SOUTHWAY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(SOCOTECH)
Barangay 3, San Francisco,
www.socotech.edu.ph

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Effective A.Y. 2021-2022

Course Code: LEA1

Course Title : Police Organization and Administration (Inter-Agency)

Credit Credits : 4 units

Course Description: The course focuses on the study of police organization and
administration as an integral function in police service.

Title 1: Police Organization and Administration (Inter-Agency)

Topic 1: Historical Background of Police Organization

Time Frame: 48 hours
Introduction: Law enforcement is an agency responsible for the enforcement of the
laws. A program that prepares individuals to apply theories and
practices of organization management and criminal justice to the
administration of public law enforcement agencies operations. It
includes instruction in Law Enforcement history theory, operational
command leadership administration.

ILos: At the end of the module, the student are expected;

1. Distinguish various policing system during Middle-Ages including
its diverse resolution for law breakers.
2. Identify different persons involved and police forces in the
development of policing system.
3. Differentiate the distinction of the laws in the development of police
organization.
4. Appropriately recite the PNP ranks in the previous ands present.
5. Appreciate the value of policing system in maintaining peace and
order.

Pre-Test: Available to Learning Management System

Instruction: Read and comprehend the lesson thoroughly. All the quizzes, assignments,
recitation during virtual classes, especially Midterm Examination were anchored from this
lesson.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

It is important for future police officers/law enforcers to familiarize themselves to the
various innovations, revisions of laws, rules, regulations and policies related to police organizations
to enable them to understand the present day problems with the law enforcement administration
and organizations.

It is divided into:

 Early beginnings
 The Epitome of Police Service in the Philippines

The Early Beginnings

The term “Law Enforcer” originated in Rome, during the time of Roman Empire. The city
limits are guarded by Roman soldiers carefully “Caesar” from the Roman legions called the
Centurions whose main task is to maintain internal peace and order, to arrest all violators of law,
and to defend and protect the city of Rome. Initially peace officers now are known as police officers.
The term Police was derived from the Roman word POLITIA, which means condition of
the state, government and administration. Politia originated from the Greek word POLITEIA
which means government, citizenship, and the entire activity of a polis in a city. French change the
word to POLICE and used it to those authorized people who actually enforce the law. COP is also
used to describe a police officer. In England they use the word COPPER or COP originated from the
phrase “Chief of Police”, “Constable on Patrol or some trace the word from the copper badge that
early policemen wore in New York. However, it is more likely that it originated from the European
word “COP’ or to “SEIZE”. Regardless of their origin, it is interesting to note that the words police,
cop, constable, and patrol all belong from French. The French “patroullier” referred to the phrase
“to go through puddles”.

The Epitome of Police Service in the Philippines

Policing System during middle Ages

A. ANGLO -SAXON PERIOD

1. Thanes Policing System. - It was introduced by King Alfred the Great. A type of internal police
force where landowners throughout the kingdom were responsible to police force their own
territory.
2. Frankpledge Policing System - This policing system was carried out under a system of mutual
pledge. Every male over 12 years old joined 9 of his neighbors to form Tythingmen. Policing
responsibility lies on the hands of the citizens.

3. Tun Policing System - This policing system required all male residents to guard the town to
preserve peace and order, protect the life and property of the people and suppress others factor
affecting peace and order. Tun was the forerunner of the word town.

4. Hue and Cry Policing System - Complainant or victim will go to middle of the community and
shout out to call all male residents to assemble. Once heard, male residents will automatically
assemble to after the criminal and apprehend him.
5. Royal Judge System - The Royal Judge conducts criminal investigation and gives appropriate
punishment for the crime committed. It started the identification of criminals.
6. Trial by Ordeal - It requires a suspect to put his hand over boiling water or is required to
perform any other act which may hurt him. If he was hurt, the society considered him guilty;
otherwise, he was not considered guilty. This was in accordance with the belief by the people
before that God will protect the innocent one from being hurt.

B. NORMAN PERIOD- 1066-1285

1. Shire-Reeve System- It was observed during the time when King William Norman became
the ruler of England. King Norman divided the kingdom into 55 military district known
as Shire-reeves. Shire- used to refer to a district. Reeve- used to refer to the ruler of the district
who made laws, rendered judgement, and imposed penalties. Traveling Judge was held responsible in
deciding cases that were taken from Shire-Reeves due to some abuses.
 Each shire is the responsibility of a reeve who is also responsible to their King. The reeve was later
called Sheriff.
 Each shire was broken into hundred (100 households) headed by a Hundredman, later
known as High Constable.
 Each hundred was divided into tythings (10 families) headed by Tythingman or Chief
Tythingman who served as a constable and judge. He was later replaced by a constable in the
12th century.

