Power System Protection

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF POWER ENGINEERING
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION LABORATORY MANUAL
By Zelalem Walie
WOLDIA, ETHOPIA
June, 26, 2013
Declaration
This manual entitled ‘‘Power System Protection Laboratory Manual’’ has been carried out by me. No
portion of the work presented in this manual has been previously and concurrently submitted in support
of another award or qualification either at this institution or elsewhere.
Approval for Submission
This laboratory manual entitled with ‘‘Power System Protection Laboratory Manual’’ was prepared by
Mr. Zelalem from school of Electrical and Computer Engineering, in Woldia University.
Approved by,
Name Signature Date
1. _______________________ ______________ _________
2. _______________________ ______________ _________
Board of evaluator
Name signature Date
1. _______________________ ______________ _________
2. _______________________ ______________ _________
3. _______________________ ______________ _________
4. _______________________ ______________ _________
5. _______________________ ______________ _________
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Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to thank our almighty GOD who guide me all the way. I also genuinely like to
thank Mr. Wondosen Tegegne for his support, and helping me for information throughout the period while
this work was carried out.
Finally I would also like to thank to Mr. Tesfahun Desalegn head of Electrical and computer Engineering
school and all the staff members of the department for giving me important comments while preparing
this manual.
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Abstract
Power system protection is branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of
electrical power system from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rests of the electrical
network. Power system protection is a taught in university as second semester subject for forth year degree
students in electrical engineering, which consists of theoretical and practical work. As the part of the
syllabus, the course learning outcome on practical work is to produce students that can handle any
practical work related to common protection system applied to power distribution system equipment. Most
practical work related to power system protection subject is done using simulation environment, where
the actual performance of protection equipment cannot be measured. This manual presents the
configuration of power system protection laboratory that involves four main and three sub experimental
set of practical work for department of power engineering students. Emphasis is given in to the stand
alone test for relay protection experimental set and fault current relay experimental set. This laboratory is
appropriate in facilitate the teaching process to demonstrate the realistic operating characteristics of
equipment protection switching and dynamic response system to relay protection to the student.
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Table of Contents
Contents page
Declaration ................................................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................................... II
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... III
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... IV
List of Figure............................................................................................................................................. VI
List of Table ........................................................................................................................................... VIII
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Safety Guidelines ................................................................................................................................. 2
3. Experiments with the Three Phase Reverse Power Relay ................................................................... 4
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Experiment procedure ........................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay (Cat. no. 745 201) ........................................................ 5
3.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................................. 13
3.2.3 Experiments with the relay as power relay ....................................................................................... 13
3.2.4 Experiments with the relay as directional power relay ..................................................................... 15
4. Experiments with 3 Phase Time Over/under voltage Relay .............................................................. 16
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over- and under voltage Relay (Cat. no.745 181) ............................... 17
4.2.3 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time under voltage Relay........................................................................ 24
4.2.4 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Over voltage Relay ........................................................................ 26
5. Experiments with 3 ~ Time Over/Under current Relay ..................................................................... 27
5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over/Under current Relay ................................................................... 28
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5.2.3 Experiment with the relay as IDMT-relay ........................................................................................ 40
5.2.4 Experiment with the relay as DMT-relay ......................................................................................... 42
6. Experiments with 3 phase Transformer differential protection relay (Cat. No. 745 331) ................. 46
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 46
6.2.1 Description of the transformer differential protective relay ............................................................. 47
6.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements ................................................................................. 54
6.2.3 Experiments with the transformer differential protective relay ........................................................ 54
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List of Figure
Figure 1: Reverse Power Relay................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Connection three-wire system ..................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Connection phase-to-phase voltage in four-wire system ............................................................ 7
Figure 4: Connection phase-to-neutral voltage in four-wire system .......................................................... 8
Figure 5: Contact positions of the output relays ......................................................................................... 8
Figure 6: Diagram of power calculation ..................................................................................................... 9
Figure 7: Front plate of the Reverse Power Relay .................................................................................... 10
Figure 8: Adjustment of rated voltage ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 9: Adjusting example ..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Experiment assembly with the Power Relay ........................................................................... 13
Figure 11: Time Over- and under voltage Relay ...................................................................................... 17
Figure 12: Connecting two-wire system DIP-switch setting Y ................................................................ 19
Figure 13 : Connection three-wire system DIP-switch setting Δ.............................................................. 19
Figure 14: Connection four-wire system DIP-switch setting Y or Δ ........................................................ 19
Figure 15: Contact positions of the output relays ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 16: Front plate of the Time Over- and under voltage Relay.......................................................... 21
Figure 17: Adjustment of rated voltage .................................................................................................... 22
Figure 18: Adjustment of the switching hysteresis ................................................................................... 23
Figure 19: Adjustment example ................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 20: Experiment assembly with Time Over- and under voltage Relay........................................... 25
Figure 21: Time Over/Under current Relay .............................................................................................. 28
Figure 22: Connections ............................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 24: Front plate of the Time Overcurrent Relay ............................................................................. 33
Figure 25: Setting the tripping characteristics .......................................................................................... 34
Figure 27: Characteristic of the definite time ........................................................................................... 36
Figure 28: Normal inverse ........................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 29: Very inverse ............................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 30: Extremely inverse .................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 31: Experiment assembly to study the overcurrent time relay ...................................................... 40
Figure 32: Characteristic of the relay (IDMT) .......................................................................................... 42
Figure 33: Experiment assembly to study the tripping in three-phase network ....................................... 43
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Figure 34: Characteristic of the relay (AMZ) ........................................................................................... 45

Figure 35: Experiment assembly to study the tripping in three-phase network ....................................... 45
Figure 36: Transformer differential protective relay ................................................................................ 47
Figure 37: Tripping range ......................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 38: Connection diagram ................................................................................................................ 50
Figure 40: General arrangement of differential protection ...................................................................... 51
Figure 41: Front plate XD1-T ................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 43: Adjustment of step switches .................................................................................................... 54
Figure 44: Experiment assembly to investigate the response of a transformer differential protection relay
during single phase loads .......................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 45: Experiment assembly to protection of a rotary transformer using a differential protection relay.......... 56
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List of Table
Table 1: required equipment for the experiments on the three phase reverse power relay........................................ 4
Table 2: Function of DIP-switches .......................................................................................................................... 11
Table 3: Results of tripping value at different setting value of P> when v = 400V ................................................ 14
Table 4: Results of tripping value at different setting value of P> when v = 360V ................................................ 14
Table 5: Required Equipment for the experiments on the Three Phase Time Over/under voltage Relay ............... 16
Table 6: Function of DIP-switches .......................................................................................................................... 22
Table 7: Required Equipment for the experiments on the Three Phase Time Over/under current Relay ............... 28
Table 8: Functions of DIP-switches ........................................................................................................................ 34
Table 9: Setting ranges and graduation ................................................................................................................... 36
Table 10: Setting ranges and graduation ................................................................................................................. 39
Table 11: The measured and setting values of the relay when I</IN can be set to values of 0.5-2(IN=1A). .......... 41
Table 12: The measured and setting values of the relay when I</IN can be set to values of 0.5-2(IN = 1A). ........ 41
Table 13: Measurement results of current with respect to different setting values ................................................. 44
Table 14: Measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when tI> = 0.4 s ...................... 44
Table 15: Measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when tI> = 1s .......................... 44
Table 16: measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when I>/IN = 1and tI> =0.2s ... 44
Table 17: measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when I>/IN = 1and tI> =1s ...... 44
Table 18: Required Equipment for the experiments on the three phase Transformer differential protection relay 47
Table 19: The current readings with respective setting value of Id1 ....................................................................... 55
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1. Introduction
The IEEE defines protective relays as: “relays whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or
other power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate control
circuit action”. Relays detect and locate faults by measuring electrical quantities in the power system
which are different during normal and intolerable conditions. The most important role of protective relays
is to first protect individuals, and second to protect equipment. In the second case, their task is to minimize
the damage and expense caused by insulation breakdowns which (above overloads) are called faults by
relay engineers. These faults could occur as a result from insulation deterioration or unforeseen events,
for example, lighting strikes or trips due to contact with trees and foliage.
Relays are not required to operate during normal operation, but must immediately activate to handle
intolerable system conditions. This immediate availability criterion is necessary to avoid serious outages
and damages to parts of or the entire power network. Theoretically speaking, a relay system should be
capable of responding to an infinite number of abnormalities that may happen within the network.
However, in practice, some compromises must be made by comparing risks. It is quite difficult to ensure
stability and security of the entire power system if only local measurements are employed in monitoring,
protection and control schemes. One promising way is to develop system wide protection and control
mechanisms, complementary to the conventional local and zonal protection strategies. In order to
implement such mechanisms, synchronized phasor measurement may serve as an effective data source
from which critical information about the system’s condition can be extracted. Synchronized phasor
measurement capabilities are now one of the features available in the most advanced protective relays
commercially available, and the use of this feature is proliferating.
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2. Safety Guidelines
To develop a healthy respect for electricity, it is important to understand how it acts, how it can be
directed, what hazards it presents, and how these hazards can be minimized through safe laboratory
procedures.
How Shock Occurs
Electricity can travel only in a closed or looped circuit. Normally, travel is through a conductor. Shock
occurs when the body becomes a part of the electric circuit. The current must enter the body at one point
and leave at another. Shock may occur in one of three ways; the person must come in contact with:
1. both wires of the electric circuit
2. one wire of an energized circuit and the ground or
3. A metallic part that has become “hot” by itself being in contact with an energized wire, while the
person is in contact with the circuit ground.
It is possible to receive a shock by touching only the energized wire, or an energized metallic part, and
the ground because of the nature of an electric circuit. To receive a shock, a person must become part of
an actual circuit; that is, the current must flow through his body as it would through a conductor. Under
certain conditions, a person may be exposed to electricity but, unless his body becomes part of a circuit,
no harm results. If, for instance, a person is standing on an insulating mat and touches only one wire of a
120-volt circuit, no complete circuit is established and he will feel no shock. If, however, a person should
touch both conductors of a circuit, even with the same finger, the finger becomes part of the circuit,
current flowing through the finger from one side of the circuit to the other. For this reason, shock occurs
when a finger is placed in a lamp socket.
Severity of the Shock
The severity of the shock received when a person becomes a part of an electrical circuit is affected by
three primary factors. These factors are:
1. the rate of flow of current through the body, measured in amperes
2. the path of the current through the body, and
3. the length of time the body is in the circuit
Remember that electric shock is no joke - for three reasons:
1. A shock, even a small one, is more harmful if it passes through the heart. Electrical leads should
be handled with one hand only, while the other is safely out of the way
2. Under certain conditions, electricity can produce a painful burn
3. A sudden, unexpected shock causes a fast reaction and the reaction can result in injury, either to
the person getting shocked, or a bystander.
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All students should be aware of elementary first aid and what to do if an accident occurs, either to them
or another student.
Few suggestions are:
 DON’T ever turn power on until the circuit is checked.
 DO be ready to turn the power off fast.
 DO make connections with one hand.
 DO turn the power off after every use.
 DO be prepared ahead.
 DO follow instructions.
 Open and free wires shall be avoided before energizing the circuit.
 Please check the voltage rating of any equipment before plugging into the table sockets.
 Modification to the circuit may only be performed when the system is switched off.
 After finishing the experiment, turn off all the supply and bring them back to zero reading before
dismantling the circuit.
 Connect all the “PE” or ground connections present on any equipment to the “PE “connection of
the supply.
 Push the emergency button “RED BUTTON” present on the experiment table/power supply in
case of any emergency or safety related events.
Lab Regulations:
 Please adhere to the lab timings.
 Safety shoes and clothing is strictly enforced for any activities in the lab
 Keep good housekeeping while working in the lab and place the wires and other accessories at
their specified locations after finishing the work.
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3. Experiments with the Three Phase Reverse Power Relay

