Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PowerPoint Authors:
Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA
Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA
Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA
Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2-2
Learning Objective 1
2-3
The Product
2-2
2-4
Direct Materials
Raw materials that become an integral
part of the product and that can be
conveniently traced directly to it.
2-5
Direct Labor
2-6
Manufacturing Overhead
Manufacturing costs that cannot be easily
traced directly to specific units produced.
2-7
Nonmanufacturing Costs
Selling Administrative
Costs Costs
2-8
Learning Objective 2
Distinguish between
product costs and period
costs and give examples
of each.
2-9
Sale
2-10
Classifications of Costs
Manufacturing costs are often
classified as follows:
Direct Direct Manufacturing
Material Labor Overhead
Prime Conversion
Cost Cost
2-11
Learning Objective 3
Understand cost
behavior patterns
including variable costs,
fixed costs, and mixed
costs.
2-12
2-13
Variable Cost
2-14
2-15
Units Machine
produced hours
A measure of what
causes the
incurrence of a
variable cost
Miles Labor
driven hours
2-6
2-16
Fixed Cost
Your monthly contract fee for your cell phone is
fixed for the number of monthly minutes in your
contract. The monthly contract fee does not
change based on the number of calls you make.
Monthly Cell Phone
Contract Fee
2-17
2-18
Committed Discretionary
Long-term, cannot be May be altered in the
significantly reduced in short-term by current
the short term. managerial decisions
Examples Examples
Depreciation on Buildings Advertising and
and Equipment and Real Research and
Estate Taxes Development
2-7
2-19
Range
Accountant’s Straight-Line
Approximation (constant
unit variable cost)
Activity
2-20
2-21
90
Rent Cost in Thousands
0
0 1,000 2,000 3,000
Rented Area (Square Feet)
2-8
2-22
2-23
Mixed Costs
(also called semivariable costs)
A mixed cost contains both variable and fixed
elements. Consider the example of utility cost.
Y
Total Utility Cost
Variable
Cost per KW
X Fixed Monthly
Activity (Kilowatt Hours) Utility Charge
2-24
Mixed Costs
The total mixed cost line can be expressed
as an equation: Y = a + bX
Variable
Cost per KW
X Fixed Monthly
Activity (Kilowatt Hours) Utility Charge
2-9
2-25
2-26
Learning Objective 4
2-27
2-28
Y Scattergraph Method
$10,000
Total Maintenance Cost
$9,500
$9,000
$8,500
$8,000
$7,500
$7,000 X
400 500 600 700 800 900
Hours of Maintenance
2-29
$2,400
= $6.00/hour
400
2-30
2-31
2-32
2-33
2-34
2-35
Learning Objective 5
Prepare income
statements for a
merchandising company
using the traditional and
contribution formats.
2-36
2-37
2-38
Learning Objective 6
2-39
2-40
Learning Objective 7
Understand cost
classifications used in
making decisions:
differential costs,
opportunity costs, and
sunk costs.
2-41
2-42
2-43
Opportunity Cost
The potential benefit that is
given up when one alternative
is selected over another.
2-44
Sunk Costs
2-45