Data Science Interview Questions and Answers for Top Companies

Company: Accenture
Role: Analyst-Data Science
1. What is the difference between Lasso and Ridge Regression?

2. Overfitting? How do you prevent it?
3. Why do you need to apply feature scaling to logistic regression?
4. Write a python program to find the nth prime number.
5. Non-Gaussian Distribution?
6. In SQL get the cumulative sum in a table with Date, Name_Of_Employee, and Age?
7. Use case- Segmentation of customers using clustering algorithms
8. scrapping through internet?
9. Degree of Freedom with example?
10. Difference between Variance and R squared error
Company: TCS
Role: Data Analyst
1. Advantages of NumPy arrays over Python lists?

2. How do you find count of unique values in pandas dataframe?
3.Treat categorical variables?
4. If you train an SVM classifier with an RBF kernel. It seems to underfit the training dataset:
should you increase or decrease the hyper-parameter γ (gamma) and C?
5. Normal & skewed Distribution? Is skewness a problem?
6. correlation and multicollinearity?
7. TF/IDF vectorization?
8. Entropy and Information Gain ?
9. How to test for NULL values in a database?
10. Any Cloud (AWS, AZURE) exposure?
11. Effect of normalization on outliers?
12. Does SVM gets improves by Scaling? Why?
Company: JPMorgan
Role: Data Scientist(Risk Analytics)
1. Why ensemble learning is used?

2. What all steps you follow to understand data?
3. Feature selection methods?
4. calculate the Euclidean distance in Python for given 2 points?
5. Elbow method in K means?
6. Calculate accuracy using a confusion matrix?
7. Entropy and Gini index?
8. Goal of A/B Testing?
9. What are confounding variables?
10.Type I and type II errors w.r.t Hypothesis Testing?
Company: Philips
Role: Data Scientist
1. Model Validation methods?

2. Which all algorithms not effected by feature magnitude??
3. Adjusted R-squared and R-squared?
4. Kernels in SVM. When to prefer what?
5. How would you sort a large list of numbers without using inbuilt functions?
6. How transformations/scaling effects outliers?
7. difference between an inner join, left join/right join, and union?
8. How many red colored Swift cars are there in Delhi?
9. negative indexes in python?
10. When must an algorithm be updated?
11. What is p-value? Ever worked with T table or Z table?
12. ROC Curve?
Company: Fractal
1. Scaling? Standardization or normalization?

2. Cross-validation. Why it's required?
3. Why is dimension reduction important?
4. Drawbacks of a linear model?
5. Is mean square error a bad measure of model performance?
6. Collinearity and multicollinearity, what to do with it?
7. convex and non-convex cost function?
8. How can you tell if a given coin is biased?
9. long-tailed distribution?
10. Central Limit Theorem?
11. Get Department Highest Salary using SQL query
12. Likes/user and minutes spent on a platform are increasing but total number of users are
decreasing. What could be the root cause of it?
Company: ZS
Role: Data Science Consultant
1. What is Logistic Regression? What is the loss function in LR?
2. conditions for Overfitting and Underfitting?
3. Scaling? Normalisation and Standardization?
4. L1 and L2 Regularisation?
5. Is DBSCAN is better than K- Means Clustering?
6. RNN and CNN difference?
7. If model is suffering from low bias and high variance, which algorithm should you use to tackle
it? Why?
8. Can sometimes R2 metrics be negative. Why?
9. When is Ridge regression favourable over Lasso regression?
10. one hot encoding vs label encoding. Cases in which one is better than other?
Company : Deloitte
1. difference between Correlation and Regression.
2. Why do we square the residuals instead of using modulus?
3. Which evaluation metric should you prefer to use for a dataset having a lot of outliers in it?
4. Heteroscedasticity? How to detect it?
5. p-value?
6. deal with missing random values from a data set?
7. Z test, F test, and T-test?
8. Root Cause Analysis?
9. lists, sets and tuples ? difference?
10. lambda functions? Write small example python code using it.
11. Regularization?
12. DBSCAN Clustering?
Company: Deloitte
1. G values, P values, T values

2. Conditional Probability
3. Central Values of Tendency
4. Can Linear Regression be used for Classification? If Yes, why if No why?
5. Hypothesis Testing. Null and Alternate hypothesis
6. Derivation of Formula for Linear and logistic Regression
7. Where to start a Decision Tree. Why use Decision Trees?
8. PCA Advantages and Disadvantages?
9. Why Bayes theorem? DB Bayes and Naïve Bayes Theorem?
11. R packages in and out? For us it's Python Packages in and out.
12. Scenario based question on when to use which ML model?
Company: EY
Role : AI/ML engineer
1. Kernels in SVM?
2. Overfitting and Underfitting? How do you handle them?
3. silhouette and elbow methods in clustering?
4. P value? Why threshold is 0.05 or less?
5. Regularisation and it's use?
6. Type 1 and type 2 error in confusion matrix?
7. How root node is selected in decision tree.
8. Imbalanced dataset? How do you handle it?
9. Evaluation Metrics for regression problems? With formula
10. Std deviation vs variance?
Company:Quantiphi Inc.
Role: Machine Learning Engineer
1. How Can You Choose a Classifier Based on a Training Set Data Size?
2. Semi-supervised Machine Learning?
3. Reinforcement Learning.? Make your system to Play a Game of Chess Using it?
4. Recommendation Engine? How does it work?
5. Why you do Pruning in Decision Trees?
6. Dimensionality reduction methods?
7. How descision tree make descisions?
8. K-means and KNN Algorithms? Difference?
9. Your Model evaluation strategy?
10. How do you Optimize ML models?
Company: Cognizant
Role: Data Analyst
1. what you do with suspicious or missing data.?

2. Estimate the number of weddings that take place in a year in India?
3. How you do version control?
4. MapReduce?
5. Imputation techniques.?
6. questions should you ask the user/client before you create a dashboard?
7. Why is KNN used to determine missing numbers?
8. R-squared and adjusted R-squared?
9. principal component analysis?
10. Tell me about a time when you got unexpected results.
11. Normal distribution and Standard Normal Distribution?
12. Variance? Is it good or bad for model
Company: Larsen & Toubro Infotech

1. ROC curve?
2. Trade-off between bias and variance?
3. Handle an imbalanced dataset?
4. Would you remove correlated variables first? Why?
5. Autoencoder?
6. Idea behind boosting?
7. Tackle Overfitting and Underfitting?
8. Density-based clustering algo and its working?
9. Sigmoid vs Softmax functions?
10. How Array different than List?
11. data types supported by JSON?
12. Experience with AWS SageMaker or Azure?
13. Test ML model for production scale?
14. Does XGBoost perform better than SVM?
15. how to design a social network and message board service like Reddit, Quora, etc.?
Company: JPMorgan
Role: Data Analyst
1. how do you develop data mining algorithms and databases from scratch?
2. What is a sensitivity analysis in the decision making process?
3. Most difficult database problem you faced?
4. How do you interpret the data using statistical techniques
5. Segmentation techniques?
6. KNN imputation method?
7. Map Reduce?
8. criteria for a good data model?
9. How can you highlight cells with negative values in Excel?
10. What is a Pivot Table?
11. difference between 1-Sample T-test, and 2-Sample T-test?
12. variance and covariance difference?
13. types of Joins in SQL? Difference?
14. get the third highest salary of an employee from Employee_Details in SQL
15. Mellon must be equally divided into 8 equal pieces. But can have only 3 cuts. How will you
make this possible?
Company: ZS
Role: Data Science Consultant
1. what’s the role of the Activation Function?

2. What square measures the variations between overfitting and underfitting?
3. what’s underfitting? It's Cause?
4. Central Limit Theorem and why is it important?
5. Give some key performance indicators for the merchandise
6. How do you treat outlier values?
7. Explain how can you select important variables from any dataset?
8. Is it possible to capture the correlation between continuous and categorical variable?How?
9. Define variance?
10. Difference between AdaBoost and XGBoost?
11. How do you deal with sparse data?
12. How to find an anomaly in a distribution?
Company: L&T Financial Services

1. Explain your Projects

2. Assumptions in Multiple linear regression
3. Decision tree algorithm
4. Gini index
5. Entropy
6. Formulas of gini and entropy
7. Random forest algorithm
8. XGBoost Algorithm
9. Central Limit theorem
10. R2
11. Adj R2
12. VIF
13. Different Methods to measure Accuracy
14. Explain Bagging and Boosting
15. Difference Between Bagging and Boosting
16. Various Ensemble techniques
17. P value and it’s significance
18. F1 Score
19. Type 1 and Type II error
20. Logical questions for Type 1 and Type II error
21. Logical questions for Null and alternate Hypothesis

Company: Bridgei2i Analytics.
Role: Data scientist
1. Python coding - Code a hash table in python

2. DBMS & SQL questions
3. Girl in the population of children. What's the probability that she has a sister?
4. Past projects and how you handled it.
5. AB tetsing question
6. How would you remove bias?
7. How would you make inference from data about two ad campaigns.
8. In what situation would you consider mean over median
9. LASSO & RIDGE?
10. Any Research Paper?
11. Optimization?
12. What is standard error of the mean?
Company: Paytm
Role: Machine learning engineer
1. Methods to remove noice or outliers

2. regularization?
3. Best model metrics if Multicollinearity is present.
4. Normalization/ standardization difference
5. deal with high cardinality categorical variables
7. Find the row with maximum number of 1s
8. How split is done in Decision tree for regression
9. Overfitting? Method to overcome
10. Bagging & boosting with examples
11. Pickling/ Unpickling of a model
12. Greatest among three integers in python without inbuilt func
Company: Nokia
1. Difference between LSTM and SimpleRNN?