3.1 Introduction
The digital processing relay combines two functions in one device: used as power relay, it can control
the active power flow and trip according to a given value. It can also be used to control the direction of
the active power flow. By direction reversing the device trips at a preset threshold as well.
For this purpose the reverse power relay can be designed for single or three-phase application. By
reaching of the tripping value the relays achieve the switching function after a predetermined time delay.
The following studied device is designed for single phase application.
The reverse power relay suits to supervise the active power of the synchronous machine, which for
example provides the mains or a consumer. This always trips independently to the power direction when
presetting power value is exceeded. The reverse power relays may be required when monitoring power
direction of synchronous machines is necessary. These kind of relays are also called reverse power
protection and also protect generator from motoring.
In systems for supplying electrical power, in addition to the detection and the disconnection of damaged
system component (called selectivity), the used protective system may also be able to recognize faults
and to determine the direction of the power flow. The reverse power relays are required to meet all
these objective
In the present experiment, such a relay will be studied when it is connected with a resistive load.
Equipment required
Amount Identification Number Name
1 726 75 Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB

1 745 50 Three-Phase Transformer TL380KV
1 745 201 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay
1 745 561 Power Circuit Breaker Module
1 727 230USB Multifunctional measuring instrument
1 727 421 Acoustic Continuity Tester
1 733 10 Resistive Load 1.0
1 313 033 Electronic Stop clock
1 726 256 Panel Frame-VT160, Three Level
1 500 851 Safety connecting Leads, 32 A, set of 32
1 500 852 Safety connecting Leads, yellow/green, set of 10
2 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black, set of 10
1 500 591 Safety bridging plugs, yellow/green, set of 10
Table 1: required equipment for the experiments on the three phase reverse power relay
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3.2 Experiment procedure

3.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay (Cat. no. 745 201)
Figure 1: Reverse Power Relay

The device is equipped with terminal inputs suitable to three-phase circuits. The current measurement is
only carried out in the phase L1. So the relay is assumed to be used for symmetrical three-phase power
systems only.
With the aid of DIP-Switches on the device’s front panel, the required rated voltage of the monitored
components can be set to the values 100, 110, 230 or 400 V. In addition, voltage measurements phase-
to-phase or phase-to-neutral are possible.
For the following experiment the nominal voltage of the relay has to be set to the value 400 V. The voltage
measurement is factory preset to take place between two external lines.
For all experiments, set the DIP-switch to the following values:
Switch 1: OFF
Switch 2: OFF
Switch 3: ON
Switch 4: No signification
Switch 5: ON
For the present device the rated current is 1 A and may not be changed and calculate the rated power PN
of the device.
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PN = √3VN ∗ IN = 400 V ∗ 1 A ∗ √3 ≈ 693 W

With the aid of the DIP-Switch 6, the returning time can be selected between 500ms (OFF position) and
40ms (ON position). The returning time is the period time which is required by the relay to return to
the initial position when the excitation drops out (by exceeding of the selected values or by reversing of
the power direction). The hysteresis ( difference between the initialization und dropout value) is for
both tripping stages the same and is equal to 0.8% of the rated power PN.
Two other DIP-switches aid to preset the tripping times. Here the switches can continuously be adjust
in the range from 0 - 10 s (corresponding DIP-switch is OFF position) or in the range from 0 - 100s
(corresponding DIP-switch is ON position) with the aid of two potentiometers tP> or tPR. The DIP switch
7 adjusts the reverse power stage and the DIP-switch 8 the power stage. The threshold value of the active
power P> (independently to the direction) can be set in the range from 0 – 120 % of the rated power PN
(693 W) with the aid of two potentiometers.
By exceeding of the threshold value, the output relay P> reacts. The threshold values can exactly be set
by using two potentiometers. On the left, the coarse setting potentiometer can be actuated as a step switch.
Close, on the right the fine adjustment potentiometer can continuously be adjusted. The resulting value
is the addition of the two potentiometer values.
The two above potentiometers are used to set the threshold value of the reverse power protection PR>.
This only reacts when the active power flows in the inverse direction as usual (from the right to the left)
through the measuring instrument. The threshold value for the returning power PR> and the active
power can be set by using two potentiometers in the range from 1-30% of the rated power PN.
The external relay trips when the preset threshold value is exceeded. The measuring inputs (L1, L2, and
L3) of the supervised power are protected with 1A glass fuses. The power consumption in the voltage
circuit is 1 VA and in the current circuit 0,075 VA as maximum value. To be operated, the relay requires
a additional voltage (terminals A1 – A2). The wide range power supply unit allows voltage in the range
from 100 - 250 V AC (50 – 60 Hz). The own power consumption of the digital processing measuring
device is about 4 W. The readiness for service of the relay is indicated by a green LED. One of each red
LED signals excitation of the power stage or of the returning power stage. By exciting status, the
corresponding LED flashes and switches over by tripping to steady light. The instruction output takes
place through one changeover contact by exceeding the threshold value of the power (terminals 21, 22,
24) and when power (terminals 11, 12, 14) returns.
The functioning of the relay can be tested by pressing a test push button. When pressing this button for
five seconds, an internal hardware check-up takes place and both relays are tripped and the tripping LEDs
light up.
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A. Applications and features

This type of relays of the professional line is a digital relay for reverse power detection of generator sets
in parallel and active power supervision of power systems. For generators operating in parallel with a
mains or another generator, it is imperative to supervise the power direction. If for example the prime
mover fails the alternator operates as a motor and drives the prime mover (diesel or turbine). The relay
detects the reverse of the power direction and - in case of this error - switches off the alternator. This way,
power losses and damages of the prime mover are avoided. When compared to conventional protection
equipment all relays of the professional line reflect the superiority of digital protection technique with the
following features:
 High measuring accuracy by digital processing
 Fault indication via LEDs
 Extremely wide operating ranges of the supply volt-age by universal wide range power supply unit
 Very fine graded wide setting ranges
 True power measurement by multiplication of current and voltage
 Extremely short response time
 Adjustment of rated data
B. Design
Figure 2: Connection three-wire system Figure 3: Connection phase-to-phase voltage in four-wire

system
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Figure 4: Connection phase-to-neutral voltage in four-wire system

a) Analog inputs
The analog input signals are connected to the protection device via voltage terminals1L - 2L and
current terminals 1S1 (K-terminal of transformer) - 1S2 (L-terminal of transformer).
b) Auxiliary voltage supply
The relay can be supplied directly from the measuring quantity itself or by secured auxiliary supply.
Therefore a DC or AC voltage must be used.
The relay has an integrated wide range power supply. Voltages in the range from 19 - 55 V DC can be
applied at connection terminals A1 (L-) and A2 (L+). Terminals A1/A3 are to be used for voltages from
50 - 750 V DC or from 36 - 520 V AC.
Figure 5: Contact positions of the output relays
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C. Function
The incoming current from the main current transformer of the protected object is converted to a voltage
signal in proportion to the current via the input transformer and burden. The noise signals caused by
inductive and capacitive coupling are suppressed by an analog R-C filter circuit.
The analog voltage signals are fed to the A/D-converter of the microprocessor and transformed to digital
signals through Sample- and Hold- circuits. The measuring value detection takes with a sampling
frequency of 12 x fn, namely, a sampling rate of 1.66 ms for every measuring quantity at 50 Hz.
Measuring principle
Through multiplication of the actual current and voltage values p(t) = u(t) • i(t), the microprocessor
calculates the phase power. 12 instantaneous values are measured and recorded per cycle. Afterwards the
power value during one cycle is determined.
1 2𝜋
P= ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
T 0
Consequently, the total three phase current is calculated from: Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3
Figure 6: Diagram of power calculation
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D. Operation and settings of the relay’s control elements

All operating elements needed for setting parameters are located on the front plate of the relay unit as well
as all display elements.
Figure 7: Front plate of the Reverse Power Relay

The numbers in the control element of the device mean the following:
① LED to indicate the readiness for service (green)
② DIP-switch block
③ Test push button
④ LED indicator of the returning power stage (red)
⑤ Setting of the returning power PR>/PN, 2 potentiometers
⑥ Time setting of the returning power tPR>
⑦ LED indicator of power stage (red)
⑧ Setting of the power stage P>/PN, 2 potentiometers
⑨ Time setting of the power stage tP>
a) Setting of DIP-switches
The DIP-switch block on the front plate unit of relay is used for adjustment of the nominal values and
setting of function parameters:
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DIP-switch OFF ON Function

