April 14 I Thermodynamics, Temperature Oth law of thermodynamics Calorimetry Themrodynamics- KTG, ideal gas equation, behaviour Ua Ken, Cy oe Tempernure Unt Conversion Linear equation S$ loPe z ~9o 4 - xtand = 12> Gh vata = 95 - ay x-*% —=—_- Unit Celsius Kelvin k Lower fixed point 0 273.15 3431S (Freezing point) Upper Fixed Point100 373.15 (Boiling Point) a (too, 343 15) ee YH = inepraszassyuoo9-1 ia Ea a cent 150 cane K =C +273.15 ‘eormes AQ: change in temperature ie 30 degree celsius. Find the corresponding change in temperature in Kelvin. crc? = 30K1-k2 = ci+ 273-35. (c2+27235) 30 Kelvin Celsius to Fahrenheit slope = m = (Fs-Fi)/(C2~ Gi) (212-32)/A100-0) =18 =9/5 Una ative Lowerficed point 032 Fo32_ 42? (Frezing aim) z UpperFoed point 100712 ease (Goiling pote) 5 Q: temperature is 40°C. Convert to °F Ans: 106°F 0: change intemperatreis 40°F. Find change intemp in Kelvin Ans OF = F2 = F2= 24 92 — (4 so} WED = BE ac = a5. =200/9 ak = dc =22.22K = 2.22 THERMOMETERS ~ we use a physical parameter that changes linearly with temperature = Example : resistance, length (both are linearly dependent for small temperature range) Question: A resistance thermometer has resistance 200 at 30°C and500 at 60°C. Find the temperature when resistance isda Solution: variable Resistance’ Celsius! Lower fixed point 20 30 Upper fixed point 50 60 Stope = (60-30)/(50-20) = 2 (C=30) _ R—a0 C=Re10 = 40420 =50 maa Question: A resistance thermometer has resistance 250 at 30°C and500 at 80°C. Find the temperature when resistance isaoa Soulution: m = (80-30)/(50-25) =2 Question: In athermometer, mercury column has length 2 cm at 30°C and 10cm at 90°C. Find the temperature when length is sem. Solution: slope = m = (90-30)/(20-2) 75¢8+15THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM ~ If 2 bodies have same temperature, they will not exchange heat. This is called as thermal equilibrium. Zeroth law of thermodynamics ‘The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that iftwo hermadynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with @thied one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. From “Thermal equilibrium 8 WA and @ are in thermal eq ‘And, 8 and Care also in thermal eg ‘Then, A and C are also in thermal eq That means they don't exchange heat ‘Thermal equilibrium ‘& CONCEPT OF THERMOMETER IS BASED ON ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS In above situation if 8 is thermometer, and shows same temp for A and C separately, then that means that A and Cwillnot exchange est. CALORIMETRY = Calorimetry isthe science or act of measuring changes temperature and state ~ forthe purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes ofits state due ~ Calorimetry is performed with acalorimeter Bomb cll STIRRER = CHAMMACH THERMOMETER =T0 MEASURE TEMP CHANGES IGNORE THE ELECTRIC WIRES INSULATING JACKET =to prevent heat exchange with surrounding, so that we can properly measure the heat exchange between the objects inside apparatusHeat capacity The amount of heat required to change temperature of body by 1 unit. Heat capacity = H = heat/AT = Q/AT Example Q: An object of mass 5kg absorbs 8000 J of heat to increase temp by 10°C. Then what capacity of the object? a= 8000) AT =10 HEAT caPAcrTY= Q/AT = 004°C heat Q: Inthe above question, if the mass of object is 3 kg, then what is heat capacity? ‘Skg-——~ 800 3kg-———- 8003/5 =480/°C Units of heat 1. Joules (S1 Unit) 2. Calorie a Leal=4.18)~ 4.24 : Skg of water and 5 kg of oil have same heat capacity. True or false? False : Skg of water and 3kg of oil may have same heat capacity. True or false? True SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY - Heat capacity per unit mass - S=H/m = Q/mAT Question: 5kg water and 3 kg water have same heat capacity. True or false? Question: 5kg water and 3 kg water have same specific heat capacity. True or false? % Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g°C = 1 cal/g°C % Specific heat of ice =0.5 cal/g°C = 2.1/g°C > Question: find heat capacity of 5 kg of water and 5kg of ice. Heat capacity H = ms Heat capacity of 5kg water =5 kg * 1000cal/kg°C = 5000 cal/°C = 21000 3/°C Heat capacity of 1kg ice =5 kg * 500cal/kg°C = 2500 cal/°C = 10500 3/°C? Question: an object of mass 100g absorbs 30 cal of heat to increase temperature by 10°C. Find heats capacity and specific heat of the object. Heat capacity = Q/AT = 30/10 =3 cal/°C Specific heat = H/m = 3/100 = 0.03 cal/g°C WATER EQUIVALENT © Heat capacity of object = H 0 H = SwatorMwe © Me = H/ Sicater ° Question: an object has heat capacity 800 cal/°C. Find its water equivalent. Suater= 1 cal/g°C Me =H/s = 800/1 = 800 g ° Question: find water equivalent of 3 kg of an oil of specific heat 750cal/kg°C. Heat capacity of oil = Hai = 3 * 750 = 2,250 cal°C Water equivalent Me =Hoi/Ssater = 2250/1000 = 2.25 kg, Latent heat - Latent heat goes into breaking of bonds that keep the molecules together. © Means bond between molecules of ice is stronger than that of water. So when ice is converted to water, extra energy is required to break bonds. - Latent heat of melting © When conversion from solid to liquid o Heat absorbed - Latent heat of freezing © When conversion from liquid to solid o Heat released - Latent heat of vaporization © When conversion from liquid to gas(vapor) © Heat absorb - Latent heat of condensation© When conversion from gas to liquid © Heat released Latent heat of melting/freezing of water = 80cal/g Latent heat of vaporization of water = 540cal/g