2. What would be your questions if you faced an issue in PROD (model doesn't predict well
anymore)
3. Given a list of timestamps in sequential order, return a list of lists grouped by weekly
aggregation.
4. How do you know if you have enough data for your model?
5. What’s the probability that two people get off on the same floor?
6. P-value and confidence interval?
7. ANOVA vs Chi-Square test
8. Calculate accuracy and sensitivity using a confusion matrix? there difference?
9. Do you have any Cloud exposure?
10. How model behaves when you have multicollinearity?
11. Name alogorithms whichs does not need scaling?
12. How to test if you have clusters as per business?
Company: Mu Sigma
1. How to test the difference between means of 2 populations.

2. Difference between an error and a residual
3. Where can you use long-tailed distributions?
4. Mention an example where the median is a better measure when compared to the mean.
5. Code list comprehension example which gives all even numbers from 1 to 10
6. How do you remove whitespace from a string
7. When would you use ARIMA?
8. Gradient Descent algorithm with respect to linear regression.
9. Why do we square the residuals instead of using modulus?
10. How do you detect multicollinearity. Ways to solve it?
11. Heteroscedasticity? How to detect it?
12. What if LR assumptions get violated ?
Company: McAfee
1. Explain list comprehensions and how they're used in Python with an example.
2. Add a new column named Active to the employees DataFrame with all 1s to indicate each
employee's active employment status.
3. How can you convert timestamps to date time in MySQL?
4. What is a trigger in MySQL? How can we use it?
5. Explain dimensionality reduction, where it’s used, and its benefits?
6. How would you go about doing an exploratory data analysis (eda)?
7. What are the pros and cons of linear regression vs. tree-based models?
8. What is the difference between the ROC curve and the precision-recall curve?
9. What is the business impact (eg. accuracy, revenue etc) of one of the project mentioned in
your resume and how did other people or teams benefit from the project?
10. Have you tried a simpler model (eg. linear regression)? Why is it necessary to use a more
complicated model?
Company: Larsen and Toubro
1. Stats (ANOVA vs test)

2. Ways to avoid overfitting
3. Image classification algorithms
4. args will return?
5. Difference between having and where clause in SQL.
6. How to instantiate tensor
7. If you have 4 algo – DT, SVM, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, GB – all have accuracy, F1
score 88-90. Which model will you deploy and why?
8. How do you handle categorical data?
9. Questions around EDA and feature selection on past projects
10. What Is Interpolation And Extrapolation?
11. SQL joins and Groups
12. How do you handle null values and which Imputation method is more favorable?
Company: Verizon
Forecasting vs Prediction difference? Regression vs Time Series?

1. P-Value what is it and its significance? What does P in P-Value stand for? What is Hypothesis
Testing? Null hypothesis vs Alternate Hypothesis?
2. Sigmoid Function in Logistic regression
3. How many cars are there in Chennai? How do u structurally approach coming up with that
number?
4. R2 vs Adjusted R2? During Model Development which one do we consider?
5. TYPES of Decision trees - CART vs C4.5 vs ID3
6. Some questions on table in python (how to filter, how to add calculated fields etc)
7. p,d,q values in ARIMA models. What will happen if d=0? What is the meaning of p,d,q values?
8. What is a Confidence Interval?
Company: Tiger Analytics

Role: Data Analyst
1. Matrix multiplication in python

2. you have a 3gallon and a 5 gallon jug. can you measure 4 gallon?
3. Find the second largest element in a list in an optimal way.
4. Given user sales data, we need to find the average monthly sale for each user. How?
5. Probability of getting 5 Sundays in a 31 days month.
6. Variance-Bias tradeoff.
7. What does P-value signify about the statistical data?
8. how did you treat missing values in your project?
9. Regularization methods?
10. What is multicollinearity and how you can overcome it?
11. Explain the central limit theorem.
12. Why do we require Pruning in Decision Trees?
Company: Facebook
1. What do you think the distribution of time spent per day on Facebook looks like? What metrics
would you use to describe that distribution?
2. You've been asked to generate a machine learning model that can map the nicknames of
people using Facebook. How do you go about designing this model?
3. How would you build the recommendation algorithm for type-ahead search for Netflix?
4. If 70% of Facebook users on iOS use Instagram, but only 35% of Facebook users on Android
use Instagram, how would you investigate the discrepancy?
5. Likes/user and minutes spent on a platform are increasing but total number of users are
decreasing. What could be the root cause of it?
Company: TheMathCompany
Role: Analyst (Data Science)
1. Central limit theorem

2. Hypotheses testing
3. P value
4. T-test
5. Assumptions of linear regression.
6. Correlation and covariance.
7. How to identify & treat outliers and missing values.
8. Explain Box and whisker plot.
9. Explain any unsupervised learning algorithm.
10. Explain Random forest.
12. Business and technical questions related to your project.
13. Explain any scope of improvement in your project.
14. Questions based on case studies.
16. Write SQL query to find employee with highest salary in each department.
17. Write SQL query to find unique email domain name & their respective count
18. Solve question (17) using Python.
Company: MakeMyTrip
Role: Data Science Intern
Given a array, you need to print the square of values in sorted order.
Note: the array contains both +ve and -ve values.
The code should be optimised in both time and space complexity.
Few SQL questions like

1) What is normalisation?
2) Given two tables, write a query to find ......
Basically isme LEFT JOIN, ORDER BY, LIMIT ye sb use hua tha.
2) you have an array in which all unique values are even times present except one. Find that
value.
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Company:Landmark group
Role: Associate Data Analyst
1. How would you check if the model is suffering from multi Collinearity?
2. Explain bias - variance trade off. How does this affect the model?
3. What does a statistical test do?
4. What type of performance metrics would you choose to evaluate the different classification
models and why?
5. Explain how you would find and tackle an outlier in the dataset.
6. What are the approaches for solving class imbalance problem?
7. Are ensemble models better than individual models? Why/why - not?
8. Differentiate between Tuple and list
9. When sampling what types of biases can be inflected? How to control the biases?
10. What is difference between K-NN and K-Means clustering?
Company: Deloitte
Role: Data Analyst
1. What is R2? What are some other metrics that could be better than R2 and why?
2. What is the curse of dimensionality?
3. What are advantages of plotting your data before performing analysis ?
4. How can you make sure that you don’t analyze something that ends up meaningless?
5. What is the role of trial and error in data analysis? What is the the role of making a hypothesis
before diving in?
6. How do you deal with some of your predictors being missing?
7. How would you quantify the influence of a Twitter user?
8. How would you come up with an algorithm to detect plagiarism in online content?
9. How would you explain a confidence interval to an engineer with no statistics background?
What does 95% confidence mean?
10. How would you explain to a group of senior executives why data is important?
Company: Bewakoof[dot]com
1. Have you ever used Lambda function and List comprehension in python, if yes, then give an
example?
2. What is the way that you would handle an imbalanced data set that’s being used for prediction
when mostly there are more negative classes than positive classes?
3. If a Person A and Person B are playing archery together and their abilities to fire the arrow at
the target are the same, and the probability of getting the target is 0.5 for both of them. Now
there is a situation that A has fired 201 arrows and B has fired 200 arrows, then, what is the
probability that A gets more targets than B?
4. Explain what do we mean by making decisions based on comparing p-value with significance
level?
5. Is it possible that the t-value same for 90% two tail and 95% one tail test. If yes, then why is it
so?
Company: Hotstar
Role : Data Analyst
1. What is the statistical power of sensitivity?
2. If you are given an unsorted data set, how will you read the last observation to a new dataset
in python?
3. What is the difference between covariance and correlation?
4. Explain how did you handle missing data in one of the projects mentioned in your resume.
5. What is negative indexing? Why is it needed? Can you give an example for.the same in python
6. How will you estimate the number of weddings that take place in a year in India?
7. What is the condition for using a t-test or a z-test?
8. What is the main difference between overfitting and underfitting?
9. What is the formula for R-squared and adjusted R-squared metrics and when do you decide to
use them?
10. What is the KNN imputation method?
Company: CRED
1. What do you understand by the term Normal Distribution?

2. Tell us how to effectively represent data using 5 dimensions.
3. Explain bias, variance trade off.
4. How can you compute significance using p-value?
5. What is Gradient Descent? Why don’t gradient descent methods always converge to the same
point?
6. Differentiate between a multi-label classification problem and a multi-class classification
problem.
7. If the training loss of your model is high and almost equal to the validation loss, what does it
mean? What should you do?
8. How will you define the number of clusters in a clustering algorithm?
9. Why L1 regularizations cause parameter sparsity whereas L2 regularization does not?
10. What is the advantage of performing dimensionality reduction before fitting an SVM?
11. How will you find the correlation between a categorical variable and a continuous variable?
Company: Legato Health Technologies

Role: MLOps Engineer
Experience: 2-3 years
1. Complete ML technical stack used in project?