1* Un = 100 V Un = 110 V Setting of rated voltage
2* Un = 100 V Un = 230 V
3* Un = 100 V Un = 400 V
4
5 Y Measuring phase-to-neutral/phase-to-phase voltage
6 500 ms 40 ms Returning time
7 x1 x 10 Multiplier for tPR>
8 x1 x 10 Multiplier for tP>
Table 2: Function of DIP-switches
*Only one of the DIP-switches 1 - 3 shall be in “ON”position at the same time.
Rated voltage
The required rated voltage can be set with the aid of DIP-switch 1 - 3 to 100, 110, 230 or 400 V AC.
The rated voltage is defined as the real connected voltage applied to connection terminals 1L - 2L. It has
to be ensured that only one of the three DIP-switches is switched on. The following DIP-switch
configurations for adjustment of the rated voltage are allowed.
Figure 8: Adjustment of rated voltage

Rated voltage chosen too low does not cause destruction of the unit but leads to wrong measuring results
which may lead to false tripping.
Measuring of phase-to-neutral/phase-to-phase volt-age
The phase-to-neutral (position OFF) or phase-to-phase voltage (position ON) can be adjusted by means
of switching over the DIP-switch 5.
Hysteresis of P> and PR>
The hysteresis of both trip elements are fixed to 0.8 % Pn.
Example:
The chosen rated voltage is 400 V.
The rated current is 5 A.
400 V x 5 A x 0.8 % = 16 W hysteresis
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Returning time
If DIP-switch 6 is in ON position, the returning time of P> and PR> is 40 ms. at the same time the tripping
values of tPR> and tP> are set to their minimum values irrespectively of their potentiometer setting.
b) Setting of the tripping values
The professional line units have the unique possibility of high accuracy fine adjustments. For this, two
potentiometers are used. The course setting potentiometer can be set in discrete steps of 5 % (or 20 %). A
second fine adjustment potentiometer is then used for continuously variable setting of the final 0 - 5 %
(or 0 - 20 %). Adding of the two values results in the precise tripping value.
Active power supervision
The tripping value can be set in the range from 1 - 120 % Pn with the aid of the potentiometer illustrated
on the following diagram.
Example:
A tripping value P> of 72 % Pn is to be set. The set value of the right potentiometer is just added to the
value of the coarse setting potentiometer. (The arrow of the coarse setting potentiometer must be inside
of the marked bar, otherwise no defined setting value).
Figure 9: Adjusting example

Reverse power supervision
The tripping value at reverse power is adjustable in the range from 1 - 30 % Pn. The adjustment is made
as shown above.
Time delay
The time delays of both power elements can be adjusted in the range from 0 - 10 s or 0 - 100 s continuously
variable (pay attention to range shifting of DIP-switch 7 and 8)
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3.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements

The three-phase transformer is connected to the resistive load via the reverse power relay as illustrated
in the following figure. The measurement of the current, the voltage and the power consumption are
being processed.
The time delays of the relay (setting via a TTL-signal) can be used to control the electronic stop
clock (cat. no. 313 033) and to compare the electronic stop clock displayed values.
According to the VDE (Verband Der Elektrotechnik) regulations, connect metal parts not under voltage-
carrying (e.g., case) to the protective earth (PE). The PE is determined exclusively for this function and
may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N.
By any change in the experiment assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to be actuated
before.
3.2.3 Experiments with the relay as power relay
Objectives
To acquire knowledge about the behavior of the relay in its functioning as power relay and to study its
reaction by different parameter settings.
Assembly the components as shown below.
Figure 10: Experiment assembly with the Power Relay

The relay has to be set according to the following features:
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Set DIP-switch. DIP-switch no. 6 - 9 in position OFF. So that the returning time is set to 500 ms and
die tripping times can be set via the corresponding potentiometers in the range from 0 – 10 s. Set
the initialization value P> to 100% with the aid of the two corresponding potentiometers.
Set the time relay value to 0 via the corresponding potentiometers.
Experiment realization:
The setting value of the resistive load is 100% of the range and the three-phase transformer voltage value
is equal to 400V.
Reduce slowly the value of the resistive load, so that the consumption power rises and find out at which
value the relay trips (red LED P> or connect the acoustic indicator to the terminals 21 - 24).
Result
The relay trips at 690 W. This value corresponds (in the measuring accuracy) to the preset rated power
value 693 W (note, that the power meter measures in one phase and the display value have to be multiplied
by 3).
Repeat the experiment for the different setting values of P>:
Set P> [%] to: Current I [A] Read off P [W] P [%] to rated power
80 0.80 551 79.5
70 0.70 480 69.3
50 0.50 345 50.0
36 0.36 247 35.6
Table 3: Results of tripping value at different setting value of P> when v = 400V
Result:
For the setting value the relay trips in:
Ο no case
Ο certain cases
Ø all cases
Reduce the voltage of the three-phase transformer to 360 V and repeat the last measurements:
Set P> [%] to: Current I [A] Read off P [W] P [%] to rated power
80 0.89 555 80.0
70 0.79 490 70.7
50 0.56 348 50.2
36 0.40 248 35.8
Table 4: Results of tripping value at different setting value of P> when v = 360V
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Result:
For smaller voltages (decreasing values), the current values increase and the relay trips. The relay also
exactly trips at the preset power setting values, independently to the actual current level.
Invert the two terminals of the current input of the relay in order to change the power direction and
repeat randomly the measurement with several above values.
Result:
For the setting value the relay trips in:
Ø no case
Ο certain cases
Ο all cases
Change the power direction to the original direction and set the time delay to 6s via the
potentiometer tP>. Repeat the last experiment for the setting value 50% of the power P>.
Result
As expected the relay trips at the preset power value after a short time delay. By temporary exceeding of
the power setting value (here less than 6s), the relay do not trip. In practical applications, additional time
have to be included in the time delay adjustment to avoid tripping error by short time peak load (e.g.
motor starting).
3.2.4 Experiments with the relay as directional power relay
Objectives
 To acquire knowledge about the behavior of the relay in its functioning as reverse power relay and
to study its reaction by different settings of parameters.
Keep the relay settings from the previous experiment. Set the initialization value for PR> with the aid of
both corresponding potentiometers to 30%.
Set the resistive load value to 100% and the three-phase transformer value to 400 V.
Experiment realization
Change the power direction by inverting both terminals of the current input of the relay.
Reduce slowly the value of the resistive load, so that the consumption power rises and determine at
which value the relay trips (red LED P> or acoustic indicator in the terminals 11 - 14).
Result
The relay trips at the value 210 W, which exactly corresponds to 30% of the rated power value (693W).
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Check the behavior of the relay at the setting value > 0 of the time delay. Set the value of the
potentiometer tPR> to 10s and repeat the last part of the experiment.
Result
The relay trips again at the preset power value after the determined time delay. By temporary time
exceeding of the power (here less than 10 s), the relay do not trip.
4. Experiments with 3 Phase Time Over/under voltage Relay
4.1 Introduction
The digital processing relay is a combination of a time over- and under voltage relay which can monitor
two, three and four-wire systems in low and medium voltage network. This protects, additional to
systems of power generation and distribution, consumers from high or from low voltages. Otherwise,
this is also adapted to supervise a phase sequence of the network. In three- phase networks, the
measurement can be carried out on the phase conductor voltage and on the star connection voltage.
Generally the relays cannot be used for short time peaks of voltage caused by lightening. Here, the
appropriate systems are the surge voltage arrester, which can in simple case be consisted of a spark
gap. The features of the Time over- and under voltage relay will be studied when connected to the
resistive load via a transformer in the mains. The experiment also could be carried out with a synchronous
generator which supply a load in isolated operation.
Equipment required
Amount Identification Number Equipment name
1 745 181 3 ~ Time Over/Under voltage relay
Table 5: Required Equipment for the experiments on the Three Phase Time Over/under voltage Relay
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4.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over- and under voltage Relay (Cat. no.745 181)
Figure 11: Time Over- and under voltage Relay

The device is designed for three-phase application with a neutral conductor terminal. However, this can
be used in single phase networks.
With the aid of DIP-switches on the device front side, the monitored voltage can be set to rated values
100, 110, 230 and 400 V. Note, that these are phase-to-phase voltages. However, lower selected voltages
do not lead to the destruction of the device. That only induces faulty measurements. Furthermore, the
measurement can be carried out by pulling up the phase conductor phase or the neural conductor.
By a four-wire systems (our present case), the neutral will be chosen to process the measurement.
The hysteresis (difference between initialization and the returning time value of the measured variable)
can be set to 3.6 or 10%. In the present experiment, the voltage ranges have to vary in closed limits so
that this leads to a hysteresis of 3%.
For all experiments the DIP-switch values have to be set to the following values:
 Switch 1 (nominal voltage): OFF
 Switch 2 (nominal voltage): OFF
 Switch 3 (nominal voltage): ON
 Switch 4 (Phase sequence monitoring): OFF
 Switch 5 (Phase voltage or line voltage): OFF
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 Switch 6 (hysteresis): OFF

