Indus College Of Nursing and Midwifery

Unit# II

Topic: Immunization

Glossary
Terms Definition
Measles. Measles is an acute viral respiratory illness. It is characterized by a prodrome of
fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis -the
three “C”s -, a pathognomonic enanthema (Koplik spots) followed by a
maculopapular rash. The rash usually appears about 14 days after a person is
exposed
Tetanus Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When the
bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful
muscle contractions
Pertussis Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory
disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known
for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe
Diphtheria Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called
Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin (poison). It can lead to difficulty
breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death
Poliomyelitis Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the
poliovirus. The virus spreads from person to person and can infect a person's
spinal cord, causing paralysis (can't move parts of the body)
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects
the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to person
through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes
vaccine vaccine, suspension of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms
or toxins or other biological preparation, such as those consisting
of antibodies, lymphocytes, or messenger RNA (mRNA), that is administered
primarily to prevent disease
Pneumococcal Pneumococcal disease is a name for any infection caused by bacteria called
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus. Pneumococcal infections can
range from ear and sinus infections to pneumonia and bloodstream infections.
There are vaccines to help prevent pneumococcal disease
Sustainable Development The Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals are a collection of 17
Goal interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more
sustainable future for all"
Rotavirus vaccine Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhea and other intestinal symptoms. It’s very
contagious and is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children
worldwide
Fatal diarrhoea Severe form of diarrhea which can cause death
Immunity Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the
capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize
and reject what is foreign (non-self)
subclinical infections sometimes called a preinfection or inapparent infection is an infection that,

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 being subclinical, is nearly or completely asymptomatic (no signs or symptoms)
Toxoids A toxoid is an inactivated toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been
suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other
properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained
live attenuated Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a
disease. Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they
help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response
T-cells A T cell is a type of lymphocyte. T cells are one of the important white blood
cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune
response
Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules
produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the
immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens,
such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction
Streptococci Streptococci are Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, catalase-negative
cocci that occur in pairs or chains. Older cultures may lose their Gram-positive
character. Most streptococci are facultative anaerobes, and some are obligate
(strict) anaerobes
Tetanus Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When the
bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that causes painful
muscle contractions
Rubella Rubella is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Most people who get rubella
usually have a mild illness, with symptoms that can include a low-grade fever,
sore throat, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body
Mumps Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Initial symptoms are non-
specific and include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and loss of appetite.
These symptoms are usually followed by painful swelling of the parotid glands,
called parotitis, which is the most common symptom of infection
Passive immunity Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease
rather than producing them through his or her own immune system. A newborn
baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through the placenta
Secretory immunoglobulin IgA is the main class of antibody found in many body secretions, including
tears, saliva, respiratory and intestinal secretions, and colostrum (the first milk
produced by lactating mothers). Very little IgA is present in the serum. IgA is
produced by B cells located in the mucous membranes of the body
Antiserum a blood serum containing antibodies against specific antigens, injected to treat
or protect against specific diseases
Botulinum A rare but serious illness caused by a toxin that attacks the body's nerves and
causes difficulty breathing, muscle paralysis, and even death
Pertusis Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory
disease. It is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is known
for uncontrollable, violent coughing which often makes it hard to breathe
Gram Negative Bacilli Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain
used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation
Pertussis Toxin Pertussis toxin is a protein-based AB₅-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium
Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the
colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection
rhinorrhoea Rhinorrhea actually refers to a thin, mostly clear nasal discharge. Rhinitis refers
to the inflammation of nasal tissues. Rhinitis often results in a runny nose
nocturnal cough Night cough is a cough that occurs primarily at night, typically when you are

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 lying down (postural cough). Physiologically, coughing is a rapid expulsion of
air from the lungs that happens reflexively to keep the airways clear
Erythromycin Erythromycin is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial
infections. This includes respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia
infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis
penicillin Penicillin’s are a group of antibiotics used to treat a wide range of bacterial
infections. They are derived from fungi
Recombinant Relating to or exhibiting genetic recombination
polysaccharide A polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars, like glucose
conjugate A chemical compound formed by the union of two compounds or united with
another compound
yellow fever Yellow fever is a disease caused by a virus that is spread through mosquito
bites. Symptoms take 3–6 days to develop and include fever, chills, and
headache, backache, and muscle aches. About 15% of people who get yellow
fever develop serious illness that can lead to bleeding, shock, organ failure, and
sometimes death
Hep A Hepatitis A is a vaccine-preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis A
virus (HAV). HAV is found in the stool and blood of people who are infected.
Hepatitis A is very contagious
capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material
Haemophilus influenza Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively
anaerobic capnophilic pathogenic bacterium of the family Pasteurellaceae. H.
influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza
pandemic
Shingles Shingles is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. Although shingles can
occur anywhere on your body, it most often appears as a single stripe of blisters
that wraps around either the left or the right side of your torso
Miningococcal disease Meningococcal disease refers to any illness caused by bacteria called Neisseria
meningitidis. These illnesses are often severe, can be deadly, and include
infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) and
bloodstream
Transient storage Transient is used to describe a situation that lasts only a short time or constantly
changing.

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