Sources of data collection

Internal Sources External sources

When data collect by When data collect by
one organization any other organizations
report, record etc. reports, records etc.
these are called these are called
Internal Sources. External Sources.

Types of data
Primary Data Secondary Data
These are collect first These are collect by
time by researcher. other person and use by
researcher.
These are original data. These are preparing data.
These are pure data. These are prepared by
Because it is collect by other person, so it is not
directly in the field. pure data like primary
data.
It is look like raw It is look like finished
material information. material information.
It is take more time, It is not take more time,
money, effort and money, effort and
intelligence. intelligence.
 Methods of Collecting Primary Data

Direct Personal Investigation

Indirect Oral Investigation

Information via Local Sources

Questionnaires and Schedules

Direct Personal Investigation

In In this method, the

researcher direct contact to that person
whose provide information.
Merits-
(1) The data collected by this method are
fundamental or real.
 (2) This method is elastic because the
researcher can make changes as
needed.
(3) In this method data are collected by a
single person, for this reason the
similarity in the figures.
Demerits-
(1) Useless for large field.
(2) Full possibility of favor.
(3) Wastage of extra money.
Indirect Oral Investigation

According to this
method researcher does not contact to
direct person, in fact information collect
orally by other relatives or witnesses.
Merits-
(1) Useful for large field.
(2) Less investment of money and efforts.
(3) It is based on the suggestion of
specialist.
Demerits-
(1) Deficiency of high level quality.
(2) Lack of similarity.
(3) Carelessness of witnesses or relatives.
v
Information Via Local Sources

In this method researcher select

some local sources or messenger, whose
collect information for researcher.
Merits-
(1) Information received immediately.
(2) Easy method for information collection.
(3) Low effort and less time investing.
 Demerits-
(1) Lack of purity.
(2) Collected info not trusted.
(3) Messenger and local sources can cheat.
Questionnaires and Schedules

In this method, firstly researcher

prepares a questionnaires or schedules
and sends to those persons whose
provide the information. It is send by two
ways-
(a) By post- This way useful for educated
person and large area. This way of get
information save time, effort and
money of researcher.
(b) To give Enumerator or select
person- This way useful both educated
and uneducated. This way is direct
 connect to info provider.
Qualities of Good Questionnaires
(1) Clear purpose of questionnaires
creation.
(2) There should be proper and clear
instructions inside the questionnaire.
(3) Limited questions in good
questionnaires.
(4) Proper sequence of questions.
(5) Easy & clear questions.
(6) There should be questions without
objection.
(7) There should be brief questions.
(8) A good questionnaires should ask for the
return of the questionnaire.
(9) A following letter send for returning
questionnaire.
 (10) The prepared questionnaire should be
tested before sending it.
(11)
Methods
(12)
of Collecting Secondary Data

Published Sources

Unpublished Sources

Published Sources
If the data collected by any persons or
organizations are presented to the public, it is called
Published Sources. Submission of data by other person
using this source, it is considered as a Secondary Data.
Examples of published sources- government
publications, semi govt. publications, research institutes
publications, newspapers, magazines etc.

Unpublished Sources
A lot of material collected by government
institutes or many qualified and experienced persons
remains unprinted. Secrecy is often found in such
sources. They are classified as Unpublished Sources.
 Methods of Data
Collection

Census Sampling
Method Method

1. Census Under this method,

Method every unit related to
the problem is studied in depth.
Therefore, by studying the entire area
or overall in this system, conclusion
are drawn.
For example-If data is collected about
monthly expenditure of each of the
250 workers of a firm, it will be called
Computation Research. Apart from
this, this method is also used for
calculating National Income,
Generation, Export- Import etc.
Merits –
(1) This method has a high degree of
purity.
(2) In this method each unit is studied.
(3) This method provides detailed
information.
(4) This method would be appropriate
even if there is a variation of units in
information.
Demerits –
(1) This method costs a lot, for this
 reason, it is called the method of
expenditure.
(2) This system takes a lot time and
efforts.
(3) This system is useful only for a
limited area.

2. Sampling Under this method,

Method Not to study of all units
of information. It takes only some
units which are represent all units.
For example-If we check the quality of
food grains then we take only some
quantity in our hand.
Merits –
(1) This method is less expensive.
(2) This system is useful for broad area
 conclusion.
(3) This system is scientific because the
accuracy of results can be checked
by other sample.
(4) This method is simple which can be
understood easily.
Demerits –
(1) This method has misleading
conclusion.
(2) This system high level purity is not
found.
(3) This system is not suitable if units are
dissimilar.
(4) This method is not suitable if the size
of the area is small.
 Sampling
Methods
Simple Purposive
Random Sampling
Sampling