 Switch 7 (hysteresis): OFF
 Switch 8 (Multiplication of the tripping time): OFF
The voltage monitoring is performing by two separated working components:
The under voltage tripping stages can be set with the aid of two potentiometers located on the device front
side to 75 – 105% of the rated voltage. For overvoltage tripping stages, the setting range is 95 up to 125%
of the chosen rated voltage. By exceeding of the threshold, the external relay U< or the relay U> trips.
The two potentiometers are respectively to adjust the tripping values of under- or overvoltage in order
to reach fine adjustments. On the left, use the coarse setting potentiometer to set discrete steps and on
the right the fine adjustment potentiometer for a continuously variable setting. The real default value
results from the addition of both potentiometer values.
The measuring paths for the supervised voltage (L1, L2, L3) are equipped with glass fuses 1 A. The power
consumption is 1 VA in each voltage circuit.
To be operational the relay requires auxiliary voltage (terminals A1 – A3). The included wide range
power supply unit allows, for example, alternative voltage between 36 and 520 V (50 Hz to
60 Hz). In the present experiment the auxiliary voltage comes from the overgrown network. The own
consumption of digital working measuring devices is 3 W.
The readiness of service of the relay is indicated by a green LED. The LED flashes when the phase
sequence monitoring (DIP-switch 4) is on in case of none square field presence. By excitation the
corresponding LED flashes while it goes over to a tripping in steady light.
The instruction output occurs about a changeover contact when the under voltage is present in at least
one phase (11, 12, 14) or the overvoltage in at least one phase (terminals 21, 22, 24).
To check its function the relay is equipped with a test push button. By pressing this test push for button
for about 5s, an intern hardware check takes place; the two relays trip and the tripping-LEDs light up.
The voltage relay, of the professional line, is a digital measuring relay for the supervision of two, three
and four wire systems. It protects electrical power generators, consumers or general equipment against
inadmissible overvoltage or under voltage and can be used for low voltage and for medium voltage
systems.
When compared to conventional protection equipment all relays of the professional line reflect the
superiority of digital protection techniques with the following features:
 High measuring accuracy by digital data processing
 Extremely wide operating ranges of the supply voltage by universal wide range power supply
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 RMS - measurement
B. Design
Figure 12: Connecting two-wire system DIP-switch setting Y
Figure 13 : Connection three-wire system DIP-switch setting Δ Figure 14: Connection four-wire system
DIP-switch setting Y or Δ
a) Analog inputs
The analog input signals of AC voltages are connected to the protection device via terminals L1-L3 and N.
b) Auxiliary voltage supply
The unit relay can be supplied directly from the measuring quantity itself or by a secured auxiliary supply.
Therefore a DC or AC voltage must be used.
The unit relay has integrated wide range power supply. Voltages in the range from 19 - 55 V DC can be
applied at connection terminals A1 (L-) and A2 (L+).
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Terminals A1/A3 are to be used for voltages from 50 - 750 V DC or from 36 - 520 V AC (f = 100 - 480
Hz).

C. Function
The unit relay has an independent overvoltage (U>) and under voltage supervision (U<) with separate
adjustable pickup values and tripping periods. The noise signals caused by inductive and capacitive
coupling are suppressed by an analog RC-filter circuit.
The analog voltage signals are fed to the A/D-converter of the microprocessor and transformed to digital
signals through sample-and-hold circuits. The analog signals are sampled with a sampling frequency of
2.66 x fn during 3 periods, a sampling rate of 0.9375 ms for every measuring quantity (at 400 Hz).
The voltages are compared with the set reference values. For three-phase overvoltage supervision the
highest voltage in each phase is evaluated, for under voltage supervision the lowest in each phase.
Pickup of a supervision circuit U> or U< is indicated by flashing of the corresponding LED, after tripping
it is steady lit.
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Figure 16: Front plate of the Time Over- and under voltage Relay
The numbers in the control element of the device mean the following:
④ LED indicator of the under voltage U< (red)
⑤ Setting of the under voltage tripping U<, 2 potentiometers
⑥ Time setting of the under voltage tripping tU<
⑦ LED indicator of the overvoltage U> (red)
⑧ Setting of the overvoltage tripping, 2 potentiometers
⑨ Time setting of the overvoltage tripping tU>
All operating elements needed for setting parameters are located on the front plate of the relay as well as
all display elements.
a) Setting of DIP-switches
The DIP-switch block on the front plate of the relay is used for adjustment of the nominal values and
setting of function parameters:
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1* Un = 100 V Un = 110 V setting of rated voltage
2* Un = 100 V Un = 230 V
3* Un = 100 V Un = 400 V
4
5 Y Δ measuring phase-to-neutral/phase-to-phase voltage
6** 3% 6% setting of switching hysteresis
7** 3% 10 %
8* x 0.1 s x1s Time multiplier for tU</tU>
Table 6: Function of DIP-switches
* Only one of the DIP-switches 1 - 3 and 6 - 7 shall be in "ON" position at the same time.
Rated voltage
The required rated voltage (phase-to-phase voltage) can be set with the aid of DIP-switch 1 - 3 to 100,
110, 230 or 400 V AC. It has to be ensured that only one of the three DIP-switches is switched on. The
following DIP-switch configurations for adjustment of the rated voltage are allowed:
Figure 17: Adjustment of rated voltage

Rated voltage chosen too low does not cause destruction of the unit but leads to wrong measuring results
which may lead to false tripping.
Supervision of single-phase AC-voltages
For the supervision of single-phase AC-voltages terminals L1-L3 must be short-circuited. DIP switch 5
must be in position "OFF".
Measurement phase-to-neutral/phase-to-phase voltage
The phase-to-neutral (position "OFF") or phase-to-phase voltage (position "ON") can be adjusted by
means of switching over the DIP-switch 5.
Note:
By measuring phase-to-neutral voltage a displacement of the neutral point will be detected.
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If the phase-to-phase voltage is measured, a displacement of the neutral point will not be detected. Instead
of it the values of the three phase-to-phase voltages in the phase triangle will be detected.
The kind of connection Y or Δ is dependent on the item to be protected, i.e. a three phase motor (without
neutral) in a four wire system => select Δ.
Switching hysteresis
The switching hysteresis of both tripping relays can be adjusted with the aid of DIP switches 6 - 7 to 3, 6
or 10 % of the tripping values. As for the rated voltage, it has to be ensured that only one of the two DIP-
switches is switched on.
The following adjustments of the switching hysteresis for U> and U< are possible:
Figure 18: Adjustment of the switching hysteresis

b) Setting of the tripping values
potentiometers are used. The course setting potentiometer can be set in discrete steps of 5 %.
A second fine adjustment potentiometer is then used for continuously variable setting of the final 0 - 5 %.
Adding of the two values results in the precise tripping value.
Under voltage element
The under voltage element can be set in the range from 75 to 105 % Un with the aid of the potentiometer
illustrated on the following drawing.
Example:
A tripping value U< for 93 % Un is to be set. The set value of the right potentiometer is just added to the
value of the coarse setting potentiometer. (The arrow of the coarse setting potentiometer must be inside
the marked bar, otherwise no defined setting value).
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Figure 19: Adjustment example

