190280107111 Div.

: B

Certificate

This is to certify that

Shri/Ms Patel Sudhanshu R, Enrollment No.
190280107111 of B.E. Sem-3 class has
satisfactory completed the course in Database
Management System - 3130703 within four
walls of L. D. College of Engineering,
Ahmedabad-380015.

Date of submission. 2nd November, 2020

Staff in-Charge Prof. Amita Shah
Head of Department Dr. S. M. Shah

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L D COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AHMEDABAD

COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VISION
To achieve academic excellence in Computer Engineering by providing
value based education.

MISSION
1. To produce graduates according to the needs of industry, government,
society and scientific community.

2. To develop partnership with industries, research and development

organizations and government sectors for continuous improvement of
faculties and students.

3. To motivate students for participating in reputed conferences, workshops,

seminars and technical events to make them technocrats and entrepreneurs.

4. To enhance the ability of students to address the real life issues by applying
technical expertise, human values and professional ethics.

5. To inculcate habit of using free and open source software, latest technology
and soft skills so that they become competent professionals.

6. To encourage faculty members to upgrade their skills and qualification

through training and higher studies at reputed universities.

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MARKS OUT OF 20
Sr. Title Page Date Grade Sign
C1 C2 C3 C4
No. No.
(5) (5) (5) (5)
1. PRACTICAL-1 4

2. PRACTICAL-2 15
3. PRACTICAL-3 26
4. PRACTICAL-4 40
5. PRACTICAL-5 50
6. PRACTICAL-6 60

7. PRACTICAL-7 64
8. PRACTICAL-8 71
9. PRACTICAL-9 74
10. PRACTICAL-10 79

Grading Criteria (C1) Understanding Concepts Grading Scale : A – Above 17 (Excellent)

(C2) Logic Designing B – 13 to 16 (Good)
(C3) Program Execution C – 10 to 12 (Fair)
(C4) Final Output D – Below 10 (Poor)
A, B, C are Passing Grades. D is Failing Grade.

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PRACTICAl-1

Create a table : ACCOUNT

Create a table : LOAN

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1.Insert the records if you have not inserted in PRACTICAL-1.

2.Change the name ‘PATEL JIGAR’ to ‘PATEL HIREN’.

3.Change the name and city where account number is A005.(new name =
‘KOTHARI NEHAL’ and new city = ‘PATAN’).

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4.Display only those records where loan taken status is ‘YES’.

5.Add the new column (address varchar2 (20)) into table ACCOUNT.

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6.Create another table ACCOUNT_TEMP(acc_no,name,balance) from table

ACCOUNT.

7.Rename the table ACCOUNT to ACCOUNT_MASTER.

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8.Update the column balance for all the account holders.(multiply the balance
by 2 for each account holders).

9.Describe the structure of table ACCOUNT.

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10.Delete the records whose account no. is A004.

Table : LOAN
1.Insert the records if you have not inserted in PRACTICAL-1.

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2.For each loan holders add 100000 Rs. Amount into the column loan_amt.

3.For each loan holders increase the intrest rate 2%.

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4.Create another table LOAN_TEMP (loan_no,acc_no,loan_amt,loan_date)

from the table LOAN.

5.Display only those records where loan holders taken a loan in month of
January.

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6.Modifiy the structure of table LOAN by adding one column credit_no

varchar2
(4).

7.Display the Loan amount*2 of table LOAN.

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8.Display the records of table LOAN by data wise in ascending order.

9.Display the records of table LOAN by account number wise in descending

order.

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10.Increase the size 5 to 7 of column acc_no.

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PRACTICAL – 2

TABLE : INSTALLMENT
1. Insert following Records if you have not inserted in PRACTICAL-1.

2. Change the Inst_Date ‘2-Feb-04’ to ’3-Mar-04’.

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3. Reduce 5000 amount from all Installment holders.

4. Add the amount 5000 where loan no is ‘L003’ and ‘L002’.

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5. Change the column size of 5 to 7 where column name is Loan_no.

6. Decrease the column size 5 to 4 where column name Inst_no.

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7. Show the structure of the Table.

8. Change the amount 15000 to 5000 where loan number is L001.

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9. Perform delete operation. (Delete only particular one record)

10. only create a structure of table installment1 from table installment.

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TABLE : TRANSACTIONS
1. Insert a Following Records if you have not inserted in PRACTICAL-1.

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2. Insert any duplicate value and display all the records without any
duplicate rows.

3. Select all the records in descending order(account number wise).

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4. Display amt, date, and type of transaction by date wise.

5. Create another table TRANSACTION_TEMP from this table.

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6. Create a another table TRANS_TEMP by change the column name

acc_no to account_no.

7. Delete a table TRANSACTION_TEMP.

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8. Rename the table TRANSACTION to TRANS.

9. Only create a structure of table transaction1 from table transaction.

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10. Display account number where type of transaction is ‘D’.

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PRACTICAL – 3
Using Operator: NOT,BETWEEN,NOT
BETWEEN,IN,NOT IN
1.Retrieve specified information for the account holder who are not in
‘Ahmedabad’.

2. Retrieve specified information for the account holder who are not in
‘Ahmedabad’.

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3.Retrieve those records of Account holder whose balance between is

500000 and 1000000.

4.Display only those records whose amount is 5000, 25000, 30000.

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5. Display System date.

6. Find the date,15 days after today’s date.

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9. Perform following operation using DUAL table.length of

‘uvpce’,display only month of systemdate.

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10. Find the date,20 days before today’s date.

Function Based Queries.

1. Find the total transaction amount of account holder from transaction
table.
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2. Find minmum amount of transaction.

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3.Find maximum amount of transaction.

4. Count the total account holders.

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5. Count only those records whose made of payment is ‘cash’.

6. Count only those records whose transaction made in the month of

‘MAY’

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7.Find the average value of transaction.

9.Find the square root of 25.

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10. Write the query for the following Function.

LOWER,INITCAP,UPPER,SUBSTR,LENGTH,LTRIM,RTRIM,LPAD,RP
AD.
LOWER

UPPER

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SUBSTR

LENGTH

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LTRIM

RTRIM

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LPAD

RPAD

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PRACTICAL – 4
1. Display the sum of balance of account holders who’s live in same city
‘Mehsana’ using group by clause.

2. Display the information about account where balance is less than total
balance of all account holders.

3. Displays the information of account holders whose loan amount and

balance both are same.
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4. Display the name of city, remaining loan amount, account, date of

loan and loan number of account holders.

5. Display name of account holder, installment number and installment

amount Whose loan number is ‘L001’.

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6. Display name of account holder, city, loan amount and installment

amount.

7. Display the balance of account holders whose balance and remaining

loan both are same.

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8. List of all account holders’ information whose balance is same as loan

amount.

9. Display the amount of transaction, name of account holders, account

number and mode of payment whose mode of payment is ‘CHEQUE’.

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10. Display account no, loan amount, amount of transaction.

11. List of installment information whose amount is less than average

amount of transaction.

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12. Display the sum of installment amount and transaction amount.

13. Display the balance and amount of transaction group by amount and
balance.

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14. List of installment number and account number of account holders.

15. Display loan amount, transaction amount and mode of payment

where transaction date and loan taken date both are done in month of
‘MAY’.

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16. Display all the information of installment and transaction where

installment date and transaction date both are done in month of ‘JULY’.

17. Display the last three row of account table.

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18. Display the balance, mode of payment, loan taken status whose
mode of payment is ‘CHEQUE’ and loan taken is ‘YES’.

19. Retrieve only rows 2 to 5 from account table.

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20. Retrieve every even row from an account table.

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PRACTICAL : 5

Create a table ACCOUNT.

Column name Data Type Size Attributes
Acc_no Varchar2 5 Primary key / first letter must start with ‘A’
Name Varchar2 30 NOT NULL
City Varchar2 20 NOT NULL
Balance Number 10,2 Balance >=500
Loan_taken Varchar2 3 Values(‘NO’,’YES’)
1. Insert the records using Practical list-1.

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Create a Table LOAN.

Column Name Data Type Size Attributes
Loan_no Varchar2 5 Primary Key / first letter must start with ‘L’
Acc_no Varchar2 5 Foreign key References Acc_no of account table
Loan_amt Number 10,2 NOT NULL
Interest_rate Number 5,2 NOT NULL
Loan_date Date
Remaining_loan Number 10,2 Remaining loan<loan amount

1. Insert the records using Practical list-1

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Create a table INSTALLMENT.