2. Different activation function?
3. How do you handle imbalance data ?
4. Difference between sigmoid and softmax ?
5. Explain about optimizers ?
6. Precision-Recall Trade off ?
7. How do you handle False Positives ?
8. Explain LSTM architecture by taking example of 2 sentences and how it will be processed?
9. Decision Tree Parameters?
10. Bagging and boosting ?
11. Explain bagging internals
12. Write a program by taking an url and give a rough code approach how you will pass payload
and make a post request?
13. Different modules used in python ?
Another coding problem of checking balanced parentheses?
Company: Accenture

2. How to handle missing data? What imputation techniques can be used?
3. Explain topic modelling in NLP and various methods in performing topic modeling.
5. Follow up: What about inlier?
6. Explain back propagation in few words and its variants?
7. Is interpretability important for machine learning model? If so, ways to achieve interpretability
for a machine learning models?
9. How would you design a data science pipeline?
12. How to determine if a coin is biased? Hint: Hypothesis testing


4. Gini index
5. Entropy
10. R2
11. Adj R2
12. VIF
18. F1 Score
Company: Latentview Analytics

Experience: 2 years
1. What is mean and median

2. Difference between normal and gaussian
distribution
3. What is central limit theorem
4. What is null hypothesis
5. What is confidence interval
6. What is covariance and correlation and how will u
interpret it.
7. How will you find out the outliers in the dataset
and is it always to remove outliers
8. Explain about Machine Learning
9. Explain the algorithm of your choice
10. Different methods of missing values imputation
11. Explain me your ml project
12. How did you handle imbalance dataset
13. What is stratified samplings
14. Difference between standard scalar and normal
scalar.
Company: Quantiphi
1. What happens when neural nets are too small? What happens when they are large enough?
2. Why do we need pooling layer in CNN? Common pooling methods?
4. Use Case - Consider you are working for pen manufacturing company. How would you help
sales team with leads using Data analysis?
5. Assume you were given access to a website google analytics data.
6. In order to increase conversions, how do you perform A/B testing to identify best page design.
7. How is random forest different from Gradient boosting algorithm, given both are tree-based
algorithm?
8. Describe steps involved in creating a neural network?
9. In brief, how would you perform the task of sentiment analysis?
Company: Wipro
1. Difference between WHERE and HAVING in SQL

2. Basics of Logistics Regression
3. How do you treat outliers ?
4. Explain confusion matrix ?
5. Explain PCA (Wanted me to explain the co-variance matrix and eigen vectors and values and
the mathematical expression and mathematical derivation for co-variance matrix)
6. How do you cut a cake into 8 equal parts using only 3 straight cuts ?
7. Explain kmeans clustering
8. How is KNN different from k-means clustering?
9. What would be your strategy to handle a situation indicating an imbalanced dataset?
10. Stock market prediction: You would like to predict whether or not a certain company will
declare bankruptcy within the next 7 days (by training on data of similar companies that had
previously been at risk of bankruptcy). Would you treat this as a classification or a regression
problem?
Company: Deloitte
5. Why use Decision Trees?
7. What is Naive Bayes Theorem? Multinomial, Bernoulli, Gaussian Naive Bayes.
10. Over Sampling and Under Sampling
11. Over Fitting and Under Fitting
12. Core Concepts behind Each ML model mentioned in my Resume.
13. Genie Index Vs Entropy
14. how to deal with imbalance data in classification modelling?
Company: Mindtree
1. What is central tendency

2. Which central tendency method is used If there exists any outliers
4. Chi-Square test
5. A/B testing
6. Difference between Z and t distribution (Linked to A/B testing)
7. Outlier treatment method
8. ANOVA test
9. Cross validation
10. How will you work in a machine learning project if there is a huge imbalance in the data
11. Formula of sigmoid function
12. Can we use sigmoid function in case of multiple classification
13. What is Area under the curve
14. Which metric is used to split a node in Decision Tree
15. What is ensemble learning
16. 3 situation based questions
Company: IBM
1. How do you prevent overfitting?

2. How do you deal with outliers in your data?
3. How do you analyze the performance of the predictions generated by regression models
versus classification models?
4. Whatis cross-validation and why would you use it?
5. What’s the name ofthe matrix used to evaluate predictive models?
6. What relationships exist between a logistic regression’s coefficient and the Odds Ratio?
7. What’s the relationship between Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear & Quadratic
Discriminant Analysis (LDA & QDA)
8. If you had a categorical dependent variable and a mixture of categorical and continuous
independent variables, what algorithms, methods, or tools would you use for analysis?
9. What’s the difference between logistic and linear regression? How do you avoid local minimal?
Company name: Infosys

Role: Data scientist
1) curse of dimensionality? How would you handle it?

2) How to find the multi collinearity in the data set
3)Explain the difference ways to treat multi collinearity!
4) How you decide which feature to keep and which feature to eliminate after performing multi
collinearity test?
5)Explain logistic regression
6)we have sigmoid function which gives us the probabilty between 0-1 then what is the need of
logloss in logistic regression?
7) P value and its significance in statistical testing?
8) How do you split the time series data and evaluation metrics for time series data
9) How did you deploy your model in production? How often do you retrain it?
Company: Intuit
1. What is root cause analysis?

2. Do gradient descent methods always converge to similar points?
3. For the given points, how will you calculate the euclidean distance in python?
4. What is a box-cox transformation?
5. What is collaborative filtering? And a content based?
6. What are entropy and information gain in decision tree algorithm?
7. What are the different kernels in svm?
8. Describe in brief any type of ensemble learning
9. What is pooling on cnn, and how does it work?
10. What are recurrent neural networks (rnns)?
11. What is dropout and batch normalization?
12. How should you maintain a deployed model?
Company: Uber
1. Pick any product or app that you really like and describe how you would improve it.
2. How would you find an anomaly in a distribution ?
3. How would you go about investigating if a certain trend in a distribution is due to an anomaly?
4. How would you estimate the impact Uber has on traffic and driving conditions?
5. What metrics would you consider using to track if Uber’s paid advertising strategy to acquire
new customers actually works? How would you then approach figuring out an ideal customer
acquisition cost?
Company: TheMathCompany
Role: Analyst (Data Science)

2. Hypotheses testing
3. P value
4. T-test
5. Assumptions of linear regression.
6. Correlation and covariance.
7. How to identify & treat outliers and missing values.
8. Explain Box and whisker plot.
9. Explain any unsupervised learning algorithm.
10. Explain Random forest.
12. Business and technical questions related to your project.
13. Explain any scope of improvement in your project.
14. Questions based on case studies.
16. Write SQL query to find employee with highest salary in each department.
17. Write SQL query to find unique email domain name & their respective count
18. Solve question (17) using Python
Company: Verizon
Forecasting vs Prediction difference? Regression vs Time Series?

number?
6. Some questions on table in python (how to filter, how to add calculated fields etc)
7. p,d,q values in ARIMA models. What will happen if d=0? What is the meaning of p,d,q values?
8. What is a Confidence interval
Company: NovoLink
1. What are the different kinds of Ensemble learning?

2. What is the difference between population and sample in data?
3. Explain what regularization is and why it is useful.
4. How can you generate a random number between 1 – 7 with only a die?
5. What Are the Drawbacks of the Linear Model?
6. What cross-validation technique would you use on a time series data set?
7. If you are having 4GB RAM in your machine and you want to train your model on 10GB data
set. How would you go about this problem? Have you ever faced this kind of problem in your
machine learning/data science experience so far?
8. What is the role of the Activation Function in deep learning algorithms?
9. What is entropy and pruning in a decision tree algorithm?
10. How will you multiply a 4×3 matrix by a 3×2 matrix ?
Company: Sony
1. What methods do you use to identify outliers within a data set? What call do you take when
outliers are identified?
2. Guess-estimate the number of people in India that would use a cricket kit of an elite brand.
3. You are given a data set on cancer detection. You’ve build a classification model and achieved
an accuracy of 96%. Why shouldn’t you be happy with your model performance? What can you
do about it?
5. Rexntly global average temperature rose and there was decrease in number of pirates around
the world. Does that mean that decrease in number of pirates caused the climate change?
6. Both being tree based algorithm, how is random forest different from Gradient boosting
algorithm (GBM)?
7. You’ve got a data set to work having p (no. of variable) > n (no. of observation). Why is OLS as
bad option to work with? Which techniques would be best to use? Why?
Company: Siemens
1. What graphs do you use for basic EDA?
2. How to join tables in python?
3. What is the benefit of shuffling a training dataset when using a batch gradient descent
algorithm for optimizing a neural network?
4. Why it is not advisable to use a softmax output activation function in a multi-label classification
problem for a one-hot encoded target?
5. How can you iterate over a list and also retrieve element indices at the same time?
6. For a given dataset, you decide to use SVM as the main classifier. You select RBF as your kernel.
What would be the optimum gamma value that would allow you to capture the features of the
dataset really well?
7. What does the cost parameter in SVM stand for?
8. What is Softmax Function? What is the formula of Softmax Normalization?
Company: CRED
1. What do you understand by the term Normal Distribution?