Overvoltage tripping element
The overvoltage tripping element is adjustable in the range from 95 - 125 % Un. The adjustment is carried
out in a similar way to the under voltage adjustment.
Time delays
The time delays for over-/under voltage, tU< or tU> can be adjusted infinitely variably in the range from
0 - 1s (DIP-switch 8 = OFF) or 0 - 10s (DIP-switch 8 = ON).
The three-phase transformer, the power circuit-breaker module, the over- and under voltage relay and
the resistive load are connected in series. Thereby the voltage and the current in the load are measured.
The time delay settings on the relay can be used to control the electronic stop clock (cat.no.313 033)
about a TTL-signal and to be compared to the values on the display. The tripping terminals of the relay
can also be connected to the power circuit breaker module in order to protect the load. The load is then
separated from the supply when over- or under voltage occurs.
may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N. By any change in the experiment
assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to be actuated before.
4.2.3 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time under voltage Relay
Objectives
To acquire knowledge about the behavior of the relay in its functioning as under voltage relay and
study its reaction by different settings of parameters.
Assembly the components as shown below.
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Figure 20: Experiment assembly with Time Over- and under voltage Relay
Set the DIP-switch as shown in starting. To study the behavior of the relay by under voltage, the
initialization time has to be set to 110%. This value will not be reach in the present experiment so that
the overvoltage stage do not operate.
Set U< to the value 92%.The time delay value equates to 0 for the under voltage and the over voltage
stage.
First connect the summer to the terminals 11 and 12. The acoustic tester indicates the tripping of the
relay.
On the secondary side the VN supplies the three-phase transformer the voltage and the resistive load
equates to 100%, so that there are only a small current when the voltage supply is switching on. When
the resistive load is reduced the consumption voltage decreases and the relay trips at the under voltage.
Note, that it is important not to maintain the value of the current bigger than 1A for a long time
period to avoid overloading the three phase transformer.
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Increase slowly the current by reducing R until the under voltage relay trips. Afterward reduce the current
slowly until the relay drops out.
Read the initialization value and drop out value and compare those with the setting value.
Result
The relay trips at 369 V which value exactly corresponds to 92% of 400 V. This value is also equal to
the setting tripping value. This equates to 95% of 400 V and is equivalent to the setting tripping value
i.e. 97% of the chosen hysteresis of 3%.
Repeat the experiment with other settings (for example set initialization value of the under voltage relay
to 97% and the secondary voltage of the three phase transformer VN to +5%).
Result
In this case, the setting values also equate to the measuring values to operate the initialization and the
drop out of the relay.
Check the reaction of the time delay for the under voltage tripping time tU< equates to 2s and by
reducing for a short time the voltage with the aid of the resistive load.
As well, check if to the terminals L1, L2 and L3 a clockwise rotating field is applied when the DIP-
switch 4 is in the same time additionally on position ON.
The relay is as well appropriate to supervise single phase voltages. Disconnect the transformer terminals
on phases L2 and L3 to the relay and bridge instead the terminals L1, L2 and L3 on the relay input.
Result
In case of monitoring of a single voltage, the setting values also equate to the measured values for the
initialization and the drop out of the relay.
4.2.4 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Over voltage Relay
Objectives
To acquire knowledge about the behavior of the relay in its functioning as overvoltage relay and
study its reaction by different settings of parameters.
In this part the behavior of the relay by appearing of overvoltage will be studied.
For this purpose, set the initialization value for U< to 80%. This value will not be reached and the case
of the under voltage stage will not be considered.
For U> choose the value 96%. The time delay 0 have to be set back for under voltage and the
overvoltage step. The acoustic tester is connected to the terminals 21 and 24.
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On the secondary side VN supplies the three-phase transformer and the resistive load is about 30%. Both
have to be adjusted in order to reach the current value 1A. Increase slowly the voltage by increasing R
until the relay trips.
Read the initialization and the drop out value and compare these with the setting values.
Result
The relay trips at 383 V. This value equates exactly to 96% von 400 V, i.e. this value is equivalent to
the setting tripping value. The drop out value is equal to 371 V. This corresponds to 93% of 400 V and is
equivalent to the setting tripping value i.e. 97% of the chosen hysteresis of 3%.
Repeat the experiment with other settings (for example, set initialization value of the overvoltage relay
to 100% and the secondary voltage of the three-phase transformer VN to +5%). Check also the reaction
of the relay by different time delay settings when he is connected to a single-phase voltage.
5. Experiments with 3 ~ Time Over/Under current Relay
5.1 Introduction
In systems for supplying electrical power, the most often disturbances are short circuit and overload faults.
Today low voltage systems are mostly be protected by fusible cut-outs against faults because of its low
prices.
In middle and high voltage systems the fusible cut-outs are no longer capable to interrupt the fault current.
Here overcurrent relays are appropriate for this purpose. They send a message in order to switch to the
corresponding power circuit breaker module when the setting threshold value are exceeded after a preset
time delay. There are different types of relays: those, which time delay is independently from the level
of the fault current and those, which time delay depends on characteristic of the fault current. The first
calls in abbr. IDMT-relay (independent time overcurrent protection) and the second in abbr. DMT-relay
(dependent time overcurrent). Nowadays the most existing relays can be separated in ‘dependent’ and
independent (according to the current level) by the consumers himself.
In the present experiment, such a relay will be studied when his is connected with a resistive load. The
resistive load is hooked up to the mains about a transformer.
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Equipment required
Required In Identification Equipment
Number Number
1 745 2311 3 ~ Time Over/Under current relay
1 727 31 Moving Iron Meter 1 A
1 727 32 Moving Iron Meter 2.5 A
1 727 38 Moving Iron Meter 600 V
Table 7: Required Equipment for the experiments on the Three Phase Time Over/under current Relay
5.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over/Under current Relay
Figure 21: Time Over/Under current Relay
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The digital overcurrent time relay can be used either as a definite time or as an inverse time overcurrent
protective. This means that its range of application is very broad; for example, the device can be
used as a selective overload and short-circuit protection facility for lines and consumers.
In both modes of operation – in definite time and inverse time overcurrent operation – in addition to the
overcurrent stage (T>) the device is also equipped with a so-called instantaneous overcurrent stage (I>>).
Standard peak currents arising during operation, for example during switch-on processes, thus do not
cause the relay to trip, whereas short-circuit currents with their very high values are switched off with
only a brief time delay.
The device measures the currents in all three phases of a three-phase system. If one or more currents
exceed the set value, excitation occurs and the relay trips after a time delay.
Operated values and time delays are in a wide range and can be preset with the aid of potentiometers. To
set the time delay by overcurrent stage and instantaneous overcurrent stage, two potentiometers are
available for this purpose. The range of the setting time for the overcurrent stage can additionally be
enlarged by a time factor of 10 or 100 with the aid of DIP-switches.
Additional DIP-switches serve to set the parameters of important functions like operating mode, for
example, as definite time or inverse time or to select the nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. The
measurement inputs for the currents being monitored are designated 1S1 – 1S2, 2S1 – 2S2 and
3S1 – 3S2. Their nominal value IN amount to 1A each, whereby a continuous overload up to 4A is
possible.
The relay requires an auxiliary voltage (terminals A1 – A2) for its own operation. For this purpose the
built-in extended-range power supply unit provides either a DC voltage between 19 and 390 V or an AC
voltage between 36 and 275 V (40 up to 70 Hz). In the existing experiment the device is supplied with
an auxiliary voltage of 230 V AC.
In the case of starting the corresponding LED flashes while tripping causes the LED to remain
continuously on.
Command output is performed via one changeover contact in the case of overcurrent tripping (terminals
11,12, 14) and instantaneous overcurrent tripping (terminals 21, 22, 24). If the overcurrent tripping
and overcurrent instantaneous tripping are supposed to act jointly on a power circuit-breaker, the contacts
must be combined externally.
The relay is equipped with a test push button to check its operation. If this is kept pressed down for five
seconds, an internal hardware test takes place during which both tripping relays operate and the LED’s
indicating tripping light up.
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As an universal time overcurrent protection, it is the professional line generally used in radial and meshed
systems. Among other, it is applied as:
 Selective overload and short-circuit protection relay for electric machines, lines and network
 Load dependent connection and disconnection of consumers and electric power generators.
It is possible to select from the following tripping characteristics:
 Definite time overcurrent protection (DMT)
 Inverse time overcurrent protection (IDMT) with selectable tripping characteristics
- Normal Inverse
- Very Inverse
- Extremely Inverse
Furthermore, it can be employed as a back-up protection for differential and distance protection relays.
When compared to the conventional protection equipment all relays of the professional line reflect the
superiority of digital protection techniques with the following features:
 High measuring accuracy by digital data processing
 Extremely wide operating ranges of the supply voltage by universal wide-range power supply
 RMS measurement
 Compact design by SMD-technology
B. Design
Figure 22: Connections
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a. Analog inputs
The analog input signals are connected to the protection device via terminals 1S1 - 1S2, 2S1 - 2S2 and
3S1 - 3S2.
b. Auxiliary voltage supply
The unit of relay needs a separate auxiliary voltage supply. Therefore a DC or AC voltage must be used.
The relay has an integrated wide range power supply. Voltages in the range from 19 - 390 V DC or 100 -
250V AC can be applied at connection terminals A1 and A2.
c. Contact positions

Note:
In case of both the tripping contacts of I> and I>> should cause the tripping coil of the C.B. to trip, they
have to be interconnected.
C. Function
The incoming currents from the main current transformers of the protected objects are converted to voltage
signals in proportion to the currents via the input trans-formers and burden. The noise signals caused by
inductive and capacitive coupling are suppressed by an analog R-C filter circuit. The analog voltage
signals are fed to the A/D-converter of the microprocessor and transformed to digital signals through
Sample and Hold circuits. All the processing is carried out on these digitized values. The measuring values
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are detected with a sampling frequency of 800 Hz (960 Hz), and a sampling rate of 1.25 ms (1.11 ms) for
each measurement (at 50 Hz (60 Hz)).
A pickup of a supervision circuit is indicated by flashing of the corresponding LED. At tripping the
flashing light changes to steady light.
Requirements for the main current transformers
The current transformers have to be rated in such a way, that a saturation should not occur within the
following operating current ranges:
 Independent time overcurrent function K1 = 2
 Inverse time overcurrent function K1 = 20
 High-set function K1 = 20
K1 = Current factor related to set value with the current transformer not yet operating in the saturation
range.
Moreover, the current transformers have to be rated according to the maximum expected short circuit
currents of the network or the object to be protected.
The low consumption of the XI1, i.e. < 0.1 VA has a positive effect on the rating of the current
transformers. It implies that, if an electromechanical relay is replaced by XI1, a high accuracy limit factor
is automatically obtained by using the same current transformer.
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All operating elements needed for setting parameters are located on the front plate of the XI1 as well as
all display elements. Because of this all adjustments of the unit can be made or changed without
disconnecting the unit off the DIN-rail.
Figure 24: Front plate of the Time Overcurrent Relay

④ LED-indicator for overcurrent (red)
⑤ Current setting for overcurrent I>IN, 2 potentiometers
⑥ Time setting for overcurrent tI>
⑦ LED-indicator for overcurrent fast step (red)
⑧ Time setting for overcurrent fast step I>>/IN, 2 potentiometers
⑨ Time setting for overcurrent fast step tI>>
a. Setting of DIP-switches
The DIP-switch block on the front plate of the XI1 is used for adjustment of the nominal values and setting
of function parameters:
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1* DEFT NINV Adjustment of the tripping characteristic
2* DEFT VINV
3* DEFT EINV
4 not blocked blocked Blocking of the I> element
5 not blocked blocked Blocking of the I>> element
6 50 Hz 60 Hz Adjustment of the rated frequency
7* x1 s (x1) x10 s (x2) Time multiplier DEFT for tI> (the multipliers for
inverse time characteristic are indicated in brackets)
8* x1 s x100 s Time multiplier DEFT for tI>
Table 8: Functions of DIP-switches
*Only one of the DIP-switches 1 - 3 or 7 - 8 shall be in ON position at the same time.
Blocking of the low set element (I>)
The low set element can be blocked with the aid of DIP-switch 4 (position ON).
Tripping characteristic
The required tripping characteristic for the time over-current protection can be adjusted with the aid of
DIP-switches 1 - 3. It must be ensured that only one of the three DIP-switches is switched on.
Wrong adjustment (e.g. 2 DIP-switches ON) leads to instant tripping.
For the adjustment of the tripping characteristics, the following DIP-switch configurations are allowed:
Figure 25: Setting the tripping characteristics

Blocking of the high set element (I>>)
When the DIP-switch 5 is in position ON, the high set element of the relay is blocked.
Rated frequency
With the aid of DIP-switch 6 the rated frequency can be set to 50 or 60 Hz, depending upon the given
mains characteristics.
b. Setting of the tripping values
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potentiometers are used. The course setting potentiometer can be set in discrete steps of 0.25 or 2.5 x In.
A second fine adjustment potentiometer is then used for continuously variable setting of the final. Adding
of the two values results in the precise tripping value.
Low set element
The tripping value can be set in the range from 0.5 - 2 x In with the aid of the potentiometer illustrated on
the following diagram.
Example:
A tripping value of 1.4 x In is to be set. The set value of the right potentiometer is just added to the value
of the coarse setting potentiometer. (The arrow of the coarse setting potentiometer must be inside of the
marked bar, otherwise no defined setting value).

