CHAPTER 1 - 

LESSON 
Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, Kinds of Quantitative Research 
 
INTRODUCTION 
Quantitative research designs use numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem or inquiry in
contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses statistical treatment in stating generalizations. ' 
These numbers are the results of objective scales of measurements of the units of analysis called
variables. 
Research findings are subjected to statistical treatment to determine significant relationships or differences
between variables, the results of which are the bases for generalization about phenomena. 

Characteristics of Quantitative Research 

 Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age, gender, educational status, among others,
that call for measurable characteristics of the population. 
 Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and validity of data. 
 Figures, tables, or graphs showcase summarized data collected to show trends, relationships, or differences
among variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow you to see the evidence collected. 
 A large population yields more reliable data, but principles of random sampling must be strictly followed to
prevent researcher's bias. 
 Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity of
findings. 
 Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery. 
 Just like qualitative research, quantitative research has its own set of strengths, as well as weaknesses. 
 
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research 
 Strengths 
1. Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to
a new hypothesis or to disproving it. 
2. Because of a bigger number of the sample of a population, the results or generalizations are more
reliable and valid. 
3. Quantitative experiments filter out external factors, if properly designed, and so the results gained
can be seen, as real and unbiased. Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by
a series of qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a rowing down of possible
directions to follow. (https://explorable.com/quantitative-research-design) 
 
 Weaknesses 
1. Quantitative research can be costly, difficult and time-consuming- difficult because most
researchers are non-mathematicians. ' 
2. Quantitative studies require extensive statistical treatment, requiring stringent standards, more so
with confirmation of results. When ambiguities in some findings surface, retesting and refinement of the
design call for another investment in time and resources to polish the results. 
3. Quantitative methods also tend to turn out only proved or unproven results, leaving little room for
uncertainty, or grey areas. For the social sciences, education, anthropology and psychology, human
nature is a lot more complex than just a simple yes or no response. (https://explorable.com/quantitative-
research-design.) 
 
Kinds of Quantitative Research Designs 
Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to integrate the different components
of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the research problem.
Furthermore, a research design constitutes the blueprint for the selection, measurement and analysis of data. The
research problem determines the research design you should use. 
Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical
analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques. 
Quantitative research designs are generally classified experimental and nonexperimental as the following
matrix shows: 

 
 
 
Experimental research design allows the researcher to control the situation. In so doing, it allows the
researcher to answer the question, "What causes something to occur?" This kind of research also allows the
researcher to identify cause and effect relationships between variables and to distinguish placebo effects from
treatment effects. Further, this research design supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct
causal relationships in the study; the approach provides the highest level of evidence for single studies. 
Pre-experimental types of research apply to experimental. designs with the least internal validity. One type
of pre-experiment, the single group, pre-test-post-test design, measures the group two times, before and after the
intervention. 
Instead of comparing the pretest with the posttest within one group, the posttest of the treated groups is compared
with that of an untreated group. Measuring the effect as the difference between groups marks this as between-
subjects design. Assuming both groups experienced the same time-related influences, the comparison group feature
should protect this design from the rival explanations that threaten the within-subject design. 
Two classes of experimental designs can provide better internal validity than-pre-experimental designs:
quasi-experimental and true experimental (Dooly, 1999). 
In a quasi-experimental design, the researcher can collect more data, either by scheduling more
observations or finding more existing measures. 
A true experimental design controls for both time-related and group-related threats. Two features mark true
experiments- two or more differently treated groups and random assignment to these groups. These features require
that the researchers have control over the experimental treatment and the power to place subjects in groups. 
True experimental design employs both treated and control groups to deal with time-related rival
explanations. 
A control group reflects changes other than those due to the treatment that occur during the time of the
study. Such changes include effects of outside events, maturation by the subjects, changes in measures and impact
of any pre-tests. 
 True experimental design offers the highest internal validity of all the designs. Quasi-
experimental design differs from true experimental design by the absence of random assignment of subjects to
different conditions. What quasi-experiments have in common with true experiments is that some subjects receive an
intervention and provide data likely to reflect its impact. 
 
Types of Quasi-Experimental Design 
1. Non-equivalent control group design-refers to the chance failure of random assignment to equalize the
conditions by converting a true experiment into this kind of design, for purposes of analysis. 
2. Interrupted Time Series Design- employs multiple measures before and after the experimental intervention.
It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that has only one pretest and one posttest. Users of this design
assume that the time threats such as history or maturation appear as regular changes in the measures prior to the
intervention. 
 
Non-experimental Research Design 
In this kind of design, the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and no external
variables are introduced. In this research design, the variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting
controlled. Researchers collect data without making changes or introducing treatments. 
The Descriptive research design's main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation
as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory development
(www.drjayeshpatidar. blogspot.com). 
 
Types of Descriptive Research Designs 
1. Survey - a research design used when the researcher intends to provide a quantitative or numeric
description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population (Creswell, 2003).
For example, universities regularly float surveys to determine customer satisfaction, that is, the students' attitudes
toward or opinions regarding student services like the canteen, clinic, security, the guidance and counseling services,
and the like. 
2. Correlational - Correlational Research has three types: 
 Bivariate correlational studies- obtain scores from two variables for each subject, then use them to
calculate a correlation coefficient. The term bivariate implies that the two variables are correlated
(variables are selected because they are believed to be related). 
Examples: Children of wealthier (variable #1), better educated (variable #2) parents earn higher salaries as
adults. 
 Prediction studies-use correlation co-efficient to show how one variable (the predictor variable)
predicts another (the criterion variable). 
Examples: Which high school applicants should be admitted to college? 
 Multiple Regression Prediction Studies- suppose the high school GPA is not the sole predictor of
college GPA, what might be other good predictors? All of these variables can contribute to the over-all
prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of each identified variable. 
3. Ex-Post Facto Research Design - These are non-experimental designs that are used to investigate causal
relationships. They examine whether one or more pre- existing conditions could possibly have caused subsequent
differences in groups of subjects. Researchers attempt to discover whether differences between groups have results
in an observed difference in the independent variables. (www.genesep.edu/esham/educ.604/research.pdf). 
Examples: What is the effect of home schooling on the social skills of adolescents? 
4. Comparative design - involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or
more variables, often at a single point of time. Specifically, this design is used to compare two distinct 'groups on the
basis of selected attributes such as knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms.
For example, a comparative study on the health problems among rural and urban older people from district Mehsana,
Gujarat. 
(www.dryayeshpatidat.blogspot.com) 
5. Evaluative Research - seeks to assess or judge in some way providing information about something other
than might be gleaned in mere observation or investigation of relationships. 
For example, where a test of children in school is used to assess the effectiveness of teaching or the
deployment of a curriculum. (changingminds.org/explanations/research/design/evaluativeresearch.htm). 
Evaluation research is conducted to elicit useful feedback from a variety of respondents from various fields to
aid in decision making or policy formulation. 
There are various types of evaluation depending on the purpose of the study. Formative and summative
evaluation types are most commonly used in research. 
Formative evaluation is used to determine the quality of implementation of a project, the efficiency and
effectiveness of a program, assessment of organizational processes like procedures, policies, guidelines,
human resource development and the like. 
6. Methodological - in this approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms a critical part of
achieving the goal of developing a scale-matched approach, where data from different disciplines can be integrated. 

