TTD Sasanalu Oka Nivedika


 



  




Tirumala Tirupati Devasthana Sasanalu
OKA NIVEDIKA
A Telugu translation done by

Dr.KORADA RAMAKRISHNA, M.A., Ph.D.,
of the original English "REPORT
on the inscriptions of T.T.Devasthanams
collection with illustrations"
written by
SADHU SUBRAHMANYA SASTRY
Pages : 68+420
© All Rights Reserved

First Print : 2017
TTD Publication Series No. : 1263
Copies : 500
Cover Page : Viveka

Photos : Markondaiah
Published by
SRI ANIL KUMAR SINGHAL, I.A.S.,
Executive Officer,
T.T.Devasthanams,
Tirupati (A.P.)
Printed at
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Press,
Tirupati.



          

        
 

          
         

  
      

       
        

 
 



       
      
        
       
   
 
    
   
   
        

       
        
       
        

   
 
 
 
 
  
  
        
 
        
         
  
       


        
        

          

       
         
            
        
  
  
  

          
xi
        

         

         
        
          
          

        
            
 
          
      

         
         
  
          

          

         
 
          

 
xii
 
        
   
 
          
         

 
        
  
  
          
 
        

  
 
 
P.S. -       

 
        
      
 
       
 
 

       
        
         

       
        
       
          
        
 REPORT ON THE INSCRIPTIONS OF THE DEVASTHANAMS
COLLECTION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 
         

         
   TIRUPATI SRI VENKATESWARA     
      
        

  
 
   
xiv
   



 
          
          

           
     

     
  
          
          
 
         
 
  
 
           

    
         
 
xv
          
          
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14. EéMLE~FL ö$cMLkÓj, bKZkMLjjÓj 31
15. TwJdFLMLkOqÜ¸(¥cÆ Ke^) 41
16. ÔLÆMo¸öE~Ój 42
17. O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÓj (¬FLïE~FL GSöC~Ój) 44
18. EéM~ÓNqkÓj : M~=h ÄGSëOq*, MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj 50
xxiv
19-A ÀOqjMLjÓPy ®CLOq EâÎMLCLMLjjÓj, ¼FLï ÓNqkÓj 53 - 56