2. Tell us how to effectively represent data using 5 dimensions.
3. Explain bias, variance trade off.
4. How can you compute significance using p-value?
5. What is Gradient Descent? Why don’t gradient descent methods always converge to the same
point?
6. Differentiate between a multi-label classification problem and a multi-class classification
problem.
7. If the training loss of your model is high and almost equal to the validation loss, what does it
9. Why L1 regularizations cause parameter sparsity whereas L2 regularization does not?
10. What is the advantage of performing dimensionality reduction before fitting an SVM?
11. How will you find the correlation between a categorical variable and a continuous variable?
Company: Walmart
Role: Principal Data Scientist
1. You are given a data set with missing values that spread along 1 standard deviation from the
median. What percentage of data would remain unaffected?
2. Explain the difference between an array and a linked list.
3. 4How do you ensure you are not overfitting a model?
4. How do you fix high variance in a model?
5. What are hyperparameters? How do they differ from model parameters?
6. What is the default method for splitting in decision trees? What other methods are available
for its splitting
7. You are told that your regression model is suffering from multicollinearity. How do verify this is
true and build a better model?
8. You build a random forest model with 10,000 trees. Training error as at 0.00, but validation
error is 34.23. Explain what went wrong.
9. What is the recall, specificity and precision of the confusion matrix?
Company : HP
1. If through training all the features in the dataset, an accuracy of 100% is obtained but with the
validation set, the accuracy score is 75%. What should be looked out for?
2. For a given dataset, you decide to use SVM as the main classifier. You select RBF as your kernel.
What would be the optimum gamma value that would allow you to capture the features of the
dataset really well??
3. How is skewness different from kurtosis??
4. How to calculate the accuracy of a binary classification algorithm using its confusion matrix?
5. How will you measure the Euclidean distance between the two arrays in numpy?
6. Given two lists [1,2,3,4,5] and [6,7,8], you have to merge the list into a single dimension. How
will you achieve this?
7. In a survey conducted, the average height was 164cm with a standard deviation of 15cm. If
Alex had a z-score of 1.30, what will be his height?
Company: McAfee
1. Explain list comprehensions and how they're used in Python with an example.
2. Add a new column named Active to the employees DataFrame with all 1s to indicate each
employee's active employment status.
3. How can you convert timestamps to date time in MySQL?
4. What is a trigger in MySQL? How can we use it?
5. Explain dimensionality reduction, where it’s used, and its benefits?
6. How would you go about doing an exploratory data analysis (eda)?
7. What are the pros and cons of linear regression vs. tree-based models?
8. What is the difference between the ROC curve and the precision-recall curve?
9. What is the business impact (eg. accuracy, revenue etc) of one of the project mentioned in
your resume and how did other people or teams benefit from the project?
10. Have you tried a simpler model (eg. linear regression)? Why is it necessary to use a more
complicated model?
Company: Wipro
1. Let’s say you have a time series dataset grouped monthly for the past five years. How would
you find out if the difference between this month and the previous month was significant or not?
2. How do you investigate that a certain trend in the distribution is due to anomaly?
3. Write a production code to find all combinations of numbers in a list that sum up to 8.
4. How will you ignore special characters in a string and reverse it in python.
5. Given a polynomial function with n terms and k degrees, how many partial derivatives can you
form?
6. What metrics would you use to measure a model’s effectiveness in classification and regression
problems?
7. Suppose your model suffers from low bias and high variance. Which algorithm can be used to
solve the problem?
Company : Wipro
Role: Lead Data Scientist
1. What do you understand by Type I vs Type II error?

2. You have been asked to evaluate a regression model based on R², adjusted R² and tolerance.
What will be your criteria?
3. In k-means or kNN, we use Euclidean distance to calculate the distance between nearest
neighbours. Why not Manhattan distance?
4. A roulette wheel has 38 slots, 18 are red, 18 are black, and 2 are green. You play five games
and always bet on red. What is the probability that you win all the 5 games?
5. ‘People who bought this, also bought…’ recommendations seen on amazon is a result of which
algorithm?
6. State the difference between the expected value and mean value
7. What is Ensemble Learning, stacking?
Company: Hotstar
Role : Data Analyst
1. What is the statistical power of sensitivity?

2. If you are given an unsorted data set, how will you read the last observation to a new dataset
in python?
3. What is the difference between covariance and correlation?
4. Explain how did you handle missing data in one of the projects mentioned in your resume.
5. What is negative indexing? Why is it needed? Can you give an example for.the same in python
6. How will you estimate the number of weddings that take place in a year in India?
8. What is the main difference between overfitting and underfitting?
9. What is the formula for R-squared and adjusted R-squared metrics and when do you decide to
use them?
10. What is the KNN imputation method?
Company: TCS
1. Each child must have at least one candy.

2. Children with a higher rating get more candies than their neighbours.
What are the minimum candies you must give?
3. What’s a confusion matrix? How to explain it to a non-statistics person? what’s a false positive
and false negative?
4. How do you detect if a new observation is an outlier? What is the bias-variance trade-off?
6. Can you explain the Naive Bayes Fundamentals? How did you set the threshold?
7. How important is the accuracy on training data vs testing data?
8. Explain the steps for data wrangling and cleaning before applying machine learning
algorithms.
9. How to deal with unbalanced binary classification?
10. Tell us the best approach to select a representative sample of search queries from 5 million?
Company: Procter & Gamble

Role: Data Scientist - Programmatic and Digital
1. What is the benefit of dimensionality reduction?

2. How do you select an appropriate value of k in k-means?
3. Explain bagging and boosting in Data Science. Have applied it in any of your project, if yes
then which algorithm did you use?
4. What is Regularization and what kind of problems does regularization solve?
5. What is the difference between squared error and absolute error?
6. How will you explain logistic regression to an economist, physican scientist and biologist?
7. During analysis, how do you treat missing values?
8. Do you think 50 small decision trees are better than a large one? Why?
9. How will you assess the statistical significance of an insight whether it is a real insight or just by
chance?
10. Explain the method to collect and analyze data to use social media to predict the weather
condition
Company : General Mills

Role : Data Scientist-II
1. How would you do an A/B test on a new metric to see if it truly captures meaningful social
interactions?
2. What's the difference between a left join, a union, and a right join?
3. Given a list, search for consecutive numbers (n) whose sum is equal to a specific number (x).
4. How would you create a model to find bad sellers on marketplace?
5. How can you predict Samsung phone sales?
Company : Ericsson
Role : Data Scientist
1. What kind of metrics you’d want to consider when solving for questions around health, growth,
or the engagement of a product?
2. How would you set up an experiment to evaluate any new products or improvements?
3. List assumptions about data in the context of linear regression.
4. How would you explain the application of probability to your product manager?
5. What was the most difficult project of your career and how did you solve it?
Company: Philips
Role: Principal Data Scientist
1. A model your team has built performs 90% accuracy. What do you need to know in order to
interpret whether this is good or not?
2. What is the difference between a box plot and a histogram?
3. Tell me about (a job on your resume). Why did you choose to do it and what do you like most
about it?
4. What is negative indexing? Can you give an example for the same? Why is it needed? .
5. What is the difference between descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics.
6. What do you mean by imputation? Explain different types of imputation techniques you have
used in your project?
8. Given an IP address as an input string, validate it and return True/False
Company: Bewakoof[dot]com
1. Have you ever used Lambda function and List comprehension in python, if yes, then give an
example?
2. What is the way that you would handle an imbalanced data set that’s being used for prediction
when mostly there are more negative classes than positive classes?
3. If a Person A and Person B are playing archery together and their abilities to fire the arrow at
the target are the same, and the probability of getting the target is 0.5 for both of them. Now
there is a situation that A has fired 201 arrows and B has fired 200 arrows, then, what is the
probability that A gets more targets than B?
4. Explain what do we mean by making decisions based on comparing p-value with significance
level?
5. Is it possible that the t-value same for 90% two tail and 95% one tail test. If yes, then why is it
so?
Company: Genpact
1. What makes you feel that you would be suitable for this role, since you come from a different
background?
2. What is an imbalanced data set??
3. What are the factors you will consider in order to predict the population of a city in the future?
4. Basic statistics questions?
5. What are the approaches for treating the missing values?
6. Evaluation metrics for Classification?
7. Bagging vs Boosting with examples
8. Handling of imbalanced datasets
9. What are your career aspirations?
10.What's the graph of y = |x|-2
11. esstimate on no. Of petrol cars in Delhi
12.Case study on opening a retail store
13.Order of execution of SQL
Company: HDFC Bank Ltd

1. What are the metrics used to test an NLP model?

2. How should you maintain a deployed model?
3. How can time-series data be declared as stationery?
4. People who bought this also bought…' recommendations seen on Amazon are a result of
which algorithm?
5. After studying the behaviour of a population, you have identified four specific individual types
that are valuable to your study. You would like to find all users who are most similar to each
individual type. Which algorithm is most appropriate for this study?
6. Your organization has a website where visitors randomly receive one of two coupons. It is also
possible that visitors to the website will not receive a coupon. You have been asked to determine
if offering a coupon to website visitors has any impact on their purchase decisions. Which
analysis method should you use?
Company: Indium Software

Role: Data Analyst
ques 1 - Lamda function with an implementation

ques 2 - Anonymous function
ques 3 - write a query to find duplicate values in two tables
ques 4 - p value in hypothesis testing
ques 5 - NLP - (Names entity recognition)
ques 6 - Discussion on the projects (10 Minutes around)
ques 7 - How you will explain machine learning to a 5-year-old child?
Company: Infosys
1) Measures of central tendency

2) What is the requirement of k means algorithm
3) Which clustering technique uses combining of clusters
4) Which is the oldest probability distribution
5) What all values does a random variable can take
6) Types of random variables
7) Normality of residuals
8) Probability questions
9) Sensitivity and specificity etc.
10) Explain bias - variance trade off. How does this affect the model?
11) What is multi collinearity? How to identify and remove it
Akash Raj• 1stData Scientist @Tredence Analytics | ex-TCS Digital | YouTuber

