HISTORY OF

SURGERY

PREHISTORY:

100-200

MESOPOTAMIA

The first therapeutic procedure in

AND EGYPT:
history was surgical and imitating
200-300
animals: immobilization of fractures,

lingual cleaning of wounds, cessation

of compression hemorrhage Legal-criminal system of surgical

practice that can be punished with

atrocious penalties (Code of

The first surgical analgesia (fermented

Hammurabi).
beverages) appears

The Edwin Smith Papyrus in Egypt

consists of 48 surgical medical

histories

GREECE:
In Egypt there are quite detailed

300-400 descriptions of surgical procedures

(e.g. ophthalmology: cataract

removal).
They are then given the

possibility of PADEIA or

education of man, thus they

ascend the social ladder.

However, they are forced to

adopt a greater logical

apriorism and philosophical

conceptism to the detriment

of the surgical work.

ALEXANDRIA:

300-350
Anatomy and surgery are losing

ground. the doctor considers the

Galen, is trained in the surgical

exercise of the hand unseemly.

practice that he will abandon

when he goes to Rome as a

doctor of the Aristocracy coming

to say there that surgery "was

only a form of treatment" which

subordinates the surgeon to the

doctor
HIGH MIDDLE

AGES: 400-

1,250

There was clearly a divorce

between medicine and

LOW AVERAGE

surgery. * Medieval medicine

AGE: 1,100-1,500
had a marked speculative

character, medical theory

was important and manual

Al-Safra describes surgery as one of

labor was disdained. the most difficult arts of medicine

and denounces the complete

ignorance of those who dedicate

themselves to it and criticizes the

The surgical practice was left in

abandonment of systematic

the hands of the barbers. anatomy.

The College of San Cosme was

The edict was formulated with

founded, which raised the status of

which the surgical practice of

surgeons. This differentiates the

clerics was officially prohibited. master surgeon and barber

surgeons.

 RENAISSANCE:

1,400-1,600

BEGINNING OF

With the anatomists Vesalius, Da Vinci,

etc. human knowledge increases and a

THE MODERN

revival of surgery and medicine begins. WORLD:1,500-

1,800
-Ambrosio Pareu is a French surgeon

who during the cures in the army ran

Due to the rejection by the

out of boiling oil that was poured into

university, surgeons end up

the wounds and puts a softer mixture uniting to claim their rights (social

dignity and adequate training)
1945: Leonardo da Vinci designed the

first robot capable of mimicking human

Barbers are prohibited from

movements of the jaw, arms and neck

practicing surgery.
called the "Mechanical Knight"

Health schools and the title of

doctor are created.

The surgeon becomes again a

clinician and pathologist, begins to

study the symptoms of the

disease, its causes and assess the

operative indication

Surgery is spoken of as science.

1540: Gianello Turriano, built a

SURGICAL
doll that touched the mandolin

MENTALITY:

1772 "The Writer" by Jaquet

1,800-1,850 Droz was the first automaton to

feature an integrated

A surgeon, Benivieni, puts an end

programmable wheel that allowed

to humoral pathology and says

the user to write whatever they

that the disease always has an

wanted using a pen.
anatomical lesion underneath.

Bichat turns pathology and clinical

into scientific subjects.

Physical sign analysis begins

(semiology)

During this period the definitive

unification of doctors and

surgeons takes place.

ANESTHESIA,

ASEPSIS AND

ANTISEPSIS

AND

HEMOSTASIS:

1,850-1,900
Mickuliz contributes to the

development of aseptic surgery with

the systematic use of a hat and The revolution will come with three

mask, as well as cotton gloves. novelties:

1.ANESTHESIA: was attempted with

Scientific knowledge of the

nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform.
coagulation and fibrinolysis process
2.ANTISEPSIS: preoperative lavage

will subsequently help to inhibit the

with hypochlorite solution, phenic

bleeding of small vessels. acid, was used in the treatment of

open fractures.
The discovery of blood groups will

give foundation to the therapeutic

3.HEMOSTASIS: use of
act of blood transfusion cauterization, vascular ligations,

transfusions.

GOLDEN AGE

OF SURGERY:

1,900-2,000

1921
For anesthesia, the use of

The term ROBOT was first

curarizers as muscle relaxants

used by K. Capek, whom he

was a great milestone, which will

called ROBOTA to a metal

expand the possibilities of

android designed by man for

surgical action.
his service.

Approach to the treatment of

the processes of the cranial,

thoracic and abdominal cavities

Sauerbruch with his

1942 hypopressure chamber to

counteract intrathoracic negative

Isaac Asimov was inspired by

pressure initiated endotorachic

Capek's work to define the

surgery
term "robotics", establishing

the three laws of robotics in

The foundations are laid for the

his works Vicious Circle and I,

development of cardiovascular

Robot.
surgery

Neurosurgery advances, while

Endocrine surgery arises.

1985

THE PUMA 560 robot was

used to place a brain biopsy

needle

1988

the MROBOT robot, developed

1992
at Imperial College London, was

used to perform a transurethral

hip replacements began with

prostatectomy Integrated Surgical Systems'

ROBODOC

1994
RAMS created the first robotic

arm 2.5 cm in diameter by 25 1995

cm in length, with 6 degrees of

movement in space, and the

The first robot approved by the

following year developed a

FDA (Food and Drug

workstation with two arms. Administration) for use in

patients is the Da Vinci Surgical

System, developed by Intuitive.

1997

the first cholecystectomy was

performed with remote robotic

assistance. 1998
The Zeus system is another type

of modern robot launched on

the market, and with which the

concept of telerobotics or

telepresence was introduced in

robotic surgery.

1999
Standard da Vinci model
 CURRENT

SURGERY:2,000

-2,019

The use of technology provides

2001 invaluable help in patient care

the Zeus Robotic Surgical System

was approved by the FDA. Technological advances

(anesthesia, antibiotics,

the first transcontinental robotic

instruments, greater knowledge of

surgery was performed physiology, etc.) allow a greater

advance correcting physiological

problems and not only anatomical

All the introduction of robotics

arrives, as in the late 80s with the

appearance of laparoscopy
2003

the merger of the

construction companies of

both robots occurred after the

purchase of Computer Motion

by Intuitive Surgical 2006

intuitive surgical
offered the first major

upgrade for the da Vinci,

Da Vinci S Model
offering an arm with an

additional instrument.

2010

several bioengineers from

Duke University

demonstrated that a robot is

2011
able to locate an injury in

simulated human organs

Da Vinci Si Model
without human aid, as well as

guide a device to the injury

and take multiple samples

from that point during a

single session.

2014
Da Vinci Xi Model

2017

Da Vinci X Model

2018

Da Vinci SP Model
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.anmm.org.mx/GMM/2014/s3/GMM_150_2014_S3_29

3-297.pdf
https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0210-

48062011000900006
https://www.cirurobotica.co/historia-de-la-cirugia-robotica/
https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-

40262012000100016#:~:text=La%20cirug%C3%ADa%20rob%C3%

B3tica%20comenz%C3%B3%20a,Robot%20Assisted%20Micro%20

Surgery)1.
http://www.asecma.org/Documentos/Articulos/AE%201_3.pdf