(i)ÅÇ¢ MLO~ÿTdøÄj (ii)ÅÇ¢ FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj (iii) ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj<j ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê<j
(iv)
(v) $qOqj<j<j (vi) ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j Po¥q sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkO§
19-B ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ®CLOq EéMLCLÓj 56 - 58
(i)ÅÇ¢¥qßGRjê<j (ii) GSjÍOqùFLÔLö¥q¸ (ÀOqjM~È - WeøF|)
(iii) ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j(sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkO§) (iv) $qOqjCLô¸CLj<j($qOqj@~WeøF|)
19-C ®CLOqEéMLl+j÷ - ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓj 58 - 69
(i) öÇ¢O~MLjj<j Po¥q OqGIHjjF~ÏDÍj<j (ii)ÅÇ¢ $yJdÓ¥qßGRjê<j (iii) ÓXiôF~O~Nqj*TdøÄj
(iv) ÿFLjMLj¸CLj<j (v) Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj (vi) ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂ ¬ÓOoôP|MLj¸$q
(vii) ¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLkW| (viii) ÅÇ¢ ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj
20. WeøOqjÓj 69 - 76
(i) ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqj (ii ) ¥qfHÓÀ£O~ìÂ¥h Í$qÜOqPy°FLï FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨
(iii )rH¿NqkWeøOqj (iv) ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ FLMLkôWeøOqj MLj¿Nqjj ŠÓQo[Oq WeøOqj
(v) F~ÍMLjjÂ WeøOqj (vi) QZk¨Š<jCLë F~¼áNqkO§
21. ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj×¦Ój 76 - 91
(i)ÀOqjMLjÓPy O~MLkFLj¾Ó$qj¨ O~MLkFLj¾Ó öGHbKeML¸
(ii)
(iii) ½¡NqjOqj MLj>Oq¸
22. $qC~MLPy¥qFL¸ 92
On¸<ML bKe$q¸
I GHÓ÷MLlÓj 95 - 99
1. Ä×¦Nqj Í¸ÀÄö¥qMLjMLOqôF| 95
EéQZÄbKe$cÓj 95
O~öGRæ‚^jÓ, Jd¸<jõÓ Í¸<NqköCLÓj 95
2. CLOqjM~À GHÓ÷ML O~×¦ŠMLkOqjÓj 96
3. ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍ GHFLôO§ 96
Jd¿íîMo¸öÍMLOqô TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL GHÓ÷ML QZ¥hëÄ^¸¥qF| 97
4. GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓ÷ 97
G SOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓj÷ÂCy ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q $qj¿ë¸GHl 97
GSOqø×¦å[<ÜMLjÓj÷Â CL¸ö¨ ×oõGRç¥c<MLO~NqjÓj,
NqkÍMLO~Nqj Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q EéMLlÂCy NqjjÍíî¸ 99
xxv
II Ôy+jÓj 99 - 109
1. µ¥q^ML GHO~¸CLŠ<j 99
2. On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+j<j 100
3. MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ 101
MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ öGHQZfSëPy CnÆfHFL ®CLÂ
Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLÓj 102
MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ Q~GSF~Ó öGHQZfSëPyÂ ¥xÂï ¬GS¸ÍO~òóÓj 102
MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ Q~GSF~ÓPy MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ öGHGS¥hë 103
4. MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍÔy+j<j - EéM~ÓNqj MLõMLVO~Ój 103
Ôy+jÓ GH¿JdÓF~ ÄÏE~FL¸ 104
G HÓ÷MLlÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÄÏE~F~Âï Ôy+jÓj ‚< ¬FLjGS¿¸Ô~Oqj 106
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔosS E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj ¿¥cOqjè ÔoNqjjFLCL<j ‘Ç¿CLFL¸’ 106
5. MnjjÍ=h ŠPyCLjë¸$qj<j - Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸ sHOqj MLk¿ð¨ 106
6. MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ 107
MLjk<MLO~×¦O~¾FLŠ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLNqkÍMLO~NqjÓj 107
ÔL^æöGH¥cOq¸ ÔLOqõÀ£GSj¥xFLï µ¥q GS¸ÍOqòó¸ 108
TdìÂ¥q O~×¦¥iNqj GSbKZÓj 108
TdìÂ¥q O~×¦¥iNqjGSbKZÓŠ ÄjCLMnjÎFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ 109
III Jd¸<jõÓj 110 - 112
1. MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j 110
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ öGHQZfSë 110
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ ÏEâÎOqõTdÿGS¥cO~õÓj 110
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ ¥q¸¼Py Ä£O~bÃsR¥q¸ 111
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~Nqj<j 111
ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfSFL GHFLjïÓFLj¸¨ ÄMLjj¥hë 111
E~FL ÄÏE~FL¸ 112
IV Ôy+,Jd¸<õ TdMLj¸CLO~¾Ój 112
Ôy+TdöMLk×¦õ ÄF~QZFL¸ 112
V ¥c<ML O~NqjOqjÓj 112
1. rHOqj¸½¸$q MLj¿Nqjj ¬CLÂ CL¸ö¨ 112 - 113
xxvi
MLjk<MLÄ£OqMLPe÷+jÂ¥h ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍNqkÍMLO~NqjÓj TdMLjFLëCLëø¸