@bit.ly/cloudyML2mo • 2 months ago
Company: Wipro
1. What is a Python Package, and Have you created your own Python Package?
2. Explain about Time series models you have used?
3. SQL Questions - Group by Top 2 Salaries for Employees - use Row num and
Partition
4. Pandas find Numeric and Categorical Columns. For Numeric columns in Data
frame, find the mean of the entire column and add that mean value to each row of
those numeric columns.
5. What is Gradient Descent? What is Learning Rate and Why we need to reduce or
increase? Why Global minimum is reached and Why it doesn’t improve when
increasing the LR after that point?
6. Two Logistic Regression Models - Which one will you choose - One is trained on
70% and other on 80% data. Accuracy is almost same.
8. What is Log-Loss and ROC-AUC?
9. Do you know to use Amazon SageMaker for MLOPS?
10. Explain your Projects end to end (15-20mins)
Company: Deloitte
5. Why use Decision Trees?
7. What is Naive Bayes Theorem? Multinomial, Bernoulli, Gaussian Naive Bayes.
10. Over Sampling and Under Sampling
11. Over Fitting and Under Fitting
12. Core Concepts behind Each ML model mentioned in my Resume.
13. Genie Index Vs Entropy
14. how to deal with imbalance data in classification modelling?
Company: ArrayKart
Round 1: Asking about why did you chose Data Science as Career? Questions related to your
background if you are from non tech background.
Round 2: What is Supervised learning ? Unsupervised learning? Difference between them.
What is Linear regression in layman terms ?
What is Overfitiing and Underfitting?

Show how will you create a model on any datadet on jupyter notebook. Dataset can be of your
choice.
What is activation function and layers in neural networks.
Show how will you fit a model on mnist dataset on jupyter notebook using layers of neural
network.
What is dropouts?
Have you integrated SQL with any project?
Round 3 : what are types of Data structures?

Difference between tuple and sets.
How will you sort a list without using sorted function in python?
What is time complexity of inserting an element in list and set.?
How will you count letters of a string in python?
What is a confusion matrix ? When it is used? What is True positive, False positive, True negative,
False negative
• 1stData Scientist @Tredence Analytics | ex-TCS Digital | YouTuber

@bit.ly/cloudyML2mo • 2 months ago
Company: Myntra
Role: Data Analyst
Introduce yourself.
One complex sql query- 2 table are there, Table1(cust_id,Name)

Table2(cust_id,Transaction_amt)
Write a query to return the name of customers with 8th highest lifetime purchase.
Achieve the same using python.
ML questions:
What's the problem in having multi collinearity in data set.

If there is business requirement to keep two corelated features in model, what would
you do.
How would you deal with feature of 4 categories and 20% null values
Some questions based on my project.
Company: FISERV
2. What is transfer learning? Steps you would take to perform transfer learning.
3. Why is CNN architecture suitable for image classification? Not an RNN?
6. Explain concepts of epoch, batch, iteration in machine learning.
models and why?
8. What are some of the types of activation functions and specifically when to use them?
9. What is the difference between Batch and Stochastic Gradient Descent?


4. Gini index
5. Entropy
10. R2
11. Adj R2
12. VIF
18. F1 Score
Company: Ericsson
Round No: 1st Round
How to reverse a linked list
Give a logistic regression model in production, how would you find out the coefficients of
different input features.
What is the p- value in OLS regression
What's the reason for high bias or variance
Which models are generally high biased or high variance
Write code to find the 8 highest value in the DataFrame
What's difference between array and list
Whats the difference between Gradient boosting and Xgboost
Is XOR data linearly separable
How do we classify XOR data using logistic regression
Some questions from my previous projects
Given a sand timer of 4 and 7 mins how would you calculate 10 mins duration.
What's the angle between hour and minute hand in clock as 3:15
Company: Landmark group

1. SQL question on inner join and cross join

2. SQL question on group-by
3. Case study question on customer optimization of records for different marketing promotional
offers
4. Tuple and list
5. Linear regression
6. Logistic regression steps and process
7. Tell me about your passion for data science? Or What brought you to this field?
8. What is the most common problems you face whilst working on data science projects?
9. Describe the steps to take to forecast quarterly sales trends. What specific models are most
appropriate in this case?
10. What is the difference between gradient and slope, differentiation and integration?
11. When to use deep learning instead of machine learning. Advantages, Disadvantages of using
deep learning?
12. What are vanishing and exploding gradients in neural networks?
Role: Data Science Intern
1. Tell me about your journey as a Data Science aspirant

2. What was the one challenging project or task that you did in this domain and why was it
challenging?
3. What model did you use for that? I replied Random Forests
4. What is Random Forest and how is it used?
5. How are Random Forest different from Decision Trees and what problems do they solve that
decision trees can't?
6. Multi class Classification and which metric is preferred for it
7. Given a banking scenario to predict Loan Defaulters, which metric will you use?
8. How will you handle the class imbalance in this case?
Company: Axtria
1.RNN, NN and CNN difference.

2. Supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning with there algo example.
3. Difference between ai, ml and dl
4. How u do dimensionality reduction.
5. What is Multicollinearity
6. Parameters of random forest
7 . Parameters of deep learning algos
8. Different feature selection methods
9. Confusion matrix.
Company: Prodapt Solutions

1. Telecom Customer Churn Prediction. Explain the project end to end?
2. Data Pre-Processing Steps used.
3. Sales forecasting how is it done using Statistical vs DL models - Efficiency.
4. Logistic Regression - How much percent of Customer has churned and how much have not
churned?
5. What are the Evaluation Metric parameters for testing Logistic Regression?
6. What packages in Python can be used for ML? Why do we prefer one over another?
7. Numpy vs Pandas basic difference.
8. Feature on which this Imputation was done, and which method did we use there?
9. Tuple vs Dictionary. Where do we use them?
10. What is NER - Named Entity Recognition?

Experience: 2-3 years
1. Complete ML technical stack used in project?

2. Different activation function?
3. How do you handle imbalance data ?
4. Difference between sigmoid and softmax ?
5. Explain about optimizers ?
6. Precision-Recall Trade off ?
7. How do you handle False Positives ?
8. Explain LSTM architecture by taking example of 2 sentences and how it will be processed?
9. Decision Tree Parameters?
10. Bagging and boosting ?
11. Explain bagging internals
12. Write a program by taking an url and give a rough code approach how you will pass payload
and make a post request?
13. Different modules used in python ?
Company: Deloitte
1. G values, P values, T values

3. Central Values of Tendency
7. Where to start a Decision Tree. Why use Decision Trees?
9. Why Bayes theorem? DB Bayes and Naïve Bayes Theorem?
11. R packages in and out? For us it's Python Packages in and out.
Company: Latentview Analytics

Experience: 2 years
1. What is mean and median

2. Difference between normal and gaussian
distribution
3. What is central limit theorem
4. What is null hypothesis
5. What is confidence interval
6. What is covariance and correlation and how will u
interpret it.
7. How will you find out the outliers in the dataset
and is it always to remove outliers
8. Explain about Machine Learning
9. Explain the algorithm of your choice
10. Different methods of missing values imputation
11. Explain me your ml project
12. How did you handle imbalance dataset
13. What is stratified samplings
14. Difference between standard scalar and normal
scalar
Company: Cognizant
1. What’s an example of a machine learning project you’re proud of?

2. Choose any machine learning algorithm and describe it.
3. Describe how Gradient Boosting works.
4. Describe the decision tree model.
5. What is a neural network?
6. Explain the Bias-Variance Tradeoff
7. How do you deal with unbalanced binary classification?
8. What’s the difference between L1 and L2 regularization?
Company: Google
1. Why do you use feature selection?
2. What is the effect on the coefficients of logistic regression if two 3. predictors are highly
correlated?
4. What are the confidence intervals of the coefficients?
5. What’s the difference between Gaussian Mixture Model and K-Means?
6. How do you pick k for K-Means?
7. How do you know when Gaussian Mixture Model is applicable?
8. Assuming a clustering model’s labels are known, how do you evaluate the performance of the
model?
Company: TCS
1. Explain about Time series models you have used?

