REVALIDA MODULE 1 The Science of Identification

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION 1. Dactyloscopy - identification of persons through

examination and comparison of fingerprint. Taken from
A. A FINGERPRINT is a composite of the ridge outlines which
Greek words: (a) Dactylos – a finger; and (b) Skopien – to
appears on the skin surface of the bulbs of the inside of the
examine.
end of joints of the fingers and thumbs.
2. Poroscopy – science of palm print identification.
B. Fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any
3. Chiroscopy – science of palm print identification.
part of the finger.
4. Podoscopy – science of foot print identification.
C. Ridge – literally, the top of long hill.
D. Ducts – these are little pockets underneath the skin where Pattern Interpretation
oils or sweats are carried by small holes to the surface of
1. Arches – 5%
the skin.
2. Loops – 60%
STUDYING FINGERPRINTS 3. Whorls – 35%

A. Purpose of the Study of Fingerprint – to give basic Types of Ridge Formation

knowledge of fingerprint, its use and application.
1. Appendage – A short ridge at the top or summit of a
B. Basic Principles of Fingerprint Science (3 dogmatic
recurve usually at right angle.
Principles)
2. Bifurcating ridges – A single ridge which splits onto two
1. Principle of Individuality (Variation) – there are no
ridges forming a “Y” shape formation or structure.
two fingerprints that are exactly alike unless taken
3. Converging Ridges – Two or more lines forming an angle, a
from the same finger.
ridge whose closed end is angular and serves as a point of
2. Principle of Permanency
convergence.
(Constancy/Perennial/Immutable) – the
4. Core – It is appoint on a ridge formation usually located at
configuration and details of individual ridges remain
the center or heart of a pattern.
constant and unchanging till after the final
5. Creases – Are thin, usually straight narrow white lines
decomposition of the body.
running transversely or formed side to side, across the print
3. Principle of Infallibility – that fingerprint is a reliable
causing the puckering of the ridges.
means of personal identification and all courts
6. Delta or Triradial Point – It a point on the first ridge
accept and adopt fingerprint as a means of personal
formation at or directly in front or near the center of the
identification.
divergence of the type lines.
7. Dissociated Ridges – are unusual ridge structures having no
well-defined patterns; the ridges are extremely short,
appear like a series of “patches” caused by a disturbance of
developmental process at early fetal life of the individuals.
8. Diverging ridges – two ridges running side by side and
suddenly separating, one ridge going one way and the other
ridge, another way.
9. Dot or Series of Dots – they are fragmentary ridges formed
like a dot or dots.
10. Envelop – Is a single recurving ridge enclosing one or more
rods or bars.
11. Fragmentary Ridges – they consist of disconnected
sequences of short ridges embodied intensely.
12. Friction ridges – Are strips of skin on the inside of the end
joints of our fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are
made.
13. Furrows – Are depressions or canals between the ridges
which maybe compared with the low area in a tire tread.
14. Incipient or Nascent Ridge – This is a kind of ridge which is
madly formed, thin, short or broken which appears in the
depressions between two well-formed ridges.
15. Island, Eyelet, lake or Eye – it is a single ridge which
bifurcates where the bifurcating ridges converge at a certain
point to form again into a single ridge.
16. Puckering – as growth ceases at several ends, the ends curl
slightly.
17. Recurving ridge – is a ridge that curves back in the direction
in which it started.
18. Ridge Bridge – This is a connecting ridge between two
ridges.
19. Ridge Ending – It is a termination or ending of ridge or
ridges.
20. Ridge Hook – It is a ridge that divides to form two ridges
which are shorter in length than the main ridge.
21. Rod or Bar – is a single ending ridge at the center of a
recurving ridge of a loop pattern.
22. Short or Series of Short Ridges – they are fragmentary
ridges formed by short or series of short ridges.
23. Shoulder of a loop – It is that point at which the recurving
ridge definitely turns or curves.