VI NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓj 113
1. ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj 113
NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓŠ CnÓj$qjÔy+jÓŠ $qÓ GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ 114
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓj 115
2. Ä£OqO~XqGS NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj 115
3. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj 115
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLNqkÍMLO~NqjÓ bKeOqõ, ŠMLkOnëÓj 117
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLO~NqjÓj Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓEéMLlÂ öQZNqj¸ 118
4. ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj 118
MLjk<MLÄ£OqMLPe÷+jFLŠ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍNqkÍMLO~Nqjj¨ TdMLjFLëCLëø¸ 119
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjjÂ sSF~F~NqjŠ<j Sf ¸$qNqj 120
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjjÂ ¥cÓ¸ 120
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjjÂ ¥cÓ¸Py GHFLjïÓ ÄÏE~FL¸ 120
5. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj 121
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ HG ¿JdÓFL 122
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ÔofSFL NqjjE~íîÓj 122
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj Â£=hMLGSÀ ¥yGS¸ öGHÀIGHÓ¸ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLj^ 123
6. UG y_+ NqkÍMLl<j 123
VII CnÓj$qj Ôy+jÓj 123 - 125
¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML Po¥q À¥qÚ 123
¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ CL¸ ö<jÓj, ¬CLÂ rSÎÂ¥q TdÿTdÓj 125
VIII CnÓj$qj HG Ó÷MLlÓj 125 - 130
1. Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓEéML 125
®CLÂ Q~GSF~ÓPy SG MLj¥cÆŠÓ öHG TdëMLFL Po¥qJwMLl^ 125
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓEéMLlÂ GSMLj¥cÆŠÓj 126
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸< $yJdÓEéMLl<j, TwÍOqj<$qj Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂCyÔo¿
O~×eõÂï ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ JdÆ¸ÔL<¸ 127
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ GHÓ÷MLML¸QZ GHOq¸GHOq - MLjj¥qÚ¸=h ¥c<jMn=hæ
FLj¸¨ öJdOq¸bKZ¸ 127
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ CnFLj$qjÔy+ ¬Ój÷F|À¥qÚ$c JvOqJd^jFL
µ¥oMLõ¥hÚ$c bKeÄ¸ÔL_<j^ 127
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ O~Bh MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓj 128
xxvii
2. öÀHG lO~¸CL¥q EéMLl<j 128

3. O~×¦$q¸<$yJdÓ 129
MLjCLGHOqMnjÎFL E~F~Ój 129
Q~ÆNqj ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj 130
IX Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ój : GS¸$qMLjML¸QZ¸ 130 - 144

1.MnjjÍ=h _j¥qÚ 130
Td+jML MLj¸»EéML 130
¥q¸GHFLNnjj¥qÚ MLj¸öÀ 131
2. On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqj<j 134
On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqjÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 134
3. On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj 135
On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 135
i) EéML*ê °<NqkO§ 135
ii) MLjÓ÷* 136
iii) Td+jML rH¿ MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~×¦ 137
iV).GHðÍ F~$nNqjF~Nqj¥qO§ 137
Vi) Ç¢ »¿¤QZøOq 138
4. MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL 139
Td+jML öHG MLjj[jÓj 139
®CLOq öHG MLjj[jÓj 141
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ¸ Q~.QZ. 1400 GS¸. F~=h O~×¦¥iNqj GH¿fSìÀ 143
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqTdöMLk×eõÂ¥h ÔofSFL ÄÇGRæsSML 143
X Td+jML ML¸QZ¸ 144 - 154
1.Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j 144
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ŠMLkOqjÓj 145
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ °Eyõ$qjÓj 146
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ HG ¿JdÓFL 146
Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj¸PyÂ ¥qDÍ 147
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ÍjO~ö¥qMLj* OyGH* 148
2. ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿj<j 151
ÿC~õOyGH* 152
¬GSPnÎFL öGHDÍMLj ÍjO~ö¥qMLj*E~Oqj<j 152
®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 153
xxviii
XI CLj+jML ML¸QZ¸ 154 - 340

1. Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸ÿj<j 154
2. ¥qßGRê O~NqjÓj 155
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ öÀbKeadQ~GSF~Ój 155
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj öGHDÍMLjGHO~õNqj¸ ÀOqjMLjÓMo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂÍ¿ù¸ÔLj^ 156
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 156
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MLjk<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 156
GS¸GSÚßCL °JwE~ÝCLMLj¸ÍÆ ¥qßGROê ~NqjÓML¸QZ öGH#eõÀ 157
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ öHG QZfSë 159
öGHQZfSëPyÂ öGHQZ¸GS, GH¿BcMLj O~MLjBiNqj¥qCL 160
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj F~Ój$qMLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 162
TdÏÁ¸¼FL Ä×¦NqjGHOq¸GHOqFLj $qj¿¸¼FL, öGHKb eMLÈ E~FLQ~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ój 164
¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj ´ÍMLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 168
O~NqjÓ ¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköC~ GH¿GHm¿ë 169
FL¸Í ÂÓNqj ÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmtj¸ÔLj^ 170
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj OqMLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 170
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ³<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 171
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓFLj GSF~ôÂ¸ÔLj^ 171
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ O~×¦õGH¿JdÓFL ¥cÓ¸ 172
NqjjÍíNî qköCL ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸Py bKe$q¸$c ÀOqjGHÀ NqköCLÓj 174
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ÍXh*Á»ø×¦Nqj NqköCL 175
CLkOqjðÁ»ø×¦NqjNqköCLPy MLjj¸Íj$c °ÍNqj»¿ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸
ÔoGSj¥yML<¸ 176
°ÍNqj»¿ MLjj^æ¨¥h GH=hæFL ¥cÓ¸ 177
°CLÚ+¸PyÂ $q×¦GHÀ ¥y^ÓFLj GH^jæ¥xFLj^ 178
On¸<MLÍ¸<NqköCLPy ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjO~ÜÂï, sSF~ÏÁHG CLjÓCy‚<
TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLj^ 179
¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔLj^ 180
¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCL MLjj»¸GHl 181
¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCLŠ GH=hæFL ¥cÓ¸ 182
$q×¦GHÀNnjj¥qÚ O~×¦ÏE~Â ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â ÍfU¸ÔL<¸ 183
Q~.QZ. 1439 GS¸. ¼MLOy÷ MLjVMLj[ °CLûML ÀOqjF~+÷Py
EâÎMLÍOqùF~Oqí¸î O~NqjÓ Š¸_¥y*NqköCL 185
À£OqìNqköCLÓ GS¸ÍOqòóó¸Py ¥q^¥q¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL ¬TdÏÍõ¥cOqõ¸ 187
xxix
¥q^¥q¸ Po¥q ¥q^jtjO§MLÍí ×¦¿»FLNqjjÍíî¸ ¥qÈ¸$qÍ¸<NqköCLPybKe$qMoj 188