Practical Research
Wednesday, August 18, 2021
1:00 - 2:00 PM

Objectives:
 Describe quantitative research
 Describes the characteristics of a Quantitative Research
 Make the right decision as to the type of quantitative research that is applicable to your field of
study

Re > Search
Re = To do it again
Search = To investigate or to look for

What is research?
"Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical
information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable
methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines."
 
What is the purpose?
 Solve new problems
 Improve existing solutions
 Understand the world

What is it?
Qualitative Research
 Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that helps you understand human behavior to find
the way people think and feel
Quantitative Research
 Quantitative Research helps you generate data and hard facts, by using statistical, logical and
mathematical techniques

Quantitative Research
  Aliaga and Gunderson (2002), describe as "explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data
that are analyzed using mathematically-based methods (in particular statistics)

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. It is objective
- (of person of their judgment) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in
considering and representing facts.
2. It has clearly defined questions
3. It has structured research instruments
4. It has numerical data
- Numerical data is a data type expressed in numbers, rather than natural language
description

Practical Research
Monday, August 23, 2021
1:00 - 2:00 PM

Objectives
Describes strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research
Make the right decision as to the type of quantitative research that is applicable to your field of study.

Review
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
 It is objective
 It has clearly defined questions
 It has structured research instrument
 It has numerical data
 It can be replicated

Strengths of Quantitative Research

 It is objective
o not according to opinion
o not according to feelings
 Provide consistent data and unbiased (fair)
 Uses structured Instrument
 Numerical data can be easy to analyze

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

 Requires a large number of respondents
 can be costly, difficult and time consuming
 Data from questionnaires maybe incomplete and inaccurate
 Much information are difficult to gather

Ok start tau sa kinds of Quantitative Research Design

7 po ang under ng Quantitative Research Design

1.Descriptive Research Design

2.Correlational research Design

3.Ex post facto Research Design

4.Comparative Research Design

5.Experimental Design

6. A Quasi-Experimental Research Design

7. Survey Research Design

1.Descriptive design it describes the person or object of the study... More on description po sa isang
variable

2.Correlational Research Design identifies the relationship between variables. Inaalam nya lang po yung
connection or relationship ng mga variables

3.Expost facto or also known as Casual Comparative Design. The term ex post facto means after
the fact. It used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present
conditions.
4.Comparative Research Design it used to compare and contrast. More on comparing naman po sya
Halimbawa po ng isang study about sa pag aaral kung sino ba ang mas may maraming isyu ng
pangkalusugan ang mga nakatira ba sa province o s maynila.

Kinumpara nya lang po ang mga variables

5. A quasi experimental design naman po used to establish the cause and effect relationship of
variables.. Inaalam nya po yung cause(sanhi) at effect(bunga o resulta) ng mga variables
Halimbawa po.. The effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in
ECQ declared areas
6. Experimental Design katulad po sya ng quasi experimental it used to establish the cause and effect
relationship of two or more variables. Layunin nya rin po na sukatin ang epekto ng isang variable sa
isang bagay at anong pagbabago ang maoobserbahan dito

7.Survey Research Design used to gather information from group of people by selecting and studying
samples chosen from population

Dito po nag aask tayo ng questions or survey sa mga respondents natin

Hindi nyo na po kailangan kabisaduhin yan... Alamin nyo lang po kung anu-ano yung types ng
quantitative research design
Sa PowerPoint po we have 7 types of quantitative research design
Sa Types of variables ito po ung diniscuss ko nung naglive tau but then naglalag ung teams ko nun dat
tym... Tandaan po ninyo na sa Types of variables we have 2 category... Qualitative variables and
Quantitative Variables
Qualitative variables express in description or category....tatlo po ung kinds nya... Ordinal,
Nominal and Dichotomous
Qualitative variables also known as Categorical variables
Quantitative variables express in number.. It is also known as Numerical variables... we have 2
types of quantitative variables ito po ay ang Discrete and Continuous variable
Pag sinabing Discrete it is countable and whole number... Meaning kayang bilangin or
nabibilang po sya halimbawa the number of students in a class, the number of marbles in a jar
Continuous naman po it can be measured. It is fractional or decimal. Halimbawa ng continuous ay height
of students

Pictures of important inventions, innovations or discoveries in History

Video Phone
Invented by Gregorio Zara, in 1955 no less! When James Bond was using one in Dr. No, it had already
been in existence a number of years. This is the predecessor of the Camera in your mobile!

Artificial Coral Reefs

Angel Alcala is behind the invention of artificial coral reefs used for fisheries in Southeast Asia.

Incubator
Fe del Mundo; Invention: Incubator
The first Asian to have entered the prestigious Harvard University's School of Medicine. She was an
alumna of the University of the Philippine (UP) College of Medicine.
Crop flowering
Ramon Barba
Horticulturist Ramon Barba is known for inventing techniques to promote crop flowering. His work,
which has helped develop the local industry, is the only invention in Southeast Asia, that the World
Intellectual Property Organization recognizes. Barba's other researches meanwhile, focus on tissue
culture of bananas, sugarcane, and 0th horticultural crops to develop methodologies in plant
physiology and plant breeding
 
Fuel
Julian Banzon researched methods of producing alternative fuels. He experimented with the production
of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut and invented a mans of extracting residual coconut
and invented a mans of extracting residual coconut Oil by a chemical process rather than a physical
process.

Lesson 2

The findings of a particular quantitative study can influence crucial decisions affecting different
organizations and individuals.

Evaluating the Leadership style with the performance of employees

Is the teaching styles of teachers help in academic proficiency of students?

The value of quantitative research to man's quest to discover the unknown and improve underlying
conditions is undeniable
The following are other instances in which Quantitative research can contribute to the development of
specific fields.
Arts - To investigate methods or approaches that enhance one's creativity
Social inquiry - to better understand the behavior and social Interactions among individuals
Information Communications Technology - To examine the trends and tendencies in the use of
information technology
Science - To determine the effectiveness of a newly developed medicine, treatment, or approaches in
addressing health problems
Agriculture - To examine how agriculture in a particular community is influenced by global trends
Sports - To understand the relationship between one's
health and athletic performance.
Mathematics - To assess approaches that will help companies
In their decision-making practices.

Quantitative Research Designs

1. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
 Is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature. There is no
experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not start with a hypothesis

2. THE CORRELATIONAL DESIGN

THE NATURE OF CORRELATION RESEARCH
 Sometimes called associational research
 It investigates the possibility of relationships between only two variables
 Also sometimes referred to as a form of descriptive research
 Describes the degree to which two or more quantitative variables are related
3. EX POST FACTO RESEARCH DESIGN
 Is a method in which groups with qualities that already exist are compared on some dependent
variable.
 Also known as "after the fact" research, an ex post facto is considered quasi- experimental
because the subjects are not randomly assigned- they are grouped based on a particular
characteristics or trait.

