18

8
Complex Numbers

8-1 Imaginary Operator j

2
An algebraic equations, such as ( x  2x  5  0 ), does not have a real
solution but with the definition of the imaginary operator:

j  1
this equation can have the following solution,

x 2  2x  5  0  x  1  1  5  1   4  1   1 4  1  j2
8-2 Imaginary Number
We can see that the solution of the above equation is equal to a real number
plus a real number multiplied by the imaginary operator j.
A real number, multiplied by the imaginary operator j is called an imaginary
number. The following are other examples for imaginary numbers:

j5 ,  j 100 , j 3 , j log 315 , ………

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8-3 Complex Number

The sum of a real number ( a ) and an imaginary number jb is called a
complex number A:
A  a  jb
Where a is called "Real Part" and b is called "Imaginary part":

a = Re { A } , b  Im{ A }
Note that Real numbers are a special case of complex numbers, where a
real number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero, for
example:

6  6  j0 ,  12   12  0 j , log 520  log 520  j0 …

8-4. Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

Since a complex number has a real part and an imaginary part, it is not
possible to represent it as a point on a horizontal straight line but it may be
represented as a point on a plane called "Complex Plane" .
The real part is equal to the horizontal distance between the origin point
and the point representing the complex number and the imaginary part is
equal to the vertical distance between the origin and the point, representing
the complex number.

Example 8-1 Draw the following two complex numbers on the complex plane

M  3 2j N  23j
Solution:

Fig.8.1
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8-5 Equality of two complex numbers

A complex number A  a  jb is equal to a complex number B  c  jd , if
their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are also equal:

ac , bd
8-6 Conjugate Complex Number
The only difference between a complex number: A  a  jb , and its
*
conjugate complex number ( A ) is the sign of the imaginary part:
*
A  a  jb
8-7 Operations with Complex Numbers
Any operation with complex numbers will always result in one complex
number with one real part and one imaginary part

Example 8-2 If A  3  j4 , B  42j

obtain the result of each of the following operations:

*
A B , A B , A* B , A/ B , A/ B
Solution: A  B = 3  j 4 + 4  2 j =7  2 j

A  B = 3  j4 - 4  2 j =  1  6 j

A* B = ( 3  j 4 ) ( 4  2 j ) = 12  6 j  16 j  8  20  10 j

A 34j ( 3  4 j )( 4  2 j ) 12  6 j  16 j  8
= = = = 0.2  1.1 j
B 4  2 j ( 4  2 j )( 4  2 J ) 20

A 34j ( 3  4 j )( 4  2 j ) 12  6 j  16 j  8
= = = = 1  0.5 j
B
* 42j ( 4  2 j )( 4  2 J ) 20

8-8 . Exponential and Polar-Forms of Complex Numbers

If we draw a straight line from the origin point to the point which represents
the complex number then we can represent the complex number in terms of
the length of the straight line A (Magnitude) and the phase angle  between
the magnitude and the real axis as shown in Fig.8-8.

Fig. 8-8
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The representation of the complex number in terms of A and  is called:

"Exponential form" or "Polar form", which can be obtained from the Cartesian
form as follows:

A  a  jb  A cos   jA sin   A(cos   j sin  )  Ae j = A

A = a  jb (Cartesian Form)

A = Ae j (Exponential Form)

A = A (Polar Form)

A  a 2  b2 ,  = tan 1 ( b / a )
8-9 . Equality of two complex numbers
Two complex numbers:

A = Ae j A , B = B e j B
are equal, if their magnitudes and phase angles are equal:

A B , A = B
Example 8-3 Convert the following two complex numbers to the exponential
form and polar form:

V1 = 43j , V2 = 43j

Solution : V1 = 4 2  ( 3 )2 = 5 ,  1 = tan 1 ( 3 / 4 )  36.9 o

o
V1 = 5 e  j 36.9 = 5  36.9 o
Since the real part of V2 is negative, we have to write it and carry out the
conversion as follows:
o o o
V 2  4  3 j  ( 4  3 j )  V 1  e  j 180 V 1  e  j 180 5 e  j 36.9
o o
V 2  5 e j 143.1  5143.1o  5 e  j 216.9  5  219.9 o
j 30 o
Example 8-4 Convert the complex number I  10e to the Polar- and
Cartesian forms
o
Solution: I  10e j 30  10 30o  10 cos 30o  j 10 sin 30o  5 3  j 5
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Example 8-5 Find A * B and A / B in the Exponential-, Polar, and Cartesian

form, if
o
A  15e j 53.1 , B  43j
Solution:
o o o o
A * B = 15e j 53.1 ( 4  3 j ) = 15e j 53.1 * 5 e  j 36.9 = 75e j 16.2

A* B = 7516.2 o = 75 cos 16.2 o  j75 sin 16.2 o  72  j 20.9

j 53.1 o 1 j 36.9 o j 90 o
A / B = 15e * e  3e  390o  3 j
5
8-10 Graphical -Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division
of Complex Numbers
-- Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers can be performed as if they
were vectors.
-- Multiplication is carried out by drawing a magnitude equal to the
magnitude of the first complex number multiplied by the magnitude of the
second complex number and drawing a phase angle equal to the
algebraic sum of the individual phase angles.
-- Division is carried out by drawing a magnitude equal to the magnitude of
the first complex number divided by the magnitude of the second complex
number and by drawing a phase angle equal to the difference of the
individual phase angles, such as in the following example:

Example 8-6
Given A 3 j , B 22j

Draw each of the following operations:

A B , A B , A* B , A/ B
Solution:
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Fig. 8-6

8-11 Problems
8-11-1 Obtain the simplest Cartesian form for each of the following complex
numbers:

A  ( 1  3 j )( 2  j ) , B  2  j  ( 3  j )( 1  j )

2 j
1 j 
1 j ( 1  j )10
C , D , E  ( 1  j )10  ( 1  j )10
( 1  j )( 2  j ) ( 1  j )20
8-11-2 Obtain the magnitude and phase angle for each of the complex
numbers given in problem no 8-11-1.

8-11-3 Obtain the Cartesian form for each of the following complex numbers:

A  5 30o , B  1245o , C  390o

D  4  30o , E  2  150o , F  6 120o

8-11-4 Obtain the Cartesian form for each of the following complex numbers:

A  4 e j / 4 , B  2e j / 3 , C  5 e  j / 2
o o o
D  6 e j 60 , E  3e  j 45 , F  2e  j 150
8-11-5 Given:
A = 52j , B = 36j , C = 43j
Obtain the result of each of the following operations in Cartesian form:

BC , 4 A  2 B  3C , j C ( A  B )2
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* * * *
A Re{ B }  B Re{ A } , [( A  A )( B  B )]* , ( 1 / A )  ( 1 / B )
8-11-6 Given:
A 43j , B   j , C  ( 1  3 j )*
Draw each of the following operations on the complex plane

AC
A B , A B , A* B ,
B