GEC 210 : ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS

OLABODE SANMI
Department of Petroleum Engineering,
PART 6: COMPLEX
Covenant University, Ota
Nigeria
NUMBERS.
 PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
COURSE CONTENT.
1. Real and Imaginary parts of a complex number
2. The complex plane.
3. Terminology and Notation.
4. Complex Algebra
5. De’Moivre’s Theorem
6. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers.
7. Euler’s Formula
8. Elementary Functions of a Complex Variable.
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

RECOMMENDED TEXTS
1. MODERN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS FOURTH EDITION BY GYLN
JAMES
2. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS BY STROUD K.A
3. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHS BY KRESZIG
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

INTRODUCTION
Consider the two graphed equations below.
yx 2
x2 y  x2  x  2
y y
6 10
2
y=x -x-2 y = x2 - x + 2
4 8
6
2
4
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 2
-2
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

The roots of the first (left) are x = 2 and x = -1 these roots are on the x-intercept
and are real roots for the equation y  x  x  2
2
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

𝒂 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎

𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐,
𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = −𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟐
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒚 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂
b b2 4ac
x 2a
1 7 7  1  0.5  1.323  1
x 2
 12  2
 12  27   1
But the square root of -1 would not yield a real number; this radical
we denote as  1  j and the numbers x  0.5  j 1.323 and
x  0.5  j 1.323 as the complex roots of the equation .
 PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex Number Definition

Hence, the variable z denoted by an expression of the form
z  xj y
is a complex variable. x is called the real part of z, written as “Re z = x”; y is
called the imaginary part of z written as “Im z = y.”

E.g. the following shows a complex number:

z  0.5  j 1.323
  
complex real part imaginary part
number Re z Im z
With complex numbers every polynomials have a root.
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• Powers of j
Since j   1 let us consider some powers of j
j  j
1
1 j3  j2  j  1  j   j

j 
2
 1   1  1 j5  j4  j1  1  j  j

j  j
4
    1
2 2 2
1

Hence, powers of j repeats itself at every blocks of four such that

jn  4  jn
E.g. j  j 27
   j   j  j

4 6
163

24 107 3. j17 .
Exercise: Evaluate 1 . j ; 2. j ;
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Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

To compute the addition or subtraction of complex
numbers just collect like terms.
Example 1: Evaluate z = z1+z2 given;
z1  2  j4 ; z 2  5  j2
Solution: to evaluate z=z1+z2 collect like terms
z   2  5  j4  2   z  3  j6
Example 2: Evaluate z = z1-z2 given;
z1  6  j8 ; z2  3  j2
Solution: for z=z1-z2 also collect like terms
z  6  3  j8   2   z  3  j10
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• Multiplication of complex numbers

Multiply complex numbers like binomials (you can use
FOIL“first, outer, inner, last.”)
Example 3: Evaluate z = z1×z2 given;
z1  2  j3 ; z2  5  j
z   2  j35  j
Solution: the product
 z  2  5  j2  j3  5   j2 3 now j2  1  
 z  10  j 2  15  3  13  j13
Example 4: Compute the product z  8  j63  j2 
Solution: z  8  3   j8  2   j6  3   j2 6  2 
 24  j 16  18  12 36  j2
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• classwork
1. Simplify i  j2 ; ii  j9 ; iii  j60 ; iv  j31;
2. Compute:
i  2 - j7   4  j3 ; ii  3  j2  3  j2;
iii 4  j3  4  j3; iv 5  j4   3  j2   4  j3  .
3. Express in the form a + j b :

i  2 - j7 4  j3 
ii  3  j23  j2
iii 4  j34  j3
iv 5  j4 3  j2 4  j3 
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• Complex conjugates

Thus far our multiplication of complex numbers have produced complex

numbers:
 2  j 35  j  13  j13; and 8  j 63  j 2  36  j 4 .
However evaluating  2  j 3 2  j 3 we have;
 2  j2  3  j3  2  j 3  4  9  13
2 2 2

Also evaluating 8  j 68  j 6 we have;

8  j8  6  j6  8  j 6  64  36  100
2 2 2

Both instances of multiplication yield real number results. Hence we refer to

 2  j 3 as the conjugate of  2  j 3
and8  j 6 as the conjugate of 8  j 6
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• Complex conjugates cont’d

Thus for a complex number a+jb the conjugate is given as a - jb
Also, the product of two complex conjugates always produce a real number
given by
a  j b  a  j b  a 2  b2
Hence, the product
4  j 6  4  j 6  4 2  6 2  52
Also;
2  j 5 2  j 5  22  52  29

Exercise: Multiply these with conjugate

i  3  j2 ; ii 5  j 3; iii  1  j ; iv  u  jv  .
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PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Division of complex numbers.