2. SQL Questions - Group by Top 2 Salaries for Employees - use Row num and Partition
3. Pandas find Numeric and Categorical Columns. For Numeric columns in Data frame, find the
mean of the entire column and add that mean value to each row of those numeric columns.
4. What is Gradient Descent? What is Learning Rate and Why we need to reduce or increase?
Why Global minimum is reached and Why it doesn’t improve when increasing the LR after that
point?
5. What is Log-Loss and ROC-AUC?
6. What is Multi-collinearity? How will you choose one features if there are 2 highly correlated
features? Give Examples with the techniques used.
7. VIF – Variance Inflation Factor – Explain.
8. Do you know to use Amazon SageMaker for MLOPS?
9. Explain your Projects end to end (15-20mins).
Company: Capital One

1. How would you build a model to predict credit card fraud?

2. How do you handle missing or bad data?
3. How would you derive new features from features that already exist?
4. If you’re attempting to predict a customer’s gender, and you only have 100 data points, what
problems could arise?
5. Suppose you were given two years of transaction history. What features would you use to
predict credit risk?
6. Design an AI program for Tic-tac-toe
7. Explain overfitting and what steps you can take to prevent it.
8. Why does SVM need to maximize the margin between support vectors?
Company: Verizon
number?
2. Multiple Linear Regression?
3. OLS vs MLE?
5. Lift chart, drift chart
7. ROC what is it? AUC and Differentiation?
8. Linear Regression from Multiple Linear Regression
10. Bias Variance Trade off?
11. Over fitting vs Underfitting in Machine learning?
12. Estimation of Multiple Linear Regression
13. Forecasting vs Prediction difference? Regression vs Time Series?
14. p,d,q values in ARIMA models
Company: Fractal
1.Difference between array and list

2.Map function
3. Scenario,
if coupon distributed randomly to customers of swiggy, how to check there buying behavior.
Use segmenting customers
Compare customers who got coupon and who did not
4. Which is faster dictionary or list for look up
5. How to merge two arrays
6. How much time svm takes to complete if 1 iteration takes 10sec for 1st class.
And there are 4 classes.
7. Kernals in svm, there difference
Company: Wipro
1. Difference between WHERE and HAVING in SQL

2. Basics of Logistics Regression
3. How do you treat outliers ?
4. Explain confusion matrix ?
5. Explain PCA (Wanted me to explain the co-variance matrix and eigen vectors and values and
the mathematical expression and mathematical derivation for co-variance matrix)
6. How do you cut a cake into 8 equal parts using only 3 straight cuts ?
7. Explain kmeans clustering
8. How is KNN different from k-means clustering?
9. What would be your strategy to handle a situation indicating an imbalanced dataset?
10. Stock market prediction: You would like to predict whether or not a certain company will
declare bankruptcy within the next 7 days (by training on data of similar companies that had
previously been at risk of bankruptcy). Would you treat this as a classification or a regression
problem?
Company: Accenture

3. Explain topic modelling in NLP and various methods in performing topic modeling.
5. Follow up: What about inlier?
6. Explain back propagation in few words and its variants?
9. How would you design a data science pipeline?
12. How to determine if a coin is biased? Hint: Hypothesis testing

Role: Senior Analyst
1. What is deep learning, and how does it contrast with other machine learning algorithms?
2.When should you use classification over regression?
3.Using Python how do you find Rank, linear and tensor equations for an given array of
elements? Explain your approach.
4.What exactly do you know about Bias-Variance decomposition? 5.What is the best
recommendation technique you have learnt and what type of recommendation technique helps
to predict ratings? 6.How can you assess a good logistic model?
7.How to you read the text from an image? Explain?
8.What are all the options to convert speech to text? Explain and name few available tools to
implement the same?
Company Name : Tata IQ

Role: Data Analyst
Why data science as a career?
Stats:
What is p value?
What is histograms?
What is confidence interval?
You are a Sr data analyst at a new Online Cab booking Startups
How you will do data collection and how you will leverage the data to give useful insights to the
Company?
Guestimate: No Of cabs booking per day in Ranchi
You are product head manager(not remember exactly) at a NBFC which gives a Secured loans
what factors will you consider giving loan to ?
Inventory Database based on that have to do basic pandas/sql query? Joins / merge to get avg
sales, its chart?
You have a list of 3 numbers return the min diff. Can use any python/sql
What is Big Data?
Role: Junior Data Scientist
1) Explain the architecture of CNN

2)If we put a 3×3 filter over 6×6 image what will be the size of the output image
3) What will you do to reduce overfitting In deep learning models
3) Can you write a program for inverted star program in python
4)Write a program to create a dataframe and remove elements from it
5) I have 2 guns with 6 holes in each, and I load a single bullet In each gun, what is the
probability that if I fire the guns simultaneously atleast 1 gun will fire (atleast means one or more
than one)
5) There are 2 groups g1 and g2, g1 will ask g2 members to give them 1 member so thay they
both will be equal in number, g2 will ask g1 members to give them 1 member so thay they will be
double of g1, how many members are there in the groups (I'm not sure of this question as I tried
to solve but didnt get correct answer)
Company: Genpact
1. Why do we select validation data other than test data?

2. Difference between linear logistic regression?
3. Why do we take such a complex cost function for logistic?
4. Difference between random forest and decision tree?
5. How would you decide when to stop splitting the tree?
6. Measures of central tendency
7. What is the requirement of k means algorithm
8. Which clustering technique uses combining of clusters
9. Which is the oldest probability distribution
10. What all values does a random variable can take
11. Types of random variables
12. Normality of residuals
Company: Ford
2. What is transfer learning? Steps you would take to perform transfer learning.
3. Why is CNN architecture suitable for image classification? Not an RNN?
6. Explain concepts of epoch, batch, iteration in machine learning.
models and why?
8. What are some of the types of activation functions and specifically when to use them?
9. What are the conditions that should be satisfied for a time series to be stationary?
10. What is the difference between Batch and Stochastic Gradient Descent?
Company: Quantiphi
algorithm?
Company: Cognizant
1. SQL question on inner join and cross join

2. SQL question on group-by
3. Case study question on customer optimization of records for different marketing promotional
offers
4. Tuple and list
5. Linear regression
6. Logistic regression steps and process
7. Tell me about your passion for data science? Or What brought you to this field?
8. What is the most common problems you face whilst working on data science projects?
9. Describe the steps to take to forecast quarterly sales trends. What specific models are most
appropriate in this case?
10. What is the difference between gradient and slope, differentiation and integration?
11. When to use deep learning instead of machine learning. Advantages, Disadvantages of using
deep learning?
12. What are vanishing and exploding gradients in neural networks?
Company: Husqvarna Group

1. Telecom Customer Churn Prediction. Explain the project end to end?

2. Data Pre-Processing Steps used.
3. Sales forecasting how is it done using Statistical vs DL models - Efficiency.
4. Logistic Regression - How much percent of Customer has churned and how much have not
churned?
5. What are the Evaluation Metric parameters for testing Logistic Regression?
6. What packages in Python can be used for ML? Why do we prefer one over another?
7. Numpy vs Pandas basic difference.
8. Feature on which this Imputation was done, and which method did we use there?
9. Tuple vs Dictionary. Where do we use them?
10. What is NER - Named Entity Recognition?

1. What are the projects done by you.

2. Suppose there is a client who wants to know if giving discounts is beneficial or not. How would
you approach this problem?
3. The same client want to know how much discount he should give in the next month for
maximum profits.
4. Can you have a modeling approach to say in last year what mistakes client did in giving
discounts. Meaning if they should have have a different discount and increased sales.
5. What feature engineering techniques you used in past projects.
6. What models you used and selected the final model.
Company: Ericsson
Round No: 1st Round

How to reverse a linked list
Give a logistic regression model in production, how would you find out the coefficients of
different input features.
What is the p- value in OLS regression
What's the reason for high bias or variance
Which models are generally high biased or high variance
Write code to find the 8 highest value in the DataFrame
What's difference between array and list
Whats the difference between Gradient boosting and Xgboost
Is XOR data linearly separable
How do we classify XOR data using logistic regression
Some questions from my previous projects
Given a sand timer of 4 and 7 mins how would you calculate 10 mins duration.
What's the angle between hour and minute hand in clock as 3:15
Company: Landmark group

2. Interviewers ask about scenarios or use-case based questions to know interviewee thought
process and problem-solving skills.
algorithm?
7. LSTM solves the vanishing gradient problem, that RNN primarily have. How?
Data Science Interview Questions asked to Sajal Soni
Company: Axtria
------------
1.RNN, NN and CNN difference.
2. Supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning with there algo example.
3. Difference between ai, ml and dl
4. How u do dimentionality reduction.
5. What is Multicollinearity
6. Parameters of random forest
7 . Parameters of deep learning algos
8. Different feature selection methods
9. Confusion matrix
Company: Bridgei2i
Role: Senior Analytics Consultant
1) What is the difference between Cluster and Systematic Sampling?

2) Differentiate between a multi-label classification problem and a multi-class classification
problem.
3) How can you iterate over a list and also retrieve element indices at the same time?
4) What is Regularization and what kind of problems does regularization solve?
5) If the training loss of your model is high and almost equal to the validation loss, what does it
6) Explain evaluation protocols for testing your models? Compare hold-out vs k-fold cross
validation vs iterated k-fold cross-validation methods of testing.
7) Can you cite some examples where a false positive is important than a false negative?
8) What is the advantage of performing dimensionality reduction before fitting an SVM?
9) How will you find the correlation between a categorical variable and a continuous variable ?
10) How will you calculate the accuracy of a model using a confusion matrix?
Company: Mindtree

4. Chi-Square test
5. A/B testing
8. ANOVA test
9. Cross validation
Company: CodeBase Solutions
1. What are the ML techniques you've used in projects?

2. Very first question was PCA? Why use PCA?
3. Types of Clustering techniques (Not algorithms)? Which Clustering techniques will you use
in which Scenario - example with a Program?
4. OCR - What type of OCR did you use in your project - Graphical or Non - Graphical?
5. OCR - What is a Noise? What types of noise will you face when performing OCR?
Handwritten can give more than 70% accuracy when I wrote in 2012 but you're saying 40%.
6. Logistic Regression vs Linear Regression with a real-life example - explain?
7. Is Decision tree Binary or multiple why use them?
8. Do you know Map Reduce and ETL concepts?
9. What is a Dictionary or Corpus in NLP and how do you build it?
10. How do you basically build a Dictionary, Semantic Engine, Processing Engine in a NLP
project, where does all the Synonyms (Thesaurus words go).
11. What are the Types of Forecasting? What are the ML and DL models for forecasting (He said
Fast-forwarding models as example) other than Statistical (ARIMA) models you've used in your
projects?
12. What is a Neural Network? Types of Neural Networks you know?