Column Name Data Type Size Attributes
Loan_no Varchar2 5 Foreign key References Loan_no of Loan table
Inst_no Varchar2 5 first letter must start with ‘I’
IDate Date NOT NULL
Amount Number 10,2 NOT NULL
Insert the records using Practical list-1.

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Create a Table TRANSACTION.

Column Name Data Type Size Attributes
Acc_no Varchar2 5 Foreign key References Acc_no of account table
Trans_Date Date NOT NULL
Amt Number 10,2 NOT NULL
Type_of_tr Char 1 Values in (‘D’,’W’)
Mode_of_pay Varchar2 10 Values in (‘cash’,’check’)
1. Insert the records using Practical list-1.

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CONSTRAINTS Based queries.

Create a table:STUDENT
Name of column Type and Size
Rollno Varchar2(6)
Name Varchar2(20)
Branch Varchar2(6)
Address Varchar2(20)

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1. Add PRIMARY KEY (roll no) and provide constraint name PRIM_rollno.

2. Add NOT NULL constraint to name,branch for student table.

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3. Add check constraint and check name is in capital letter.

4. Drop the primary key.

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Create a Table REGISTER.

Name of column Type and Size
Rollno Varchar2(6)
Name Varchar2(20)

Add check constraint to check name’s first letter is always capital.

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Add NOT NULL constraint to name of register table.

Drop NOT NULL constraint.

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PRACTICAL : 6

1. What is view? Explain in detail.

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table.

The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.

You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as
if the data were coming from one single table.

A view always shows up-to-date data.

The database engine recreates the data, using the view's SQL statement, every time a user
queries a view.

2. Create a view vw_emp on employee table

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3. Insert a value (E001,Anil,Ahmedabad,50000) into vw_emp;

4.Delete a record from view where employee no is E002.

5. Change the city Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar where emp_no=E001 of vw_emp.

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PRACTICAL : 7

1. Write queries for the following tables.

T1 (Empno, Ename, Salary, Designation), T2 (Empno, Deptno.)
(1) Display all rows for salary greater than 5000.

SELECT * FROM T1
WHERE Salary > 5000;

(2) Display the deptno for the ename=’syham’.

SELECT T2.Deptno FROM T2,T1

WHERE T1.Empno = T2.Empno AND T1.Ename = “syham”;

(3) Add a new column deptname in table T2.

ALTER TABLE T2
ADD deptname varchar(20);

(4) Change the designation of ename=’ram’ from ‘clerk’ to ‘senior clerk’.

UPDATE T1
SET Designation = “senior clerk”
WHERE Ename = “ram”;

(5) Find the total salary of all the rows.

SELECT SUM(Salary) from T1;

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(6) Display Empno, Ename, Deptno and Deptname.

SELECT T1.Empno,T1.Ename,T2.Deptno,T2.Deptname FROM T1,T2

WHERE T1.Empno = T2.Empno;

(7) Drop the table T1.

DROP TABLE T1;

2. Consider following schema and write SQL for given statements.

Student(RollNo, Name, Age, Sex, City)
Student_marks(RollNo, Sub1, Sub2,Sub3,Total,Average)
Write query to
(i) Display name and city of students whose total marks are greater than 225.

SELECT Student.Name,Student.City FROM Student,Student_marks

WHERE Student.RollNo = Student_marks.RollNo AND
Student_marks.Total > 225;

(ii) Display name of students who got more than 60 marks in each subject.

SELECT Student.Name from Student,Student_marks

WHERE Student.RollNo = Student_marks.RollNo
AND Student_marks.Sub1 > 60
AND Student_marks.Sub2 > 60
AND Student_marks.Sub3 > 60;

(iii) Display name of city from where more than 10 students come from.

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SELECT City FROM Student

WHERE (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Student GROUP BY City) > 10;

(iv) Display a unique pair of male and female students.

SELECT M.Name AS ‘MALE’,F.Name AS ‘FEMALE’

FROM Student M,Student F

WHERE M.Sex = ‘M’ AND F.Sex = ‘F’;

3 Implement following relation using SQL query.

Employee(emp_no,emp_name,department,city,salary)
(1) Find all the employee whose emp_no is lessthan 100 and
salary more than 25000 and department is “Account”

SELECT emp_name FROM Employee

WHERE emp_no < 100
AND salary > 25000

AND department = “Account”;

(2) count the no of employee and Sum the salary of all employee

SELECT COUNT (*) ,Sum(salary) FROM Employee;

(3) Delete the employee having minimum salary.

DELETE FROM Employee

WHERE salary = min(salary);

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4 (a) Implement following relation using SQL query.

Student(stud_no,stud_name,sub1,sub2,totalmark,percentage)
Create the table, add 5 records and display the data

(b) Calculate total mark and percentage and also arrange the students on
Ascending order of total marks and also makes a view of it.

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(c) Update the mark of sub1 of student_no=S002 with 50 and also

Calculate totalmark and percentage accordingly.

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5 Consider the employee data. Give an expression in SQL for the following
query :
Employee(employee-name, street,city)
Works(employee-name, company-name,salary)
Company(company-name, city)
Manages(employee-name, manager-name)
(1) Find the name of all employees who work for State Bank.

SELECT Employee.employee-name FROM Employee,Works

WHERE Employee.employee-name = Works.employee-name

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AND Works.company-name = ‘State Bank’;

(2) Find the names and cities of residence of all employees who work for State
Bank.

SELECT Employee.employee-name,Employee.city FROM Employee,Works

WHERE Employee.employee-name = Works.employee-name

AND Works.company-name = ‘State Bank’;

(3) Find all employee in the database who do not work for State Bank.

SELECT Employee.employee-name FROM Employee,Works

WHERE Employee.employee-name = Works.employee-name

AND Works.company-name != ‘State Bank’;

(4) Find all employee in the database who earn more than every employee of
UCO Bank.

SELECT * FROM Works

WHERE salary > (SELECT max(salary) FROM Work GROUP BY company-name
WHERE company-name = ‘UCO Bank’;

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PRACTICAL : 8

1 Write down the query for the following table where primary keys are
underlined.
Person(ss#, name, address)
Car(license, year, model)
Accident(date, driver, damage-amount)
Owns(ss#, license)
Log(license, date, driver)

(1) find the total number of people whose cars were involved in accidents in
2009.

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Accident

WHERE YEAR(date) = 2009;

(2) Find the number of accidents in which the cars belonging to “S.Sudarshan”

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Accident,Owns,Log

WHERE Accident.driver = Log.driver
AND Log.license = Owns.license
AND Owns.ss# = (SELECT ss# FROM Person WHERE name = ‘S.Sudarshan’);

(3) Add a new customer to the database.

INSERT INTO Person VALUES (‘S132’,’Aman Agraval’,’Ram Nagar’);

INSERT INTO Owns VALUES (‘S132’,’GJ-13-1111’);

INSERT INTO Car VALUES(‘GJ-13-1111’,2010,’Santro’);

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(4) Add a new accident recorded for the Santro belonging to “KORTH”

INSERT INTO Accident VALUES (‘30-10-2011’,’KORTH’,5000);

INSERT INTO Log VALUES (‘GJ-13-2222’,’30-10-2011’,’KORTH’);

3 Consider wholesaler of booh schema.

Book(book_id, book_title,publisher,book_price)
( i ) Implement procedure which print details of books whose price is more
than average price. (Use cursor).

Declare @book_id int

Declare @book_title varchar(20)
Declare @publisher varchar(20)
Declare @book_price decimal(10,2)
Declare Book_cursor CURSOR FOR
Select book_title,publisher,book_price FROM Book WHERE book_price >
avg(book_price)

OPEN Book_cursor
Fetch Next from Book_cursor into @book_title,@publisher,@book_price

While(@@FETCH_STATUS = 0)
Begin
Print ‘Book Name = ’ + @book_id
Print ‘Book Publisher = ’ + @publisher
Print ‘Book Price = ’ + @book_price

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Fetch Next from Book_cursor into

@book_title,@publisher,@book_price
END
CLOSE Book_cursor
DEALLOCATE Book_cursor

(ii) Write a trigger such that if record is deleted from book table, insert old
record in book_backup table.

