit called
“tangena”, a small dose is fatal. By managing the size of the dose, those who administer it can decide the result.
Greece
A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever was in the line with the
blade as supposed to be guilty out by the Divine Providence.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLYGRAPH
What is modern methods of detecting deception?
• During 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, an Australian-known as the father of criminalistics
• He defined the search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigation.
Timeline of the modern Polygraph

Date Contributor Component featured

1730 DANIEL DEFOE-A British novelist who wrote an essay Idea/suggestion/recommendati

Entitled “An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate on
Preventing of Street Robberies and Suppressing all
other Disorders

He recommended the taking of pulse of a suspicious

fellow.

1851 JACQUES D’ARSONAL A French scientist who Galvanometer component

declared that electricity is generated by the body.
Know as the “External Friction”

1886 CHRISTIAN HAS STOELTING founded the stoelting Products and accessories
Co. which became a leading product supplier on
psycho-physiological measurement

 CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH
 ANGELO MOSSO (1878)
He studied fear and its influence on the heart. In his observation subsequently formed the basis for detecting technique. Through the
instrument of plesthysmograph
He studied blood circulation and breathing patterns and how these changed under certain stimuli.
He developed the sphygmomanometer and “scientific cradle” which was designed to measure the flow of blood while a person lay
on his back in a prone position as it became concentrated on one part of the body and then in the other.
First scientist to report on experiments in which he observed that a persons breathing pattern changed under certain stimuli.
 CESARE LOMBROSO (1836-1909)
Employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception. This instrument is known as hydro-sphymograph, ”Lombroso’s Glove”
which measures changes in pulse and blood pressure when suspects were asked about their involvement in or knowledge of specific
response.
He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an instrument for the purpose of detecting lies.
 WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON (1915)
Contribution to the science of the detection of deception is more than instrumentation
Verbal deception can be detected by changes in the systolic blood pressure.
He used pneumograph and sphymomanometer to record respiration cycles were a separate instruments..
Component featured which is the cardiograph component
 JOHN LARSON (1921)
Developed an instrument that continually and simultaneously measures blood pressure pulse and respiration. He designed the first
two recording channel polygraph in the history. The first mechanical form of the present-day polygraph consists of two recording
components and that is the cardiosphymograph and the pneumograph.
 He developed the polygraphic apparatus in a portable form.
 LEONARDE KEELER
Father of modern polygraph
Developed an improvement of Larson’s apparatus. In 1949, he invented the “Keeler Polygraph” with components for
recording blood pressure, pulse and respiration changes.
A Galvanometer what is known as the galvanic skin reflex or electodermal response generally referred to as the GSR is also
added to his instrument.
He also demised a metal bellows and designed a Kymograph that pulled at a constant speed. A chart paper under the
recoding pens from a roll of chart paper located inside the instrument.
 JOHN REID
He designed a special chair equipped with metal bellows for recoding unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs and feet,
located on the arms of the chair and on the seat, this transmit singular muscular activity to the recording polygraph.
He introduced the first four recording channel instrument to be developed. This instrument is excellent for detecting deceptions
because it does not only have a recording pen for cardiosphymograph, pneumograph and galvanograph but also it has the muscular
movement pen for the arms and thighs.
 PNEUMOGRAPH
 VITTORIO BENUSSI (1914)
He detected deception with a pneumograph, an instrument that graphically measures the inhalation and exhalation.
He demonstrated the changes in breathing patterns by noting the changes in respiration expiration during deception.
 HAROLD BURTT (1918) Cardiograph component
He determined that respiratory changes were indication of deception. He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of
greater value in determining deception than in changes in respiration.
 GALVANOGRAPH
 LUIGI GALVANI (1791)
Italian physiologist who developed the Galvanic Skin Reflex or the galvanometer which records electrical bodily resistance in terms of
ohms, the lowest current ever recorded. The GSR reflected emotional changes by measuring changes in person’s skin resistance to
electricity.
 STICKER (1897)
He made the first suggestion for using the galvanograph for detecting deception based on the works of several predecessors.
He theorized that GSR is influenced by existing mental impression and that will have no effect upon it.
 VERAGUTH (1907)
He was the first one to use the term “psychogalvanic reflex”. He believed that the electrical phenomenon is due to the activity of
sweat glands.
What is lie?
• Untruthful statement
• Falsehood
• Anything that deceives/create false impression
• Untrue statement
• Erroneous/misleading impression
• Deceit
• Deception
• fabrication
What is meant by Detection?
• Detection is the act of detecting
• Discovery
• Perceiving
• Finding
• Uncovering something
• Obscure such a lie
Why do people lie?
• Due to fear of detection
• Preserve something valuable
• Avoid embarrassment, penalty, punishment
TYPES OF LIAR
 1. Panic liar
One who lies in order to avoid the consequence of confession. He or she is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and is a serious
blow to his or her ego.
2. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR
Is someone who has lied for years. This person is a practical liar and lies when it has a higher pay-off than telling the truth.
3. TOURNAMENTAL LIAR
One who loves to lie and is excited by the challenges of not being detected. He views an interview as another contest and wants to
win. He lies because it is the only weapon remaining with which to fight. This person convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction of
hearing him or her to confess. He wants people to believe that the law is punishing an innocent person.
4. ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR
Is one who is taught not to be a squealer. This person loves to interrogate to be interrogated and has taken a creed either personal
or with others, that he or she will never reveal the truth, the creed of underworld gangs.
5. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR
This person has no conscience. He or she shows no regret for his dishonest actions and no manifestation of guilt. This is the most
difficult type of liar because he is a good actor. He can fool most investigators.
6. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR
This person who cannot distinguish what is right from wrong. This are those persons who are mentally sick.
7. BLACK LIAR
This is a person who always pretends what he is and what he thinks of himself.
Other kinds/FORMS OF LIES
1. DIRECT DENIAL
This is a direct denial of the act in question that creates an emotional sense of disturbance. This disturbance refers to the
conflict between what is true and the attempted deception that creates an internal battle in the mind. Ex: “I did not do it”. The
vague response permits the person to evade inner conflict while seeming to answer the question. This reply given to a query must be
evaluated in terms of what was asked to know if the answer is proper.
2. LIE OF OMISSION
This is a type of lie that people usually use because it is simple to tell. Individuals who will make use of this type of lie will
tell the truth while omitting details that could create possible troubles.
3. LIE OF FABRICATION
This is the most difficult type of lie that a subject could use in an interview.
4. LIE OF MINIMIZATION
In this type of lie individual will accept that something has occurred but downplays the implication. Lie of minimization
could be used if a subject wanted to stay close to the truth, however, he covers the truth for his or her own benefit. Ex: Mr. X is
complaining because Mr. B boxed him and as a result the nose of Mr. X is broken. If Mr. B uses the lie of minimization, he will state
that he only slapped Mr. X.
5. LIE OF EXAGGERATION
This is a lie often used to exaggerate things for the hope of obtaining some advantage. This is also often found on resume,
where applicant exaggerates his or her experiences, knowledge, skills, salary and length of service. The exaggerated claims can be
verified by looking for inconsistencies of the subject story.
6. Bold-faced lie
Is one which is told when it is obvious to all concerned that it is a lie.
7. Lie-to-Children
Often a platitude which may use euphemism, which is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children.
8. Noble lie
It is often to maintain law, order and safety
9. Emergency lie
Is a strategic lie when the truth may not be told because it may harm a third party.
10. Perjury
The act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law
11. Bluffing
Pretending to have a capability or intention which one does not actually possess.
12. Jocose lies
Are those which are meant in jest, and are usually understood as such by all present parties.
13. Contextual lies
One can state part of the truth out of context, knowing that without complete information.
 14. Promotion lies
Advertisements often contain statement which are incredible.
KINDS OF LIES:
 BENIGN OR WHITE LIE
Used to maintain harmony of friendship, harmony of the home or office.
 RED LIE
A lie against the government.
 MALICIOUS LIE
A chronic lie use to mislead justice.
VERBAL CLUES OF LYING
 Methods of responding to the questions
 Length of time before giving response
 Repetition of Questions
 Defragmented or incomplete sentences –contigous arrangement of speech/reorganized information
 Being overly polite
 Oaths-
 Clarity of Response
 Use of words
 Assertiveness-being confidently of saying yes
 Inconsistencies
 Slip of the Tongue- uttered speech
 Tirades- harsly censorious speech or language
 Pauses-temporary stop /control temporary inactions of speech.
 Speed of Speech-swiftness or rapidly speech
Seven Common Signs of Lying
• No eye contact. Generally, if someone is lying they will not look you in the eye, at least during a certain part of the conversation.
Normally, people make eye contact for at least half of a conversation, so anything less than this could be suspicious. One caveat:
there are some people who will take great pains to make eye contact with you even if they're lying, simply to make you think they're
not.
• Change in voice. A change in the pitch of a person's tone, or a lot of stammering (umm, ah), or throat clearing could indicate a lie.
• Unusual body language. If a person taps their foot a lot, fidgets with their hands, raises their shoulders, turns away from you or
brings their hand to their face (to touch their chin or nose, etc.) -- in other words, if they act nervous or uncomfortable -- it could
mean they're telling a lie. Also watch out for blushing (or becoming pale) and increased blinking.
• Something sounds fishy. Making statements that contradict each other, are inconsistent or don't sound quite right are usually part
of a lie.
• Overly defensive. Sometimes when a person is lying they will become extremely defensive, refusing to answer any questions and
even accusing you of lying. This may mean they have something to hide.
• Changes subject easily. If someone is lying and you change the subject, chances are high that they'll go right along with it. A person
telling the truth, however, will likely ask why you changed the subject and want to go back to it.
• Humor or sarcasm. A guilty person will often try to change the subject using humor or sarcasm.
NON-VERBAL CLUES OF LYING
-Emblems -Breathing -Facial Muscles -Eyes
-Manipulators -Sweating -Frequent Swallowing -Face
“The mouth may lie, but the face it makes nonetheless tells the truth”
Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosopher
“He that has no eyes to see, and ears to hears, may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters
with his fingertips; betrayal comes out of him from every pore.”
What is a Polygraph?
The term "polygraph" literally means "many writings." The name refers to the manner in which selected physiological activities are
simultaneously recorded.
A polygraph examination is a scientific test that collects physiological data from a person with the purpose of detecting reactions
associated with dishonesty.
 At least three systems in the human body are recorded during a polygraph examination. Respiratory activity is monitored by placing
rubber tubes across the examinee's chest. Electro dermal or "sweat gland" activity is recorded by placing two small attachments to the fingers
or palm of the hand. And cardiovascular activity is collected by a blood pressure cuff or similar device.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE

PNEUMOGRAPH
Records the changes of breathing of the subject.