13. Write a Decision Tree model with a Python Program.
14. How do you build an AZURE ML model? What are all the Azure products you've used? I said
Azure ML Studio.
15. Cibil score is an example for Fuzzy model and not a Classification model.
16. What is an outlier give a real life example? how do you find them and eliminate them? I gave
an example of calculating Average salary of an IT employee.
Verizon Data Science Interview Questions
number?
2. Multiple Linear Regression?
3. OLS vs MLE?
5. Lift chart, drift chart
7. ROC what is it? AUC and Differentiation?
8. Linear Regression from Multiple Linear Regression
10. Bias Variance Trade off?
11. Over fitting vs Underfitting in Machine learning?
12. Estimation of Multiple Linear Regression
13. Forecasting vs Prediction difference? Regression vs Time Series?
14. p,d,q values in ARIMA models
1. What will happen if d=0
2. What is the meaning of p,d,q values?
15. Is your data for Forecasting Uni or multi-dimensional?
16. How to find the nose to start with in a Decision tree.
18. Genie index vs entropy
19. Linear vs Logistic Regression
20. Decision Trees vs Random Forests
21. Questions on liner regression, how it works and all

22. Asked to write some SQL queries
23. Asked about past work experience
24. Some questions on inferential statistics (hypothesis testing, sampling techniques)
25. Some questions on table (how to filter, how to add calculated fields etc)
26. Why do u use Licensed Platform when other Open source packages are available?
27. What certification Have u done?
28. What is a Confidence Interval?
29. What are Outliers? How to Detect Outliers?
30. How to Handle Outliers?
Data Science Interview Experience
1. Decorators in Python
- Live Example
2. Generators in Python
- Live Example
3. SQL Questions
3.1 Group by Top 2 Salaries for Employees

3.2 use Row num and Partition
4. Pandas find Numeric and Categorical Columns.

4.1 For Numeric columns, find the mean of the entire column and add that value to each row of
the column.
5. What is Gradient Descent?

5.1 What is Learning Rate and Why is it reduce sometimes
6. Two Logistic Regression Models - Which one will you choose - One is trained on 70% and
other on 80% data. Accuracy is almost same.
7. What is LogLoss ?
8. Explain your Projects end to end.(15-20mins)
Data Science Interview Questions
1. Naive bayes assumptions

4. GRU is faster compared to LSTM. Why?
5. What is difference between K-NN and K-Means clustering ?
6. How to determine if a coin is biased ? Hint: Hypothesis testing
7. How will u present the statistical inference of a particular numerical column?
8. How would you design a data science pipeline ?
9. Explain back propagation in few words and it’s variants?
10. Explain topic modeling in NLP and various methods in performing topic modeling.
Company: Nira Finance

Asked to explain my project.

Have you not done any classification problem as your Resume only mentions regression tasks.
Explain the working of Gradient boosting.

Difference between boosting and bagging.
What would you do when output is imbalanced.

What is more preferred over sampling or under sampling.
In what case under sampling a non harmful approach.
How would you measure the performance of models built on imbalanced dataset.
Whats the meaning of precision and recall.
Tell me about a task you did and are very proud of.
Do you have any questions for me
Post interview I was given a ML assignment to solve and submit within next 2 weeks.
Data Science Interview Experience
1) Explain the architecture of CNN

2)If we put a 3×3 filter over 6×6 image what will be the size of the output image
3) What will you do to reduce overfitting In deep learning models
3) Can you write a program for inverted star program in python
4)Write a program to create a dataframe and remove elements from it
5) I have 2 guns with 6 holes in each, and I load a single bullet In each gun, what is the
probability that if I fire the guns simultaneously atleast 1 gun will fire (atleast means one or more
than one)
5) There are 2 groups g1 and g2, g1 will ask g2 members to give them 1 member so thay they
both will be equal in number, g2 will ask g1 members to give them 1 member so thay they will be
double of g1, how many members are there in the groups (I'm not sure of this question as I tried
to solve but didnt get correct answer)
Data Science Interview Questions:
1. How do check the Normality of a dataset?

2. Difference Between Sigmoid and Softmax functions?
3. Can logistic regression use for more than 2 classes?
4. What are Loss Function and Cost Functions? Explain the key Difference Between them?
5. What is F1 score? How would you use it?
6. In a neural network, what if all the weights are initialized with the same value?
7. Why should we use Batch Normalization?
8. In a CNN, if the input size 5 X 5 and the filter size is 7 X 7, then what would be the size of the
output?
9. What do you mean by exploding and vanishing gradients?
10. What are the applications of transfer learning in Deep Learning?
11. Why does a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) work better with image data?
1. What is the Central Limit Theorem and why is it important?

2. What is the difference between type I vs type II error?
3. Tell me the difference between an inner join, left join/right join, and union.
4. Explain the 80/20 rule, and tell me about its importance in model validation.
5. What is one way that you would handle an imbalanced data set that’s being used for
prediction (i.e., vastly more negative classes than positive classes)?
6. Is it better to spend five days developing a 90-percent accurate solution or 10 days for 100-
percent accuracy?
7. Most common characteristics used in descriptive statistics?
8. What do you mean by degree of freedom?
9. Why is the t-value same for 90% two tail and 95% one tail test?
10. What does it mean if a model is heteroscedastic? what about homoscedastic?
11. You roll a biased coin (p(head)=0.8) five times. What’s the probability of getting three or more
heads?
12. What does interpolation and extrapolation mean? Which is generally more accurate?
1. What the aim of conducting A/B Testing?

2. Explain p-value.
3. Explain how a ROC curve works?
4. What is pruning in Decision Tree?
6. When to use Precision and when to use Recall?
7. What are the assumptions required for linear regression? What if some of these assumptions
are violated?
8. How are covariance and correlation different from one another?
9. How can we relate standard deviation and variance?
10. Explain the phrase "Curse of Dimensionality".
11. What does the term Variance Inflation Factor mean?
12. What is the significance of Gamma and Regularization in SVM?
Data Science Interview questions:
How will you calculate the Sensitivity of machine learning models?

What do you mean by cluster sampling and systematic sampling?
Explain Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues.
Explain Gradient Descent.
How does Backpropagation work? Also, it states its various variants.
What do you know about Autoencoders?
What is Dropout in Neural Networks?
What is the difference between Batch and Stochastic Gradient Descent?
What are the different kinds of Ensemble learning?
What is entropy, information gain and gini index in decision tree classifier and regression?

4. Chi-Square test
5. A/B testing
8. ANOVA test
9. Cross validation
12. Can we use sigmoid function in case of multiple classification (I said no)
13. Then which function is used
My Statistics Checklist before going for a Data Science Interview:
1. Inferential and descriptive Statistics

2. Sample
3. Population
4. Random variables
5. Probability Distribution Function
6. Probability Mass Function
7. Cumulative Distribution Function
8. Expectation and Variance
9. Binomial Distribution
10. Bernoulli Distribution
11. Normal Distribution
12. Z-score
13. Central Limit Theorem
14. Hypothesis Testing
15. Confidence Interval
16. Chi Square Test
17. Anova Test
18. F-Stats

4. Chi-Square test
5. A/B testing
8. ANOVA test
9. Cross validation
12. Can we use sigmoid function in case of multiple classification (I said no)
13. Then which function is used
17. 3 situation based questions

Round 2:
Complete ML technical stack used in project?
Different activation function?
How do you handle imbalance data ?
Difference between sigmoid and softmax ?
Explain about optimisers ?
Precision-Recall Trade off ?
How do you handle False Positives ?
Explain LSTM architecture by taking example of 2 sentences and how it will be processed?
Decision Tree Parameters?
Bagging and boosting ?
Explain bagging internals
Write a program by taking an url and give a rough code approach how you will pass payload and
make a post request?
Different modules used in python ?
Some Important Model Evaluation Metrics:
1. Classification Accuracy
2. log loss
3. Confusion Matrix
4. Precision
5. Recall or Sensitivity or True Positive Rate
6. Specificity or True Negative Rate
7. False Positive Rate
8. F1 Score( for imbalanced datesets)
9. ROC - AUC
10. Mean Absolute Error(MAE)
11. Mean Squared Error(MSE)
12. Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE)
13. Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error(RMSLE)
14. R-squared
15. Adjusted R-squared
16. Gini Coefficient or Gini Index(G.I)
17. Entropy gain
Company: Cerence
Role: NLU Developer
Question1 :
Write a function that take two strings as inputs and return true if they are anagrams of each other
and false otherwise
e.g.
(hello, hlleo) --> true
(hello, helo) --> false
Question 2 :
Write a function that take an array of strings "A" and an integer "n",
that return the list of all strings of length "n" from the array "A" that can be constructed
as the concatenation of two strings from the same array "A"
e.g.
A = [dog, tail, sky, or, hotdog, tailor, hot] and n=6
output should be "hotdog" and "tailor"
Question 3 :
Given an array "arr" of numbers and a starting number "x",
Find "x" such that the running sums of "x" and the elements of the array "arr" are never lower
than 1.
e.g.
arr = [-2, 3, 1, -5].
The running sums will be x-2, x-2+3, x-2+3+1 and x-2+3+1-5.
So, the output should be 4.
Company: GEOTAB
Python :
1. Is python a language that follows pass by value, or pass by reference or pass by object
reference
2. What are lambda functions and how to use them
3. Difference between mutable and immutable objects with example.
4. What are Python decorators? Why do we use them
SQL :
1. What is the difference between Inner join and left inner join ?
2. What are window functions ?
3. What is the use of groupby ?
SQL Round
3 tables given as below:
TRIPS
trip_id
vehicle_id
start_time
stop_time
VEHICLE_MAKE
vehicle_id
make_id
MAKES
make_id
make_name
There is a table which contains vehicle trips. Trips are not necessarily in order.
There is a table which contains vehicle makes. Makes are not necessarily known.
PROBLEM: Write SQL code that provides the number of trips that started on September 1st, 2020
for each vehicle with a KNOWN make.
Order the results by the trip count.
op
vehicle_id | trip_count
4 | 2
1 | 1
2 | 1
1st round:-
Introduction
Current NLP architecture used in my project
How will you identify Data Drift? Once identified how would you automate the handling of Data
Drift
Data Pipeline used
Fasttext word embedding vs word2vec
When should we use Tf-IDF and when predictive based word embedding will be advantageous
over Tf-IDF
Metrics used to validate our model
In MongoDB write a query to find employee names from a collection
In Python write a program to separate 0s and 1s from an array- (0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0)
Company: Latentview.
Initial they had asked for the explaining the project which I had done. I explained the Customer
prediction case . Then I was asked with python questions by sharing my screen.
1. How do you handle the correlated variables without removing them