4. Comparative Research Design

 This design is used to compare and contrast
 Representative samples from two or more groups of the subjects in relation to certain
designated variables that occur in normal conditions

5. A Quasi-Experimental Design
 is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables. It involves the manipulation 0
f independent variable to observe the effect on dependent variable.

6.ExperimentaI Research Design

 Is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or
more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.
 Like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of two or more
variables.

7. Survey Research Design

 Is a quantitative research method used for collecting data from a set of a panel or respondents
 A process of conducting research using surveys that Researchers send to survey respondents.
The data collected from surveys is then statistically analyzed to draw meaningful research
conclusions

Types of Variable
1. Variable
1.1. Qualitative
1.1.1.Nominal
1.1.2.Ordinal
1.1.3.Dichotomous
1.2. Quantitative
1.2.1.Discrete
1.2.2.Continuous

Quantitative Variables
 A quantitative variable relates to numerical data and is measured on a quantitative scale.
Examples include a country's population and a book's price.

Quantitative Variables
  A variable whose values are countable is called a discrete variable. In other words, a discrete
variable can assume only certain values with no intermediate values.

Examples of discrete random variables

1. The number of cars sold at a dealership during a given month
2. The number of houses in a certain block
3. The number of fish caught on a fishing trip
4. The number of complaints received at the office of an airline on a given day
5. The number of customers who visit a bank during any given hour
6. The number of heads obtained in three tosses of a coin

Variables can take any value in a certain range. These measurements with fractional values

CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
 They are divided into two types of variable scale
1. Interval
2. Ratio

INTERVAL
indicates an actual amount (numerical). The order and the difference between the variables can be
known. It has no true zero

Ratio
Type of data is like interval; the only differences is the presence of a true zero value. The order and
difference can be described.

Qualitative Variables
A qualitative variable is a categorical variable that represents different groups and relates to non-
numerical data like hair colors and favorite books.

Dichotomous variable
A variable having two [and only two] values
e.g., male, female
smoker, non-smoker
alive, dead
yes, no

NOMINAL SCALE
 A categorical variable, also called a nominal variable, is for mutual exclusive, but not ordered,
categories.
 Nominal scales are mere codes assigned to objects as labels, they are not measurements.
 Not a measure of quantity. Measures identity and difference. People either belong to a group or
they do not.
 Sometimes numbers are used to designate category membership.
Observations can be named without particular order or ranking imposed on tine data. words, letters,
and even numbers are used to classify data.
Example: Gender (Male) (Female)

Nominal Scale Examples

 Gender
 Political preferences
 Place of residence

What is your Gender What is your Political preference? Where do you live?
M- Male 1- Independent 1- Suburbs
F- Female 2- Democrat 2- City
3- Republican 3- Town

Ordinal Variable
Ordinal variable
A qualitative variable that incorporates an ordered position or ranking.
Examples:
 Grades: (A, B, C, D, F)
 Level of satisfaction: (Very satisfied, satisfied, somewhat satisfied)

Types of Data:
 Nominal
 Ordinal
 Interval/Ratio

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

An independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in order to observe the effect on the
dependent variable. It is the treatment or intervention being studied (Cooper, Heron, and
Heward, 2007)

Dependent Variables
When researchers study the relationship between variables. the variables are usually
conceptualized as having a cause- and-effect connection. The variable that is the "effect" or is
"measured" is the dependent variable.

Extraneous Variable
Variables which are not the independent variable but could affects the results of the experiment

Unlocking of Difficulties
1. perplexing- difficult to understand: causing confusion
2. empirical- originating in or based on observation
3. variable- to a person, place, thing or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way.
4. hypothesis- is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

(According to Calderon & Gonzales) A problem is "any significant, perplexing, and challenging situation,
real or artificial, the solution of which requires reflexive thinking". In research, it is known as the
research topic.

A research topic is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested in when conducting research.

Choosing A workable topic (According to Borda, et al.)

Avoid the following topics:

1. Controversial issues (e.g., political scandals, court matters, etc.)
2. Very new topics (references may not yet be available)
3. Personal bias and discriminating topics (e.g., racism, sexism, etc.)
4. Supernatural and paranormal topics (e.g., fortune-telling, telepathy, etc.)
5. Political conflicts (e.g., wiretapping, war on drugs, and graft 8 corruption etc.)

Steps in the Formulation of a Research Problem

1. Identify a broad field or subjects are of interest to you
2. Dissect the broad are into a sub area
3. Select what is of most interest to you
4. Raise research question
5. Formulate Objectives
6. Assess your objectives
7. Double - check

Guidelines in Formulating a Quantitative Research Problem and Research Questions

1. Formulate a research problem that is researchable; meaning, and open to empirical investigation.
2. See to that you state your quantitative research problem clearly, concisely, and possibly, if Under APA
referencing style, not beyond 12 words.
3. Have your research problem focus on general understanding of your research topic.
4. Construct a research problem that mirrors the importance of carrying out the research for finding
answers or solution to a problem.
5. Let your quantitative research problem state the variables and their relationships with one another

RESARCH QUESTION
 DESCRIPTIVE RESAERCH QUESTION
 Ask question on the kind, qualifications, and categories of the subject or participant
 Descriptive Quantitative RQ
Examples:
1. How many (or what proportion) of these university students are male or female? (Answer in
number)
 2. What is the average age of secondary school students who have a Facebook account?
(Answer in number)
3. How frequently do students use Facebook each week? (Answer in number)

 RELATIONAL QUESTION
 Associational/ Relational
 A questions that is answered through determining strength and direction of relationship
between two or more variables.
 What is the impact of advertisement on sales of a new product in the market?
 Studying the relationship between gender & voting preference
 CASUAL QUESTION
 Casual Question
 Reasons behind the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variables is the focus
of these types of research questions.
 Does time spend on social media affect the attention span of teenagers?

Approaches to Quantitative Research Questions

Deductive Vs. Inductive
Deductive Research Approach [waterfall]
• Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific.
• Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down” approach.
• Conclusion follows logically from premises (available facts)
1. THEORY
1.1. HYPOTHESIS
1.1.1.OBSERVATION
1.1.1.1. CONFIRMATION

Inductive Research Approach [Hill climbing]

1. THEORY
1.1. TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS
1.1.1.PATTERN
1.1.1.1. Observations

• Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader
generalizations and theories.
• Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom-up" approach
• Conclusion is likely based on premises.
• Involves a degree off uncertainty

Inductive vs. Deductive Research

Inductive Research
Inductive Research begin with a research question and the collection of empirical data, which are used
to generate hypotheses and theory

Deductive Research
Deductive Research approaches usually begin with a theory-driven hypothesis, which guide data
collection and analysis

Inductive Research — Example

• How do undergraduate students view the causes of homelessness? What do they perceive as the
solutions to homelessness? (Phillips, 2015; Journal of Poverty)

Deductive Research — Example

• Are perceptions of discrimination among young adults related to psychological distress? Does
discrimination help to explain racial differences in depression? (Taylor, 2002; Social Psychology
Quarterly)
 Background of the Study
Background of the study
"The introduction is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information for the
research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so that readers
can understand how it is related to other research" (Wilkinson. 1991. p. 96).