This consists of transducers and pneumograph

tube that is fastened around the subject’s
abdominal and thoracic part of the body. The
pneumograph tube contains a certain volume of
air. As the subject inhale or exhale, the tube an
accordion-like expand and contract causing
changes of pressure inside the tube. The changes
are transmitted to the recording bellows causing a
forward and backward movement of the pilot shaft
The responses are about the chest inhalation and
to which the recording pen is connected. exhalation
for breathing (pneumo) measured by two tubes attached around the
upper and lower chest of the person.
GALVANOGRAPH
Records the skin resistance of the subject to a very small amount of electricity.

This consists of a finger/palm electrodes which is

attached to the subject’s fingers (the index or
ring) or palm to monitor and detect skin
resistance towards a small amount of electricity;
amplifies these changes and furnish current to
operate the galvanometer causing the
mechanical movement of a seven (7) inch
recording pen.
 Galvanic responses as common for aspects of the potential of electrical conductivity of the skin
CARDIOSPYHMOGRAPH
Records changes of blood pressure and Consists of the arm cuff’s with the covered rubber bladder
pulse rate. part centered at the brachial artery about an inch above the
elbow. It must be inflated by pump bulb to put air into the
system that is recorded in a sphygmomanometer in
millimeters of mercury (generally 60-80 mmHg). After
inflation, the arm cuff becomes so sensitive as to be able to
monitor changes of blood pressure as well as the pulse rate
and amplitude to be transmitted to the recording bellow and
recorded by the cardio pen on the chart.

cardio- vascular responses such as pulse rate, strength of

heartbeats, increase and decrease of blood pressure and
functions of heart valves. This is recorded with a normal blood
pressure cuff.
KYMOGRAPH
Is sometimes referred to as a chart drive module. This is a motor that pulls or drive the chart paper under the recording pen
simultaneously at the rate of six (6) inches to (12) inches per minute. A chart roll is about 100 ft. long, 6 inches width ½ inch margin apart.
Paper is imprinted with horizontal line spaced at ¼ inch interval. Each ½ inch division across the paper signifies 5 seconds of time. Pulse rate
per minute may then be calculated by multiplying the number of beats counted in one division by 12.
ATTACHMENT OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH MACHINE
A polygraph is in fact several instruments combined to simultaneously record changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin
resistance. The electrical conductivity of the skin’s surface can also be measured through the increasing sweat gland activity that reduce the
skin’s ability to carry electrical current. The pneumograph tube is fastened around the subject’s torso and belly. The blood pressure cuff is
placed on the right arm in such a way that the rubber bladder part should be located over the brachial artery.
The electrodes or GSR is attached on the palm or index finger and ring finger of the left hand of the subject. Position the subject in a
manner that he looks straight ahead with the instrument and the examiner to the right side or rear somewhat ahead of the kymograph or
chart drive so that the polygraph tracings will not distract him.
THE EXAMINATION ROOM

Ideally, polygraph examination should be performed in a quiet, private, 90% soundproof room. Unusual noise, such as the ringing of
the telephone or conversation of persons outside the examination room or presence of investigators and other spectators inside the room
itself, would bring disturbances and distractions that in turn would distort the different physiological recordings and seriously interfere with a
satisfactory polygraph diagnosis.
It should contain no decoration, pictures or other objects that would distract the attention of the person being examined, or which
would allow him to capitalize on their existence for psychological avoidance efforts of the types to be subsequently described. If Venetian
blinds, decorations, pictures or other ornamental objects are desired, they should not be placed in any part of the room faced by the subject
during the course of the test.
The subject should not face a glass window or another room during the test because of possible outside distractions which may
affect the test responses.
It is essential that the examination room be adequately ventilated with an even, comfortable temperature.
If existing facilities permit, there should be an “observation room” adjoining the examination room, in the wall of which there is an
inserted “one-way mirror” and a concealed microphone so that a person or persons in the observation room may hear as well as see what
occurs in the examination room.
THEORY OF POLYGRAPH
            A. Psychological Theory of a lie: Emotional changes occur in a person causing physiological changes that can be recognized and
diagnosed.
              B. Psychological Set of a lie: A person's fears, anxieties and apprehensions are focused (directed) to the areas that hold(Poses) the
greatest threat to his well being or self.
C.  Psychology of Test Questions The test is structured so as to pose a threat to the security of both the innocent and guilty subject
and force him/her to focus (direct) his/her attention to that specific area of the test.
**Fear is the greatest psychological factor - Fear of being detected of an untruth.
WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