CREATE TRIGGER backup_trigger

BEFORE DELETE
ON Book
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO book_backup VALUES
(:old.book_id,
:old.book_title,
:old.publisher,
:old.book_price)
END

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PRACTICAL : 9

Unit :1
1 Write a PL/SQL code block to calculate the area of a circle for a value of
radius varying
from 3 to 7.Store the radius and the corresponding values of calculated area in
an empty
table named Areas.

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2 Write a PL/SQL Block of code for inverting a number 5639 to 9365.

3 Write a PL/SQL Block of code that will merge the data available in the newly
created
table NEW_BRANCHES with the data available in the table BRANCH_MSTR .if
data in the
first table already exist in the second table then that data should be skipped.

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Unit:2
1 Write a PL/SQL block to display whether the given number is Odd or Even.

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2 Write a PL/SQL block to display LJIET 10 times using for loop

Unit3:
1 Write a PL/SQL Block to print the sum of numbers from 1 to 50.

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2 Write a PL/SQL block to display the detail about given employee from EMP

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PRACTICAL : 10

Create Following Tables.

Supplier(s_code, S_name, S_city)
Item(i_code, i_name, u_price)
supplied(s_code, i_code, qty, date)

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Solve the following queries.

1. List the suppliers detail who have supplied on 17/12/97.

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2. List the name of suppliers who have supplied all the items.

3. List the details of suppliers who have supplied atleast one item supplied by
supplier s504.

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4. List the details of items supplied on 27/12/97 having the unit_price less than
Rs. 100.

5. List the details of items supplied between 17/12/97 to 20/12/97.

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6.List the name of suppliers who have not supplied any time.

7. List he name of suppliers who have supplied sugur in quantity less than 10
kg in last month.

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MARKS OUT OF 20
Sr. Title Page Date Grade Sign
C1 C2 C3 C4
No. No.
(5) (5) (5) (5)
1. Assignment-1 86
2. Assignment-2 92
3. Assignment-3 95
4. Assignment-4 100
5. Assignment-5 114
6. Assignment-6 120
7. Assignment-7 129
8. Assignment-8 133
9. Assignment-9 140
10. Assignment-10 143

Grading Criteria (C1) Understanding Concepts Grading Scale : A – Above 17 (Excellent)

(C2) Logic Designing B – 13 to 16 (Good)
(C3) Program Execution C – 10 to 12 (Fair)
(C4) Final Output D – Below 10 (Poor)
A, B, C are Passing Grades. D is Failing Grade.

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15 divided
diveded uty
Sub -entitics bucd On thela Chuructenistr'cs.2
top ooaun cppaoh uheac hiyhes tevel Cntii
Specialz.cd into two 0 moe Louweg Leve enttis
o Caumple MPLOYtE entlty in u n tmp bye,
munugenmct System cun be Speciulzcd0to DVELOt
TEsTUR etcus Shawn in bu f1qux lh this Cue foTRu
Luttibutes k c E -Tt f Salaay eBc

L-saly MPLOEE E-name2

TeSTER Devclopoc
To Ty)

3 Expluin total uateipation and w enat set

Using C LA duatmm
The cnty Sels uhich do not huve. Sutti
Otaibuis to foom a paimaoy kc4Q known C
u k nilb Sets Qd the entity
5ets uhlth hue
a poimuo key t kngwn 0s Staon4 entuty sets
h the aw tak entitresdo not hue un
paimun keythey Cannot be 1dcnfio thti a on
50 they depent on Somc othhex
Cnbs hac totul Cntiticy.The cueul
Pasticiotron Constasunt n
dcntifyiny be ku tionship (veth OCunesitenity
Wea cntutics Ragented l t
double OCctang ulua the LR diuuuaa
he LdenttyIn Cwith double diuord
ke CL1toibutes ciae Partiul
Depaeseby dsbk
Lincs
93
 19028010]L

TIume dube
Customeð

Stoon
woak
cnLtiy
Lonamau-
94
 30280/0t1!I Rtel Slhonshu elassmto
Date
Poge

Hssiqnment3
Ans Join Dpeocution sC to co mbine ntoonutlon faom tuo
0ac aclutions
Join qp coutoa UScol as
thsc ypcs o Join opcaut os
DTheta_jon A B COxB)
2 Cauijoin3 This kindof joinin which theac sis
CuilityCodition betucen tuo ctaibuics f aclations-
3)Natuxal join when thcac Lac common (olu mmS uDd
CL c hax to_Cuule thesc_Cormmons then ue Yscd
nultuaul Loin
X Books M JCVCOSse Booksk 3cueS

Ans-2
DSupea keyIb c set of onc o mazc ataibuts_slthtn
atable that Cun unigutly ialcntity uchacod culhin a
bable
Cey No. slLna Nmc maaks
AL
A2
AA 5
B& g0
A3
CC
Req no and C3oll ho, 8 nr s c his aie
idcnbty JcLoads
2)Canddute keg : 1 is a sinyle attovbu ts oa leasi ominmal
Combinution cettolbutes thett unquely iCty Cach acwd n
twble.
2n abak tryry no ) am aall noa ad dat.

3imuaykey 3a Cidale key ChSSEn by dutabse

designea lo idcntity he tuplc 2n
ackskioruniuely
e In aboe irg l beg._ na) is poimr ke
95
 elASSMAte
Date
Page

19025010 211
Bns-3
thc funccions
functions
funtion Thisfunctjans aat
agocgate
Hagacgate
gaovpallogcthca_CLS
ancac1Ialuc_O mattapic ous_Cua
nput o Ceatajn_CaiBcaiaf3omn_c Single Value _
VariouS CLgg20qae fu2nction UJC
5 Mcax )
1D Count O 3 6A g)
2) um j )61in O
RodRod na. Maks
AA LO
50
3

1DCountactuan botul numbcaof acLods

2 Sum actuan he sum of VeluesfascnE_io dttaibut
3)Hug ctuan_Uvaay ye Lalue
) i n3ctuan minimum Uahue acsent in cettaibtte,
attabut
5)lar :etuan Maaimn ValuePScnt n_Ctttajbtte

Hns
elahonul 0pesdtions
Selcction2 pojection Catesian
PJOduCt
Set oln

inteascction Union Set

Coditional Lqual AchaalL
Jon
oin Jon

e Sudenl ocDeTve
Sd SNamc Sid sha
AA 21 do5 2*7-13
BB 2 05 3-3-12
3 CC
O04 S-1-L6s
DD 23 96
 cASiniLe
Dare
Page

9025010211
Find numes of ell the studens uho have JescavtSbn:005
Ost udnt-sid 2eSc Gid reseTv
LSbn O05 student X descavc
Outet
Sr Snamne age Sid isbn o
AA 21 5 2-7-18
Bb 8 05 3-3-18
e Customez Acc ount
Name Bunch Bounch
Raipe Pone
umba mumb
A umbu
punc
a l al ualozt heving In allthe bounthes
alu Namc
A

Seled Count (SS 4)foyn Peason _whcae Ss

2 (Sclect SS E fbom Owns cwhex iccKe TN
Select Licence taom log whesc daivez
CSclec?
daivca fom cuaidcm Jhcae datc 2 o1-Jan-09
Cu 3)dcc ))

2)SeloztCouatCdaheltaom caulcident whcac_daive[N

CSelcctdaivca log whcoc lictncc n

Select dalicencc taom OW tuhest Ss t7L

CSelect SS tt aom praSaN Uhedc_namc S.5deaShun JJ
3) nscat into_ peason CSStRume, cddass ales(t1,rehya
siSeat into peuns (SSA, licenc )Vulue C11 ' z '
/nseat Into Cua lluceYeaa madc11 Valucs( L1u2011,'estcenm
fagat inBo (og liccnc idae,daua J Vealucs Z1'Du,lMhan' 97
 Dafe-
Page
90 2%0020
CLCcidcnt Ldate,daivco,dammgc mouts)
4 bnscst inta zo0s'ol: 0l- 2011 gpan
/8C nio loz (1hccNe, date doivc ) Valus(
2002 a l t o
nscot lnlo Ca uccne yu made1) Valucstos

os-6
in clationq L Cuc C Aand) VCO) tn93
0pcoction
cuses l
xrstentia C ) am UniuLISUl udntitca slY|
to bird he vanable
Student1 SCSpaVe
S1d Snumae isbn-
21
O 05 2-218
Ram
2 5hyam
Oo5 3-3
16
0 0 --6