Trip delay for the low set element
The time delay for the low set element (DEFT) can be adjusted in the range from 0 - 100 s. For inverse
time characteristics (NINV, VINV or EINV) the time multiplier is adjustable in the range from 0 - 2.
High set element
The high set element can be adjusted in the range from 1 - 15 x In. This adjustment is done similar to the
low set element adjustment.
Trip delay for high set element
The time delay for the high set element is adjustable in the range from 0 - 2.5 s.
Use as definite – time overcurrent time relay
If the device is supposed to be used as a definite-time overcurrent protection mechanism, the DIP-
switches 1 to 3 are to be set to “OFF”. With the DIP-switch 4 set to “ON” the overcurrent stage (I>) can
be blocked. The device then only trips according to the setting values of the instantaneous overcurrent
stage.
In contrast, the instantaneous overcurrent stage (I>>) can be blocked with the DIP-switch 5 set to “ON”.
Then the device trips only according to the set values of the overcurrent stage.
If the DIP-switch 6 is set to “OFF”, the device is set for a mains frequency of 50 Hz; whereas the DIP
switch takes the “ON” position for the frequency 60 Hz. Using the DIP-switch 7 the selection undertaken
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on the setting potentiometer for the time delay in the overcurrent stage is directly taken over (switch-
position “OFF”) or multiplied by the factor 10 (switch-position “ON”). The same correspondingly applies
for DIP switch 8, only here when the switch is set to “ON” the time value set by the potentiometer is
multiplied by a factor of 100. Only one of the two switches 7 or 8 may be set to “ON” at any given time.
By means of this setting combination time delays from 0 to 100 s may be set in the overcurrent stage.
The operate time of the current can be set to values of 0.5 – 2IN in the overcurrent stage with either a
coarse or a fine setting potentiometer (nominal current IN = 1A).
In the instantaneous overcurrent stage the selectable time delays lie between 0 and 2.5 s. The operate
time of the current can be set here to values of 1 – 15IN.
Below you find a copy of the characteristic including its possible setting ranges for the definite time over
current operation:
Figure 27: Characteristic of the definite time
Parameter Setting range Graduation

I> 0.5 - 2 x In Continuously variable
I>> 1 - 15 x In Continuously variable
tI> 0 - 1s/0 - 10s/0 - 100s Continuously variable
tI>> 0 - 2.5 s Continuously variable
Table 9: Setting ranges and graduation
Use a as an inverse time overcurrent time relay
If the device is supposed to be used as an inverse time overcurrent protective mechanism, then one of the
respective DIP switches 1 to 3 are to be set to “ON”. This makes it possible to preselect the characteristic
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used in practice as follows: “normal inverse”, “severely inverse” and “extremely inverse”. These
characteristics have been standardized according to IEC 255-4 or BS 142. Using DIP switch 1 the
characteristic is set to “normal inverse”, with DIP switch 2 the “severely inverse” characteristic is
selected and with DIP switch 3 the “extremely inverse” characteristic is set. Only one of the three
switches 1 to 3 may be set to “ON” at any given time.
In the experiments performed here only the “normal inverse” characteristic is made use of. (The same
experiment set-up can be used to test the operating response for the other two characteristics).
In the case of inverse time overcurrent operation the trip time is related to the so-called setting value IS
and not to the nominal current as in definite time overcurrent operation. This can be set to the values 0.5
– 2IN using the two potentiometers of the overcurrent stage (the nominal current IN amounts to 1 A as for
definite time overcurrent operation).
The trip time is still dependent on one other parameter, called the time multiplier. This is set with the aid
of the potentiometer for the time delay with overcurrent tripping. Similar to definite time operation the
setting range here can be expanded by a certain factor. Here this has the value 2 and can be set using
DIP-switch 7 (switch-position “ON”). When the switches set to “OFF” the factor has the default value
of 1. (DIP-switch 8 has no significance and must be set to the “OFF” setting). By means of this
combination the time multipliers can be set between 0.1 and 2. The trip times can be taken from the
corresponding diagram.
The overcurrent stage (I>) can also be blocked here with DIP-switch 4. The device then only trips
according to the set values of the instantaneous overcurrent stage. This demonstrates the same
characteristic as for operation as a definite time overcurrent relay.
The instantaneous overcurrent stage (I>>) can be blocked with DIP-switch 5 set to “ON”. The device then
only trips according to the set values of the overcurrent stage.
Furthermore, the mains frequency can be set between 5 Hz (setting “OFF”) and 60 Hz (setting “ON”)
using DIP-switch 6.
Tripping characteristics according to IEC 255-4 or BS 142:
 Normal Inverse
0.14
t(s) = I 0.02
× tI> (s) >
( ) −1
I>
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Figure 28: Normal inverse

 Very Inverse
13.5
t(s) = 𝐼 × tI> (s) >
( )−1
I>
100
10
t I> =
t[s]
2.0
1.5
1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 678910 20
I/I S
Figure 29: Very inverse
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 Extremely Inverse
80
t(s) = I 2
× tI> (s) >
( ) −1
I>
Figure 30: Extremely inverse

Where:
t = tripping time
tI> = time multiplier
I = fault current
I> = setting value of the current
Parameter Setting range Graduation

I> 0.5 - 2 x IN Continuously variable
I>> 1 - 15 x IN Continuously variable
tI> 0.1 - 2 Continuously variable
tI>> 0 - 2.5 s Continuously variable
Table 10: Setting ranges and graduation
The single phase transformer is connected in series with the power circuit-breaker module, the
overcurrent relay und the resistive load. Thereby the voltage and the current are measured in the load.
To check the reaction of the relay, the acoustic continuity tester scan the position of the tripping terminals.
For the measurement of the operating times, when comparing to the clock display, an electronic stop
clock is triggered via a TTL-signal from the power circuit-breaker module used in the experiment. In
WDU Page 39
practical cases the OFF command of the relay opens the power circuit-breaker module in order to protect
the load (or other components as for example lines) against over currents or short circuits.
may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N. By any change in the experiment
assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to be actuated before.
5.2.3 Experiment with the relay as IDMT-relay
Objectives
To study the functioning of the relay as IDMT-relay and its reaction for different settings.
Assemble the circuit as shown in the following figure.
Figure 31: Experiment assembly to study the overcurrent time relay

The current monitoring of the three measuring circuits proceeds in the same way. To study the behavior
of the relay only the single phase circuit is necessary. The description of the three-phase experiment
circuit will follow.
First the DIP-switch 5 of the relay have to be set to the position “ON”, whereas the other switches takes
the position “OFF”. So that the instantaneous overcurrent stage is set off.
Set the time delay to value 0. The operate time of the overcurrent I</IN can be set to values of 0.5 –
WDU Page 40
2 and variable in the step of 0.25 (IN = 1A).

In order to avoid the overload of the ohmic resistor, the individual resistors have to be connected in
parallel for this experiment. The potentiometer is set to the scale value of 10 %, so that the value of the
total resistance is approximately about 60 Ώ.
The voltage value at the single transformer is 0V at the beginning and is to be increased until the relay
trips. Afterwards reduce the voltage until the relay releases again. Note, that it is important not to overload
both the transformer of the present experiment and the load resistor.
The readings of the current values are to be entered in the Table below and the values are used to form
the reset ratio of the overcurrent relay. (The voltage needed to operate the relay is used in the experiment
after next).
Set operating value I>/ IN 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
Operating value measured (A) 0.49 0.74 1.00 1.24 1.48 1.97
Voltage required for operation (V) 25 39 52 66 78 104
Released value measured (A) 0.48 0.72 0.98 1.23 1.47 1.95
Resetting ratio 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.99
Table 11: The measured and setting values of the relay when I</IN can be set to values of 0.5-2(IN=1A).
Compare the measured values to those which were set on the relay.
Result
The measured values corresponds exactly to the device settings. Note that the setting of the parameter
have to be made accurately. The reset ratio has his value on the average of 0.98.
First carry out the following setting on the relay: I>/IN = 2.0.
To be able to properly perform time measurements it is important the voltage be set on the single- phase
transformer and the load resistor R before beginning the experiment so that the relay is reliably started
(see experiment results for the circuit according to the previous experiment).
The stop clock is started when the power circuit-breaker module is switched on; it is stopped by
opening the switch (caused here by the definite time overcurrent relay). The clock is reset after each
measurement using the reset button.
Use the times specified in the Table to set the replay and compare these with the measured tripping times.
To set the tripping times between 1s and 10s the DIP-switch 7 must be set to “ON”.
To set the tripping times between 10 s and 100 s the DIP-switch must be set to “ON”.
T set (s) 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.0 2 5 10 20 50 100
T measured (s) 0.05 0.44 0.85 1.04 2.02 5.2 10.3 20.6 51.5 99
Table 12: The measured and setting values of the relay when I</IN can be set to values of 0.5-2(IN = 1A).
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Repeat randomly the measurements for some other current setting ranges I>/IN and compare the desired
and actual value obtained for the tripping times. (The time setting t = 0 results in the operate time of the
relay and the power circuit-breaker module).
Plot the characteristic of the relay for the values I>/IN = 0.8 to 2.0 for different time delays.
Demonstrate that the tripping times are independent of the overcurrent’s magnitude.
Figure 32: Characteristic of the relay (IDMT)

Note: The way the instantaneous overcurrent stage operates is investigated in the following section.
5.2.4 Experiment with the relay as DMT-relay
Objectives
 To investigate the response of the relay for various settings and to recorded the relay
characteristics.
 To demonstrate the relay tripping in a three-phase system both in the overcurrent stage and in the
instantaneous overcurrent stage.
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Figure 33: Experiment assembly to study the tripping in three-phase network