24. Spike – an ending ridge at the center of a pattern which
forms the up thrust.
25. Staple – Single recurving ridge at the center of the pattern
area.
26. Sufficient Recurve – The space between shoulders of a loop,
free of any appendage, and a butting at right angle.
27. Up thrust – Is an ending ridge of any length rising a t a
sufficient degree form a horizontal place.
MODULE 2
Type Lines and Pattern Area
1. Type line – basic boundaries of most fingerprints.
2. Pattern area – The part of the fingerprint which lies within
the area surrounded by the type lines.
Divisions of fingerprint Patterns
1. Loops – (a) ulnar and (b) radial
2. Arches – (a) tented and (c) plain
3. Whorl – (a) Plain whorl; (b) Central pocket loop whorl; (c)
Double loop whorl; and (d) Accidental whorl.
Description of Patterns
1. Radial loop (R) derived its name from the radius bone of the
forearm; it is one type of fingerprint patterns in which the
ridges run its direction to the radius bone or to the thumb.
2. Ulnar loop is one type of fingerprint pattern in which the
ridges flow toward the ulnar bone or little finger. Ulnar
loop, therefore derived its name from the ulna bone of the
forearm, or little finger. Its symbol is letter “U” in
classification purposes.
3. Plain whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter W in the
classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which there are two
(2) deltas and in which at least one (1) ridge makes a turn
through one complete circuit, an imaginary line drawn
between the two (2) deltas must touch or cross at least one
(1) of the circuiting whorl ridges within the pattern area.
4. Central Pocket Loop Whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter C
in the classification. It is a fingerprint pattern which for the
most part of a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the
loop ridges, sometimes called a composite pattern, which
means that it is made up of two (2) patterns in one, a whorl
inside a loop. It has two (2) deltas, one of which appears as
the edge of the pattern area, as in plain loop. And one
shows inside the pattern area just below the counterpart
ridges.
5. Double Loop Whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter D in the
classification. A double loop whorl is a pattern consisting of
two (2) separate and distinct loop formations. One of the
loops surrounds or overlaps the other, also called
COMPOSITE PATTERN, like the central pocket loop whorl.
6. Accidental Whorl, defined: Symbolized by letter X in the
classification. It is a pattern which is a combination of two or
more different types of pattern except in the PLAIN ARCH.
7. Plain Arch, defined: Symbolized by letter A in the
classification.
8. Tented Arches, define: Symbolized by letter T in the
classification. It is a variety of arch family, but their ridge
formations are not so simple as those of the plain arch.
EQUIPMENTS USED IN PREPARATION FOR TAKING FINGERPRINT
USING SLAB AND ROLLER METHOD
1. INKING PLATE
2. CARD HOLDER
3. ROLLER
4. INK
Chance Impressions, defined:
These are fingerprints which are imprinted by mere chance or
without any intention to produce the print. Chance print may be:
1. Plastic impression – impressions made by chance on
cellophane tapes or any plastic materials.
2. Visible prints – impressions made by chance and visible
without chemical treatment.
3. Latent prints – impressions in which are visible grossly but
made visible by the addition of some substances. These are
fingerprints found at the scene of a crime.
HOW TO COLLECT CHANCE FINGERPRINTS
1. SOLID METHOD (POWDER METHOD)
2. POWEDERING METHOD
3. LIFTING METHOD
Method of development (collection) 3. Sub-secondary
4. Final
1. Method of Restoration
5. Major
2. GAS METHOD
6. Key
3. LIFTING METHOD
4. FLAME METHOD
5. MOLDING METHOD
6. PROTOGRAPHING METHOD
7. DEVELOPMENT WITH LASERS
8. LATENT FINGERPRINTS ON HUMAN SKIN

STEPS IN CLASSIFICATION

1. Recording
2. Interpretation
3. Blocking
4. Classification

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER IN CLASSIFYING

FINGERPRINTS

1. Division
2. Numerical
3. Non-numerical
4. Fingerprint analysis
5. Classification formula
6. Filling
7. Pockets
8. Searching
9. Denominator

DIVISIONS OF THE PURE HENRY SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

1. Primary
2. Secondary and small letter groups