F hc f of Studentsnamc or Shadents cuhosc gC21s

Cusiny TRC
T 3 s C SCStudent S29c 1SA TsiaS.Sid/.n9me
5.Sme
Frr the all Shudentswith Cge 18 Csing ORC

Flns-
Pelational algcbau :
1 s upaoccdusal qucay (cenguagakich_1s USC
Lo COLLCSSS duta Dasc tables qm to 3ctaieye thc iitaanth
Lo
in the tom ot aclati0nala
alecbc_ exPXSSION
Poopcat1cs
Tmakes SC of Opcact toas and se uahons as
Opcods
In hio, One oo tuo ehons CeeUSedq inpu cu
thesinglc aclation ieezaied as Output ahat-
name 98
 clASSMAte
Date
Page
1902801 11)
cchclutia calgcbocipaodedurseal
Tb besed on scl hcany amdoess not clleu dupliute
Cntaics
It does3nt_oake USe Of uny englsh sutement
mpoata nce
It Paoidcs foamal foundapions a clctional mOdel
PCOtions
Tis4Sa5 a bastar inmplemenBing ad aptimizing
RUCies in uday paxCC5sing

9Some ot hecocpls of ils

cEmOu 1 2 0 (loun))
qmavH 1200 (lun)

3 stona
)Lcustonca-hame (
Lboaaouw.cazUNcaskbmez-pemedcpasitaa
tustonta TumE hsowC ators-NO depi1teI)

cutornea nuse boendh-remt ouridye"

numw : locnloan-humchej- Lbosaacucal a n ) l )
custornerAName L baoreh-neme Peaurnidqe (Gho.odr
humbca loun.Jean-humbe Cboomuea M lalnD) stana
nume Ldepositez

eustomezname t boonh name Peany 3idge yrotttö4

namb Loanloqn number hoasowes lotn))
U1Cstomt name lcpositc

99
 Patel Sudha nshu R ASSMAte
Date
Page
Hssignment u 19028O10i1
LWhoat is tzansacbion yplain the ACUDDaaper ties.
A toansaction cun btdcincd a 9oup of
tusksbaat rom 5ing logical unit
unit
i Atomitity
Ths_p3opoty Stores that each tansaction must be
Considcd C CL singleunit end must be mpleted
ully On not Complcied at all

L)Consisktncy
hcdatubasc
The 12nust 2cmain ln consistcat state Ofte

o tnpcatoaningcu tadnscction.

CIsolation
Ln databusc Sy stem whoat mo than onc tounset e
In btin;
cLac exccuted simulobaneo usly_and in a patulle
thc
thc paoptaty of isalation state thatall the tzansatioa
Cal be coHed sut a r xeLuteds it is thc only
adnsaction n theSystcn

iv Dhuzab1lity
Thedatabais shauld beStaanenaueht hunck ang
System failuac

2 Delinc tacnscctton xplain Vaios stotc or tadnsuction-

Cithdiugaam
tzansactian canbedetincd a q7oup oi task)
hdt trgmLegicul t

Taansuction skafes
Hcervc:This isthe Fias Skaie_Ofanisáthicn
inseziion delcbion o Plutron- cCazdis dobne
hea 100
 alassmate
Dale
Page
190260io7111
3Paatially commilkd
Whcna taunsachon exccuttd 15 tinal pcaatrin
itis Said to be patiuLLy Conmmtted stutc

Perbtially Comittc
COm bea

trve End

fd failed boated

3)tailed: Layns@d ion Sad t be_ failed sate

ony o he checks noe y hedata bas cCJVezy
Systena fauls

O Hhorted Zi then h
taansachtan is faild da exe cute
datubu5 secovez SYskem_wLlLmike Su22 thui the

dutcnbase n pacyiaus ConsUtent_ Stte

5 Commilecd7r a tocunsa.ction CrccuBes all IEs opeaation

5LCCeSSÍully i t _ I S K i d la be commilte This js the
Sst Sep oftaunsuction

3Explun canllrct Scakalizaailiy uth Xumtplc-

Suppac touo ounSaction and
ACthc instouction _in_L Cand T 2espckivci-
hen thex two taani a Suid tobe C o n f l i c t
Scaiclizuble if both the nstauckion aciess_the

i)heac hould bc_dfteacnt laansuchon

) The_pcaq kioh ms be_etoned Sarne_dctu Hcmu
) O bt tr paahons mus be the waileouhon- 101
 ASSMAte
Date
PGge

estmy foz ScaLaliZubility 1902%31ot

To test the_cantict
G
Scaializubilly eC dn d ydph
a
(V,E) uheac : Vcatrce) which pocscni
tatl nscActign_ the 0.ot
Eedgcc cuncontlicim pus
StLp i Cacate a nodc fo cach_toynsaction
Stcp 2 md thc confLrckingPClas On he some vaicble
Step 3 Da dge foa the venschcdlc
execule aiteCI beto T excLtyke eud cO) the
daua cdge taom I and T
2Li_Cxccute accd C ) betoa: exccute aite (a) ths
datoedge taom T as
_execuies ahe (a2 befozs T Gecut es U3Tte (9)
Then dau Cdgc iam T: o T
e

L T T
RCA
RLA)
RCA
CA
CA

RCD)
LawlA)
Shep1 We aibl cid laopatop tobotlom qod buih a
paccedentc 9zuphfos
fo30tliciing enlaics
Skep 2 hea S no(YCIein the Pcctdehcc
As heat uph
he ajxen 5equcnu Conflict SCataltion
Step 3 Ascleulizability Otdca thethe taans n he
obtaincd by tinding Îmcr 0de Cosisten alia-
the puaiel 7dca poccedcne
cp.24 End Jhe Caict ahich hs ha Incomny iJe
whrh p(timlly imd the vcatea huyuing no agoin, 102
 ASSMAe

190280
SCializability_th Coniikt s2i h74
Dafeacnt icake jicao
Véc gaailuzablity
Contic Scaalizability
wo Schcdula aacSuct
wo Sdhedules a Said o
be Contlict enVLilcnl i be viC 22VIhe ordca d t
allthcconilictn opaation inlhal c a d t i n a wziie
in both the: SChcaule T and updatc dIations -
XCCUBCin the 5ame dcthc Samc in botih Schedule
L Sdhesdlc is_contlict LI schcdvlc i vitw u t o
Cuto iks Scala Scheoule1t5 Scaia Shcdles

a schaddle yic sezl schedule js antiia

then itma or may not be scaiclizubleihen i s als u
Conilict Sczializahle SCializable Schcle

onfhc n_be easllg Lte ca s tlher dTTiAII

achived by 3CLazd ing theko_4chieve
p cutiens af tua tansshould poioam 5imuluz_CLetlD

31ha i deudlock auhen ii_acCuzs und ho

-yOld it
eudlotk a specitieconcusL p2oblcm_in_ahkh
ksaansationdeppeind an caih Cthe to rez
Somctnin
Detinatton
Systm '3_in degallock stoac ift theae CL
Stt ofbaansactionSuch thut_eNery tJunsLctian nn
sct of GUaitn9 fo_anothca taunsaction in thc S

TheTheoc a tant1tían
OCCua 103
 clasSMAte
Dote
Page
902slo7
1 Mutal Cxcd1s ion condillon ha ms6 be c
Ves orce
Ehat
CLDY2 19ues uddi hona
a bclng hcld by 3thes
p3occsscs
2nthesystC
2 Plold
and aarb_cordation paocess tha
canbbc usgd b morethat OYepgoce5
af t bime

3 NoPacmpban conditron A 3CSeresCan+he

frisciby- tahon aon pases the
ParoLess Cun e leus c ez 0sUate thoi i belny held
CCulaz i t Condition
canditiarehcrInt A=
Ltinykarae e lhelt_ hein helal be
Selond ecadPHces_CuaItin_foy ia-
a c a0. touo_Eechgniaues taa
uscs dedlzk mgid
Wuil ic
2 ) J0u-aaii

EpJarn eg-Bc SeS RLcoaye4r Shajia a ag221

techqiae
L o y is the mgsk Commonly uSCd Stanmutae
modi tLLationsth Cs to be made in uLtyal
dedabuse Hencc during the cLOVLIY paoEcdube
o9 til IS muin tiagd
aq rcwor mdian toustypa ak opcrctians
2 Ulaie)loy acco
Comil 2 log ccoad iCgmnil2 104
LAbat lo RcO3 T:9boat
 elassMAte
Date
Page
901501o11
Thcx t ayp3oah3s la hasco n
ODettcsacd dutahase moditica, bion
Inthi tcch ahabase 1 not update
Tbhis Lechit a tunsacbion Illb het
caching LsCamml painh \t j l l na hac
changed dutabuse cany aay hena thei :
ncedfox
ced
the UNDO pca0tionthc l O dpm
UBtdlo ccod the pcaution 3amlag ie to
phSiccal database