First set the relay to the following values: DIP-switches 1 and 5 “ON”, all others “OFF”. Thus the
“normal inverse” characteristic is set on the relay and the instantaneous overcurrent stage is disabled.
The parallel connection of the two resistors of the resistive load (cat. no. 733 10) taken over unchanged
from the last experiment so that the result is again a load of approx. 50 Ώ.
Set the relay to the current value I>/IN = 0.5. The current flowing through the relay is related to this
value. The value for the time delay Tl> is initially set to the value 0.2s.
The voltage at the single-phase transformer is also to be set so that the currents specified in the following
Table flow across the relay. At the same time the corresponding relay tripping time is determined.
First bridge the NC contact 11 – 12 on the relay to be able to set the desired current without having to
disconnect it from the relay. Then manually interrupt the current at the power circuit breaker module and
perform the time measurement by disconnecting the bridge 11 – 12 and switching the current back on.
Repeat the process for current to be measured and enter the measurement results in the Table below (do
not forget to reset the clock). For the current values in excess of 2A the measurement need to be carried
out rapidly to prevent severe heating of the resistive load. Besides that this could also cause the equipment
fuse connected there to blow.
Compare the measured trip times with those reproduced in the illustration provided with the equipment
description.
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Set current (A) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

With respect to setting value 1 2 3 4 5 6
T measured (s) _ 2.05 1.28 1.00 0.88 0.78
T from diagram (s) _ 2.00 1.30 1.00 0.86 0.76
Table 13: Measurement results of current with respect to different setting values
Repeat the measurements for the following time settings for a set overcurrent value kept constant:
tI> = 0.4s
Set current (A) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
T measured (s) _ 4.2 2.70 2.10 1.75 1.60
T from diagram (s) _ 4.00 2.60 2.00 1.70 1.60
Table 14: Measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when tI> = 0.4 s
tI> = 1s
Set current (A) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
T measured (s) _ 10.30 6.37 5.00 4.32 3.86
T from diagram (s) _ 10.00 6.30 5.00 4.30 3.80
Table 15: Measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when tI> = 1s
Proceed to carry out the following experiments: I>/IN = 1 and tI> = 0.2s
Set current (A) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
With respect to setting value 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3

T measured (s) _ 3.30 1.95 1.46 1.25
T from diagram (s _ 3.40 2.0 1.4 1.30
Table 16: measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when I>/IN = 1and tI> =0.2s
I>/IN = 1 and tI> = 1s
Set current (A) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
With respect to setting value 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3
T measured (s) _ 17.50 10.20 7.65 6.32
T from diagram (s) _ 17.00 10.00 7.60 6.30
Table 17: measurement results of current with respect to different setting values when I>/IN = 1and tI> =1s
Using the description of “normal inverse” the following approximate equation is specified in the
literature, which the tripping time as a function of the overcurrent:
0.14
t(s) = I 0.02
× tI> (s) >
( ) −1
I>
Using this equation randomly determine several tripping times and compare the computed values to the
measured ones. Plot the characteristic of the relay based on the measured tripping times of the first
experiment series.
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Figure 34: Characteristic of the relay (AMZ)

To demonstrate the relay tripping in three-phase system set up the following circuit:
Figure 35: Experiment assembly to study the tripping in three-phase network

In this experiment the power circuit breaker is connected directly to the three-phase power supply. To
limit the current however an additional three-phase transformer (cat. no.745 50) can be interconnected.
In this experiment the relay can be connected equally as a definite or inverse time overcurrent relay.
The instantaneous overcurrent stage is again disabled at first (DIP switch 5 is set to “ON”).
The two NC contacts for the overcurrent and instantaneous overcurrent tripping mechanisms are
connected in series. This enables the power circuit breaker to be triggered by respective stage tripped
first. Proceed to carry out the following settings on the relay: I>/IN = 1, I>>/IN = 10, tI> = 3s
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Before beginning the experiment the load resistor is set to 100%. If the power circuit breaker is now
switched on only a slight current flows which does not operate the relay. Slowly reduce the value of the
load resistor and observe the response of the relay.
Result
When reaching the set current value the relay is started and this is indicated by the flashing of the
overcurrent stage’s LED. After the set delay elapses (definite time overcurrent operation) the power
circuit breaker is opened. Thus there is no danger that a connected consumer will be overloaded.
To demonstrate the instantaneous overcurrent tripping the load resistor is set to a value of approx.
20% with the power circuit breaker switched off so that a higher current can then flow.
Switch on the instantaneous overcurrent stage on the relay (set DIP-switch 5 to “OFF”) and proceed
to carry out the following settings:
I>>/IN = 2, I>>/IN = 1(remains), tI>> = 0.5s.
What is the response demonstrated after the power circuit breaker module switched on
Result
AS expected the instantaneous overcurrent stage is started and the relay tripped after the set delay time of
0.5s elapsed. In practice the overcurrent protection facility is set so that the protective relay trips with
time delay at the maximum permissible current of the equipment being protected and instantaneous
for the lowest short-circuit current expected.
6. Experiments with 3 phase Transformer differential protection relay (Cat. No.
745 331)
6.1 Introduction
The relay is used for the selective protection of two-winding transformers. This involves a device which
is operated digitally and biased. The relay recognizes short-circuits between individual turns of a
winding, short-circuits between the primary and secondary winding as well as earth faults within the
transformer housing. Faults arising outside of the protective area do not lead to really tripping.
In real systems the relay receives its measurement values via one three-phase current transformer each
on the primary and the secondary side of the transformer under protection. Thus the transformer
procedures are also located within the protection area. In the experiments performed here the current
transformer can be dispensed with because the current flowing are in the order of 1 and can thus be
supplied directly to the relay.
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Equipment required
Required In Number Identification Number Equipment name

1 745 331 Transformer differential protective relay
1 727 31 Moving Iron Meter 1 A
1 727 32 Moving Iron Meter 2.5 A
1 727 38 Moving Iron Meter 600 V
Table 18: Required Equipment for the experiments on the three phase Transformer differential
protection relay
6.2.1 Description of the transformer differential protective relay
Figure 36: Transformer differential protective relay
WDU Page 47
The measurement inputs for the currents being monitored have been designated 1S1 – 1S2, 2S1 –
2S2 and 3S1 – 3S2 for the primary side (conventionally the high-voltage side of the transformer) as
well as 4S1 – 4S2, 5S1 – 5S2 and 6S1 – 6S2 for the secondary side (conventionally the low-voltage
side). Their nominal values amount to 1A each, whereby a continuous overload up to 4A is possible.
In order for the differential protection to be able to operate properly, the phase sequence of the
voltages must produce a clockwise rotating field. Another feature to be considered is that the default
setting of the relay used here has been set to star-star connection by the manufacturer for the
protection of the transformer. The power consumption of the measurement inputs (also referred to as
burden) lies under 0.1VA for the nominal current. The relay can be used in a frequency range from
50 – 60 Hz.
For operation it requires an auxiliary voltage (terminals A1 – A2). The built-in long-range power
supply permits for this either a DC voltage between 19 and 390 V or an AC voltage between with an
auxiliary voltage of 230 V AC.
The functional readiness of the relay is displayed by green LED. A successful starting is signaled by
the red LED with the designation “TRIP”. Furthermore one or more of the three LEDs L1, L2 or L3
light up on the phase affected. The other LED (designated D2 and shown with a transformer
symbol) is used in conjunction with the stabilization of the relay against magnetizing inrush. It lights
up when the relay is blocked briefly during switch on to avoid fault trips. Further the relay is required
with a reset button to acknowledge fault messages. The command output is performed via a
changeover contact (terminal 11, 12, and 14).
For the setting of the tripping characteristic the device has two stepping switches on the front panel
with a setting range of 5% to 42.5% respectively in 16 stages.
For current values Id lower than the nominal current (1A) the horizontal section of the characteristic
applies, while tripping of the relay is executed by the magnitude of the through-current. Tripping
occurs depending on the setting of the switch Id1, whose values are related to the nominal current.
The characteristic is suited for current values Id greater than the nominal current. Here the relay trips
in proportion to the through-current Is. This is identical to the through-current for currents higher than
the nominal.
The subsequent figure specifies the possible setting ranges for Id1 and Id2 and the tripping range of the
relay resulting from it. Bear in mind that the depiction is double-logarithmic scale.
WDU Page 48
Figure 37: Tripping range

A. Application and features
Power transformers are classified as one of the most valuable equipment’s in a power system, hence
their protection is of very high importance. The transformer differential protection provides fast
tripping in case of a fault - before severe damage spreads out. The XD1-T relay is a strict selective
object protection for two-winding transformers. Within a very short time this relay detects faults
occurring within the zone to be protected and which require immediate tripping and isolation of the
transformer. Such faults are:
 short circuits between turns, windings and cables in-side the transformer housing
 earth faults inside the housing
 Short circuits and earth faults outside the housing but within the protected zone (e.g.at
bushings or supply lines).
The XD1-T is also able to detect other operational conditions (e.g. faults outside the protected zone,
circuit closing etc.) i.e. it does not issue tripping commands for faults or any other transient
phenomena outside the protected zone. Additional to the transformer differential protection an
overcurrent relay as backup protection is recommended.
The relay XD1-T of the professional line has the following special features:
 Extremely wide operating ranges of the supply voltage by universal wide-range power supply
 Very low C.T. burden
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 Adjustment to transformation ratio and connection groups without external interposing C.T.s
 Two stage tripping characteristic
 Galvanic insulation between all independent inputs
 Self-supervision of stabilization circuits
 Wide setting ranges
B. Design
Figure 38: Connection diagram

a. Analog inputs
The analog secondary currents of the HV side are fed to the protection relay via terminals 1S1 - 3S2
and the secondary currents of the LV side via terminals 4S1 - 6S2.
b. Auxiliary voltage supply
Unit XD1-T needs a separate auxiliary voltage supply. Therefore a DC or AC voltage must be used.
Unit XD1-T has an integrated wide range power supply. Voltages in the range from 19 - 390 V DC
or 35 - 275 V AC can be applied at connection terminals A1 and A2.
c. Contact positions
WDU Page 50
C. Working Principle
a. Operating principle of the differential protection
The fundamental operating principle of transformer differential protection is based on comparison of
the transformer primary and secondary winding currents. For an ideal transformer, having a 1:1 ratio
and neglecting magnetizing current, the currents entering and leaving the transformer must be equal.
During normal operation or when a short circuit has occurred outside the protected zone, the C.T.
secondary currents in the differential circuit neutralize each other. In case that a differential current
Id occurs, a fault in the transformer is detected.
Id = differential (tripping) current

