7. Flood Routing Flood Routing Introduction Flood routing is the procedure of computing the out flow hydrograph, when the inflow hydrograph and physical dimensions of the storage are known. Flood routing techniques are generally used flood forecasting, design of spillways, design of reservoirs, flood protection etc. Fload routing is modeled either by hydraulic routing or by hydrologic routing or by using routing machines. Hydraulic routing is based up on the equation of motian of unsteady flow, along with the equation of continuity and this method lacks the interest of hydrologist due to the use of difficult mathematics, high quality of input data, need for good computing technology etc. Whereas, hydrologic routing is based the equation of continuity. Generally, in hydrologic studies, the models of hydrologic flood routing are used, Routing machines take care of the problem by correlating the channel or reservoir system with mechanical gears or fluctuation of voltage in an instrument. Inflow-Outflow Relationship The continuity equation states that the difference between the inflow and out rates is equal to the rate of change of storage. it is applicable to both reservoir and channel flows. Considering the continuity equation in discrete units for a small interval of time t, Favg AE — Quang At =A5. 24 Where: | = average inflow rate over time t Q= average out flow rate t = change in storage volume in a particular reach The time 4 is taken sufficiently small so that the inflow and out flow hydrographs can be assumed to be straight lines during this time period. Rearranging equation 3.1 gives us: +h at iz | 2 t=S,-5. Equation expresses the basic relationship between inflow and outflow for flood routing in reservoirs and channels. Activi i. _ Whatis flood routing and describe its application in different engineering fields ii, Try to point out the basic difference and similarity between differen methods of flood routing ii, Write the basic equation in hydrologic reservoir routing. HowTypes of Flood Routing There are two types of flood routing: Reservoir Routing Channel Routing Reservoir Routing Reservoir routing considers modulation effects on a flood wave when it passes through a water reservoir. By reservoir routing, variations in reservoir elevation and outflow can be predicted with respect to time, when the relationships between elevation and volume, elevations and outflow of the reservoir are known. Note: In reservoir routing storage is a function of outflow only. Input data for reservoir routing: * Field data, which is to establish relationship between elevation, outflow and storage af the reservoir. © Inflow hydrograph, I(t) * Initial values of storage, outflow and inflow which is recorded at the time of start of flow 0) Methods of reservoir routing The following two methods are commonly used for reservoir routing: a. Analytical ( Trial and Error) Method b. Goodrich Method c. Modified Pul's Method a Analytical (Ti The continuity equation is written as: and Error ) Method lathe np O40 Procedure: 1) Decide the step of routing “t in hours such that1 = 4t = 6. But, for large catchment st up to 24hr may be selected. 2) Plot the hydrograph and read the ordinates at “t hr. interval which gives the ordinates of inflow hydrograph.3) Compute from the reservoir elevation (E) the corresponding storages (8) for all ranges of E above the crest elevation 4) Collect the stage discharge (outflow) curve developed for the spillway of the reservoir. 5) Assume trial reservoir level and read the outflow 0; from the elevation discharge curve corresponding to the assumed level and hence all other data s are known compute 5: from equation3.3. ©) Corresponding to S:, find the reservoir level which should match the assumed reservoir level of step (8). If the two reservoir levels do not match then try another reservoir level as in step (5) and repeat step 6 unless they are equal. 