During the examination, the examiner raise questions that becomes verbal stimulus, messages are received by the ear and send out
to the brain. The brain analysis the query, if the query is not a peril to the well being of the subject, the thought central center rejects it and
the body continues its normal functions. However, when the questions is imperative to the subject, physiological chain reactions occur within
the body that is recorded by the polygraph instrument and can be evaluated by the polygraph examiner.
PURPOSE OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
To determine truth or deception based on the presence of emotional disturbance of the subject as appearing on the recorded
physiological responses to question relative to the case under investigation.
USES OF POLYGRAPH
 It is an investigative aid for the investigator
to: The nervous control of the human body includes the
 Confirm statements of victims central nervous system (brain and the spinal cord) and the
 Ascertain the credibility of the autonomic or regulating nervous system acting opposite each
witnesses. other. When a person is under the influence of physical exertion or
 Assess truthfulness of suspects. emotional stimuli such as anger, excitement, fear, lie detection,
 It speeds up the process of investigation. etc. stimuli, the sympathetic will prevail and over-ride the
 It eliminates innocent subjects. parasympathetic, therefore, there will be changes in the heart rate,
 The investigator can focus to one subject to pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory tracing, psycho galvanic
determine the truth or deception. reflexes, time of response to question, voice tracing, etc. The
OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION parasympathetic nervous system works to bring back things to
 Determine if the subject is telling the truth by normal when the conditions of stress have been removed. It is the
verifying statements and or comparing prevailing branch when the situation is normal and the subject is
conflicting statements.
calm, contented and relaxed. When subject is asked by series of
 Acquire additional investigative leads to the
questions the recoding of several psycho-physiological reaction
facts of an offense.
and the scientific interpretations are the basis of the tests.
 Locate fruits or tools of crime or
whereabouts of wanted persons.
 Identify other persons involved.
 Gain valuable information from unwilling
subjects.
LIMITATIONS OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
 It is an invaluable aid, but not a substitute for an investigation.
  It is not a lie detector, but it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
 It does not determine facts, it records responses to that the subject knows to be true.
 It is accurate as the examiner is competent.
 The test should not be given until enough facts of the case have been established to permit an examiner to prepare a complete set of
suitable question.
 A test should not be administered until the voluntary consent of the subject.
 No indication will be given to any person or written in any report that a person is guilty because he refuses to take the test.
 A test should not be administered until the accusations have been explained to the subject.
 No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
 Examination should not be conducted to an unfit subject.
LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT WHO WILL UNDERGO POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
 The subject must have a good night sleep of at least five hours prior to the test.
 He must refrain from smoking for at least 2 hours.
 He should not undergo prolonged interrogation prior to the test.
 The subject must have not been subjected to physical abuse or body contact.
 He must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages, taking sedatives, capsules or syrup for at least 12 hours prior to the test.
 He must not be suffering from any temporary illness like headache, toothache, stomachache, fever, menstruation, sever colds and
coughs.
 He must not be hungry.
 He must not have sex indulgence prior to the test.
TEST PROCEDURE IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
A. PHASE 1 – Initial interview with the investigator handling the case
This phase includes:
 Obtaining the evaluating facts
 Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked
 The examiner must furnish the ff.
 Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and victim or complainant.
 Incident or spot report
 B.I. of suspects, witnesses, and victim/complainant
 Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as
Example of polygraph examination statement of consent
In the presence of witnesses, whose signatures appear below, my rights against self incrimination have been
explained to me by the polygraph examiner of the PNP Crime laboratory. He/she informed me that I have the right to
remain silent, that anything I say may be used as evidence against me,; that I have right to have a lawyer on my own choice
or the one appointed to me; that this examination is being conducted in connection with the investigation of
______________________of which I am ______________
He/she further explained to me the nature of the polygraph examination and the facts that I cannot be required
to submit said examination without any consent.
I understanding my rights as stated above, I hereby voluntarily without force, coercion unlawful influences,
promise of reward, clemency or immunity submit to a polygraph examination with/without the assistance of a counsel this
______day of ________20___
Examinee
Witnesses:
Legal counsel:
Examiner:
B. PHASE 2- Pre-test interview
Purpose of conditioning and preparing the subject for the examination and also to provoke and observe the indications of guilt or
innocence.
this includes:
 The appraisal of the subject’s constitutional rights
 Obtain consent to undergo polygraph test by signing statement of consent
 The taking of personal data of the subject
 Determine the suitability as a subject
  Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject
 Informing the subject of his involvement of the case
The average polygraph test will usually last 2-3 hours from, beginning to end. Most people don't realize the longest part of the
examination will be the 45-90 minute "pretest interview." During the pretest interview, the examiner will:
• give detailed instructions for the actual testing phase, and confirm the examinees understanding of these
• define the subjects legal rights
• explain the polygraph equipment and how it works
• discuss at length the "issue" (for private issues, such as infidelity, both parties may be present during the discussion portion
of the test)
• review all questions to be asked during the actual polygraph examination
Rights of the Subject
• To be examined by a qualified examiner
• To be determined if fit for examination
• To be informed of the reason for the lie detector test
• To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does.
• To give consent to the lie detector test.
• Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning.
• Not to be exposed to oral criticism or abuse.
• Not to be exposed to physical, mental or psychological abuse, and
• To refuse to submit to the lie detector test.
Example of Pre-test Interview Form
PERSONAL DATA OF THE SUBJECT
CASE NO:_______
NAME: _________________________________-AGE:_______________
ADDRESS: __________________________________________________
PLACE OF BIRTH: _________________________DOB:_________________CIVIL STATUS:__________
HEIGHT: ______________WEIGHT:_____________RELIGION:________
COMPLEXION: _____________ SCARS:_______
MARKS:___________AMPUTATIONS (IF ANY):________________
OCCUPATION:_________________CONTACT NO:__________________________
EDUCATION:_______________________________________
HOBBIES:__________________________________________
PREVIOUS EXAMINATION:____________________________
PREVIOUS HOSPITALIZATION:________________________
TIME SLEPT LAST NIGHT:_________________________- TIME WOKE UP:________________
LAST MEAL TAKEN: _____________________________ DOSAGE:___________________ TIME:____________
PHYSICIAN’S COMMENTS:_____________________
WINE/ALCOHOL TAKEN:_____________________QUANTITY:__________________________TIME:_________
COMPREHENSION:__________________________
SUBJECTS VERSION:________________________
BEHAVIOR DURING THE INITIAL INTERVIEW:____________________________________________
QUESTION REVIEW:_________________________________________________________________
DURING THE TEST:_________________________________________________________________
COOPERATIVE UNCOOPERATIVE BODY MOVEMENT
EXTREME NERVOUSNESS FAILED TO FOLLOW INSTRUCTION EVASIVE TACTICS
AFTER THE TEST:
LEAVE ROOM IMMEDIATELY INQUIRE ABOUT THE RESULT
WAIT FOR INSTRUCTION
REMARKS MADE:_________________________________________________________________________
INTERVIEWR/INTERROGATOR
C. PHASE 3 - The conduct of instrumentation or actual test
 The attachment of the polygraph instrument. In practice the first to be attached is the Pneumograph,, followed by the
Cardiosphymograph and the Galvanograph. Review all the questions being prepared with the subject before the actual examination
is made. The examiner should discourage any lengthy comments or statements by the subject respecting the matter of incident
under investigation or his disclaimer of his responsibility of it. Test instruction is given to the subject. Any movement of the body will
affect the results on the chart paper. The answer of the subject is limited to YES or NO in order to avoid distortion of tracing on the
chart.
To conduct actual examination, the examiner will attach the components to the examinee. These are totally painless, but they
are very stressful. They consist of:
• two pneumograph tubes are attached across the upper chest and abdomen,
• and a blood pressure cuff is attached around the upper arm.
• two metal plates are attached on the ring and index finger