2. Court of the Tourn - It settles a range of cases, more often dealing with petty offenses and
civil matters. From the court, 12 tythingmen were selected to hear serious cases.

3. Court Leet - To handle local legal matters in some, but all, communities, the normans established
the court Leet which looked rare matters purely local interest and petty village nuisances.
The head of the court was appointed by the king to be responsible in keeping peace and order in a
specific area. This appointee was, however, under the responsibility of local officials who could
petition to remove him if he did not perform his job properly. Comes Stable became Constable
which is used today to refer to members of the police force.

4. Legis Henrie - This Law was passed during the time of King Henry I which imposed the following
features; Law violations were classified as public officials. Policemen were considered as public
officials. The police and the citizens were given the power to conduct arrest. Grand Jury was created
to inquire on the facts of the law.

5. Keepers of the Peace- It was issued by King Richard of England in 1195. It requires the
appointment of knights to keep the King's peace. The knights were posted on bridges and gates to
check the people entering and leaving the town or cities.

6. Magna Carta (Great Charter) - It was sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215 which
became law upon the demand of the Knights of the Round Table.
It declared the following:
• No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed, outlawed,
or bowedexcept by legal judgement of his peers.
• No person should be tried for murder unless there is no proof of
the body ofthe victim
• There should be national and local government as well as the
national andlocal legislation.

C. WESTMINSTER PERIOD (1285-1500)

1. Statute of Winchester (1285) - It was enacted for law and order. This law introduced the Watch
and Ward system.
2. Statute of 1295 - It began the closing of the gates of London during sunset. This started the
observation of the curfew hours.
3. Justice of The Peace - This was a position given to a respected citizen, who has the power to
arrest,pursue and imprison offenders.
4. Star Chamber Court - This was established as a special court that tried offenders against the state.
Later on, it became both a court of law to determine civil rights and court of revenue to enrich
treasury.

D. MODERN PERIOD (17th -19th Century) in England

1. KING CHARLES II of England, 1663, a law that provided for the employment of Night
Watchmen or Bellmen called CHARLIES to be on duty from sunset to sunrise. They carried long
staves and dimly lit lanterns. They were often called “shiver and shake” because many were old and would
run if they see trouble, or heard a cry for help. Some were not honest who often times worked for criminals.

2. HENRY FIELDING, 1748, became the Chief Magistrate at Bow street in London, organized the
BOW STREET RUNNERS (Thief Catchers) and later formed the Bow Street Horse patrol whose
duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers from highwaymen or highway
bandits.
3. SIR ROBERT PEEL (Father of Modern Policing System), 1829 established the LONDON
METROPOLITAN POLICE which became the world's first modern organized police force. Peels
police were called “Peel’s Bloody Gang”, “Blue Devils”, and Dirty Papists”. It was later called
SCOTLAND YARD.

E. FRENCH POLICE SYSTEM

 During the Roman Empire, France was the Roman Province, Gaul. French adopted Augustus Caesar’s
idea of police by giving them broad powers such as price control, welfare, public morals, and even
sitting in judgement of these offenders. These duties are now called “civil” matters and duties.

 In 16th century, Paris has two patrols, the citizen night guard and the Royal Guard. Saint- Louis gave
them the motto that is in the modern French police emblem which says, “Vigilat ut Quiescant”
translated “He watches that they may sleep.”

 During the 17th century, King Luis XIV maintained a small central police organization
consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of private individuals.

 In paris the position Officers De Paix was formed in 1791 this was the origin of the term peace
officers. They wore no uniform but they were identified through a “warrant card”

 The French were the first to established uniformed police officers- they were called Sergent de Ville
(Servant of the city). They wore blue uniforms and carried canes in day time and sabres at night.

 Other contributions of the French in the development of policing system were:

a. Conceiving street signs
b. Assigning house numbers
c. Installing street lighting
d. Creating emergency and rescue services
e. Use of police ambulances
f. Use of “warrant card” and ID signifying authority to arrest.

F. AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM

1. Rattlewatch -It was organized in New York, Philadephia and Boston which was similar to thenight
watchmen in London created during the reign of King Charles II. They carried rattles while on duty
to inform the public of their watchful presence.

EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

Spanish Period
The police force was considered as a part of the military system by the Spanish government.
The locally organized police forces, although performing civil duties and seemingly created for the
sole purpose of maintaining peace, were in fact directly commanded by the colonial military
government.

Police Functions During The Spanish Regime Consisted Mainly In:

 The suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas
 Enforcement of tax collection , including church revenues
 Looking into the work and movement of the people.

A. Police Forces Organized During The Spanish Regime:

1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico (Mounted Police)-1712- It was organized for the purpose
of carrying out the policies of the Spanish Government. It was given the special commission as
custodian of the tobacco monopoly. It was later known as Cuerpo de Carabineros de Siguridad
Publica by virtue of Royal Decree on December 20, 1842. Its duties became police-like and more
general including the prosecution of law breakers, maintenance of peace, order, and security, and the
vigilance on the execution of laws and ordinance of good government.

2. GuardriIIeros (January 8, 1836)- A body of rural police organized in each town which
composed of 5% of the able- bodied male inhabits of each town or province, enlisted to serve
for 3 years. The duties of this local police were to make patrol and carry mails times, to guard dark
and unsafe places and to guard the tribunal and prison houses.

3. Guardia Civil (February 12, 1852)- It partially relieved the Spanish peninsular Troops of their
works in policing towns. It consisted of a body a Filipino Policemen organized originally in each
of the provincial capitals of the central provinces of Luzon under the AlcaIde (Governor).

B. JAPANESE OCCUPATION

1. Kempetai- Japanese Military Police held responsible in maintaining peace and order in Manila and
adjacent areas until Gen. Douglas McArthur returned on Feb. 7, 1945. Specially trained in
interrogation methods, its task was crush all resistance to military rule and it had power to arrest
and extract information from civilians and military alike.

Methods of Interrogation
Those arrested by the Kempetai were presumed guilty and had a little option for receiving
help and no appeal for clemency. Tortures were executed to the limit of human endurance or to the
point of death with survivors attesting to these various methods.

Corporal beatings- This involved metal bars, sticks, bamboo, wet knotted ropes, belts with
buckles are revolver butts.
Water Torture- The victim was tied and placed on his back cloth placed over his nose and
mouth. Water was then poured on the cloth as interrogation proceeded.
Electric Torture- Electric shocks were administered to various parts of the body.
Burning-The victim was burnt with cigarette butts and cheroots ends, petrol and methylated
spirits on sensitive parts of the body like the arm pits between the toes, on the scrotum and
penis.
 Discolation of Limbs- The victims limbs were twisted and fingers bent backwards causing
dislocation and permanent damage to limbs and joints.
Psychological torture- The victim was led to believe that his/her execution either by
shooting or beheading was imminent and advised to write a letter of
farewell.
Threats to families- Threats were made to wives and families of the victim.

2. Manila Police Department- during the first American occupation was renamed into
Metropolitan Constabulary under Bureau of Constabulary.

C. Police Service during American Occupation Until World War II Broke Out
1. Insular Police Force (November 30, 1890)- It was established during the Filipino-American
war(1898-1901) upon the recommendation of the Philippine commission to the secretary of war.

2. Insular Constabulary- It was created by virtue of Act No. 175 otherwise known as “An act
Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary“. The members
were declared peace officers and were authorized and empowered to prevent and suppress
brigandage, unlawful assembles, riots, insurrections and other breaches of the peace and violations
of law.

3. Manila Police Department (MPD)-July 31, 1901- It was organized by virtue of Act No. 183 of
the Philippine Commission.

 Capt. George Curry- a U.S. Army Officer appointed by the TAFT Commission on August 7,
1901 as the first chief of Police.
 Capt. Columbus Piatt - last American Chief of Police of MPD before World War II broke
out.

4. Philippine Constabulary (October 3, 1901)- Insular Constabulary was changed to Philippine

Constabulary by Virtue of Act No. 255.

 Brig/ Gen Henry T. Allen- First Chief of the Philippine Constabulary from 1901-1907 such
that he was called as the father of Constabulary in the Philippines. It was mostly manned
by Filipinos but officers were mostly Americans. Based on Revised Administrative Code of
1917, specifically Section 825, it stated that the Philippine Constabulary is National
Police institution for preserving the peace, keeping order and enforcing the law.

5. Revised Administrative code of 1917, a year before world War I (August 1914 to November
1918) ended. In Section 825 of this law, it stated that the Philippine Constabulary is a National Police
Institution for preserving the peace keeping order and enforcing the law.

 Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame- First Filipino Chief of police. He served as the PC

from 1917-1927.

6. Repulic Act no. 3815, January 1, 1932- Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.
7. Act no. 181, November 1938- creation of a Bureau of Investigation, the modification of the
Division of Investigation from the Department of Justice. Finally, on June 19, 1947, R.A no. 175
created the National Bureau of Investigation.

 Col. Antonio C. Torres- first Filipino COP when MPD became an all Filipino police
organization ; declared Manila as an open city when World War II broke out in 1941; during
the World War II, MPD was placed again under the American control.

 Col. Marcus Ellis Jones- A U.S. Provost Marshall who was named as MPD Chief of Police
just after the Manila Liberation.

 Col. Lamberto T. Javalera- the first Filipino COP of MPD appointed by Pres.
Roxas under Republic Government.

D. After the World War II, Relevant Laws to the Police Service in the Philippines:

1. Republic Act no. 2678, 1960- provided the expansion and reorganization of the NBI. This law
established that the NBI is both an investigative and research service agency.

2. Rules of Court, January 1, 1964- it was construed in order to promote the broad objective of the
criminal justice system and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy and inexpensive
determination of every legal action and proceeding.

3. Republict Act No. 4864, September 18, 1966- POLICE ACT OF 1966 which created the office
of the POLICE COMMISSION (later called National Police Commission under the office of the
President). Originally, the POLCOM was created as a supervisory agency to the PC. Its function was
to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces. Through this law,
reformation and professionalization of the police service gained official recognition.

4. Presidential Decree No. 765, August 8, 1975- stipulated that the Office of the NAPOLCOM
should be under the office of Ministry of National Defense. It defined also the relationship between
the Integrated National Police and the Philippine Constabulary. It is otherwise known as the
Integration Law 1976. The Integrated National Police (INP) was composed of the Philippine
constabulary as the nucleus, and the integrated police forces (Police, Fire & Jail Services) as
components under the Department of National Defense. The INP was responsible for public safety,
protection of lives and properties, enforcement of laws and maintenance of peace and order within
the territorial limits of the Philippines. It was also responsible to prevent crimes, affect and arrest of
criminal offenders and provide for their detention and rehabilitation, take necessary measures to
prevent and control fires, investigate the commission of all crimes and offenses and bring the
offenders to justice, and take all necessary steps to insure public safety. This was in compliance with
the provision of Section 12, Article 15 of the 1973 Philippine Constitution.

5. Republic Act No. 6975 or DILG Act of 1990 and later recognized as PNP Law of 1991,
December 13, 1990 under President Corazon Aquino- created the Philippine National Police and
declared it to be the only police force of the country with national in scope and civilian in
character.
Review and Concepts:
1. Police- a body of civil officers, especially in a city, organized under authority to maintain order and
enforce law; the department of government that maintains and enforces law and order, and prevents,
detects, or deals with crime. It also refers to those persons who actually enforce the law.

2. Organize- to bring together or form as a whole or combination, as for common objective; and to
arrange systematically or orderly.

3. Organization- the act of bringing together or forming as a whole or combination, for a common
objective; or a number of individuals systematically untied for some end for work. Also refers to the
mechanism by which administration directs, coordinates and controls its business. It is the very
foundation of administration. It seeks to know ‘who is to do what is to be done”.

4. Police Organization- the body or group of civil officers tasked to maintain peace and order and
enforce the laws.

5. Administer- to have the change or direction of.

6. Administration- the management of public affairs; the government as existing, or the persons
collectively who compose it especially its executive department.

7. Police Administration- the organizational process concerned with the implementation of

objectives and plans and internal operating efficiency of the police department.

8. Manage- to direct or conduct the affairs or interests of.

9. Management- the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.

References:
Manwong, Rommel & Delizo, Darlito. (2006). Law Enforcement Administration. A textbook in
Criminology. RK Manwong Publications.

Anderson, Lydia & Bolt,Sandra. (2011).Professionalism: Skills for Workplace success. 2nd Edition.
Prentice Hall. New Jersey
Cole, Kris. (2015). Management: Theory and Practice. Pearson- Prentice Hall.
Swanson, Charles, et.al. (1993) Police Administration: Structures, Processes and Behavior. 3 rd
Edition. McMillan Publishing Company.
Swanson,Charles, et. al. (2001) Police Administration: Structures, Processes and Behavior. 5th
Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Internet

www.napolcom.gov.ph
www.ppsc.gov.ph

www.dilg.gov.ph