The Background of the Study should contain the following major points:
1. A brief discussion on what is known about the topic under investigation
2. An articulation of the research gap or problem that needs to be addressed
A research gap is a question or a problem that has not been answered by any of the existing studies
or research within your field.
3. What the researcher would like to do or aim to achieve
4. The thesis statement that tsp the main argument or content of the paper
"evidence-based. " This means you must support your argument with findings from sources you
read.
The major significant or the study to a particular discipline
An articulation of the hypothesis off the study
A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.

Background of Study
Establish the connection of the need and relevance of your topic from the following:
a. International— cited some need and the topic from international community
b. National- cited need and relevance of the situation from the country Philippines.
c. Local - cited need and relevance from the community where you will have research-

CHAPTER II
How to Write The title for a Quantitative Research Study

Research Title
The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible
words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.

Before Formulating the Title

 Research topic
 literature and Studies
 Approved Topic
 Research Method
 Research Gap
 Significance of the study

Research Title Importance

 Jumpstart your work
 Give you a sense of ownership
  Sums-up the whole idea of your study
 Describe your content and purpose
 Part of your manuscript that is always read first
 Match readers' interest

A good title is expected to do the following:

 Capture the essence of the paper
 Be accurate and specific, not overly general
 Not contain unnecessary, distracting details
 Be comprehensible to a broad academic readership
 Engage readers and generate curiosity
 

1) Answer some basic questions about your paper

What is my paper about?
My paper studies how program volume affects outcomes for liver transplant patients on waiting lists.
What methods/techniques did I use to perform my study?
I employed a case study
What or who was the subject of my study?
I studied 60 liver transplant patients on a waiting list in the US aged 20-50 years.
What were the results?
Positive correlation between waiting list volume and poor outcome of Iran
2) Identify and list keywords and Phrases
program volume
outcomes
liver transplant patients
waiting lists
case study
60 transplant patients
in the US
ages 20-50
positive correlation

Let’s Review:
1) Answer some basic questions about your paper (objective, methods, results)
2) Identify and list keywords and phrases from these responses
3) Write a long sentence with these keywords
4) Create a working title; delete unnecessary and redundant works
5) Delete extra elements to meet a suitable word count; put key terms at beginning and end

Research Title
The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest possible
words that adequately describe the contents and/or purpose of your research paper.

Keep these tips in mind:

 Write the title after you've written your paper and abstract
 Include all of your paper's essential terms
  Keep it short and to the point (-16 words or fewer)
 Avoid using jargon or abbreviations
 Use keywords that closely relate to the content of your paper
 Never use a period at the end of your title

Basic tips in Writing a Research Title

Keep it simple, brief and attractive
Students' Readiness for Modular Learning Using Modules and Activity sheets

Research Title
Elements of Research Title
1. FOCUS- the specific variable to be tested
2. AREA OF INTEREST- the specific object, tool, program, system, etc.
3. RESPONDENTS- the subjects of the study

5. PROGRAM- the possible intervention to be proposed

Elements of Quantitative Research Title

-Focus
-Area of Interest
-Respondents
-Research Locale
-Program

Reminders:
The researcher should avoid using words that serve no useful purposes and can be misleading indexers.
- Methods
- Results
- Investigations
- Study

Reminders:
The general problem or even the specific question that the researcher intends to answer when rewritten
in a statement form can serve as the title.
Example:
COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN ENGLISH: LEARNING TOOLS FOR JUNIOR HIGH
SCHOOLS STUDENTS Caieda, R. (2020)

Reminders:
The TITLE must have 10 to 15 words only

Research Title
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
1. Existing Problems
a. A feeling of discomfort like during recitation or in making projects
b. Perceived difficulties in the management and leadership of the class president or the adviser
c. Increasing absenteeism and tardiness
d. Students ' difficulties in algebra, English class, or misbehavior during PE classes
 e. Lack of equipment and facilities

2. A gap between theory and practice

3. A daily experience of a person that requires further inquiry especially if improvements are desired
4. A literature review. An article read in the library or from the internet can be a source of an
interesting issue, new technology, scholarly works, and non-scholarly sources.

Researchable Idea
 Solutions are available but not yet tested and not known by the practitioner
 No solutions are available to answer the gap, or the problem assessed
 Answers, solutions, or results are seemingly not tested or are factually contradiction
 A phenomenon exists which requires explanation
 It should pose a question that is related to reality

Considerations in Formulating Research Problems

Barrientos-Tan (1997) identifies different criteria for choosing a research problem.
A. External Criteria
1. Novelty - the newness of a topic
2. Availability of subjects
3. Administrative Support
4. Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment
5. Ethical Considerations

B. Internal Criteria
1. Experience, training, and professional qualifications
2. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and perceptiveness of the researcher
3. Time Factor
4. Costs and Return
5. hazards, penalties, and handicaps

External Criteria
 Novelty
 Subjects
 Support
 Facilities
 Ethics
Internal Criteria
 Experience
 Motivation
 Time
 Costs
 Hazards
 Lesson 4: An Outline for Preparing a Literature Review
Literature Review
- A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic.

X A literature review is NOT a research proposal.

X A literature review is NOT a research paper.
 A literature review can be a part of a research paper.

Literature Review Outline: Writing Tips

- Use evidence to support your interpretation of available sources.
- Be selective.
- Compare and contrast the views of different authors
- Use quotes sparingly.
- Summarize and synthesize your literature review sources.
- Look for gaps in the existing research
- Draft and redraft.

What are the further Guidelines in preparing Review of Related Studies?

- Write an introductory paragraph
- Arrange your related studies by variables
- Present the related studies by citing the research methodologies used, the respondents, the
statistical treatment, and the major findings,

6 TIPS ON HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW FASTI

 WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW AND WHY DO WE BOTHER WITH IT?

NOW WE KNOW WHAT A LITERATURE REVIEW IS AND WHY WE DO IT, WHAT SHOULD BE OUR FIRST
STEP?
STEP 1 Search for relevant literature i.e., journals articles or books on your topic
STEP 2 Evaluate and select sources
STEP 3 File your sources
STEP 4 Create your annotated bibliography
STEP 5 Decide on how you will organize your literature review
STEP 6 Write the review. Make sure your review has an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion

Chronological
(from Older to more recent publications)
Thematic
(organized around key themes)
Methodological
(the typed of methods used)
Theoretical
(the theories and models used)
Ways of Citing
1. By author or writer
2. By topic
3. Chronological

The American Psychological Association

The basic citation for APA style is author's name, copyright year, and page number.
MLA style
Using the MLA style of citation, you can include the name of the author in a sentence, or you can put the
author and page number in parenthesis at the end of the sentence.