7) For the second step of routing Js,/:, Szanc'O: are known. Steps 5 and 6 are repeated and the process is continued tll reservoir level is back to the original level after routing the entire inflow flood hydrograph. b. Goodrich Method In Goodrich Method, the inflow outflow relationship is rearranged in terms of flow rate and storage rate, that is, @ +1) + (2-4). Equation3.4is called Goodrich s equation for reservoir routing, Procedure for solution Goodrich s equation: 1) Select time increment. t, which is equal to about 20 to 40% of the time rise of the inflow hydrograph. Then, compute (= + Q) by using field data essen ses ene eh 2 Plot the graph of (=+ @) Vs reservoir elevation and Discharge (Q) Vs reservoir elevation on the same graph paper. And, compute the values of outflow (Q), reservoir elevation and + Q) for initial time (t=0), then by using these values calculate — Q1) by subtracting 2Q from + Q). 3) Caloulate Q;) for the first time interval by using equation3.4. 4) From procedure 2, find reservoir elevation and Q for Qz) from the plot, and calculate = + Q) for the next time increment 5) __ Keep repeating the procedure till the entire flood is routed¢. Modified Pul s Method Modified Pul s method is used for planning of the flood control measures, when the outflow from the reservoir is to be released as per the requirements of the downstream channel capacity. In this method equation3.4 is rearranged as: 2(J, +/.)at+(S, Measured data of outflow and initial storage of the reservoir are required for the application of this method ‘Steps to be followed in Modified Pul s method: 1) Select time increment 4 ¢, which is equal to about 20 to 40% of the time rise of the inflow hydrograph 2) Plot the graph of (5+ elevation vs. storage and discharge of the reservoir. On the same graph paper plot the graph of elevation vs. discharge and elevation should be put on the y-axis in both graphs. gue ')Vs.reservoir elevation by using recorded data of 3) By using known values at the beginning of routing (first time interval) 2(h +12) a tand (5, ~°*) can be calculated and adding this two values gives you the value of (s. - 2 ay by using plot of 4) Determine the reservoir elevation corresponding to (s: step 2 and discharge at the end of time step from same plot. 5) Deduct guar from (s. start next time step(a¢). $=) in order to obtain (5 ~ ©) which is used for the 6) Repeat the procedure tll the full inflow hydrograph is routed. Channel Routing Channel routing considers changes in the shape of the inflow hydrograph while the flood waves pass through a channel downstream. With the help of channel routing, flood hydrograph at various sections of the channel are predicted when the inflow hydrograph and channel reach cross sections is known and this assists us in forecasting floods so that to take preventive measures against floods. Channel storage can be divided into two parts: a. Wedge storage b. Prism storage a) Wedge storage, SyIt is the volume storage in between the plane of water surface and an imaginary plane drawn parallel to the channel bottom, from the top of water at the outlet Wedge storage is a function of inflow only. Because, at the outlet Wedge storage is zero. b) Prism storage,S> It is the volume of water below the wedge storage. It is enclosed in between the channel bottom and the imaginary plane, drawn parallel to the channel from the top of the water surface at the outflow section. Prism storage is constant at all points of the downstream section and also it is expressed as a function of outflow discharge only. = Channel Storage is a function both outflows and inflow. Total storage (S) in the channe S=f(Sw+ Sp) Where Sw = (0) = x1" and xts coeffictent Sp = f(Q) = 2Q” and zis coefficient Sw and S; ate added together in the proportion of x and = such that, x +z7=1, .e2=(1-x) Thus, we arrive at: 5 = X(xI™ + (1— x) Q™).. 