2)lmocdi aBe. Datehuse máditiccatian.

n has lech he database 15 duainthe
executfan at tans.actian bctoc CLEhes
commilspoitI he tacnsahan Ces
il bctoae t 2cachcs to Es_commt pon
the a 10LBACk_Ope2a tron heal to be danc ta
baing
baing- he dcitabase fo its casTez Consisla Stut
hat mauns the ffc at apcacatranheed to be
Udonc on the dakbase

6Epaja megie1pnp Baselcantaal

Tmestamp padcalng panhacal 5 C schen
2n nich the Oadca of_taancctian decdea n
bascdon hela timestcmps. Thusthc
schtdule 0acscalalizrd CiccOJdnj to }heta mesfam

he indiu timestam 2dca)ny paotacol_ensuaes

thot ny Conflrctingacd and àaiteOpeyclier
usc xecuted intimestanp ODaca aagc -
timsto op nd icqlcd modc OCccnt taa SLchie
O iL (CLlSs Callcd
Ccssen bme dompe ndicute otten JaansCLLh
105
 cASSMAte

Dcte -
Paga

DHMSialn tuin he tallcaig

to Cud duu ie the
Yuhurs
hc bnanp On abh bjal K aas lastVend
)
RTSCA Tsl1,)
:
772e bimcStom2 on ahich obfact xo las
uis (x
(ttcn
ddtd
aansacion T gtcmps to oatosm Soc uchion_on
n d ee Call hetEime_
LC x on Sonmi hmctump
staany osdeing Lso al_heti to
Siamo 0s
S1am 77).0
ansaction h a to he Ob0zted
ecide hcthca
on Com Continu ekccution

descanbeImmedide datuhasc_mahication tax=

Baetly ly
loy basca accoCy
Inhis technaue the databsa in upke duain the
txecilion of taansuctid4 eren_if auches ts Comp
paini the tinsacilon gcl_il A beto it
2eachCs to Is Camn point thcn_Hhe a ROLLBACk
oR0cions necds t be done ta bei the dutdbgsc t t
ensca Conis)C3eafehu meunihcffcci
4n h abgk

Raud a) Rcud (LL)

C o Ca C J 0
aitk A.a
Rral CB,h)
bebH0
d e C,b
106
 elASSMAte
Dote
Page

190lH
Intially -l00 B:200 C 300
hc
caCLSh Occus ftea
1 Justtc uaile CB.bl
Jus
3) Sus utte 1Commit 2
Loy
TStat2
T A 100 9
A90
T8,200
B:210
Commt
12Sto
L 303,280

aecaveary SCheme uealtaio JCO veay tcchni

i UNDOLT,)Ihebaunsaction nceas ts-be undm
SF the Log ContinS , Stot2 but does not cantdin_

CREDO LT,) lhe taans actron T nceds fo be dor 1t

the Loy Con tuin both TStuot a n d T CominE)
In hi puse, the data itemvalues a Scto th
ValePe Pe he taca tion

a Just afta wail( , ) lhen Systemcgnm baLh fzm.

this CTugh Sees thtt_heae 1 T -stoat 2 byl no-
Tomnit2 Hence m be undane.
bSustaftea u3Te CC): deoc oth thenove qad
o optaution_Guill OuJ 107
 elAssMAte
Date
Poge
90253lot111
Jus afea 12 omnm hcn bhe sytcmco
cosduck
f3om th (sash, il Sces bhal the c Ode tao tounycthn=
Cnd 1, ith boBh Staat ond comm pointslhui
mecio T,, , ngedo be acdoc.

LOJ tine lockin GLplcin two phosc ockin9 Pzoldal 2dda-

laa phose loching a _paotatol m hth_thaeazease tu

DhLoL SeS
92oainy phcuc is a phse ln hich the taansatior
muy_ahtain_lok Ca do hot clcase nyla
5hinkin phasc LE_U phose in hich
thc Laan uy eleuse h locksúut
na} htaining nc Lock

ly pes gt tao_ phase locking

Shaic tao phase lokinglhc 5taict 2PL_ Daatocal L
a bastophaspaotscacll ll the Cxclusly
madeLodks cp bt_held_until the tunsaction Cann-
that mccun in hcGas l the clusire locks qid
nLo Ckcd htydtLJ thLaOIDuction is mplRel-

T TF e obply lads hen

RCA)

A2
Commit
unocd LN)
lack-as(A)
RLA)
Urlo 108
xla\
 ASSMALe
Date
Page.

1902600t))

phus:_bchinlhi St>i chor tuo

RiaBoLs c 4locks aae to be
43 odinu220tacalH
Aelsgntil Lza1sLiian ConnnD
CA Cpply bck

LokSLO)
2C6 RLA)
Lock %CB)
RB)
OJCA)
CommE
Cnlock1 )
cnlath Lh
aucntu qs
Scaializabilit
Dsaduaun.toa
2ans daudlocks
t T euds to CCi5 coding adock

1 Explain msLagng 2llbarki Ond ecovtaohle Sch dulles

rallbatks_SIhatian_in uhich
CasorAmu
Snole tausaien tail2 leuds Lo a SCnses t
a n i a c h i sa a l b a d _ P A

Rcud LAD

Lte (C
Rec 109
 lASSMAte
Dafe
Page
1901s010 tHIL
hcn 1, lles value Df (dhen onbs12 Con rucd
tAND ho auhcn T waileshe Vcluc of hen Ohly
taunnction con cad Bu if he taaniact ion
C C5tailcd hen uBomaticall aansudtian 7, v -
eks foiltd
T T
CCd A

bcaatg2
Commit
Cad

12Epleain lockcod bascd p3otocal

Conccpb o paotocnl The lc2 bascd paual )
mcchcnjSm_jn cwhlch thcar Oxcl1Sic O7
locks Dar the dotaItcm foa Cunt tscun34Lhan_
jpciof lo2ck
S Sha2cdlock
The hceaud ot is
The foa decldiag_dataltems
Gnly I is dosked bylak is s alsa Callc as edlad

ii l i v a lack
The exhs)a_loch 1urd foz bath OCCId cnd uitC
Opeaations T 1denolcd CLS Lochx This is als
calledas anitk loch n ce SCt o loi m4
cons o Shout on exdusne løck_falla.arn-
uiak p,enis the Comubiliky betaun_mudes
flock,

110
 ASSMAte
Date
Pag
90280/ot)0
Exelain Deadlock dctaction
Lndcad lack clectior mcchansm-, an a
trt
The S e o thc in invoks.Dicricalyto de3emme
0a hot. lfdcadladk
he hen dcadlock hus dcu
acciçelecdedthcn 5yslt1 mut tany to
SCCue asm

wait t s piph
hisyauph Consis 9 c Pa G-CVE ahex V
C SeO Ues ticics nd USet o cd9c

2
RCAD
RA2
wCA

Gu CA)

CB)

Les us daau
Stcp VCabie1G ha qll the transactin
2
Ccfpnd the Recad-Uale Puis TJom tuo
dtrcsiltyansaclions acadrng
SSuch o Poa 15 for hen o Go add t h -
ody befoeeCon al ecron foo rt)3

RCAD T)
CA)
RCB)
111
 SSMAte
ate
poge
19217
Step
2.0h)
CA

CuCA
wCB)
Cyclessdchecded In thzaai 40uph tiee
no nced o uothiz(p0ceSS

LsT 3) , C2 x) z
y) , (Z) w(z)

y) Cz Lz)0C z)

LY ,L) C Z) , CZ)

Dly S, isLonflick - Scaializable

Cxplanatíon koz c9Atlict Seaializdbilty gr c

schedlle Should chec o cOnflici 93a2s
hch 0 Ru
Cisch -CeTitt6Lte Dtwce ic
paiz or tacun CLtigns n oscd n thok
(Ontlicts mke- C yuh
E cgh Cantsa a Cule_its na
onilict scziolizubleSLhcdue
112
 ASSMAte
Date
poge
90280)0?1)
o makc DoscnSe n a gaoph it Racdl) inin.
Tfollaed loy o a Hc CX in T thcn G
then G
dksa 0n Cd ge laom to

