Conditions necessary for geo-stationery orbit:-

1. Circular orbit
2. Period of orbit equal to the period of rotation of the earth about itself.
3. Plane of orbit same as equatorial plane

Why they appear in a stationary position?

Orbital velocity of the geosynchronous satellite being equal to the rotational velocity of the earth on
its own axis, the satellite in the geosynchronous orbit appears to be stationary with respect to any
location from the earth. 

PROBLEMS OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

 No coverage of polar region

 Long time delay
 Echo
 Eclipse due to the earth and the sun
 Sun Transit outage

GROUND SEGMENT – Includes Earth Stations, Rear Ward Communication links, User terminals and
interfaces and Network control centre .-- ground segment of satellite communications system
establishes the communications links with the satellite and the user.

SATELLITE BUS SUBSYSTEMS

 Mechanical structure

 Attitude and orbit control system

 Propulsion System

 Electrical Power System

 Telemetry, Tracking and Command System

 Thermal Control System

Network operations and control centre for the communications network monitors the network
operations by different users, distribution of different carriers within a transponder and
allocation of bandwidth. Proper functioning of Network operations and control centre is
essential where the number of users in the network is large. Network operations & control
centre is also responsible for giving clearance to the ground system in respect of antenna
radiation pattern, EIRP (Equivalent isotropically radiated power ) etc.

 Up – link: All of the ground equipment along with the transmission path and the receiving
antenna at the satellite are included in the up-link system.
 Down – link: Described in terms of satellite transmitter output, down link antenna gain and
beam width, and the ground area that the transmitted signal will serve.
 C band: 4 – 8 GHz (3.8 – 7.5 cm)

Ku band: 12.5 – 18 GHz (1.7 – 2.4 cm)

Ka band: 26.5 – 40 GHz (0.75 – 1.1 cm)

X band: 8 – 12.5 GHz (2.4 – 3.8 cm)

Electron density irregularities occuring in the ionosphere can affect frequencies up to about 6 GHz,
while refractive index irregularities occurring in the troposphere cause scintillation effects in the
frequency bands above about 3 GHz 

LAUNCH SEQUENCE

The satellite heading for a geostationary orbit is first placed in a transfer orbit.

The transfer orbit is elliptical in shape with its perigee at an altitude between 200 km and 300 km
and its apogee at the geostationary altitude.

The satellite is first injected into a low Earth circular orbit. In the second step, the low Earth

circular orbit is transformed into an elliptical transfer orbit with a perigee manoeuvre.

Circularization of the transfer orbit and then correction of the orbit inclination follow this.

LAUNCH VEHICLE STATUS

First Stage: The first stage has the task of imparting the initial thrust needed to overcome Earth’s
gravity and lift the total weight of the vehicle along with its payload up off the surface of the Earth.
As a result, it is the heaviest part of the vehicle and has the largest rocket engines, and the largest
fuel and oxidizer tanks.