Quota
Stratified Sampling
Sampling

Convenience
Systematic Sampling
Sampling
(1) Simple In this method, all
Random units are selected in
Sampling such a way that each
unit of the composite (information)
has equal opportunity to join the
model.
The following are the Simple Random
Selection methods-
(a) Lottery Method- In this system,
info units written on different
chits and certain chits are taken
out of them.
(b) Tippet’s Numbers Method- In
this system, certain numbers
select in the Tippet’s Numbers
Table.
 Merits –
(1) There is no possibility of favors.
(2) This system is a scientific method.
(3) This system is based on less money
expenditure.
Demerits
(1) This method lacks representation
(2) This system is useless in small areas.
(3) This system is not suitable if units are
dissimilar.
(2) Stratified In this method, all
Sampling units are divided into
subgroups based on their
qualities. After that, the appropriate
sample select from subgroups.
For example-
Classification on the basis of business
Agriculture Trade Service Labour Total
200 100 500 200 1000
Merits –
(1) In this method sample provide
reliable results.
(2) This system is useful in odd
condition.
(3) In this system samples are under
control.
Demerits
(1) Difficulties in creating subgroups.
(2) In this system, difficult to give proper
weight to each sample.
(3) In this system, difficult to divide
group on the basis of their quality.
(3) Systematic In this method, all
Sampling units are divided on
Numerical, Alphabetical
and Geographical basis. The sample is
then selected as required.
For example- To collect information of
60 students, divide them into groups
of 10-10 students group and select
one student from each group of 10.
Merits –
(1) This method is better than simple
random sampling method.
(2) In this system results are proper like
other methods.
(3) In this system less money and effort.
Demerits
 (1) Difficulties in creating subgroups.
(2) In this system, difficult to give proper
weight to each sample.
(3) In this system, difficult to divide
group on the basis of their quality.

(4) Purposive In this method,

Sampling The researcher
choose those units which
is based on his knowledge.
For example- To collect information
about workers, then the researcher
will choose any worker on the basis of
his knowledge. This selected worker
represents all the workers.
Merits –
(1) This method is easy.
(2) In this system sample selection is
 proper.
(3) This system is helpful in important
field.
Demerits
(1) In this method result may be impure.
(2) In this system, cannot find error in
selected sample.
(3) In this system, we cannot compare
results to other method’s results.

(5) Quota In this method, the

Sampling Information is first
divided into several
classes and then a fixed sample is
selected from each classes. In this
method a quota of samples is
determined, due to this reason this
method is called ‘Representative
 Sample Method’.
(6) Convenience In this method, the
Sampling researcher himself
select the sample as per
his convenience. He select the units as
per his purpose. This method is
unscientific as it may involve wrong
and false factors. Normally researcher
ignore this method.

National Sample Survey

Organisation (NSSO)
NSSO was established in
Establish
1950. It was first restructured
in March 1970 and its function were
brought under a government
organization, named NSSO. This
organization entrusted with the
responsibility of compiling data,
processing and publishing work
independently under the direction of
committee.

Structure
of NSSO
(1) SDRD – Survey, Design and
Research Division
(2) FOD – Field Operation Division
(3) DPD – Data Processing Division
(4) CPD – Co-ordination and
Publication Division.
(1) To Conduct
Functions Socio- Economic
of NSSO Survey,
(2) Collection of Industrial Statistics,
(3) Crop Estimate Survey,
(4) Price Collection.
 Advantages Disadvantages
Personal Interview
• Highest Response Rate • Most expensive
• Allows use of all types of • Possibility of
questions influencing
• Better for using respondents
open -ended questions • More time-taking.
• Allows clarification of
ambiguous questions.
 Mailed Interview
• Least expensive
• Cannot be used by
• Only method to reach
remote areas illiterates
• No influence on • Long response time
respondents • Does not allow
• Maintains explanation of
anonymity of unambiguous questions
respondents • Reactions cannot be
• Best for sensitive questions. watched.

Telephonic Interview

• Relatively low cost • Limited use

• Relatively less influence on • Reactions cannot be watched
respondents • Possibility of
• Relatively high response rate. influencing
respondents.

CENSUS OF INDIA AND NSSO

There are some agencies both at the
national and state level to collect
process and tabulate the statistical
data. Some of the agencies at the
national level are Census of India,
National Sample Survey (NSS), Central
Statistics Office (CSO), Registrar
General of India (RGI), Directorate
General of Commercial Intelligence
and Statistics (DGCIS), Labour Bureau,
etc. The Census of India provides the
most complete and continuous
demographic record of population.
The Census is being regularly
conducted every ten years since 1881.
The first Census after Independence
was conducted in 1951. The Census
officials collect information on various
aspects of population such as the size,
density, sex ratio, literacy, migration,
rural-urban distribution, etc. Census
data is interpreted and analyzed to
understand many economic and social
issues in India. The NSS was
established by the Government of
India to conduct nationwide surveys
on socio-economic issues. The NSS
does continuous surveys in successive
rounds. The data collected by NSS are
released through reports and its
quarterly journal Sarvekshana. NSS
provides periodic estimates of literacy,
school enrolment, utilization of
educational services, employment,
unemployment, manufacturing and
service sector enterprises, morbidity,
maternity, child care, utilization of the
public distribution system etc. The NSS
60th round survey (January–June
2004) was on morbidity and
healthcare. The NSS 68th round survey
(2011-12) was on consumer
expenditure. The NSS also collects
details of industrial activities and
retail prices for various goods. They
are used by Government of India for
planning purposes.
CONCLUSION
Economic facts, expressed in terms of
numbers, are called data. The purpose
of data collection is to understand,
explain and analyse a problem and
causes behind it. Primary data is
obtained by conducting a survey.
Survey includes various steps, which
need to be planned carefully. There
are various agencies which collect,
process, tabulate and publish
statistical data. These are used as
secondary data. However, the choice
of source of data and mode of data
collection depends on the objective of
the study.