To divide a complex number by a real number use distributive law of
division; e.g.
6 j8
2
 6
2
 j8
2
 3  j4
However, to divide one complex number by another complex number multiply
both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator
(or divisor). This converts the divisor to a real number!
8 j6
Example 5: Simplify
3 j2
Solution: 8 j6  8 j6  3 j2  8 j6
 3 j2
3 j2 3 j2 3 j2 32  22
24 j 34 12 34  0.923  j2.615
 13
 12
13
 j 13
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• Division of complex numbers: class work

Simplify
5  j3 9  j3
1. 2  j5
5. 5 j4

5  j3 7  j4
2. 5  j3
6. 6  j3

5  j3 10  j9
3. 5  j3
7. 7  j8

5  j32
4.
3  j22

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• Polar forms of complex numbers

Given a complex number z = x + jy this can be graphically represented (in
polar form) as
0z is the vector of z = x + jy;
Y
10

8
z r = length of vector
6
 = angle with 0X
j r y
4

02 θ r2  x2  y2  r  x2  y2
0 x
0 2 4 x 6 8 10

y 1 y
and tan      tan x x
also x  r cos  and y  r sin θ
z  x  jy  z  r cos   jr sin θ  rcos   j sin θ 
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• Polar forms of complex numbers

Thus to express a complex number z = x + jy in polar form do the
following
1. Do a quick sketch (helpful to know quadrant)
10
Y
8
z
6
2. Evaluate
j r y
4
r x2  y2
2
θ x
00
0
x 6
2 84 10
1 y
3. Compute   tan x
Mind the quadrant!
4. Assemble z  x  jy  z  rcos   j sin θ 
is the required polar form of the complex number.
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• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

z  rcos   j sin θ  is called the polar form of the

complex number
z = x + jy
r is called the modulus of the
complex number z or “mod z” or
simply |z|


is called the argument of the
complex number z or “arg z”; 
may be in radian or degree

Example 6: Express z = 4 + j3 in polar form

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• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

Solution: Given z  4  j3
1. Quick sketch (shows we are in 1st quadrant)
Y
3.5
3
z 2. Evaluate
2.5
j 2
r
1.5
1
3 r 42  32
0.5 θ 4 r  25  5
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5

3. Compute   tan1 43  36.87 1st quadrant!

4. Assemble z  4  j3  z  5cos 36.87  j sin 36.87
Note: to convert polar form to z = x + jy evaluate the cosine and sine
then multiply by value of r.
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• Polar forms of complex numbers cont’d

Example 7: Express z  4  j3 in polar form
Solution: Given z  4  j3
1
Y
-4 2. Evaluate
-x 0 X

 42   32
-5 -4 -3 -2
θ -1 0 1

-3
-1
r
-2
r -j
z -3 r  25  5
-4
-Y

3. 3rd quadrant    tan1 3

 180  36.87  216.87
4
4. Assemble z  4  j3
 z  5cos 216.87  j sin 216.87
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• Class work on Polar forms of complex numbers

Express in polar form

1. 5  j3
2. 8  j3
3. 3  j2
4. 5  j7
5.  2  j7
6.  5  j7
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• Polar forms and negative angles

Polar form: z  r cos   j sin 

When  is negative; z  r cos   j sin 

Now, cos   cos 

and sin    sin 
 z  r cos   j sin 
for negative angles
Uses: Negative angles are convenient when  is greater 1800; e.g.

z  r cos 310  j sin 310  r cos 50  j sin 50

 z  r cos 50  j sin 50
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• Polar complex operations