25 Where K and x are coefficients and m is an exponent having a value ranging from 0.6 for rectangular channels to 1.0 for natural channels. Muskinghum Method of Channel Routing For channel (m=1) equation3.5 is written as 1 + (1 — X)0) Where: K = Storage time constant and X = Weighing factor For most of the natural channel its value lies between 0.1 and 0.3 Consider time interval st, Let the storage, inflow and outflow at the beginning of t are 5:, 41, 2; and at the end of t are 5,12, > respectively Sy = K(Wh, + (1 — ¥9Q,) and 52 = K (1; + (1 —)03) > Subtracting the two gives us. Sp— Sy = RKC =) + 1 2) (0 = 01) see nse on From continuity equation: Inflow (I) ~ Outflow (0) = Change in storage 26 Atl, +0, 2 2 hth 5, Aa 7 Combining equation 3 and 4 and solving for 0: gives: ala + Cals + C204 onsen sno we 2Bnkxtosae Reexsosse KrKxW0Sai oS and Cp+ G+ Cr=1 Basic conditions: at = 2Kx and X= 05 Procedure of Determining K and X: 1) Choose trial value of X 2) Plot a graph between storage (5) vs. [XI+ (1-X) 0] and the assumed value of X is correct, when this graph is very near to straight line 3) Storage time constant K is the reciprocal of slope of the line formed for the selected values of X. Steps to be followed while using Muskingum method for channel routing: 1) Choose two sites, 1 and 2 along the channel such that there is no loss or gain of water between the two reaches. 2) Collect data of inflow hydrograph at sitel and then outflow hydrograph at 2 is computed. 3) Compute K and X for channel between site 1 and 2. 4) Select the time interval -t such that K->At>2KX and caloulate Co, Cy and C2 and check that C+ C, +€2=1 5) Knowing /;,/: and 0, at intial time and calculate 02 6) Now 0: of step5 becomes 0, for the next step of routing and repeat the procedure to cover the inflow hydroaraph, Activity ‘* Explain the basic difference among methods of reservoir routing. ‘* Describe in steps the Muskingum method of flood routing if the values of K and X are known for a given channel reach. What should be the limiting value of routing step, At? * Briefly differentiate between channel routing and reservoir routina ‘Supportive Examples and Self Assessment Problems ‘Supportive Examples:Example Observed values of inflows and outflows at two sections of a river reach are given below. Determine Icand X between the reach to be used for Muskingum method of routing, time |o |6 |12 |18 24 fa |s6 Jaz |aa |s4 |60 | es |72 | 76 (hr) Inflow 15 | 70 | 200 | 250 | 220 | 180] 140}90 |70 |50 |35 |25 |16 | 13 (m’/sec) Outflow | 15 | 17 |45 | 140 | 190 | 205] 180] 150 | 125 |100)60 | 40 |25 | 16 (m/sec) Solution: * Allnecessary calculations are carried out in the table below Table: Determination of K and X Tim | Inflow,! | Outflow, 0 | Inflow Mean Cumulative of | ForX=0. For X=0. | For X=0.25 © | (mayse | (ma/sec) |OUtTOW | storage | mean storage | © 2 0.25140, (hr) | 0) 0.151 + 0.| 0.21 +.0.| 750 850 80 oO 15 15 oO oF o 15 15, 15 6 70 7 53 6.625" 6.625 (24.95 276 30.25 12 200 45 155 26 32.625, 68.25 76 83.75 18 250 140 110 33.125, 65.75 156.5 162 167.5 24 220 190 30 17.5 83.25 194.5 196 197.5 30 180 205 “25 0.625 83.875, 201.25 200 198.75 36 140 180 40 8.125 75.75 174 172 170 42 90 150, 60 125 63.25 141 138 135 4B 70 125 “55 “14.375 48.875, 116.75 114 111.25 54 50 100 “50 13.125 35.75 92.5 90 87560 | 35 60 25 -9.375 26.375 56.25 55 59.75 66 | 25 40 “15 5 21.375 37.75 37 36.25 72/16 25 9 3 18.375 23.65, 23.2 22.75 7 13 16 3 1S 16.875 15.55 15.4 15.25 Sample calculation: * 5} x = and ** 6.625 = =) x= ‘* Then, plot a graph of Cumulative mean storage versus XI + (1-X) 0 for each assumed value of X. Svs (0.151+0.850) For X=0.15 250 200 150 100 50 0.15140.850(m3/see) 50 0 ° 50 100 Cum. Storage (m3/sec.day) 250 200 150 100 0.25140.750 50 0 ° 50 Cum Storage Svs 0.251+0,750 For X=0.25 100 0.2140,80 Svs (0.2140.80) For X=0.2 2s0 200 150 | 400 50 ° 20 40 60 cum.Storage 100 As shown in the figure above for X=0.15 the curve is more approach to straight line (create good closed loop) and the inverse of slope of this line gives as the value of K. + Therefore, ¥ = 0.15 and x A4days = 10.56hr.Example : For a river reach K=28hr, X=0.25 and take 0, = /;for the beginning of time step. Route the following inflow hydrograph and compute values of attenuation and translation of the peak Time (h} 0 6 12 |18 |24 |30 |36 |4a2 |as |sa |6o r) Inflow |30 |62 |242 |170 |114 |78 |56 |44 [38 |34 |30 (m/sec) Solution: © Given that K = 28 and X = 0.25 + 2K =2+28 «0.25 = 14. Therefore, At should be selected between 14hr and 28hr which isk = at =2KX. Hence take At = 22hr and compute Co,C,and C2 4 RX +050 E+ 058 Check: Co +6. + 125 + 0.5625 + 0.3125 = 1 ‘© Table: Channel routing by Muskingum method Time | Inflow | 0.1254 | 0.5625*1, | 0.31250, | 02=C.