D. PHASE 4 - Post-Test interview or interrogation

This phase includes all consideration that bear on the examination just after the instrument is turned off. The examiner
then proceeds to conduct short interrogation, the purpose of which is to obtain confession or admission. However if the chart of the
polygraph indicates that the subject is innocent, the examiner will just release the subject cordially and thanks him for his
cooperation.
How to formulate TEST QUESTIONS:
 Must be simple and direct
 Must not involve legal terminologies
 Must be answerable with Yes or No
 Must be clear and phrased in a language the subject can easily understand
 Must not be in a form of an accusation
 Must never contain an inference that presuppose knowledge on the part of the subject
 All questions must refer to one offense only
 Must not contain influence to one’s race, religion, race or beliefs
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
 Relevant Question
These are direct questions having an extreme and specific relationship to the crime or matter under investigation and
these direct or key questions are asked by the examiner in order to resolve a specific subject matter.
 Strong Relevant or Primary or Crucial Question
These are relevant questions having an intense and specific relationship with the crime or problem being
considered. Designed to test for direct involvement only and specifically designed to produce an emotional response of
guilty subject.
 Weak Relevant or Secondary Question
These are questions concern in some secondary aspects of the crime or problem deals mostly on guilty
knowledge and partial involvement.
 Irrelevant question
These are questions formulated without specific relationship to the case under investigation. They are intended to
establish subject’s physiological norm and to lessen the excitement stage produced by relevant question. In these questions the
examiner usually refer to dates, names of place. Subject’s position, etc.
  Evidence Connecting Question
This is designed to stimulate the guilty subject and focus his attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would
tend to establish his guilt. In formulating the question, the examiner must secure information from the investigator as to
whether or not the pieces of evidence were collected from the crime scene.
Ex. “Was the evidence found in the crime scene yours?”