$q×¦GHÀ GHm¿ë Px¸$qjKe^j 188
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Kn×¦M~<FLj¸¨ Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ
GHÁMoÓMLOqVÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoNqj<¸ 189
¯ E~FL¸ ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ¥q^¥q¸Ä£jÍŠ On¸<MLMLkOqj ¥qÈ¸$q
Í¸<NqköCL ÔoNqjPoÍj 190
O~NqjÔLkOqj À¿» TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔoGSj¥yML@~Â¥h ¬ÁP| ad ÔofSFL
öGHNqjCLï¸, O~NqjÔLkOqj NqjjE~íîÂ¥h F~¸Á 190
öGHDÍMLjÍQZPy GSMLjOq¸, On¸<MLÍQZPy TdfUCLõ öJdÏE~FLõ¸ 191
¥qßGROê ~NqjÂ ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓj - ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, ¼F~ïEéÄ 193
¼F~ïEéÄ ${OqMLTdìtj, ML¸QZ¸ 196
¼F~ïEéÄ MLjOqBcFL¸CLOqMoj ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄCy ÄM~ÿ¸ 197
FLÓj$qjOqj O~*jÓCy ÄM~ÿ¸ 198
¥qßGROê ~NqjÓ HG ¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 199
öGHÏE~Â Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGS MLj¿Nqjj NqjFL Š^j¸_¸, _¸ÏÍj$q*¸ 199
ÀOqjMLjÓPy Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGS ÔofSFL E~F~Ój, ®CLOq MLõMLVO~Ój 201
Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ 202
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py‚@~ Td+jML ÀMLjô*,
$yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ®ÍíOqj JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c °¸<<¸ 203
rH¿Nqj ¶_+ F~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§ - µ¥q sSF~ÏÁGHÀ 204
O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ 204
O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ 205
öCLNqj¸_¥qEéML 207
¥qOqBh¥q _GSMLOqGS 208
¥qOqBh¥q ¬^æMLBnÎ _GSMLOqGS 208
»¸¨ _GSMLO~NqjÓj 209
¬MLGSOq FLOqGSNqjõ MLj¿Nqjj ¬CLÂ TwÍOqj<j ÀMLjôNqjõ 209
±¨Nqj¸ ²Ó÷GHð F~Nqj¥qO§ 211
¬@âÎGHð¸ _NqjGHð F~Nqj¥qO§ 212
MLjF~ïO§ fHWnÎ" MLj¿Nqjj ¬JdðfHðWnÎ" 212
¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ ¥xÓjMLlPy ®CLOq ö¥h¸ÁTdìtj ¬ÏÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 213 - 218
xxx
i) KeÿkO§ MLjÓ÷OqGS
ii) F~$qO~¾
iii) CLjMLjjôF~Nqj¥qÚO§
iv) ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF|
v) ¶_+NqjõF|
vi) ÓŠÚF~Nqj¥qÚO§
vii) ÀOqjMLjÓ F~Nqj¥qO§
viii) ¼FLïGHð On¨è
Oq¸×¦¥q¸ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦, ¬CLÂ Š^j¸_¸ 216
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ sSMLPy $q×¦GHÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ®ÍíOqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 217
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GHlOyfUCLjÓj 217
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py MLjCLKyÏÍŠÓj 218
M~õGSO~Nqj MLj>O~Âï TdìfH¸¼FL M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj 218
M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓ MLõMLVOqGSOqÈ, ¥cÓMnÎOqjÏÍõ¸ 220
M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj ¥qO~ê^¥q fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸ÔL<¸ 223
M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓ TdfUCLõ M~õGS¸$q¸ 223
¬GUy_Ó MLj>O~Â¥h On¸<ML gH>O~ÏÁGHÀ F~O~Nqj*½¡NqjO§ 224
MnjjÍ=hMLjj$qjÜOqj ½¡NqjOqjÓFLj$qj¿¸¼ “$qjOqjGHOq¸GHOq”Py CnÆfHFLÄMLO~Ój 224
¬GUyÃÓ MLj>O~ÏÍõXqjPnÎFL MnjjÍ=h MLjj$qjÜOqj ½¡NqjOqjÓ ¥cÓÂOqêNqj¸ 227
ÀOqjGHÀPy MLB§QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjOqj M~¿ ¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓj 228
¥q¸E~@âÎ MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cOqj MLj¿Nqjj NqjFL $qjOqjMLl O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqj 229
¥q¸E~@âÎ MoÍ¸C~Ô~Oqõ ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ Ex<èNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬rHÎð 231
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ öQyöÀ£Nqj öKeÿô*jÓj 232
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ FL$qOqC~ëO§ 232
3. ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj 234
¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓ GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ 234
¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ öGHDÍMLj ÍOqùFL¸ 235
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓFLj Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 236
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ ÍOqùFLGS¸ÍOqòó¸Py
¬FLjGS¿¸¼ML¼áFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 237
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj MLjk<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓFLj Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ 238
MLj¸<JdÓCy ‚¨FL ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì GHlFL¿ïO~ô*¸ 239
xxxi
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸Py ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+÷ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç 239