2. Explain the SMOTE, ADAYSN technique
3. What is stratified sampling technique
4. Explain the working of random forest and xgboost
5. How do you optimise the Recall of your output
6. What are chisquare and ANOVA test
7. In python they asked for LOC,ILOC, how do you remove duplicate,How to unique values in
column,
8. In SQL they asked for the query for having matches between different teams
Company: Myntra
Role: Data Analyst
Introduce yourself.
One complex sql query- 2 table are there, Table1(cust_id,Name) Table2(cust_id,Transaction_amt)

Write a query to return the name of customers with 8th highest lifetime purchase.
Achieve the same using python.
ML questions:
What's the problem in having multi collinearity in data set.

If there is business requirement to keep two corelated features in model, what would you do.
How would you deal with feature of 4 categories and 20% null values.
Some questions based on my project.
Interview Questions asked to GOUSE MG

Company: Enquero Global
Previous job role and responsibilities

Problem statement of your project and How do you overcome challenges
How do you handle feature which had many categories.
When to use precision and recall.
What are outliers & how do you handle them
Joins, self joins, said me to write sql queries on self joins
How good your with python
Logic for reverse string.
Data collection- how do you collect data and data preprocessing.
Focused on EDA part
Have you deveployed any project in cloud if you which cloud you had used and how do you do
that.
How do you interact with domain expertise and business analytics people.
How do you replace Missing values for continuous variables.
What is your largest data set you have handled till now and tell me size of dataset.
Overall Mostly focused on SQL, DATA COLLECTION, EDA, feature engineering and selection.
Interview Experience of Ekta Chugwani:

Company: Not mentioned
A continuous variable is having missing values, so how will you decide that the missing values
should be imputed by mean or median?
What is PCA and what each component means? Also, what is the maximum value for number of
components?
What is test of independence? How do you calculate Chi-square value?
When precision is preferred over recall or vice-versa?
Advantages and disadvantages of Random forest over Decision Tree?
What is the c hyperparameter in SVM algorithm and how it affects bias variance tradeoff?
What are the assumptions of linear regression?
Difference between Stemming and Lemmatization?
Difference between Correlation and Regression?
What is p-value and confidence interval?
What is multicollinearity and how do you deal with multicollinearity? What is VIF?
What is the difference between apply, applymap and map function in python?
Interview questions asked to Pawan Kumar Chahar

Company: Cians and Nec India
How to select alternate rows in SQL ?

How to modify Sql row value ?
How to rename multiple column names in pandas?
How to add a new column name with all lower case letters in pandas?
Difference between Where and Having ?
Difference between Union and Union all?
How many Joins in SQL ?
How to drop column name in to read json file ?
List compression ?
Mutable and immutable ?
List vs tuple ?
How to handle missing values in a dataset?
How to handle imbalance in a dataset ?
What is hyperparameter tuning ?
Naive Bayes Algorithm explained?
Overfitting and underfitting ?
Bias variance trade off?
Dream 11 interview questions
Asked to Sweata Sen
Role - Data Scientist
Process - First a written test was taken which contained detailed questions on statistics and some
case studies. Two rounds of technical interviews took place and one HR round before the final
result.
Round 1:
Walk me through your resume.
Explain the project on machine learning (my ongoing project).
What is boosting and what is bagging?
They asked me to write an R code using the dplyr function in order to perform some operations
on a data frame.
Explain the memory allocation done by subset function in dplyr package in R.
Tell me which one out of base and dplyr uses copy mechanism and which one uses a pointer.
Which is faster?
Write the code for doing a scatterplot using ggplot in R.
Round 2:
How would do knn algorithm for big data?
Suppose you have a fixed number of trucks that you intend to send on different routes for
delivery purposes. How would you optimize the number of trucks to be sent to which routes in
order to maximize profit? (question on dynamic programming reinforcement learning)
“A word is actually its neighbours in a corpus” - Explain this sentence in machine learning lingo.
Interview Questions asked to Sajal Soni in Fractal:
1.Difference between array and list

2.Map function
3. Scenario,
if coupon distributed randomly to customers of swiggy, how to check there buying behaviour.
Use segmenting customers
Compare customers who got coupon and who did not
4. Which is faster dictionary or list for look up
5. How to merge two arrays
6. How much time svm takes to complete if 1 iteration takes 10sec for 1st class.
And there are 4 classes.
7. Kernals in svm, there difference
My checklist before going for an SQL round of interview:
1. WHERE , AND, OR, NOT, IN

2. ORDER BY, ASC, DESC
3. IS NULL
4. LIMIT
5. MIN, MAX, COUNT, AVG, SUM
6. LIKE, WILDCARDS
7. IN BETWEEN
8. INNER JOIN
9. LEFT JOIN
10. Subqueries(most important)
11. UNION
12. GROUP BY
13. HAVING
14. LEFT, RIGHT, MID, CONCAT
15. PARTITION BY, OVER
16. LEAD,LAG
17. RANK, DENSE_RANK, PERCENT_RANK
18. ROW_NUMBER, CUME_DIST
19. FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE
20. AS
Company: Legato Heath Technologies
Previous round: Online Python coding test
What are the assumptions of Linear regression?
What is multi collinearrity?
What's the threshold you took for vif?

What the formula of vif?
Whats the meaning of precision and recall?
Why is Xgboost better than Gradient boosting?
What are different boosting algorithms?

Whats the difference between boosting and bagging?
If R squared is less than adj R squared will you accept the model?
What exactly is the p-value in statsmodel OLS regression package?

Data Science Interview Questions and Answers for Top Companies

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Company: Accenture

Role: Analyst-Data Science

1. What is the difference between Lasso and Ridge Regression?

1. Advantages of NumPy arrays over Python lists?

1. Why ensemble learning is used?

1. Model Validation methods?

1. Scaling? Standardization or normalization?

1. G values, P values, T values

1. what you do with suspicious or missing data.?

Company: Larsen & Toubro Infotech

1. what’s the role of the Activation Function?

Company: L&T Financial Services

1. Explain your Projects

21. Logical questions for Null and alternate Hypothesis

1. Python coding - Code a hash table in python

1. Methods to remove noice or outliers

1. Difference between LSTM and SimpleRNN?

1. How to test the difference between means of 2 populations.

1. Stats (ANOVA vs test)

Forecasting vs Prediction difference? Regression vs Time Series?

Company: Tiger Analytics

1. Matrix multiplication in python

1. Central limit theorem

Note: the array contains both +ve and -ve values.

The code should be optimised in both time and space complexity.

Few SQL questions like

more details and discounted course

1. What do you understand by the term Normal Distribution?

Company: Legato Health Technologies

1. Complete ML technical stack used in project?

1. What is difference between K-NN and K-Means clustering?

Company: L&T Financial Services

1. Explain your Projects

Company: Latentview Analytics

1. What is mean and median

1. Difference between WHERE and HAVING in SQL

1. What is central tendency

1. How do you prevent overfitting?

Company name: Infosys

1) curse of dimensionality? How would you handle it?

1. What is root cause analysis?

1. Central limit theorem

Forecasting vs Prediction difference? Regression vs Time Series?

1. What are the different kinds of Ensemble learning?

1. What do you understand by the term Normal Distribution?

1. What do you understand by Type I vs Type II error?

1. What is the statistical power of sensitivity?

1. Each child must have at least one candy.

Company: Procter & Gamble

1. What is the benefit of dimensionality reduction?

Company : General Mills

Company: HDFC Bank Ltd

1. What are the metrics used to test an NLP model?

Company: Indium Software

ques 1 - Lamda function with an implementation

1) Measures of central tendency

Akash Raj• 1stData Scientist @Tredence Analytics | ex-TCS Digital | YouTuber

Round 2: What is Supervised learning ? Unsupervised learning? Difference between them.

What is Linear regression in layman terms ?

What is Overfitiing and Underfitting?

Round 3 : what are types of Data structures?

• 1stData Scientist @Tredence Analytics | ex-TCS Digital | YouTuber

One complex sql query- 2 table are there, Table1(cust_id,Name)