Let: z1  r1 cos 1  j sin 1 
z2  r2 cos θ2  j sin θ2 
z3  r3 cos θ3  j sin θ3 
Then the followings can be verified using basic complex operations and
trigonometric identities;
1. Multiplication
z1  z2  r1r2 cos1  2   j sin1  2 
Also,

z1  z 2  z 3  r1 r2 r3 cos 1  2  3  j sin  1  2  3  
2. Division
z1

r1
   
cos 1   2  j sin 1   2 
z 2 r2
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• Polar complex operations cont’d

Example: If z1  15cos 65  j sin 65

z2  2cos 15  j sin15
1. Multiplying: z3  5cos 38  j sin 38
z1  z2  15  2cos65  15  j sin65  15
 30cos 80  j sin 80 And

z1  z2  z3  150cos 118  j sin 118

2. From Division rule

 cos65  15   j sin65  15   7.5cos 50  j sin 50

z1 15
z2 2
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• Classwork
1. (a) Simplify by using negative angles
i . z  2.6 cos 345 j sin 345  ii . z  13 cos 285 j sin 285 
(b) Express in proper polar form of z  r  cos  j sin  
i. z  7 cos 20 j sin 20  ii . z  3 cos 5 j sin 5 
2. Given z1  17 cos 28 j sin 28  ; and z2  4 cos 59 j sin59
(a) Express in the form z  r  cos  j sin  
i . z1 z2 ; ii . zz1 ; iii . z2 ; iv . 1
z1
.
2 z1
(b) Express in the form z  a  jb
i . z1; ii . z2 ; iii . z1 z2 ; iv . z1
.
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• Powers of complex numbers cont’d

From: z1  r1 cos 1  j sin 1 
z1  2 z1  z1  r1r1 cosθ1  θ1   j sinθ1  θ1 
 r12 cos 2θ1  j sin 2θ1 
Similarly,
z1   z1  z1  z1  r1 cos 31  j sin 31 
3 3

These lead to De Moivre’s Theorem which states that

z1
n
 
 r 
1 cos n1  j sin n1
n

Example: Using z1  15cos 65  j sin 65
z1   154 cos4  65  j sin4  65
4

 z1   50625cos 260  j sin 260

4

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• Roots of complex numbers.

1. General Roots: Let z  r  cos   j sin  

z  z 2  cos 12   360k   j sin 12   360k  
1 1
r2
k  0 ,1;   hereis in degree
 
1
3 cos 1   360k   j sin 1   360k 
1
3
z z 3  r 3 3
k  0 ,1 ,2;   alsoin degree
 
1
n  r n cos 1   360k   j sin 1   360k 
1
n
z  z n n
k  0 ,1,2  n  1;    , use 2k insteadof 360k for  in rad 
By the above, a complex number therefore has;
2. square roots separated by 360 ; 3. cube roots separated by360 ;
2 3
n nth roots separated by 360 .
n
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• General roots cont’d

z  81cos 20  j sin 20
Example 2: Given

 
1 1
4
z z4  81 4 cos 1  20 360k   j sin 1  20 360k 
4 4
k  0 ,1 ,2 ,3;  four roots

k  0 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3600   j sin 1  20 3600  
 
4 4
k  1 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3601  j sin 1  20 3601

 
4 4
k  2 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3602   j sin 1  20 3602 

 
4 4
k  3 ;  4 z  3 cos 1  20 3603   j sin 1  20 3603 
4 4
the 4 4th roots are i. 3cos 5 j sin 5; ii . 3cos 95 j sin 95 ;
iii. 3cos185 j sin 185; iv. 3cos 275 j sin 275.
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• 2. principal roots
This is the root whose vector (graphical representation of the polar form - §5.3) is
closest to the positive OX axis.
E.g. 1. z  81 cos 20 j sin 20 
Principal z  9 cos 10 j sin 10  ; @ k 0

E.g. 2. z  81 cos 20 j sin 20 

Principal 4 z  3 cos 5 j sin 5  ; @ k 0

E.g. 3. z  118.8 cos 276 jsin 276 

Principal 5 z  2.6 cos 345 j sin 345  ; @ k 4
It is always good to sketch the roots in the polar form as shown in §5.3 to
ascertain the principal root.
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PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Classwork
1. (a) Express in polar form: z1  3  j4; z2  5  j2
(b) Hence, evaluate in the form z  r  cos  j sin  
4 z23
i. z ; ii . z 23 ; iii . z14  z 23 ; iv .
1 .
4
(c) Express in the form z  a  jb z1
4 z 23
i . z1 ; ii. z 2 ; iii . z1  z 2 ; iv. 4 .
3 4 3
z1
2. (a) Given z1  32 cos 65 j sin55  z2  625 cos 28 j sin 28 

Obtain all the values (roots) of i . 5 z1 ; ii . 4 z2 .