 Knowledge Question
This question is designed to probe whether the subject possesses information regarding the identity of the offender, or as
to the location of the evidence or other secondary elements of the facts of the case under investigation.
Ex. “Do you know who committed the offense?”
 Sacrifice or DYAT Question
This is designed to obtain the responses generally generated by the introduction of the first relevant question in the series.
It reveals the subject’s norm plus stimulus and excitement level.
“Do You intend to Truthfully answer all questions about that?”
 Control Question (Probable Lie)
This question is designed to produce a response in the innocent subject and serves as a basis for evaluating the subject’s
perceptual set.
Primary Control Question is based on a known lie. It must concern about events that transpired within 3 to 5 years period
before case under investigation occurred. Ex. “Before reaching the age of 20, have you ever stolen anything?”
Secondary Control Question is more specific in nature and is based on another experience or wrongdoing, which will
enhance the opportunity for responsiveness. Its scope covers up to the present period. The question for responsiveness must
not be related to the case under investigation. Ex. “Have you ever committed any crime in your community?
 Symptomatic Question
These questions are designed to detect and evaluate the presence of outside issues that might suppress the subject’s
responses to the relevant question. An outside issue factor in a case, which he is involved, but not subject matter under
investigation. Ex. “Are you now convinced that I will not ask you any question aside from these, we have reviewed?” or “Are you
afraid that I will ask you about something else which I told you I would not?”
 SKY Question
These are 3 groups of questions put together by Backster. Designed to confirm the previous charts and detect indirect
involvement or guilty knowledge.
S – Suspects
K- Know
Y- You
ex. “Do you SUSPECT,KNOW, YOU anyone in particular in stealing Ana’s money?
TEST TECHNIQUES
A. R/I THEORY
TEST 1- GENERAL QUESTION TEST/
GENERAL SERIES TEST
These are series of relevant and control questions in a planned order. The questions are so arranged in order to compare
the subject’s responses between each type of questions.
Q1 Irrelevant - Is your first name Rain?
Q2 Irrelevant - Do you know that today is Sunday?
Q3 Weak Relevant - Bet. 7:30am to 10:30am of Oct. 25, 2006, did you open the table drawer of Mr. Erap?
Q4 Irrelevant - Are you married?
Q5 Strong Relevant - Were you the one who actually took the missing money of Mr. Erap?
Q6 Control - Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
Q7 Irrelevant - Do you know how to read?
Q8 Evidence connecting - Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Mr. Erap, yours?
Q9 Knowledge - Do you know who stole the cash money of Mr. Erap?
Q10 Secondary Control - Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?
TEST 2- CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION VERIFIVCATION TEST)
The examiner shows the subject seven (7) variously numbered cards. Face down. The cards are arranged in such a way the
examiner will immediately know which card has been picked by the subject. The cards with numbers 15, 8, 5, 3, 4, 14, and 12 are
used. The subject is instructed to select one card, look at it and memorize the number of the card selected and put it back to the
 group without showing it to the examiner or otherwise identify the number. After the selection the examiner then shuffles the card
and instructs the subject to answer “no” to each question concerning the cards, even when asked the number of the card he
selected. In other words one of the subject’s answer to the question will be a lie. The stimulation test is designed to reassure the
innocent examinee of the accuracy of the test and of the test and of the competency of the polygraphist. It further serve to stimulate
the guilty examinee.
TEST 3- SPOT RESPONDER TEST
This test contains previously asked questions in GQT. With the number corresponding to the number of the question on
the earlier test, the mixture would be.
Q1 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q2 Irrelevant
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q4 Irrelevant
Q6 Control
Q7 Irrelevant
Q8 Evidence Connecting
Q9 Knowledge
Q10 Secondary Control
TEST 4- MIXED QUESTION TEST
same as TEST 3 but again mixed.
Q4 Irrelevant
Q1 Irrelevant
Q9 Knowledge
Q6 Control
Q2 Irrelevant
Q3 Weak Relevant
Q10 Secondary Control
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q6 Control
Q8 Evidence Connecting
Q10 Secondary Control
TEST 5- SILENT ANSWER TEST
The subject is instructed to refrain from giving any audible answer. The subject is told to listen to each test question and to
answer only to himself, silently. Moreover he is to think of the truthful answer and give that truthful answer to himself, but silently.
Purpose of each test
Test 1 - the first 2 irrelevant questions are intended to condition the subject to have standard tracing and to establish truth
telling patterns
Test 2 - to check possible distortions when the chosen number is asked
Test 3 - to determine the responsiveness of the subject to crucial questions and also serve as a check on possibility of spot
respond
Test 4 - to compare the degree of reaction between Relevant and Control Questions
Test 5 - to serve as a confirmatory check
Supplementary tests
YES test
In instances where distortions occurred on the Test 1, Test 2 ,Test 3, the YES test should be administered before
the Test 4. The test is conducted by instructing the subject to say “YES” to all questions to be asked, including those pertaining to the
matter under investigation. The Control questions are however eliminated.
Guilt Complex Test
If the respond on the previous test is doubtful, it becomes necessary to conduct additional test. This consist of a
regarding fictitious incidents or a similar nature but one which appears to be real in so far as the subject is concerned. The purpose of
this test is to compare the responses with those that appeared on the actual test record when question were asked about the matter
under investigation. Ex. “Did you steal the money from the house at Bonifacio?”

B. PEAK OF TENSION TEST

 The investigator will prepare seven (7) questions and one of them has a specific bearing on the matter under investigation. The
specific question must refer to some details of the incident, which could have not been to the subject.
Q1 introductory phase plus padding question – “Do you know whether the stolen watch of Fred is a Bulova?”
Q2 Padding- …Elgin?
Q3 Padding- …Colorado?
Q4 Relevant Question- …Rolex?
Q5 Padding- …Longine?
Q6 Padding- …Timex?
Q7 Padding- …Citizen?
C. ZONE COMPARISON TEST
This test is alternatively known as Zone of Comparison test, it is the polygraph technique most commonly used for polygraph
interrogation concerning a single issue, and it is used especially in criminal investigations.
Q1 Irrelevant
Q2 Sacrifice Relevant
Q3 Symptomatic
Q4 Control
Q5 Strong Relevant
Q6 Control
Q7 Strong Relevant
Q8 Control
Q10 Weak Relevant
Supplementary:
Q11 Suspect
Q12 Know
Q13 You
Chart markings, interpretations, and probing