Chicago Manual Style

The Chicago Manual style has two distinct method of citation. First is the Notes-Bibliography system
(NB) which is commonly used in Arts and Humanities. The second one is author-date system. This
system is used in physical, social, biological sciences research. The second style is the same as that of the
APA

Basic Citation: Author Not Mentioned

MLA
One businessman said, "Sometimes I start a sentence and I
don't even know where it's going. I just hope I find it along
the way ' (Scott 12).
APA
One businessman said, "Sometimes I start a sentence and
I don't even know where it's going. I just hope I find it
along the way" (Scott, .12).

One Author Mentioned in the Sentence

MLA
As Michael Scott once said, "Sometimes I start a sentence
and I don't even know where it's going. I just hope I find it
along the way” (12).
APA
As Scott (2008) once said, "Sometimes I start a sentence
and I don't even know where it's going. I just hope I find
it along the way” (p. 12).

Two Authors: Names Not Mentioned

MLA
Hobbit culture is perhaps best summarized in one comment:
"What about second breakfast?" (Brandybuck and Took 45).
APA
Hobbit culture is perhaps best summarized in one
comment: "What about second breakfast?" (Brandybuck
& Took, 1954, p. 45).
Three or More Authors: Names Not Mentioned
MLA
The end of the movie is touching, with the children
shouting, ' 'Merry Christmas, Charlie Brown" (Van Pelt et
al.).
APA
The end of the movie is touching, with the children
shouting, "Merry Christmas, Charlie Brown" (Van Pelt et
al., 1965).

Internet Documents: No Page Number

MLA
These days, many frogs are met with the realization that "It's
not easy being green"
APA
These days, many frogs are met with the realization that
"It's not easy being green"

Internet Documents: Organization as Author

MLA
"Space is bigger, colder, and more beautiful than we could
ever know, but most importantly of all, it's pretty cool"
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2).
APA
"Space is bigger, colder, and more beautiful than we could
ever know, but most importantly of all, it's pretty cool"
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2018, p. 2).

List of References
Works Cited
Gothel, Mother. "How to Raise Your Adopted Human Flower." Moms Forever Young,
November 2010, pp. 34-47.
References
Gothel, M. (2010, November). How to raise your adopted human flower. Moms
Forever Young, 34-47.

Sources of research materials

Ethical Standards
Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature
An ethical standard is the commonly accepted behavior performed in any given circumstance.

Plagiarism:
the act of presenting another's work or ideas as your own.
B. Academic Dishonesty. It shall be the responsibility of every student enrolled at the University of North
Carolina to support the principles of academic integrity and to refrain from all forms of academic
dishonesty including, but not limited to, the following:
1. Plagiarism in the form of deliberate or reckless representation of another's words, thoughts, or ideas
as one's own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work, whether graded or
otherwise.
2. Falsification, fabrication, or misrepresentation of data, other information, or citations in connection
with an academic assignment, whether graded or otherwise.
3. Unauthorized assistance or unauthorized collaboration in connection with academic work, whether
graded or otherwise.

Plagiarism if:
1.) Did the words come from a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV show, movie, Website, game, e-
mail, or advertisement?
2.) Did the words or ideas come Prom an interview or a conversation?
3.) Did you use exact words?
4.) Did you use a chart, drawing, or photograph?

Things to remember about Plagiarism

1.) If you go Word-for-word, use quotation marks.
2.) paraphrasing requires you to use own words.
3.) Tell your teachers the name of the information’s source

In-text citations
Works cited page

Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

Falsification is "manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting

data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record."
Group Activity
Surf the net and do initial literature search, Search at least five different Studies (recent as possible) That
are related to your studies, Record Your findings using the format
 Statement of the Problem
A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a
study.

The purpose of a problem statement is to:

1. Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied. The reader is oriented to the
significance of the study and the research questions or hypotheses to follow.
2. Places the problem into a particular context that defines the parameters of what is to be
investigated.
3. Provides the framework for reporting the results and indicates what is probably necessary to
conduct the study and explain how the findings will present this information.

Example 1
The study aims to find out if the SMI North Edsa Store's customer services are factors that increased the
frequency of shoppers for the second quarter of 2017… Specifically, it seeks to answer the following
questions:
1. How many the SM North Edsa store's customer services be described, in terms of:
1.1. Parking space
1.2. Package counter
1.3. Information booth
1.4. Elevators-escalators; and
1.5. Comfort rooms/washrooms?
2. What are the views of the shoppers regarding the SM North Edsa Store's customer services for
the second quarter of 2017?
3. Is there a relationship between the store customer services SM North Edsa and the frequency of
customers' shopping for the 2nd quarter of 2017?
Non-researchable questions are questions of value
Answerable by yes or no
Researchable questions are questions of value opinions or policy raised to gather data

Assumptions and Hypothesis

A hypothesis is tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised at the beginning of
the investigation,
2 forms of hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis is a statement in the affirmative
Null Hypothesis is a statement written in negative

Scope and Limitations

Scope contains the coverage of the study
Limitations include statements on what are executed or not part of the study.
 
Guidelines in writing scope and delimitation
1. A brief statement of the genera0 purpose of study
2. The subject matter and topics studied and discussed
3. The locale of the study
4. The respondents/population
5. The period of the study
5 simple questions in writing your scope and limitation
1. What? (scope, limitation)
2. How
3. Who?
4. Where?
5. When?

Significance of the study

This portion noted the contribution of the proposed study to a scientific body of knowledge or to any
group which will benefit from the results
Definition of Terms
This consist of words which need to be defined to Provide better understanding of the Study
Conducted.

Sample Scope and Delimitation of the Study no. I

The main purpose of this study is to provide information regarding metro- sexuality and how
being a metrosexual affects the lifestyle of the student. The study age, and section.
The researchers limit the study to 80 male and female secondary education students enrolled in
the second semester of school year 2015 to 2016 of Technological Institute of the Philippines. Each of
the respondents is given a questionnaire to answer. The students Will be selected from four different
sections to prevent bias and get objective perceptions.

Research title
Effect of Absenteeism on Student's Performance in Grade 1 1 students at Young Achievers'
School of Caloocan, Incorporated SY.2021-2022

CHAPTER 1: The Problem and Its Background

1.1. Introduction
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Purpose/ Objective of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope and Delimitation
1.6 Conceptual Framework
1.7 Definitions of Terms
Chapter 2: Review and Related Literature
2.1 Foreign Literature
2.2 Local Literature
2.3 Foreign Study
2.4 Local Study

SOP: 3-5 questions

RRL (from year 2000 up to present)
5-foreign and 5- local

Font Style: Times New Roman

Font Size: 12
Font Size for Titles: 14
Spacing: 1.5
Definition of terms
Perspective – a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view
Theoretical – concerned with or involving the theory of a subject or area of study rather than its
practical application
Research gap - Topic or area for which missing or inadequate information limits the ability of reviewers
to reach conclusion for a given question
Research problem - is a specific issue, difficulty contradiction or gap in knowledge that you will aim to
address in your research
Jargon – special words or expressions that are used by particular profession or group and are difficult for
others to understand

Statement of the Problem

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a
study. A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in the field and lead to
further research.