The Scaial adc 5 i T, 1 1

SR,CAD,L,CA R6) A,c6), R,Le),Ch),t
Step
Lis all conflicks ny opcaction and
dehcamirc th
depenay betocen the taunsaction
C CAD CT2

SLp 2
ocSetncence aaph

T)
eualy Lheac PxIss cycle In the paccodm
00ph.
ntttooC Ehe givcn3chedu le S:a nat cO ntlic-
5echali2able

113
 Patel Sudhanshu R 190280107I elASSMAte

Date.
Page

Hsszniment 5 Diy-B
Waitc a shoat naBeon uey pIOLCSSin
uay9aoECSing colleztion of ectivitics Zhut a13
is
tnvolucdin tra.cttnq duta taom dtabusehaing
Qucy paoCcSsing Ehesc tunsio.tionhigh evel
gekbusetunguage 2utaaics into he ypacSsions that can
be uscd u he physzccal level on _F2lesystcn
Basic tcpsof ucay paocc S5ing

1 aanslah on
in_tus step the 2ueay 13 ans lakd into ik
intenal loam and thon into aelutionulalyebau
2 Opbimi zation
Dusin h DooleSs}he ueyevaluition plan s
DTepaLacd fom l he aclutonul algibaic
exp3ess10N
1/he ueay cast ox all the ednlution_ plans is
Culculahe2d
Amn all CquValcat plansthe one cuth ocst cøt
Cost is cotimateduSing 3kitisticol_Lnt
lntaamtim
the databasc datalaq udh as the numbtz
o tLples in- Puch aclatioT)Si 2 o taplesetc
3 vuluation
The 8Uy xCUuion_engi_takes_a 2ucay- Cualubion
plenLxecUtes hat plan cnt 3ttu2n the naucs
Query
pbnslator Relabional- calgchas
ExessJon

Optimize
Stadste
Tbon
Outpurt Evaution 114 dae
Engne Txeutron ptan
 CIASSMALC

Data
Page

1902801a71|

xample bulance lo0g

baluncelo00
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2ÇLOLtawhcoc

Skep-|Passible_Relational chlytbac CLLCount))

) Oulane looo C(
belent Ceccouné))
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hlont1000
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t i )Cacc.ount) 6radernct00
togo bcrtone

ischocn
3Once he Queay plans
Step-3 the 2ue
l_eucluutedcuih_hat plan

2kheut b_deLomposition hy s itaequiatd explai

CLAd
he diffeacnce belucen losydccomPstion-
nonlasuecbmpasibion uith example

eccmpositron is thepaoccss of bagakunq docón ven

clabion Lnto to- 3eladan
Relabion_ A acplaced b l e omox Delctcions
(ech neu Delalign_eonterlns Siebset o l the
Lkeaibukes R.
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Relatonal databtue design_pzlc35 Staots luith_c
nivdSdL
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Includes all Ehc elkalhutas of thc_datubug he univaidu
Ke latton states hat eveay ataihute hame
iue
sing tunctionul de3Cndencics this unjcasq 2eldtio
Schcmu iSdeLomposCd _ntg a 5et of dclation
115

Sche mes D:R R - R Hec D bacam

 clASSMAte
Date
Page
190 2801021
deluttonu datubasc sthemu tyd Dis 3cHeed as dccamiEale,
ecompos ition i auixd to eliminat the elseelU: of h
pooo dauuse desian dusty Nomel2cution poocessS
Thcac aoc two tyes d decompostio)
2) Non- Lossy

1)lossy dccopositon
the decomposihon ofaclerion R inta Ri and R,i loss
Guhen the jotn d R R, das ol yiclsEhe Sam
6 inR 11 1 alsg etHeacd e Lossy-}Oin-
gecompos1ion
he distiducaate4t o
The Such kiad of decamposibion
thut sDme inBaoamahon is lest cluaiy actolval of Jea bar
.
n o Bal Acet-joined
Hccount A0 5oa AnBal 1Bname
Aa Bul Bnamc A02 500o A 0 3000 laA-
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an
A02
a l Bnome A02 500Kaud
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elakion_teccountahlel 2s
The fgLDe shos Bal-Bname: na cuhe
and_Ba
dcuomposed into e t Bal
Gned
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the comman
use
sColtanl vill_look ikehect-jonid
Balence he atlafion
Ehe 5 a m e a Oaiglncel
Thob is
Ihat is onO Ehe
116
 lASSMAte
Date
Page

190260JOt1)
2) on loss decomposstio
Teedewmposition ofelahon R nto CLd
is Lossoss jotn of , n d odu.
he sam elation n in Tis q tten
CLS ls deco1203ition. AL_d:comp2S1tion m
be Lossls

AcBu bccioined
ACco lAna Bilana
Bul Bnani o 5300 0S0o0
non
AO 500 Von 5000 025060
A0 5o0
Accbname
AOL Van
0 2 koud

The same 2alabuorn

dCcOun}_is deuoma0sed into
bale cleubions aBal unáAec- Bame Aaue
When theac talo aclabrg Caeisined On the-
COmmon Ltfribute no the aosalkunt aclatron ilL
Loak lke Acjoincd hi aclation xuchy samea; hdixdi
Ln othca uoxs
Rfoln and , OvesX
LosLosSy
F R JotnR, and K Ove X
lassless
R : otqinal acletron
X COmmonCttoib vie
R , 2 decomposcs aclesbians 117
 ASSMAte
Date
Page
90L8O1O?]|
3 xplain taanstoznatton oE sclablondl exacs5bn nt-
euivo-lant elat iana expBCSSiOn
Too aclational' algchau expacsians dac Suid bo he
e ulva lcnk it gn peay lcgal dutubuse Opebuton, the
bwa Apac.sSions yl he Of tuples Seauene
same st
Lan b&diiestnt bu m. af uple must be samne
Equivalunt Rules
DCosmbinta sdecbion optaatianCan b ditded ioto sequs
a1 irdnvIdual selections Ths s called Cuscade of

2 Select 1on Doeautrors aDcoramun]Elve

3 nly th tes Llost) Seaue.ne as ppojc hon

opcations is DequIeded Othca cOn be Skipj2cd

&)Seletion opeaihon can b: aincd cuith_agtesian

paoduct th.2 k jaina

g Theke1oin n d natuzul Joim OPLtions Lae

ASSOCiatrve

hebe C ioin_Qnd nutuaal join d2JUbions 118

Commulative e
 clASSMAte
Date
Page

190LSOotl
Selection opesabron dstribute Ov theta join Opaato
undca he tollowin condiron
Cuhenall Ehe attsibus En CLnvalue onl
bhc att ibute af dne oi h xpac sSian htin4Jaines

Whcn imolves Only theatbaibutes oi E, ond B

Onlad tz

TheR301cchian opaak Dz dsaibue e a union CU

UE)E Cn,tzp U CnLE2)
e) nion und Lotesse.cton aze comrla ue na
CLSSOciatic.
E EUE
E : CE E2 E
So Selccbion 0pLadton dbtaibuks ouca U, N,and
Sg_le-C,) De CE, )d_LE
S1milud4Uand Con he plued nplace ot

119
 Pakel Sudhorshu R 9026010t||| clasSMte
Date
Page

Hssigmment: G Div
Explcuin Specialization gerneelization Concepb
ER dLgacmCith Suitable exCLmple
Specialization:
Ln$PCLiulization dn entity isdivtded into suh
Cntitics scdon thcia chaaLtealstiG
IEis dtop-daun ú mLh ahez hiahz lec
entity is Speciali23 into tap moae lo Levcls entinis

mploy ee
LE
Salaay name
LS

Testea DevcLopea
-Tupc
attaibutes ike ndm Sale
n Ehis C4se ¢mmon
higneaentity and5ec2ed
etc beLome2pzt of
(Tesgec
entity Ls nneLied_aith Speciali2ed attaibtes

encBLiza.tton -
ADIEAtics
Le is th poccss of Cxtaach nq COmmon
ntities LD Cea _czenrSai2
Om( set a
hight Lntity fzom i
CopDOúLh n ahich ta0 mAC
4 is bottom 1
be gencaaized o G highe level entit
entitrCS(an
Gomc_CLktalbatlr n_(Omman
i they have
atultypan be geneauli2ea
2 Student and
thi_cCse
hiaho levelentity Celld23501
-NamCPddd eLone a t ot
LOmman attaibukes Lke
entity nd SpACLallz0 aebaibufes ik 5.Fee
hrohes 120

become Sperioi2ed ertuty

 easSMAte
Date
Page

19026lot11
22whut _is Noamaliztion xpluin 1 NE, 2NE3lE
NE LNE and bCNE
Nomclization_Ls_bhe pcess_e Doganizlny the
data in database sed to minimiz h
edundancy tzom 3cleation a et of aclaticns.T
i i Clso USed to eliminake thc undcSiule_cha.aacteajshe
Like nseatior UpaaBe Lnddelchion Hnomyalies