A. Signs and Symbols in Chart Marking

Starting the test
X
Place X on the chart below the cardio tracing. It indicates that the test begins. Wait for 15-20 seconds before asking the first question
When the first question is asked
/ (start) // (end)
Place a vertical line or the stimulus mark below the cardio tracing to indicate the beginning and the ending of the question. A double
stimulus mark indicates the ending of the question.
Numbering of question
/ 1 //
Place the number between the stimulus marks, or below the stimulus marking or to its right.
Answer the questions
“+” for YES “–” for NO
-No sign if the subject fails to answer or when SAT Test in conducted.
-Signs are placed below or at the right side of the number of the question.
Talking by the subject other than YES or NO
T T
Indicate on the chart the letter “T” at the point the subject starts to talk and again where the subject stops.
Draw a line between the two to indicate the length of talking
Talking instruction
TI
Indicate “TI” below the cardio pattern when the subject is tactfully instructed regarding talking. Indication is made on the chart
below the cardio pattern.
Coughing
C
Indicate “C” below the pneumo tracing where the break is shown. It can also cause a sharp ring on the galvano and a break on cardio
pattern
Clearing of Throat
CT
“CT” is placed on the chart for clearing of throat and is frequently placed below the pneumo tracing, both galvano and cardio tracings
may be affected depending on its intensity.
Sigh
S
“S” is indicated inside the pneumo tracing exactly where it took place. It may be indicative of deception or mere denotes relief,
because of the psychological implications involved, it must be distinguished from deep breath.

Sniff
SN
“SN” is placed below the pneumo tracing where the sniff was noted.
Sneeze
SZ
“SZ” should be placed just below the pneumo tracing at the point where sneeze occurred. Such occurrence will affect all three
tracing to varying degrees.
Burp or Belch
B
“B” is indicated just below the pneumo tracing where burp occurs. Burping affects both pneumo and galvano tracing.
Laugh
L
“L” is placed on the chart if the subject laughs and should be placed below the break point in the pneumo tracing. This will also affect
the cardio tracing.
Yawn
Y
“Y” is indicated on the chart below the pneumo tracing where yawn occurs. Yawning will also affect the cardio tracing.
Movements
M
“M” is indicated in placed exactly above the or below any breaking in tracings.
When subject moves with the specific portion of the body, indicate it with letter “M” and the portion of the body in parenthesis
Prolonged movement is indicated with the first “M” when the movement is noticed and second “M” when stopped, draw a line
between the 2 symbols to determine the length of movement.
Movement instruction
MI
Indicate “MI” on the chart for movement instruction. Indication is made on the cardio patterns.
Mechanical Adjustments
(↑ ) (↓ )
Indicate the adjustment arrow pointing up or down adjacent to respective pattern where the adjustment is made.
it is done when necessary and shall be preceded by an irrelevant question.
Outside Noise
OSN
 Indicate “OSN” and shall be placed on the chart where the galvano or pneumo activity appears as a result thereof.

Change of Voice
VC
Indicate “VC” on the place of breaking on the cardio where stimulus mark showed subject answer.
Will also affect the galvano and pneumo tracing
Involuntary Movement
IM
Indicate on the chart “IM” for involuntary movements ex. jerking
Extraneous Factors due to blood pressure cuff discomfort