How to write a problem statement?

Put the problem in context (what do we already know?)
Describe the precise issue that the research will address (what do we need to know?)
Show the relevance of the problem (why do we need to know it?)
Set the objectives of the research (what will you do to find out?)

8 Things to Remember when writing a statement of the Problem

1. Why is a research problem important?
2. What is the chief aim of a statement of the problem?
3. What should your statement of the problem include?
4. Research Gap (YOU NEED TO DEMOSTRATE THE NEED RESEARCH FOR THE TOPIC)
5. DATA COLLECTION
6. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
7. ANSWER THE SO WHAT QUESTION IT SHOULD CONVEY THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
8. HAVE A STRONG ETHICAL THESIS FOR THE SOLUTIONIT PROPOSES
9. YOU WRITTEN READER CONCISELY
10. AVOID USING UNNESESARY WORD OR JARGON

Formulating Questions for Your Statement of the Problem

 
Formulating Questions for Your Statement of the Problem
A good research question is essential to guide your research paper, project or thesis. It pinpoints exactly
what you want to find out and gives your work a clear focus and purpose. All research questions should
be:
Focused on a single problem or issue
Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
Specific enough to answer thoroughly
Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
Relevant to your field of study and/or society
 
Formulating Questions for Your Statement of the Problem
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Under-30s increasingly engage in the "gig economy" instead of traditional full-time employment, but
there is little research into young people's experiences of this type of work.

RESEARCH QUESTION
What are the main factors that influence young people's decisions to engage in the gig economy?
What do workers perceive as its advantages and disadvantages?
What does age and education level have an effect on how people experience this type of work?

RESEARCH PROBLEM
The teachers at school X do not have the skills to recognize or properly guide gifted children in the
classroom.

RESEARCH QUESTION
What practical techniques can teachers at school X use to better identify and guide gifted children?

Research question type Formulation

Descriptive research What are the characteristics of X?
Comparative research What are the differences and similarities
between X and Y?
Correlational research What is the relationship between variable X and
variable Y?
Exploratory research What are the main factors in X? What is the role
of Y in Z?
Explanatory research Does X have an effect on Y? What is the impact of
Y on Z? What are the causes of X?
Evaluation research What are the advantages and disadvantages of X?
How well does Y work? How effective or desirable
is Z?
Action research How can X be achieved? What are the most
effective strategies to improve Y?
 
A good research question...
Focuses on a single topic and problem
Answerable using primary or secondary data
Does not ask for a subjective value judgement
Does not ask why

Elements of Statement of the Problem

1. Objectives or goal of the study
2. Set of research questions

General Problem
Opening of the statement

Specific Problem
 Stated as a question
1. Non-researchable questions
2. Researchable questions
What is the profile of the students in terms of?
1.1 age
1.2 gender
1.3 grade and strand
1.4 health condition

Statement of the Problem

Research Problem
A statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a
troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.

Purposes of a Problem Statement

 Introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied.
 Places the problem into a particular context
 Provides the framework for reporting the results

KEY COMPONENTS OF THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. The problem itself
2. The method of solving the problem
3. The purpose, statement of objective

CRITERIA FOR RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENTS

 The statement of the problem should clearly indicate what is to be investigated.
 The actual statement may be in a declarative or in a question form.
 The statement should indicate the variables of interest and the specific relationship between
the variables that are to be studied.

2 TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Non-researchable question — These are question of value and are answerable by yes or no.
Examples:
Should all mothers breastfeed their babies?
Should high school teachers be watchful over their Grade 7 students?
Are family members helping their children in reviewing their lessons?

2. Examples of Researchable Questions:

- What are the common preparations done by grade 7 students during their first days in school?
- How do senior high school students respond to their math teacher?
- What are the study habits of student who are poorly performing?
- What is the relationship of the attitudes of the adviser to the classroom behavior of grade 9
students?
- How do the officers of the Parent-Teacher Community Association assist in the improvement of
school facilities?
CLASSIFICATIONS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS
2. FACTOR-RELATING QUESTION
3. SITUATION RELATING QUESTIONS
4. SITUATION-PRODUCING QUESTIONS

FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS
These ask the question "What is this?" These questions are sometimes called Factor-naming questions
because they isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations.
Example:
1. What is the profile of school principals in terms of the following
1.1 age
1.2 management experience; and
1.3 civil status?
2. What are the levels of competencies of school principals as described by their respective teachers and
themselves in terms of the following
2.1 Intrapersonal; and
2.2 Interpersonal?

FACTOR-RELATING QUESTION
These ask the questions "What is happening here?" The goal of these questions is to determine the
relationship among factors that have been identified.
Examples:
1. What is the relationship of the level of performance of the senior high school teachers to the OJT
performance of the students enrolled in the business track of Saint Paul College?
2. How does the performance level of volleyball teams of boys differ to that of the girls?

SITUATION RELATING QUESTIONS

These questions ask the question "What will happen if...?" These questions usually yield hypothesis
testing or experimental study design in which the researcher manipulates the variables to see what will
happen.
Examples:
1. What are the effects of computer-learning assisted methods of teaching to the interest level of the
sophomores to their history subjects?
2. How significantly different is the performance of the call center agents who are well rested than those
who are not?

SITUATION-PRODUCING QUESTIONS
These ask the question "How can I make it happen?" These questions stablish explicit goals for actions,
develop plans or prescriptions to achieve goals, and specify the conditions under which these goals will
be accomplished
Examples:
1. Based on the finding, what human relation intervention program can be adopted to enhance or
improve effectiveness of existing teaching methods?
2. What faculty development activities can be sponsored by the PTCA to improve the performance of
graduating students in the UP-College Admission Test (UPCAT).
“A research problem is not solved by apparatus; it is solved in a man's head.”
- Charles Kettering

Directions: Below are set of terms discussed in the lesson. In your own words explain the terms given.
1. Statement of the Problem
2. Elements of the Statement of the Problem
3. General Problem
4. Specific Problem

@everyone! RV WEEK6 ACTIVITY PR2!

Directions: Below are set of terms discussed in the lesson. In your own words explain the terms given.
1. Statement of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
A claim that explains the problem addressed by a study is referred to as a statement of the problem in
research activity.
A problem statement serves the following functions:
1. Establishes a framework for reporting the findings, indicating what is likely to be required to
carry out the investigation and describing how the findings will provide this information.
2. Places the issue in a context that specifies the scope of the investigation.
3. Explain the significance of the issue being studied to the reader. The reader is informed about
the study's importance and the research issues or hypotheses that will be addressed.
2. Elements of the Statement of the Problem
- A collection of research questions
- The research's objectives or goal
- Objectives or goal of the study
- Set of research questions

3. General Problem
- Statement's beginning, like “The negative effects of online games on students”
4. Specific Problem
Stated as a question
1. Non-researchable questions
2. Researchable questions
What is the profile of the students in terms of?
1.1 age
1.2 gender
1.3 grade and strand
1.4 health condition

We will finish this within this day its already past due time

1. Statement of the Problem - Statement of the problem is a concise description of the problem or
issues a project seeks to address.
2. Elements of the Statement of the Problem –
Objectives or goal of the study – The main aim of a research study is to discover some new facts or
ideas and to achieve a new insight to it. Studies which have such objective is known as exploratory
research.
Set of research questions – is 'a question that a research project sets out to answer'
3. General Problem - Opening of the statement.
4. Specific Problem - Stated as a question.

