S.LAKSHMI PRIYA- M.

E MEDICAL ELECTRONICS, FIRST YEAR (2021-

2023)
RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

REHABILITATION
DEFINITION:
 The action of restoring someone to health or normal life through
training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.

OR
 The action of restoring someone to health or normal life through
training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.

 Some examples of rehabilitation include: Exercises to improve a

person's speech, language and communication after a brain injury.
Modifying an older person's home environment to improve their safety
and independence at home and to reduce their risk of falls.

Fig1: upper back pain rehabilitation

Exercises

REHABILITATION ELEMENTS:
 Preventative Rehabilitation.
 Restroative Rehabilitation.
  Supportive Rehabilitation.
 Palliative Rehabilitation.

TYPES OF REHABILITATION:
The three main types of rehabilitation therapy are,
 Occupational.
 Physical.
 Speech.

Fig2: Rehabilitation Engineering

The Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory

(NREL) investigates wearer-robot physical interactions and control mechanism
of neuromuscular system in humans, develops advanced neural-machine
interfacing technologies and novel assistive robot control and computational
frameworks for wearer-robot symbiosis, and applies these techniques to robotic
prosthetics, exoskeletons, computers, and other assistive machines. Our research
goal is to improve the quality of life of persons with physical disabilities.
 Rehabilitation in Physical education:
Rehabilitation is the restoration of optimal form (anatomy)
and function (physiology). Musculoskeletal injuries can have
immediate and significant detrimental effects on function.

 Sport Rehabilitation
Sport Rehabilitators help people suffering from pain, injury or illness
involving the musculoskeletal system. They help people of all ages to maintain
their health and fitness, recover from and prevent injury and reduce pain using
exercise, movement and manual based therapeutic interventions.

Sport Rehabilitators treat a range of injuries including:

 Back pain – lower back pain, sciatica, disc problems and more
 Pains and sprains in ankles, knees, shoulder groin, hip etc
 Post-operative rehabilitation - (spinal, shoulder and knee surgery, joint
replacements)
 Total knee replacement rehabilitation
 Achilles Tendinopathy
 Cruciate ligament rehabilitation
 Tennis elbow
 Carpal tunnel syndrome
 Bursitis
 Injuries with an uncertain diagnosis
 Post spinal surgery
 Post trauma, including fractures
 Chronic pain
 Repetitive strain injuries
 Arthritis
Rehabilitation in Paraplegia:

Paraplegic patients have an extensive stage of rehabilitation ahead.

Most important goals for paraplegic rehabilitation are to increase strength,
improve flexibility, increase endurance or aerobic conditioning, gait training,
transfer training and improve body positioning.

Paraplegic man walks with own legs

Fig: Partial picture of the overground walking course, depicting the BCI-Parastep system, the movement
measurement system (two gyroscopes and a laser distance meter), and the ZeroG. Each cone was positioned 1.8
m away from each other, and the participant was instructed to idle for 10–15 s, randomized by the experimenter,
at each cone. University of California, Irvine, Brain Computer Interface Lab.
The man walked a 3.5-metre course after being fitted with an electrode cap that
picks up brain waves and beams them wirelessly to a computer, which decipher
the waves as an intention to stand still or walk. The relevant command is then
sent to a microcontroller on the man’s belt, and on to nerves that trigger muscles
to move the legs.

The patient needed intensive training to generate recognisable walking signals

in his brain, and to learn how to use the device to put one foot in front of the
other. He also needed extensive physical training to build up the muscle tone in
his legs.

“Even after years of paralysis, the brain can still generate robust brain waves
that can be harnessed to enable basic walking,” said Dr An Do at the University
of California at Irvine, who co-led the proof-of-concept study.

“We showed that you can restore intuitive, brain-controlled walking after a
complete spinal cord injury. This non-invasive system for leg muscle
stimulation is a promising method and is an advance on our current brain-
controlled systems, which use virtual reality or a robotic exoskeleton.”

Fig: How the system works. Guardian graphic, source Biomed Central
 The man learned to produce the right brain signals by moving an avatar around
a virtual environment while he was sitting down wearing the cap, which has a
built-in electroencephalogram (EEG) that monitors brain waves. When he had
made sufficient progress, he practised walking for real while suspended 5cm
above the ground, so that he could move his legs freely without having to
support his weight. On the patient’s 20th session, he used the system to walk on
the ground, helped by a walking frame that prevented him from falling over.
Over the 19-week course, he learned better to control the device and so the
movement of his legs. Rather than having a precise control of each leg, the
patient activates the system with a general concept of walking, do told Radio 4’s
Today programme on Thursday. “It’s not so much that he’s thinking ‘move the
right leg and then move the left leg’,” he said. “What happens is that the
computer system detects when the brain waves change from a state of not
walking into a state of walking. “When the computer detects that a person is
walking, based on these brain waves, it turns on the electrical stimulator, which
starts creating muscle contractions in the right leg first, and then the left leg;
right leg, left leg. And then it keeps on doing this automatically until he stops
thinking about walking, then it shuts it off and keeps him in a standing position.
So really he has the control of a general concept of walk or not walk.”A spinal
cord injury severs the nerves that carry signals from the brain to the limbs. The
nerves do not grow back and often scar tissue forms at the site of the damage.
The proof-of-concept device shows the potential for computerised systems that
can read signals from the brain, bypass damaged areas, and feed them back into
the healthy nerves that control the muscles for walking.

THANK YOU……..