LNE rizst noamu foam):

2clation all he 1NE iE ik contaias an alanlo
Nalae E statesthdt gn attabute of a rble di
hold ultiple_Values L mus hald 7nly Sindle
Nalued itzibute

LD Name -Phene Srcke

Jahn gs5433543 0 UP
734 21 89]0
20 Haaay
12 Sam 7390312kk1L

This is nnt 1NE beccuse ot mulkivalued cttaibuio

Lhe decamposition Of the Lmploue tabl inie i
Shoa bela
E1D Name C-Phonc Sthe
ohn hy33S P
hn P

2
Bihaa
Sm 229033 89 Puaiab
6L$9%30302 Pnib
121
 clASSMAte
Date
Page
1902%0lotl
2NE CSecond poncl foam
1n 2NE aclukion must
be in NE,Qnon-key
attaibules dac ullu unctional dcoendtnt on the paim
keu

Th Teuchez 1D Subiec Teuchcz11u

Chcmistay 30
25 Bialogy 30
English 35
Maths 3
Computea

Ln diven tablz nan-poimz atziblig tecacna i

dependena ona
Lndidcdeke o We_decomasc n t o to table

lecchea1D leucheaAGE Teacht Ln Sbrec

25 30 25 Chcmist
35 25 Bial
T3 3 Lnelsh
Meths
3 CompuR
Foam)
3 NF CThiad noamul s in_ZNE an nat
selation i l l be in3NE i
btal dependchcy3N
taansitiveposti
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Contan nu Used
hethe dtu d u p l i c a t i o n t iis_alsa
s
usc to c
Eo chNC ihe data inleqaih
Lo anNF i t it holds Qecyt onc
Zclationis
tolloCuin (Onditions rod veay on-aLvL
of bhc
Functions depcndency X
y is a Supea key 122
i a paime dtalbl1e-
 elASSMAte
Date.
Page

1902K01o_

EmpID mpName Lmp- AP Lmp-Stute p Ary

222 Haxoay 20lolo P Noida
33 0222% US
US Bosbon
john Chicao
Bob Noatich
G66 luak C6200} Bhop
tht above
Latht table mpID is cundidite ka peb
mp-D- thethe ttaimuies a c ne- pamlo
ComNCA2b bhe ocn_taat into 3NE ue 4ecompo S
tu o tables

amp=
222 20ol0
333 am- 0222%O
Jahn
555 Bal
laah 4C2002
TagZI? mpS tule
201olo UP Noid
US
O922%0 BasteF
OSOoo US ChiccM
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42002
Bhopu
4NECfouath noametl taam)
elattan wll be in UNEE IE_s n_Bucc coddd
YOsmal tamm_dna p45 O myltNucd dependnt 123
 alASSMAte
Date.
Page

1902xoldt
5TD CouasSe Hoboy
2
Computcz Vancin
Maths SLnging
3 Chpms kay Dantin9
59 Bjolagy Caritkch
Dhysicss Hocke
The giuen STUDENT able s In2NL hli tha Loe
C Hob
Hobba4c Huo lndcpendcat_entlty Hcnu he
Lution Shlp betweenCouzsc nd 1obby
D S ludent CawsSe Shudent Habbu
S-;D_Couase S-1p
21 Lamputea 21 Duneng
Maths Sinuiny
Chemis 34 Dandnu
Bialocy Lie
physics 59 Hacke
BCNE CBosce Codd noamCiL_Faam);
BCNE is he dduane V¢ilan t NE Stzlte
than 3NE Atuble s in BiNE fungéiolGL

dependen i i the sijpcakes ot the

the ubc
Fuhe
y lets qsSu me thcseS C COmpany hCac_employc
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mplayce able
Emp-_Couniay Emp Deat Dep- Tygz DeoNo
24- Losia Desaniny 39
India lestio 394 00
U
Stoxcs D 23 232
364 levplopin 023 549
124
 Date
Page

190230111

teodccompOsc itinto 3 tables

Cmp-L) Emp-Coun.byy Emp-Dept Dept-IypeeplNo
2 Lndiu Designiny
Testin
Stoac O263 232
Dephyp DeptN o DevolopCni 23 549
939 2
OD
D283 232
D283

NE Cfih Ocama
i_zelation isin 5NEit itis n 4NEand jaininy
should be loseless 5NE Satisneduhcn al thc tuble uzo
baoken nto Cs manytublas as passiale 10 cadca 221uda

e-
Saubject LectulerSEr
Conpu'ez Anshin4
Lamfutca
halhs John
laths Heash 2
Cnemisizy Paavccn

Soto oakc table intg 3 NE, e

IMdeeOmndseit
P P
StM Subt Subicc Lecudca
Conputc Comput.cx nshiku
laths omputta John
2 Chemstay
2
alhs Sohn
laths Moths Rkash 125

Chemstay Puveen \
 classMAte
Date
Page
P SEM Okolo
Lt-CTURER
Anghku
Jahn
1aha
kash

C00i1dea a zlatjonr R h
Hviny folloaine dependenty tiuc_cizibuke i BLD.E
ldt all Jey of R iA0,CT ED= -
bIn_auhich Eable_oam table isushty yoh linlu
SrnceKA doesn'E huve_CO So CCDE)
CACO) : ABLDE ED ABCD
CB CD AeCD
So kcys 33 AcDEDf¢D
a CAOLDE
ED
ALL C Po2&ne
attoibues
So CABDE)p in 3NE
4Lwha 1s functiondl dcpcndonuy xplaln is usage in
daabuse desiqn
7he tuctional dependcncy is qaclationship thg
Qxistsbetaeen two_sttalkues s typically iSs_betucen
the 122aimazy key Cmd non- kcy attaihaeithin a tuble
The lrt Sde o_ED_Iknown a deheaminunEne
aight_Side of the paoductionsknan us 4 depeldeni
Fmct1Onal dependen dCkesminesEhe aclatton ot a
atta1ube ta analhe qtaibutei h a_ DbMs_ 126
 clASSMAte
Date
Poge
1902&0l0711
FD. hclps o muin tainthe aNat hy O Datu -7L uA
LEalso hcps la _pacvanbt ng data acdundancy Cnd es
abau the bad designs
5With example xplan Vdaous ma)pinq caadinalitie
ira.
totalpáaticijution
mappiny_Cuadinality i s u datu Cons 1lnt nar
sptciis) hou a_enhtcs m entiy un aldtta to
tn aacleationship set Lis mastUSe hulio
cscalbln the 2elationship_Scs hak Lavdve mac
Tha
Cao entitq setS

2re etionsho sh Seh R on

O PaSihle mapnln Cazainclitie hoe
D Onc to One
n ths moppin9 n_ntuky in E 1S dSsociaT
dbtanc ntitys in Un Cnhu In_
s 55odated_ th dt masL dDL entity in_
in
C

One bo any
- la his mapin Cin Cniity E14Sociaicd
CibhQni) onumbe ot entt cs 10 Lnd can_eoiy
in 1S1 QsSociaied (ith at
mostgac ¢ntihy ln
tii)fMany to onc
neai ty- in _G is g6ciubsd Gith g mast_ane
entllu10 a Lat1ty in howCuGa CL he assoCigte
ith an ntez_Of entitic ia 127
 clASSMAe
Dote
Poge
902&0o ?11)
V lunyts muny
hn entiby iM_ s a4sDtictecl with n runbe
oentitics and an entity in G i asoaa
umbt Cntics n

One t a One One o mun

A
2
- As

unyto Onc a D4n4

1otal Paoncipctlon
in_ thc acationshp
f inualwd
ach entity
i s knonC babul puttdpution

