hello we are going to talk about

experiments today experimental research

is most appropriate research for testing

causal hypothesis true experiments must

have at least three things number one

two groups one is experimental group one

is a control group number two variation

in independent variable before

assessment of change in the dependent

variable in this case we are

manipulating the independent marble to

see a change in the dependent variable

number three runs an assignment to the

two or more comparison groups sometime

we call this randomization process

here's the to experiment experiment

sometimes we call the classical

experimental design first we have this

group one we have e referred to

experimental group are means

randomization group to control group and

our means randomization 01 is

observation one or we call that pretest

02 is the post-test it's observation too

so we can see that how these treatment

works after that how these observation a

two or the post-test changes after the

treatment of the vision 3 is the pretest

for control group observation for is the

post test and control group without the

treatment without treatment here okay so

we are talking about in terms of

treatment is a political commercial

political ads to show how the political

knowledge so what we are trying to say

or the hypothesis is that the the ads

will increase political

as will increase the political knowledge

okay so let's say that is political

knowledge of one referred to no

knowledge and 10 means high knowledge we

want to see whether or not the the

treatment or the political advertisement

can increase the political knowledge

let's assume that we do everything

randomization so this to mean between

the two group will be the same so one is

a five mins 5 the other one is a 5 the

treatment group assuming that the

political ad works so the mean gets up

which is become eight but no treatment

and the mean remain the same five so

then we can say that there's a three

points increase for the treatment so

then we can say that yes it hypothesis

is supported a positive supported by the

the treatment group so this is a true

experiment or classical design the

second is the post has only designed

same thing we have group one and the

group two group one is a governmental

group group two is control group

randomization randomization so everyone

is that randomly assigned into two

conditions Group one has treatment which

is experimental group and group 2 has no

treatment just have post as only and

assuming that everyone is a random

randomization so the mean goes up to

eight so we have three points a kind of

plus in the treatment group and the mean

here is the still remain the same is the

five so then we can say yes so

hypothesis is political kind of AD

works and so it does increase by three

points here based on that okay so this

is the post has only design so in this

case there is no pretest there's no

pretest here and there's no pretense

here so therefore is a post has only

design and here we have this a group one

we have this a true experimental design

here and the post has only these on here

so when we combine the two design

together we call that Solomon full group

design the reason this Solomon for group

design is more effective because you can

compare this katma experimental group

with the this experimental group to see

how this a pretest effect have any

impact we can also compare this control

group to see any kind of pretest effect

we can also compare the treatment effect

to see whether or not the treatment have

any kind of impact and then we can do

other comparison as well and so this is

solomon for group design give us more

options to do comparison the downside

for this solomon full group design is

that you need more people usually one

condition is the 15 people and another

15 people so another 15 people another

15 people so we are talking about 60

people together so this definitely need

more resources here is the exit which

shows us how does a random sampling

different differing from the

randomization random something used in

survey methodology you randomly select

people and the randomization is a

randomly assigned people into different

conditions like toss coin so that is

different so random sampling random

sampling

used in survey methodology randomization

or random assignment is used in

experimental design quasi-experimental

design is the experiment without

randomization so there are several type

of design like non-equivalent control

group design before and after designs

and within this before an after design

there's also some other specific

examples summary for causality in quasi

experiment and we have some detailed

discussion I hope you can have time to

read this validity in experiment like

any research design experimental designs

must be evaluated in terms of their

ability to yield valid conclusions true

experiments are particularly well-suited

to producing valid conclusions about

causality but they are likely to fair

less well in achieving generalizability

so everything has to side when

experiment is good at internal validity

creates a causality and they are weak in

generalizability quasi experiments may

provide more generalizable results than

two experiments but are more prone to

problems of internal validity

measurement validity also a concern but

experimental design does not in itself

offer any special tools or particular

advantages or disadvantages in

measurement an experiment experiments

ability to yield the valid conclusion

about causal effect is determined by the

comparability of these experimental and

control our comparison groups first of

course a comparison group must be

created second this comparison group

must be so similar to the experimental

group or groups that it shows what

experimental group would be like if it

had not received the experimental

treatment if the independent variable

had not varied

there are several kind of sources of

internal invalidity like the selection

biases endogenous change history effects

contamination treatment and meats

identification which are very important

sources for us to read later on true

experiments play two critical roles in

social science research first they are

the best research design for testing

normal thetic causal hypothesis second

two experiments also provide a

comparison point for evaluating the

ability of other research designs to

achieve causally valid results although

the true experiments are good but there

are several reasons they cannot be used

in various investigation due to social

limitation and the scope of