(b) Evaluate the principal value of
i . 3 7 cos120 j sin 120  6 ii. 
64 cos 282  jsin 282 
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PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Expansion cos n and sin n

1. From De Moivre’s theorem:
 cos  j sin   n
 cos n  j sin n
From this we expand the left hand side as a binomial series after which we can
equate real parts (for cos n) and imaginary parts (for sin n).
Example: find the expansion for cos 2 and sin 2
Solution: From  cos  j sin    cos 2  j sin 2
2

 cos   j2 cos  sin    j sin  2  cos 2  j sin 2

2

 
 cos2   sin 2   j2 cos  sin    cos 2  j sin 2
2 2
Equating real parts  cos   sin   cos 2
And equating Imaginary parts  2 cos  sin   sin 2
Class Work 22: Find the expansion of
i . cos 3 ; ii . sin 5 ; iii . sin 4 ; iv. cos6 .
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PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Expansion cos n and sin n cont’d

Let z  cos   j sin 
1
then 1z  z  cos   j sin    cos   j sin 
Now, z  1  2 cos  and z  1z  j2 sin 
z
Also, by De Moivre’s Theorem;
z n  cos n  j sin n
1  z  n  cos n  j sin n


zn
n
From which z  n  2 cos n
1
z Take good note
of these
and z n  1n  j2 sin n
z
Example: expand sin 
5

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 PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Expansion of cos n and sin n

Required: To expand sin5 
Solution: from j2 sin   z 1
z
  j2 sin  
5
 z
 z 1 5

 j 2 sin   z  5 z  z  10z  z 2  10 z  z13  5 z  z14  z15

1 1
5 5 5 5 4 3 2

 j32 sin   z  5 z 1 1 1
5 5 3
 10 z  10 z  5 3  5
z z
 5 1   3 

5
  z    5 z  13   10z  1z 
j 32 sin
   z
5  z 
5
 j32 sin   j2 sin 5  j10 sin 3  j20 sin 
5
 sin  
j2
sin 5  5 sin 3  10 sin 
j32
5
 sin  
1
sin 5  5 sin 3 10 sin 
16
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 PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

 
5 3
Application Example: Obtain sin x  cos x dx
Solution: Undergoing the process of the previous example, we will establish that
sin
5

1

sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x  10 sin x 
 
x
16

Now, for cos x ; 2 cos x 

3
z 1   2 cos x  3  z  1 3
z z
3 3
 2 cos x  z  3 z 
3 2 1
z
1
 3z  2
z
 1
z3
 8 cos
 z  3z  3 z  z 3 1 1
3 3
x

3  3   1 
 
 8 cos x   z  3   3 z  z
1
 z   
 cos x   2 cos 3 x  6 cos x 
3 1
8
i .e . cos x   cos 3 x  3 cos x 
3 1
4
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PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS

• Expansion of cos n and sin n cont’d

 
5 3
Hence, our integral sin x  cos x dx becomes
1
 16 sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x  10 sin x   1  cos 3 x  3 cos x  dx
4 

 16   sin 5 x  5 sin 3 x 10 sin x  dx  4  cos 3 x  3 cos x  dx

1 1

 161  sin 5 x  5sin 3 x  10 sin x  dx  14  cos 3 x  3cos x  dx

 16

1 cos 5 x 5 cos 3 x
5

3
1 sin 3 x
 10 cos x  4
3
 
 3 sin x  C 
Class Work 23
1. Expand:
2 7 5 3 7
i . cos  ; ii . sin  ; iii . cos  ; iv . sin  ; v . cos  .
2. Integrate:
i.  cos6 x  sin4 x  dx ii .  cos5 xsin7 x dx
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