D llee_um
Ceil

Shadent Study Colle

128
Patel Sudhonshu 9020o?)t1 clASSMAte
Date
Poge-
Hss4nmcn Div
xpl uln datu a ençoyption
Encayp tron i a terhniquc of Cncoding duh, so hat
Onlq_authoat2cd ISeD Cn ndeadtud it
The dala ecaypbon tech niue nvcats euduble
datu into ndcaduble dtko jinb usiny aoMefechw
SO thdt nquthoal2e pca son Conngk ocad Lt

Step1:Selal koy und Cacayp Step2 Gite kecyand

Usmy keytodzygtrSAep3: Cphstesci ta zcceieg
Pttin tot Ctphes- Plain
encayytn- text
dearypho
n aboe tiquse Sender having data that he wan
to sendhu dutu is KnadwnCos2uin tert in the
fisst Step Sendca oll_enaypt. data sing Pacaypho-
ploain text Decomes ciphestext_and i i not able
Eo 3cad hu ny Uncuthogized pcoson
Thu cipheakext iSend ta
The Sendea auillSend that key sepacctly o scavea
Oncc SecriLD aeceives this tpchesext he will
deLnYPt:_ Eby in tha.k kcy
Theve aare tuo dftcaont methads_ok daku encrpho
1 Symmctalc kay enezyphon/paixale keg enayhio
H e e theencryption and day ption kus 0adc
Ehe saTme and iSsed
theSCnde to b
aanypt md biy the accCieato desa the duea,
2 lhynnelaic key encayption / publie key ehcrypli0.
Heocthe encaypion md_decay p tion kcys
02L dieacni essauye i enaptcd by sende ulh-
Pubic key c can bo desy bDecelvea only
129
 SMAte
Date
Page.

1902801O)
CLlcessContag Und.
any
22Expludn in dctail:
Ducaction
cless Cntaol
Mandatooy
contaol EDAC 2
Costion4ay uccess
DAC allaws cach LiSC3 O Sabjct to Contoollit
t o thcid own data Ln piC Onca Ot esouace
o n the
cstoict CLLLesS_to the Lsouaces bascd
entih of scs
AC s Eypicly the de tault aCEsS CONtaol mehune
OPcutin Saystem ach 3esauace obich
n DAC bescd syslem hus Gccoun cant5ol_ lic.
Ch contain lis of Uscs und CTaLps to
which_ the sea huu peomitted CILLcSShaçethça
ith bhe lexel ok aCcess fon ecuch sea 0 gaoup
e
tsti.doc Poa)ku acud 1
test2exe mkika execule Pagikku Ceate
test 3 Com Ankileaecute De0d1-

Advontae
T lexible.
Te hus Simplc and-elficicnt COCCCss Jizh_ Malem
-IL Stukuble

Disaduamiey
T incactuses tha aisk hat dzto coill be lo-
acessieto usas that shauld nothe
Thca
qiven ULSS-
s n0 COntaol OEa intasmatan ttocu
130
 clasSmte
Date
Page

1902&01l1LL
Muntatoay AcLess ontml L1AC)
Tn MA hc dLcess Conhaol decisions aat bascd on
Specit oclationships betoeen the Subju Seues hny
LCcess Cand bht 0hjcttto which 9ccs5 S cquentu
Lt qunully used in qovchnmcnk nd miltuay
Unlta AL ucCCSS to all ssoeacc gbjcts s Contgal
Settm
Seitsng detined by the Suskcm adminstauta
To chcn4e Ehc qcces Contol af a acsouat is n9t
DOSs ible unolea MAL
MAC bepins Cth secuai'by labels assigncd b al
SCCOMaC 0bjcks On the System. Theác tabe Lotuin
2allaaing infoamuBion
Adaysiticatfon 5uch us contidcnhial
ttalbut assoesated
Lparovidcs bh.e ClasSsific.atign toa tuple coha
e tmp_nome ScuLca D.utoaman
Cfcai
Sham LOo0 5 good
C Contidcncial S Secoct
UUncLas Sihed STap Steaet
dyanugs
MACo0ovides uahco Sccuiby CinddcducescFaDaS-

Drs.caouan tages
ALTequiatsCaactulplannin nd Lan HDuuy
mani tooing tokep all CsaLace obicksad
us.cos clasifcca
tion s depe

3 tha is authcoaiza.bon nd uthen biccatton

131
Eplcin theLcLss Cntzalsin_u databak
 clASSMAte
Date
Page.

19020)ot11
I is pootectiny the data to ensuac palveey
Cnd CLLLCSS Control of dutu uthoaizdtion
gimg CicCess to uubhoalz co Useas

Iis thc paoces5 that taaites luhat ouclae

Cuthaaizcd o dongt todo
ALLeSsinA Fle faom hasd disk bo is
Quthaalza iion becuusc the pemiss.ion G doc i n
LO Lccess thdt le cllous yo CLOCsS
L Ehdt is GUthuza1 21Ltion

-tbcnbicunon panyrdeng n feggly canto

Cind Secuattu ba the Duru fhuthentitatron
is the paocess vCIai Pyinq wha 'ugu

hen C UCO_CUdnby b dCCLSS ehc

databasC SYstcm he
aLDR willacuhe
LCLO fos_him. o d Secuah
IOpuopo ses Cwhich Keeps
cll Opeaatons CLp12licd by Centun
uSco_[E amy cLmpealn9 Cwtth he
dutabaJe iS $uspccted bhendubabas2
Udit is ptai omed ewLbh he help_ar
his l Such ly MUuhbaincd taa
secuaity_puapo se Lalled uudit

132
 190260lo?||) Partel Sughanshu R lheswate
Date
Page
sstanmernt Div3
1Dcme
Weak Cnuy is an entby that Canot bcunigucly
sa ident1fied ik attatpuke alonc

22Data Dictionuay_doalu qrtionuay & callcbon_f names

deintion3 an attaibute abauldata elements-
ubstalng A_Substring is a Cantiguas s91a of chctestar
wlth in a stain9
Dual Dual athble autayaahically qap hu dotubasc
calonywith bhe dau dsbiongau

9 2Atca The tahle shtemenk ued to add.datu madih

Lolams in aexistiny table

oLAAte n Lmuncuk_ Ls UDLopeautton thd maaki the

eateniat llocotm
2aap Daop_i)1sA o delcle quhok datazsc da justa tahle

2
15lmany_kru laimiuokey cantauwat uniqucly icdentie uch
gecoa in table,

obtign key B_ lozlan_key is stt af aftaihutes in_4_tuale

epocScnts paimey înAnabhcr tahle

3 mgue key:9nqu_key_cantsurt ull dhe ble Column

bo be diflacnt 133
 elASSMALe
Date
Paga.
9 0260 10} 111
4)Sct vull Data in the colormn must not be hulL.

5)Commit coXOmik StaBcrncr I l GLd taumsdcian_athi

RNe 15 an mat l dhazges yisible to othca ugas

tRoback Rol betk apeabion ohich2ctuars detubusc

DCViOu)Staie

Q1E: Sal Gucay Into lts_Lomponcnt poh cm b dhk to

a
Elha stana

9Qt uyby Lanplk (O delkaba qGlmyuuIC

Fox 8tlattomal datahask

D.3
OVOL Vza Dekinat1an lamuuye (UDL IS USed tS220SLtu uxa
Vcus_da thtlDmapplng ConupEualScheia

2)TCL:Taamachion. (ontaulungua TCL|Camnaa ax io

Magt tzunsatkion Mthe detahsc

3SDL SDL sbands tor Stoaay dcikabaseanaua

5
TalleTublo USe
the datakast abJecs
aclalional database

6 le50L Rulk 4ah t0 acmlaistea iviloá cNMA

ceata base hus man Uca
134
 ASSMAte
Date

Page
1902&01o7t11
Resbaiction psaLionlhe Reslatck pau taats the Spccificed
aples Josfaom th GYCn delahon base in condition
DL Compilea taanslit DdL stutcment in uque lunguge
1 0 0 beaparte7
DDL inkeap 7elea texpoctsDDL Sshqpemends
3COdds khe qneaated stutement n the tuhe

hst ison DELETE KnDE SQL 2Explain_leanly

acign ka oth SLude delete- spcibies thot he-
dola àchu 5 deletes ahen th aet t
dclehes
CRecuhc table nvatoay
nvemay id_1AT Àiuy keu
paidutid .NT NAT NULL
aaunhiEy TN
mm- lee INT-

foeimLeyPoduchid)
Kibcalta Paodve
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