Statement of the problem

• Here are the problems of your research and the specific questions that need to be answered Element
of the statement of the problem
• Here you will find what Element you can use to answer specific questions in your research topic.
General problem
• Here you can see what problems your research topic is facing Specific problem
• It is a research problem that have difficulty, issue, or gap in knowledge your knowledge that you might
encounter when doing your research.

Group Activity [Done]

Presents your Statement of the Problem of your approved research title

Note: Magreremove ako ng members IF NOT PARTICIPATING/ COOPERATING. Since we only got time till
10pm. I need the cooperation of everyone in this group We must finish this within this day its already
past due time

"Sometimes the best thing you can do is not think, not wonder, not imagine, not obsess, just breathe,
and have faith that everything will work out for the best".
- unknown
Objectives!
Define the definition of terms
Explain the guidelines in writing the definition of terms

Analyze and evaluate the role of entrepreneurship in the establishment of small, medium, and micro
enterprises (SMME's) and ascertain the value of the economic contributions of these firms in
emerging markets.
 Entrepreneurship
 small
 medium
 micro enterprises
 Emerging market

Definition of Terms
This consist of words which need to be defined to provide better understanding of the study Conducted.
conceptually operationally

Salt
 the result of combination of sodium and chlorine
 a water-soluble substance that conducts electricity
 a substance having cubical crystals
o Preconditions for the phenomenon to occur
o Dynamic property, how the things operate or its function
o Physical look

1. Arrange the terms alphabetically

2. Present the section with an introductory statement
3. Terms should be operationally or conceptually defined
4. The choice of terms to be defined starts from title of the study
5. Set the terms to be defined in boldface
6. The definition is based on how term is used with the context of the study
 

An outline for preparing a literature review

 Ethical standard)
 Plagiarism
 Chapter 1 & 2
 Background of the study
 Statement of the problem
 Referencing style or the citation
Distinct method of citation of mma style
Scope and the limitation
5 wh question in writing
Research hypothesis
The classifications of research questions

 Factor isolation question

 Factor relation q
 Situation relating
 Situation reducing
2 types of research question
1. Researchable question
2. Non researchable question
What is Hypothesis?
A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.

In some disciplines, the hypothesis is called a "thesis statement." Other words for "hypothesized" are
"posited," "theorized" or "proposed". Remember, your hypothesis must REQUIRE two or more
disciplines, one of which is law. This is essential, since your paper is interdisciplinary and a
demonstration of the interdisciplinary process.
 
In your hypothesis, you are predicting the relationship between variables. Through the disciplinary
insights gained in the research process throughout the year, you "prove" your hypothesis. This is a
process of discovery to create greater understandings or conclusions. It is not a strict proof as in logic or
mathematics
 
Following are some hints for the formulation of your hypothesis:
1. Be sure to read on the topic to familiarize yourself with it before making a final decision.
2. As noted, a research hypothesis is more than just a topic. It has two elements (variables) that are in
relation to each other.
3. Avoid judgmental words in your hypothesis.
4. Your hypothesis must involve an issue or question that cannot be answered exclusively by the
discipline of law.
5. Be sure that each term in your hypothesis is clearly understood and defined
6. Specify, if appropriate, whether you will be dealing with state or federal law or both on a comparative
basis if appropriate.
7. Know that your hypothesis may change over time as your research progresses.

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

A. Hypothesis should! be simple
B. Hypothesis should be specific
C. Hypothesis should be testable

Characteristics of a good hypothesis

1) Provides reasonable explanation of existing data
- Reasonable means for “fairness and sensibility”
Which do you think in reasonable and sensible?
The Philippine native quail is better than Japanese quail
Or.
Both the Philippine native quail and Japanese quail have similar adult
liveweight
Don’t know which of the two is reasonable? Please read more about it.
2) Sound inductive reasoning
- The inductive reasoning is the level of thinking whereby it combines the
experiences and observations one already knows is true
 - Do you think the Japanese quail has similar mature liveweight with Philippine
native quail?
3) Imaginative and unique
- How many of us think about quail?
4) Has interesting and important implications
- Have you ever known that the quail lay egg when it reaches 6 to 7 weeks of
age?
- What does it implied of studying about quail?
- The earlier it lays egg, the sooner the income will be derived
5) Is testable
- You would not believe that quail lay egg when it is 6 to 7 weeks of age? Make
an experiment.
6) Not necessarily
- Whether the Philippine native quail is bigger or not than the Japanese quail,
both of them are quail and lay eggs at 6 to 7 weeks old
- Have you learned something? Be an Agripreneur from the onset of your
research

Essential Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

To help you formulate a promising research hypothesis, you should ask yourself the following questions:
Is the language clear and focused?
What is the relationship between your hypothesis and your research topic?
Is your hypothesis testable? If yes, then how?
What are the possible explanations that you might want to explore?
Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable?
Can you manipulate your variables without hampering the ethical standards?

How to Formulate an Effective Research Hypothesis

1. State the problem that you are trying to solve.
2. Try to write the hypothesis
3. Define the variables

FORMING HYPOTHESES
• A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation or scientific problem
 Must be able to be tested by further investigation
 Investigation is also known as an experiment

STEPS FOR WRITING A HYPOTHESIS

1. Start by identifying the investigative question. It should be testable'
2. Identify independent and dependent variables in the experiment
2.1. How will the independent variable AFFECT the dependent variable (cause and effect)?
 2.2. When you design your experiment. you assume that the independent variable is the cause and
the dependent variable is the effect.
3. Write your hypothesis in the “if… then… because” form.
3.1. If goes with the independent variable
3.2. Then goes with the dependent variable
3.3. Because is your scientific reason why.

IT SHOULD SOUND LIKE THIS:

If the independent variable (increases or decreases), then the dependent variable will (increase or
decrease) because...
You would change the colored words based on your investigative question.

LET'S DO EXAMPLE #1
Investigative question: What happens to the speed at which a marble travels when the height of a
ramp is changed?
Make sure you fill in these answers for the assignment
• Independent variable (cause):
 Height of the ramp
• Dependent variable (effect):
 Speed of the marble
• Hypothesis
 If the height of the ramp increases. then the speed of the marble will increase because the
marble will be closer to a free-fall situation.

EXAMPLE #2
Investigative question: Which dishwashing detergent removes grease faster?
• Independent variable:
 Brand of dishwashing detergent
• Dependent variable:
 Speed of grease removal
• Hypothesis:
 If you use Brand X dishwashing detergent, then the grease will come off the dish in less time
because Brand X has more effective grease-removing chemicals.