ARM
Indicate “ARM” enclosed in a circle, if discomfort continues draw a line with an additional “ARM” enclosed in a circle at termination
of discomfort.
Breathing Instruction
BI
indicate “BI” below cardio tracing. This is done when the subject is carefully and properly instructed regarding deep breathing.
Repetition of Questions
RQ
Indicate “RQ” below the cardio tracing when in the subject requests for a repetition of questions.
Paper Jam
PJ
Indicate “PJ” below cardio at the time of the jam.
Will also affect the galvano and pneumo tracing
Ending the test
XX
Mark “XX” below the cardio tracing to indicate the end of the test, and proceed to deactivate the instrument after 10 seconds
without stimulus insertions.
These should be written above the pneumo tracing near the beginning of the chart for identification.
 Subject’s name, rank or profession
 Date and time of examination
 Test or Chart number
 Initial of the Examiner
At the completion of the examination the subject will sign across the 3 recorded graphs for positive identification.
FINAL RESULT
A Polygraph test result is a strictly confidential statement and its result can only be disclosed to the examinee or a third
party nominated in writing by the examinee.
There are four possible results:
• NDI - No Deception Indicated (Truthful)
• DI   - Deception Indicated (Deceptive)
• IC   - Inconclusive (Insufficient physiological responses)
• DD  - Deliberately disruptive
False Positive occurs if the truthful subject is reported to be deceptive and False Negative occurs when the deceptive subject is reported to be
truthful.
OTHER SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
A. USE OF WORD ASSOCIATION TEST
A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words is read to the subject who is instructed to answer quickly as possible. The answer
to the questions may be a YES or NO. Unlike the lie detector, the time interval between the words uttered by the examiner and the
answer of the subject is recoded. When the subject is asked questions with reference to his name, address, civil status, nationality,
etc. which has no relation to the subject of the investigation, the tendency is to answer quickly. But when the questions bear some
words, which have to do with the criminal act of the subject the tendency is to delay the answer. The important factor is the time of
response.
B. USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR (Allen Bell Jr & Charles McQuiston)
This measures and graphically displays the voice modulation that we cannot hear.
When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies, and superimposed on this are the audible frequency
modulations, which are product of minute oscillations of the muscles of the voice mechanism. Such oscillations of the muscles are
micro tremors occur at the rate of 8-14 cycles per second and controlled by CNS. When the person is under stress as when in lying,
the micro tremor in the voice utterance is moderately or completely suppressed.
The degree of suppression varies inversely to the degree of psychological stress in the speaker.
When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the questions, those inaudible frequencies are registered clearly on
the instrument. But when a person is under stress, as when lying these frequencies tends to disappear.
ADMINISTRATION OF TRUTH SERUM
In the test, hyoscine hydrodromide is given hypodermically in repeated doses until a state of delirium is induced. When the proper
point is reached, the questioning begins and the subject feels a compulsion to answer the questions truthfully. He forgets his alibi, which
he may have built up cover his guilt. He may give detail of his acts or may even implicate others.
The drug acts as a depressant on the nervous system. Clinical evidence indicate that various segment of the brain particularly the
cortex and the diencephalons are selectively depressed in the reversed order of their evolutionary development.
Statements taken from the subject while under the influence of the serum evolutionarily obtained hence, they are not admissible as
evidence. Because of the potential risk in the application of the procedure, it is seldom used by law enforcement agencies
NARCOANALYSIS OR NARCOSYNTHESIS
It is the same with the method of truth serum the only difference is that the psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is
administered to the subject. Likewise it is inadmissible as evidence.
INTOXICATION WITH ALCOHOL
The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of control mechanism of the brain, so alcohol, like the truth serum and
narcoanalytic drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.
in vino veritas – “in wine there is truth”
Confessions made by the subject while under the influence of alcohol may be admissible if he is physically capable to recollect the
facts that he has uttered after the effects of alcohol have disappeared.
HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a heightened suggestibility while
awareness is maintained.
Not all person is susceptible to hypnosis. Subject who are compulsive- depressive type, strong willed like lawyers, accountants,
physicians and other professionals are usually non-hypnotized.
Reason why hypnosis is not admissible in court:
 it lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis per se in ascertaining the truth from falsity.
 The fear that the trier of fact will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a scientific device without consideration of its flaw in
ascertaining veracity.
  The possibility that the hypnotized person will fabricate.
 The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject is suspended will produced distortion of the
fact rather than the truth
 The state of the mind, skill and professionalism of the examiner are too subjective to permit admissibility of the expert testimony.
SCIENTIFIC INTERROGATION
Interrogation is the questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or a person who are reluctant to make full
disclosure or information in his possession that is pertinent to the investigation.
A suspect is a person whose guilt is considered on reasonable ground to be a practical possibility.
TECHNIQUES IN INTERROGATION
 EMOTIONAL APPEAL
The investigator must create a mood that is conducive to confession. He may be sympathetic and friendly to the subject. The subject
may be willing to disclose more information if he is treated in a kind spirit.
 MUTT AND JEFF TECHNIQUE
(Sweet and Sour Technique) In this technique there must be at least two investigators with opposite character, one (Mutt) who is
arrogant and relentless who knows the subject is guilty and will not waste time in the investigation, and another (Jeff) who is friendly,
sympathetic and kind. When Mutt is not present Jeff will advise the subject to make quick decision and plea for cooperation.
 BLUFF ON SPLIT-PAIR TECHNIQUE
This is applicable where there are 2 or more suspects. All of them are interrogated separately and the results of their individual
statements are not known to one another. While one of them is under interrogation, the interrogator may claim that the author implicated the
subject and that there is no use for him to deny the participation.
 STERN APPROACH
The question must be answered clearly, and the investigator utilizes harsh language. Immediate response from the subject is
demanded.
 The subject is given the opportunity to make a lengthy, time-consuming narration.
There may be a moment when the subject becomes confused and desists from making further statement for fear of contradicting his previous
statement.
Basis of the investigator’s inference that the subject is not telling the truth:
 The subject’s statement has many improbabilities and gaps on its substantial parts.
 the subject’s statement is inconsistent with the material facts.
 The subject’s statement is incoherent, conflicting with one another.
KINDS OF CONFESSION
 EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION
This confession is made outside the court prior to the trial of the case. Sec. 3, Rule 133, Rules of Court - Extra-Judicial confession is
not sufficient ground for conviction unless corroborated by evidence of corpus delicti.
 JUDICIAL CONFESSION
This is a confession of an accused in court. It is conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be mitigating circumstance to
criminal liability.
A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to sustain a conviction of any offense, even a capital one, without
further proof.
Sec.2 , Rule 129, Rules of Court – Judicial Admission: Admissions made by the parties in the pleadings, or in the course of the trial or
other proceedings do not require proof and cannot be contradicted unless previously shown to have been made through palpable mistake
KINDS OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION
 Voluntary Extra-Judicial Confession
The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his free will and accord, without inducement of any kind, and with a full and
complete knowledge of the nature and consequence of the confession,, and when the speaking is so free from influences affecting the will of
the accused, at the time of the confession was made that it renders it admissible in evidence against him.
 Involuntary Extra-Judicial Confession
Confessions obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress, or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
Confessions obtained from the defendant by means of force and violence is null and void, and cannot be used against him at the
trial.
Confession made under the influence of spiritual advice or exhortation is not admissible.
A confession made under the influence of paternal sentiment is not admissible.
CAN A PERSON BE COMPELLED TO BE SUBJECTED TO A LIE DETECTOR TEST?
In as much as the test requires the subject to answer the question either by yes or no, it infers the use of intelligence and
attention or other mental faculties which is self-incriminatory. Therefore, a person CANNOT be compelled to be subjected to the test.
Is Polygraph Examination result admissible in court?
YES, if allowed by the judge. The judge will unlikely to use polygraph test if unaccredited and inexperienced examiner
administered the test. There is great deal of action in the court system today concerning the use of polygraph, the laws are changing rapidly.