+L+C*h+C.40, (hr) | (m/sec) | (m/sec) | (m’/sec) | (m'/sec) | (m'/sec) 0 30 16875 | #9375 “Neo 6 62 ri 7a sriacen, [34 12 242 30.2 | 136.125 | 23.671875 | 75.75 18 170 21.25 |95.625 | 56. 181.046875 57714844 24 4 1425 | 64.125 | 52. 166.4521484 01629639 30 78 9.75 43.875 | 39. 125.891296434103012 36 56 7 31.5 28. 90.21603012 19250941 42 44 55 2475 | 20. 65.19250941 37265919 48 38 475 21.375 | 15.585206 | 49.87265919 54, 34 4.25 19.125 | 12, 41.210206 87818937 60 30 375 16875 | 11 35.75318937 17287168 + Sample calculations: © #9375 =0.3125* 30 © 730, © ##10.625= 0.3125*30 © 434=7.75+16.875+9.375 © Depending on table above draw Inflow- Outflow hydrograph by taking time on Xaxis and Inflow and 0; on Y-axis. 300 > = 250 200 180 —ntlow Hydrograph Discharge (lor 0} 100 “Outflow Hydrogarph 50 o 10 2 39 4 so 60 70 Time (he)Therefore, from figure above: Attenuation = 242™*/se¢— 181.05 ™*/se¢ = 60.95 ™*/sec Translation of peak = 18hr— 12hr = 6hr Exampl A water reservoir has the following characteristics: Elevation (m) | 100 101 102 102.5 103 Storage, 8/35 4 5 5.5 6 (Mm) Outflow, Q| 0 to 60 90 128 (mss) When the water level in the reservoir was 101m, a flood with the following input hydrograph entered the reservoir. Time (hr) | 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 Discharg | 10 18 25 40 28 18, 13 V e (mss) Route the flood and determine the ordinates of the outflow hydrograph, the attenuation in the peak flow rate and lag in the peak flow time by using: a. Goodrich Method b. Modified Pul s Method ‘Solution: a) Goodrich Method The increment of t= 6hr = 0.0216Ms is taken and the table below is prepared. Table: Channel routing by Goodrich method Elevation | Discharge, Q | Storage, S Mm3 100 0 35 324.0755 101 10 4 380.372 102 60 5 522.965 102.5 90 55 599, 2615 103 125 6 680.558 Plot a graph of Qs Elevation and = + @ vs Elevation on same graph 100 60 —25/T+ QysElevation 49 -@QvsElevation Q or 25/at+ a, m/s ° ° 99 100 101 102103 104 Elevation, m When routing started, reservoir elevation was 101m. Then, Q = 10ma/s and 3 + Q = 380.36m3/s are read from the above graph for Elevation = 101m. Hence, S—9, = ( Qz)— 29; = 380.36 — 2 x 10 = 360.3 a * For the first time interval a ¢ = 6hr we have /; = 10,/; = 15 and Q; = 10. 28 _ (282 +12) +@- a) = (F +e) (28: 2s = = m}, = +0) @ G)+G+h) = 360.36 + (10 + 15) = 385.36™"/, From the above graph. For = 385.36°/, , Elevation = 101.05m and from same graph for Elevation = 101.05m,Q = 12™*/, 252 Therefore, (+—9,) = 38536-2x 12 = 361.36™*/,The rest of calculation is shown in the table given below Table: Channel routing by Goodrich method Time (hr) | inflow | k+l. ee " Elevation | Q2 202 t oO 10 101 10 20 25 360.36 385.36 6 15 101.05 12 24 40 361.36 401.36 12 25 101.1 14 28 65 373.36 438.36 18 40 101.3 22 44 68 394.3 462.36 24 28 101s = | 28 56 46 406.36 | 452.36 30 18 10135 | 26 52 31 384.36 | 415.36 36 13 i218 36 24 379.36 | 403.3642 W 101.1 14 28 375.36 Finally, Attenuation in the peak flowrate = 40 28= 12m/s. and Lagin peak flow time = 18 24 = hr b) Modified Puls Method Answer: ‘* Attenuation in the peak flow rate = 40 24 = 16m'/s © Lag in peak flow time = 18 24 = 6hr Self Assessment Problems Problem 2.1: The inflow and outflow hydrographs for @ river reach are given below. Determine Muskingum coefficients K and x for the reach. Time | 0 12 |2a |36 |48 Joo |72 |84 /96 | 108 | 120 (hr) inflow ]15 195 }255 }170 }11s }s0 jos |s0 |35 |30 |20 (m/s) outflo [10 28 [115 |175 |165 |140 |120 |90 |70 |50 |30 w (m/s) ‘Answer: X = 0.20 and K = Problem 2.2: Between two reaches A and B of a river, the values of Muskingum coefficients determined are K = 24hr and X = 0.2. Take outflow at the beginning of routing step equal to inflow. Find the outflow hydrograph at B. Time |12 [24 |36 ]48 }oo | 72 |84 | 96 | 108 | 120 | 132 | 144 | 156 | 168 (hr) Inflow |14 |22 |36 |93 }141]102]86 ]73 |o1 |50 |38 |26 | 20 | 16 (m/s)Reservoir Capacity Determination Reservoir Capacity Determination Introduction The reservoir capacity is a term used to represent the reservoir storage capacity. Storage capacity of a reservoir is the maximum difference between the cumulative supply and demand during the period of driest year of the available records. Its determination is performed using historical inflow records in the stream at the proposed dam site. Besides fuffiling a given demand a reservoir should have sufficient capacity to combat water loss due to evaporation and sedimentation of the reservoir. Physical Characteristics of Reservoir Type of Reservoir Depending up on the purpose served by given reservoir, the reservoir may be classified in the following four categories. a Storage or conservation reservoir b, Flood control reservoir ¢.Multipurpose reservoir d Distribution reservoir a. Storage or conservation reservoir A city water supply, irrigation project or a hydroelectric project drawing water directly from river or stream may fail to satisfy the consumer demand during extremely low flows, while during high flows it may become difficult to carry out their operations due to devastating floods. Storage or a conservation reservoir can retains such excess supplies during period of peak flows and can release gradually during low flows. b. Flood control reservoirA flood control reservoir, generally called a flood mitigation reservoir stores a portion of flood flows in such away to minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be protected downstream, To accomplish this entire inflow entering the reservoir is discharged until the out flow reaches safe capacity and the channel downstream. The inflow in excess of this rate is stored in the reservoir, which is then gradually released, to recover the storage capacity for the next flood. ¢. Multipurpose reservoir A reservoir planned and constructed to serve not only one purpose but also various purposes together is called a multipurpose reservoir. This type of reservoir can be designed to protect the downstream areas from floods and to conserve water for water supply, irrigation, industrial needs, hydroelectric purposes ete. 4. Distribution reservoir A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir constructed within a city water supply system, Such a reservoir can be filled by pumping water at certain rate and can be used to supply water even at rates higher than the inflow rate during periods of maximum demand(critical period of demand). Storage Zone of Reservoir The various zone of storage in a reservoir are * Normal poo! level: It is the maximum elevation, to which the reservoir water surface will rise during normal operating condition. * Minimum poo! level: The lowest water surface elevation, which has to be kept under normal operating condition in a reservoir . Surcharge storage: This is the storage between full reservoir level and maximum water level. © Dead storage (low water level): It is the minimum reservoir level below which, water is not allowed to be drawn for conservation purposes. This also represents a level below which the silt carried by the river is expected to be deposited. Dead storage is generally taken as 10 to 25 % of the gross storage. * Live storage: Itis also known as the useful or conservation storage of a reservoir and it is the difference between the storages at full reservoir level and dead storage level© Bank storage: Its the storage of water in the permeable reservoir banks. ‘© Full reservoir level (FAL): It is the level of spillway crest (for un gated spillway) or the top of spillway gate (for gated spillway) to which the reservoir is usually filled. . Maximum water level (MWL): It is the new elevation to which, water in the reservoir rises when design flood impinges at full reservoir level Area ~ Elevation - Capacity relation ship The area inclosed within each contour can be measured by tracing the contour on a millimetre paper and by counting the area inclosed within the contour. The storage capacity is computed using one of the following ways: *Trapezoidal formula (simple average formula) V= (Alt AZ . simpson s rule V=(As4 At A) = Where A\, A:, and Avare areas of succeeding controls 4h is the vertical distance between two alternative contours © Cone formula avi = (414424 AA) 4 v=sav Integration technique Integratining area elevation curve yeilds capacity elevation curve. The surveyed area at large contour interval may be plotted on a simple graph paper and smooth curve i.e area-elevation curve is drawn. The equation of this curve is now obtained by statistical method, which can be integrated to obtain the equation of the capacity-elevation curve. The equation of the area elevation curve, will generally of the formAzatbht ch? +aht.. -tmhet Where A area at any elevation h; abcd........™ constants; n_ number of contours and h diffeemce between required contour and datum Typical Area - Elevation - Capacity curve 3 “0 25 ° 2 so Bus 100 & me Ares-tlevation go 1 150 ——Capacity-Elevation os 20 0 20 12501300 1350=« 140014501500 os 300 Elevation (m)_ Brain storming questions: © Whyitis needed to determine the capacity of a given storage reservoir? * Discuss different types and storage zone of a reservoir with the aid of figures Methods of Reservoir Storage Capacity Determination There are several methods to determine a reservoir storage capacity. But, two popular methods are:- 3.1.1 Mass Curve (Ripple s) Method 3.1.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm 3.1.3 Theuse of flow duration curve (FDC) Mass curve (ripple's) method: ‘A mass curve (or mass inflow curve) is a plot of accumulated flow in a stream against time. A mass curve continuously rises as it shows accumulated flows. The slope of the curve at anypoint indicates the rate of flow at that particular time. if there is no flow during certain period the curve will be horizontal during that period. A demand curve on the other hand is a plot between accumulated demand and time. If the demand is at a constant rate then the demand curve is a straight line having its slope equal to the demand rate, However, if the demand is not constant then the demand will be curved indicating a variable rate of demand, The reservoir capacity required for a specified yield or demand may be determined by using mass curve and demand curve using the following steps. i: ‘A mass curve is prepared from the flow hydrograph for a number of consecutive years selected from the available stream flow record such that it includes the most critical or the driest period. Corresponding to the given rate of demand, a demand curve is prepared. Lines are drawn parallel to the demand curve and tangential to the high points of the mass curve The maximum vertical intercepts between the tangential lines drawn in step 3 and the mass curves are measured The largest of the maximum vertical intercepts determined in step 4 represents the reservoir capacity required to satisfy the given demand. However, the requirement of storage so obtained would be the net storage that must be available for utilization and it must be increased by the amount of water lost by evaporation and seepage. Typical mass curve and demand curve 1200 1000 Required reservoir = 800 capacity g = coo i —nasscuve = 400 —Demandcuve a {the straight line one) ° ° s 10 15 Time (month)‘Sequent Peak Algorithm, The other method which is used to determine reservoir storage capacity to meet various water requirements of gation, water supply and hydropower is the use of sequent peak algorithm. Normal and maximum storage through sequent peak algorithm is calculated as follows 1 2 Convert the monthly inflows into the volume units for the period of available data Estimate the monthly volumes of all the outflows from the reservoir. This should include the losses from evaporation, seepage and other losses Compute the cumulative values of (inflow — outflow) from the reservoir Plot a graph by taking months as abscissa (¥ — axis) and S(inftow — outflow) of step 3.as ordinate (¥’ ~ axis) on ordinary graph paper. Finally, the maximum reservoir storage capacity is taken as the maximum difference between any sequent peak