EXAMPLE #3 CHOOSE YOUR OWN RESPONSE

Investigative question: What will happen if salt is added to ice?
• Independent variable:
 amount of salt
• Dependent variable:
 amount of time it takes for ice to melt
• Hypothesis:
 If the amount of salt (increases or decreases), then the time it takes the ice to melt will
(increase or decrease) because
EXAMPLE #4 CHOOSE YOUR OWN RESPONSE
Investigative question: What conditions affect the growth of seeds?
• Independent variable:
 Amount of fertilizer
• Dependent variable:
 Height of the plant
• Hypothesis:
 If the amount of fertilizer (increases or decreases), then the height of the plant will (increase
or decrease) because

EXAMPLE #5 ALL ON YOUR OWN NOW!

Investigative question: What affects the number of popped kernels in a bag of microwave popcorn?
• Independent variable (reminder. this is the cause - what you are testing the effect of):
• Dependent variable (reminder, this is the effect - what you are measuring as a result):
• Hypothesis: (remember: if...then...because)

EXAMPLE #6 ALL ON YOUR OWN NOW!

Investigative question: What affects the flight of a paper airplane?
• Independent variable (reminder. this is the cause — what you are testing the effect of):
• Dependent variable (reminder, this is the effect — what you are measuring as a result):
• Hypothesis: (remember: if...then...because)

Types of Research Hypothesis

1. Simple Hypothesis
2. Complex hypothesis
3. Directional Hypothesis
4. Non-directional Hypothesis
5. Associate and Casual Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis
It states a negative statement to support the researcher's findings that there is no relationship
between two variables.
Alternative Hypothesis
It states that there is a relationship between the two variables of the study and that the results are
significant to the research topic.

Hypothesis Testing - Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Conducting A Hypothesis Test
Parameter - characteristic of a population
statistical hypothesis - statement about a population parameter

To test a population parameter - conduct a hypothesis test

sample
use statistics from a sample to test a claim about a population parameter
State a pair of hypotheses
one hypothesis - represents a claim
other hypothesis - represents the complement of a claim

2 hypotheses used
null hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
 either of these can represent the claim
null hypothesis contains equality (=, ≤ , or ≥)
alternative hypothesis is complement of null hypothesis contains inequality ( ≠ ,<, or >)
 
When do I use a hypothesis?
It is appropriate to use a hypothesis when you are testing a theory. Your immediate answer to this may
be 111m not testing a theory'; however, remember that our definition of theory is very broad - Ian idea
about how things relate to each other'.

If you have an expectation of how your research question will be answered (the outcome) then it is fair
to say you have a theory in mind. If you ask of your research question 'What is the expected outcome?'
and have an answer, you can ask why? What is my thinking behind this prediction? This is essentially the
theory that you will be testing.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is Hypothesis?
A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by
research.
 In some disciplines, the hypothesis is called a "thesis statement." Other words for
"hypothesized" are "posited," "theorized" or "proposed". Remember, your hypothesis must
REQUIRE two or more disciplines, one of which is law. This is essential, since your paper is
interdisciplinary and a demonstration of the interdisciplinary process.
 In your hypothesis, you are predicting the relationship between variables. Through the
disciplinary insights gained in the research process throughout the year, you "prove" your
hypothesis. This is a process of discovery to create greater understandings or conclusions. It
is not a strict proof as in logic or mathematics
2. What is the difference between Null and Alternative Hypothesis?
 Alternative Hypothesis is a statement in the affirmative
 Null Hypothesis is a statement written in negative

 Null Hypothesis
 It states a negative statement to support the researcher's findings that there is no
relationship between two variables.
 Alternative Hypothesis
 It states that there is a relationship between the two variables of the study and that the
results are significant to the research topic.

 Null hypothesis contains equality (=, ≤ , or ≥)

 Alternative hypothesis is complement of null hypothesis contains inequality (≠ ,<, or >)

3. Give at least 2 examples of Null and Alternative Hypothesis

 A report says the mean life for a certain chocolate bar is less than 4 months,
 H 0 = μ<3 months
H a = μ ≥3 months
 The mean IQ in the Philippines is 86
H 0 = μ=86 IQ
H a = μ ≠ 86 IQ

The Weight of citizens in country A is equal to the weight of citizens in country B (µA = µB) h = 38 namias
= 39 Tuazon 38
 YOUNG ACHIEVERS’ SCHOOL OF CALOOCAN, INC. 
Senior High School Department 
School Year 2021-2022 
 
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 
First Quarter Examination 
TOPICS FOR REVIEW 
 
1. Types of Quantitative Research 
1. Descriptive Research Design
2. Correlational research Design
3. Ex post facto Research Design
4. Comparative Research Design
5. Experimental Design
6. A Quasi-Experimental Research Design
7. Survey Research Design

2. Independent & Dependent variables 

3. Alternative Hypothesis 
4. Null Hypothesis 
5. Categories of Hypothesis 
6. Common Referencing Style 
7. Classification of Quantitative Research 
8. Practical Research Chapter1 
 Conceptual Framework
Objectives:
Define the Conceptual Framework Explain the guidelines in writing the definition of terms

FORMULATING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework represents the researcher's synthesis of the literature on how to explain a
phenomenon. It maps out the actions required during the study, given his previous knowledge of other
researchers' point of view and his observations about research.

In other words, the conceptual framework is the researcher's understanding of how the variables in his
study connect. Thus, it identifies the variables required in the research investigation. It is the
researcher's "map" in pursuing the investigation.

How to make a Conceptual Framework?

1. Choose your topic
As a researcher, there are many aspects of the world you can choose to investigate. However,
the important thing to consider is that not all the resources of the world are available to us. Moreover,
the research may also be time- bound.
2. Make your research question
Unlike the topic which can be a broad area of study the research question has to be specific. The
exact aspects of...
3. Conduct a review of the literature
Doing a review of literature is an action where a researcher studies published works by reliable
sources related to the topic
4. Choose your variables
Identify the specific variables that are related to the research study you want to conduct. These
variables can give your research a new scope and can also help you identify how these can be related to
your research.
5. Choose your relationships
Now that you have chosen your variables, you must choose how these variables are related to
one another. Given that you have already read much literature on your topic, you should already be able
to define how each of your variables is connected to one another
6. Create the conceptual framework
In this steps, you start building the required framework using the mix of variables from the
scientific articles and the other relevant materials.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK EXAMPLE

BACKGROUND: I am a co-owner of a branch of Burger King.
1. Choose your topic
I am interested to know what affects the satisfaction of our customers.
2. Make your research question
What affects customer's satisfaction of Burger King?
3. Conduct a review of the Literature
I read up on different publications related to food establishments, specifically burger joints, and
customer satisfaction.
4. Choose your variables
3 main variables namely:
 - food taste
- speed of service
- staff performance
5. Choose your relationships
- The 3 variables are determining factors of customer satisfaction.
6. Create the conceptual framework