Is = stabilizing current
Figure 40: General arrangement of differential protection
b. Balancing of phases and current amplitudes
First of all the phase difference between primary and secondary side, which is caused by transformer
vector groups, has to be compensated and the current amplitudes to be balanced. Unlike most other
differential protection relays available, this scheme includes inter-posing C.T.s integrated in the
differential relay, extra interposing C.T.s are not required. Connection of interposing C.T.s is
dependent on the vector group of the power transformer. For instance, for transformers with star (Y)
windings the interposing C.T.s are connected in delta (Δ) to reject residual currents (i.e. currents
flowing to the transformer due to an earth fault outside the protected zone and which would pro-duce
a differential current Id) and to prevent mal-operation of the differential protection.
WDU Page 51
c. Transformer regulation steps
The XD1-T can universally be used i.e. also for regulating transformers with an adjustable
transformation ratio to stabilize voltage fluctuations of the supplying systems. Since, however, as a
result of vector group balance and transformation ratio balance the differential protection is adjusted
to the nominal transformation ratio of the transformer, an apparent differential current Id arises
proportionally to the flowing load current. Mal-operation of the protection is prevented by the load
proportional stabilizing current IS.
d. Working principle of the C.T. saturation detector SAT
With many transformer differential protection systems, relay instability may cause to trip if the main
current transformers saturate. In the transient condition of saturation the C.T.s on both ends of the
protected zones do not produce the correct secondary current according to the primary current. The
differential relay measures a differential current on the secondary C.T. side which is not present on
the primary side. Hence a nuisance tripping might occur.
Such transient phenomena causing C.T. saturation may occur due to:
 Heavy through faults (external short circuit)
 Starting of big motors
 Magnetizing inrush currents of transformers
 Internal faults
D. Operation and settings
All operating elements needed for setting parameters are located on the front plate of the XD1-T as
well as all display elements.
Figure 41: Front plate XD1-T

a. Parameter setting by using DIP-switches
The XD1-T provides two DIP-switches for the adjustment of the tripping characteristic:
WDU Page 52
Id1 represents the setting for the tripping area below nominal current. The Id1 setting relates to the
nominal current of the relay and is independent of the through current.
Id2 represents the setting for the tripping area above nominal current. The Id2 setting relates to the
"stabilizing current Is". Whereas Is is the current flowing through the protected zone. This biasing
area is important for external faults. The higher the current due to an external fault, the higher is the
biasing influence. On through faults, large differential currents may be produced by the transformer
tap changer or due to mismatching of the current transformers. The biased slope characteristic
prevents incorrect operation of the relay under these conditions.
With the additional module SAT the tripping characteristic changes to "coarse" in case of detected
transient phenomena, as explained above. The fixed tripping values for the coarse measurement are:
Id1 = 100 % IN
Id2 = 60 % Is
b. Setting recommendations
The tripping characteristic should be selected according to the known mismatch of the secondary
currents fed to the relay plus a safety margin of 10 to 15 %. This setting avoids mal-operation
caused by normal load conditions.
Mismatch of the currents may be produced by:
 Ratio error and phase shifting of the C.T.s. E.g.: For protection C.T.s of 10P20 rating the
ratio error at nominal current is max. 3 %. At 20 times nominal current the ratio error
reaches 10 %.
 Load tap changer (LTC). The automatic LTC may vary the ratio of the protected transformer
as much as ±10%. This causes a current mismatch of the same amount.
 The deviation resulting from the transformer vector group should be compensated by the
internal converters and their burden.
Considering the example above, both settings Id1 and Id2 should be set to:
3% + 3% for C.T. errors
10% for transformer step changer
15% safety margin
Arrives to a setting of 31%. The nearest possible setting is 30%. Hence both DIP-switches should be
set to 30%. The pictures below show the DIP-switch setting as well as the actual tripping
characteristic.
WDU Page 53

For this DIP-switches for Id1 and Id2 have to be in the following positions:
Figure 43: Adjustment of step switches

According to the VDE (Verband Der Elektrotechnik) regulations, connect metal parts not under
voltage-carrying (e.g., case) to the protective earth (PE). The PE is determined exclusively for this
function and may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N. By any change in the
experiment assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to be actuated before.
6.2.3 Experiments with the transformer differential protective relay
Objectives
 To investigate the response of a transformer differential protection relay during single phase
loads
WDU Page 54
 To know the protection of a rotary transformer using a differential protection relay by design
a three-phase transformer double three- phase start connection.
Assemble the circuit according to the following figure.
Figure 44: Experiment assembly to investigate the response of a transformer differential protection
relay during single phase loads
The resistive load is set to a value of approx. 10%.
The tripping parameter Id1 of the relay is varied from 5% to 35% in steps of 10%; while the Id2
setting plays no role.
The voltage of the single-phase transformer is slowly increased beginning from 0V respectively,
until the relay closes. Afterwards the voltage is lowered until the relay releases again. The current
readings are entered into the Table below and used to form the reset ratio.
Setting value for Id1 (%) 5 15 25 35
Set current 1.73 A 0.087 0.26 0.433 0.606
Read off pick-up value (A) 0.09 0.29 0.45 0.63
Read off release value (A) 0.08 0.26 0.43 0.60
Resetting ratio 0.89 0.90 0.96 0.95
Table 19: The current readings with respective setting value of Id1
Randomly test the response of the relay when using other input transformers (terminals 2S1 – 2S2
and 3S1 – 3S2).
Result
WDU Page 55
The protective shows an almost identical response at all of the inputs.
With any given input transformer used (e.g. 1S1 – 1S2) set a current value of approx. 1A (the position
of the switch for Id1 plays no role here) and then interrupt the current. Observe the response
of the relay when the current is switched back on again.
Result
During switch on a high current flows briefly (starting in-rush current). The relay detects this current
and is blocked for approx. 3s so that tripping does not occur. The corresponding LEDs light up for
the duration of the blocking.
The measurement of the power consumption is performed similar to other relays.
First determine the apparent power consumed power of the voltage being applied, i.e the current
flowing. Determine the consumed apparent power of a measurement circuit at a current of approx. 1
A flowing using the resistive load.
U = 26 mV, I = 1 A, S = 0.026 VA
To demonstrate the operation of the relay in a three-phase system, set up according to the following
figure in star connection and the rated voltage supplies the secondary side. The resistive load is
used as load, which is initially set to a value of approx. 20%. As a result the relay is very sensitive
against current differences on the primary and secondary side of the transformer. Switch the load on
and slowly reduce the current by increasing the value of the resistive load. What response is shown
by the relay?
Figure 45: Experiment assembly to protection of a rotary transformer using a differential protection
relay
WDU Page 56
Result
At high current values the amount of magnetization current is relatively low thus no tripping is
caused. If the load current is reduced to a value of approx. 0.5A, the magnetization current is more
severe on the primary side. If the preset differential value is reached, the relay trips.
Now vary both tripping parameters to the value 32.5% and set the resistive load so that a current of
approx. 1A flows on the primary side of the transformer. Test the response of the relay for various
faults, which can be connected to the secondary side of the transformer: 1st short-circuit between
two phases, e.g. by connecting terminals 2U1 – 2V1.
Result
The relay immediately trips and thus protects the transformer. Due to the transient reaction there
are severe asymmetries in all three phases for a brief period of time causing all three LEDs to light
up.
WDU Page 57

Power System Protection

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Power System Protection

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INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF POWER ENGINEERING

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION LABORATORY MANUAL

WDU Page III

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... III

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... IV

List of Table ........................................................................................................................................... VIII

2. Safety Guidelines ................................................................................................................................. 2

3. Experiments with the Three Phase Reverse Power Relay ................................................................... 4

3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4

3.2 Experiment procedure ........................................................................................................................... 5

3.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................................. 13

3.2.3 Experiments with the relay as power relay ....................................................................................... 13

3.2.4 Experiments with the relay as directional power relay ..................................................................... 15

4. Experiments with 3 Phase Time Over/under voltage Relay .............................................................. 16

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 16

4.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................................... 17

4.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................................. 24

4.2.3 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time under voltage Relay........................................................................ 24

4.2.4 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Over voltage Relay ........................................................................ 26

5. Experiments with 3 ~ Time Over/Under current Relay ..................................................................... 27

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 27

5.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................................... 28

5.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over/Under current Relay ................................................................... 28

5.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................................. 39

5.2.3 Experiment with the relay as IDMT-relay ........................................................................................ 40

5.2.4 Experiment with the relay as DMT-relay ......................................................................................... 42

6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 46

6.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................................... 47

6.2.1 Description of the transformer differential protective relay ............................................................. 47

6.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements ................................................................................. 54

6.2.3 Experiments with the transformer differential protective relay ........................................................ 54

Figure 34: Characteristic of the relay (AMZ) ........................................................................................... 45

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WDU Page VIII

3. Experiments with the Three Phase Reverse Power Relay

1 726 75 Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB

3.2 Experiment procedure

Figure 1: Reverse Power Relay

PN = √3VN ∗ IN = 400 V ∗ 1 A ∗ √3 ≈ 693 W

A. Applications and features

Figure 2: Connection three-wire system Figure 3: Connection phase-to-phase voltage in four-wire

Figure 4: Connection phase-to-neutral voltage in four-wire system

Figure 5: Contact positions of the output relays

Figure 6: Diagram of power calculation

D. Operation and settings of the relay’s control elements

Figure 7: Front plate of the Reverse Power Relay

DIP-switch OFF ON Function

Figure 8: Adjustment of rated voltage

Figure 9: Adjusting example

3.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements

Figure 10: Experiment assembly with the Power Relay

4.2 Experiment procedure

Figure 11: Time Over- and under voltage Relay

 Switch 6 (hysteresis): OFF

 Very fine graded wide setting ranges

Figure 12: Connecting two-wire system DIP-switch setting Y

Figure 15: Contact positions of the output relays

D. Operation and settings of the relay’s control elements

DIP-switch OFF ON Function

Figure 17: Adjustment of rated voltage

Figure 18: Adjustment of the switching hysteresis