and the just following trough of the graph. The second peak and subsequent peak (peaks after the second peak) are called sequent peaks. But, the difference between the first peak and the trough following it is the storage required under normal inflows Typical Sequent peak algorithm method 1000 500 goo Fo E500 1000 maximum 1500 storage Time (month) capacity ‘The use of flow duration curve (FDC) The following procedures are adopted to calculate reservoir storage capacity by the use of FDC. 1 Draw FOC by using same procedure as in chapter 4 of this module2. Determine the average of the recorded stream flow data s you have used to draw FOC 3. Draw a horizontal straight line on the same graph as in FOC having a value equal to the average of flow records which is computed in step 2. 4. Shade the area bounded by straight line of step 3 from above and FDC of step 1 fram below. 5. Finally, storage required is the same as the shaded area which is computed in step 4. The use of FDC —roc te Average Discharge ° 2 40 60 80 100 Storage required % Exceeded or Equaled Brain storming questions: * How you are going to use flow mass curve to determine the storage needed for a constant demand rate? © Briefly differentiate between Sequent peak algorithm and FDC method of computing the reauired storage of a aiven reservoir. Supportive Examples and Self Assessment Problems ‘Supportive Examples Example : How much storage is required to maintain a minimum demand of 30m’/sec from the monthlyinflows into the reservoir given below? Months [Ja [Feb [Mar [Apr ]May | Jun [Jul |Aug [Sep [Oct [Nov | Dec n River ae [42 [23 [1 [14 |22 [as [ss [a3 [as [27 [2 flows (m’/sec) Solution: ‘© The calculations are carried out in the table given below ‘* The mean monthly flows are converted to monthly volumes in Mm’. This is done by multiplying the number of seconds of the month to the mean monthly flows Month | River Demand | No.of | River flow | Demand | Cumulative | Cumulative Flow —_| (m'/sec) - Volume | River flow | Demand (m/sec) Daysin | Volume | vim‘) | Volume —_| Volume The — | (Mm') (Mm’) (mm’) month Jan 48 30 31 *128. Ta: 128.5632 78.7968 5632 7968 Feb 42 30 28 101.6064 | 78.7968 | 230.1696 157.5936 Mar 23 30 31 61.6032 | 78.7968 | 291.7728 236.3904 Apr iW 30 30 28.512 78.7968 | 320.2848 315.1872 May 14 30 31 ‘37.4976 78.7968 | 357.7824 393.984 Jun 22 30 30 57.024 78.7968 | 414.8064 472.7808 Jul 45 30 31 120.528 78.7968 | 535.3344 551.5776 Aug 55 30 3a 147.312 78.7968 | 682.6464 630.3744 Sep 43 30 30 111.456 | 78.7968 | 794.1024 709.1712 Oct 35 30 31 93.744 78.7968 | 887.8464 787.968Nov 2 30 30 69.984 [78.7968 [957.8304 | 866.7648 Dec 21 30 31 56.2464 | 78.7968 | 1014.0768 | 945.5616 ‘* Sample calculations: + 128.5632Mm? = 48 «3124 « 60 «60 10° 30 « 30.4*24 «60 «60 +78: a 78.7968Mm' 70° Mass Curve Method 1209 Parallel line to Reservoir demand curve Storage = = 110Mm* = 800 = 5 oe Demand curve 3 2 S\asome 2 400 200 ° ° 5 Time (tMonthy 1° 15 Example : River flows at a proposed reservoir site for a drought period of 15 months are given. The targeted demands for all releases are found out from a working table. Compute the storage required by sequent peak analysis. Month Jun [Jur [Aug [Sep [Oct [Wow | Deo | Jan [Feb Mar] Apr | May [Jun | Jul Aug River [500 7Oo Fea aor |300 [300 | 20 | 100-300 [sao Feo Sa | 300 | 400 | S00 flows (im) Demands [300 [300 PA [SOT | 700 [Boo | BOO | 400 S00 | a00 BOO | BIT | TOO | eo | OT (Mm)Solution: ‘© Calculations are carried out in the table given: Table: Reservoir storage determination by sequent peak algorithm Time | Riverflow,| [Demand, [7=P |p) 2) 7 ) (Month) | (Mm*) its (Mm’) (wm’y Jun | 600 300 200 | 200 Jul 700 300 400 | 600 Aug 800 400 400 1000 Sep | 400 500 “100 | 900 Oct 300 700 ~400 500 Nov 300 800 500 0 Dec | 200 500 “300 | -300 Jan 100 400 300 600 Feb 300 300 oO -600 Mar | 600 300 300 | 300 Apr 800 200 600 300 [May | 900 500 [400 | 700 Jun | 300 700 400 | 300 Jul 400 600 -200 100 Aug 900 200 700 800(0), Mim? 1200 1000 ‘Sequent Peak Algorithm Technique Time (Month) as 20 Reservoir Storage = 1600Mm? —#-Sequent Peak Algorithm Technique