FLOqë¥iMLj*jÓFLj ÓNqj¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂ¥h ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj GH¸GHl^ 240
C~+÷Jd¥q¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h On¸<j ö$cMLkÓj E~FL¸ ÔoNqjj^ 241
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~BhNnjÎFL MLOqE~½¡ ¬MLjôF| Oqjö$cMLkÓFLj
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔLj^ 241
O~×¦Š^j¸_¸ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ ÔofSFL E~F~Ój 242
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 242
¥qßGROê ~NqjÓGH¿JdÓFLPyÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj ¥x¸ÍOqj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓFLPy ¥xFLTd$qj^ 242
SG Ó¥q Š^j¸_¸ 244
Kb ZkCLF~DÍ O~MLkbKZ^÷Nqjõ 247
O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c O~MLkbKZ^÷Nqjõ 249
bKZkCLF~DÍ ²Ó÷HG ðNqjõ 250
®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ 251
_Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ 251
O~MLjGHðNqjõ _¸ÏÍj×¦FLjÓj 252
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ö¥h¸Á ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 254
Í+M~tj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ 256
rHOqjF|¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð*ê 257
¬¸$qO~×¦ F~$qGHðNqjõ 259
MLjÏÍjOqPy F~Nqj¥qML¸QZ TdìGHŠ<j ¬@âÎGHð¸ ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j 259
¬@âÎGHð¸ MLjÓ÷GHðF~Nqj¥q 260
O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍÁ£XhCL 261
bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ÀMLjôGHð MLj¿Nqjj ÇOqjÀMLjôNqjõ 261
Fy^æ¥cÚOq F~$qGHð 262
Í+M~tj ¥qßGRêGHðF~Nqj¥q 262
rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôGHð MLj¿Nqjj ¼FLïO~MLjGHð 264
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ö¥h¸ÁCLOq$qÀ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓj 264 - 266
i) ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~Nqj¥q 264
ii) GS×¦ãO{CLj ¼¥qÚNqj S
G M~NqjF| 264
iii) MLj^÷ O~MLjNqjõ 265
iv) ÿfSë»¿F~DÍO§ 265
v) $q¸$qjOn¨è 265
xxxii
vi) ¬@âÎGHð¸ GHO~ôÍMLjôF| MLj¿Nqjj Oqj¥hôBh ¬MLjôF| 265

MnÎÁ¥qöKeÿô*jÓj 266 - 268
i) Mn¸$q+NqjõO§ 266
ii) MLjÓNqjGHðOqNqjõF| 266
iii) Mn¸¥q=eöÁ ¬NqjõF| 267
iv) ¥c+ÿfSë Á£XhCL 267
v) MLjÓ÷OqGSO§ F~$qOq$qW| 268
vi)$yÄ¸ÍGH¸¨CL 268
vii) GH¸¨CL GHlOqjawCLëMLjNqjõF| 268
¥cÓ¸F~=h FL$qOqC~ëO§(M~õJdOqjÓj) 268 - 270
i)F~O~Nqj* Qn=hæ 268
ii)rH¿Nqj TdMLjjQn=hæ 268
iii)F~ÄjQn=hæ 269
iv)ÔLOq*jQn=hæ 269
v)¥qßGRêGHðQn=hæ 269
vi)$yJdÓQn=hæ ŠÓGSjìÓj 270
4. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj 270
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 270
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj ÍOqùFL¸ 272
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GSø¥iNqj E~F~Ój 273
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 274
OqÄ£<j Š^j¸_¸ 274
¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾ 275
ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ 278
Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾ 280
ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ 282
Ä>OqÓO~¾ 282
¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾ 283
JdGHÀMLjôO~¾ 285
¥x¸<O~¾ 285
FL¸E~õÓ Š^j¸_¸ : F~OqGHO~¾ 288
MLjFLMLjJwÆ Š^j¸_¸ : ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾ 289
rH¸¨÷¥x<jŠ ÀMLjôO~¾ 290
xxxiii
MLj=h÷M~¿ Š^j¸_¸ : MLOqÍO~¾ 291

ÅÇ¢ GHÀ ¶_WoQZøOq 292
Jv^÷Jd=h Oq¸$qO~¾ 292
_Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ 293
O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ, ®CLÂ TwÍOqj<j ¥yFLGHðNqjõ 294
O~NqjGS¸ ÿ¿NqjGHð, ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Ó¥qÚOqGSNqjõ 296
¬@âÎGH¸ GSkOqGHF~Nqj¥q 297
¬@âÎGHð¸ QnMLøGHðF~Nqj¥q 298
ÀOqjMLjPnÎ F~Nqj¥q 298
MLjk¿ëF~Nqj¥q 299
QnMLløF~Nqj¥q 300
O~ÔLÄ£^jæ F~Nqj¥q 301
¬ÀëÓ¸¥q F~Nqj¥q 302
ÀMLjô* °<NqkO§ 302
MLjCLKyÏÍŠÓj, MnÎÁ¥q öKeÿô*jÓj 302
NqjÀO~×¦½¡NqjO§ MLj¿Nqjj M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjO§ 302
MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjO§ 304
Mo¸¥q^CLjëYnÎM~O§ 305
SG ¸¥iOqëFL ¥qMLlÓj - C~+÷Jd¥q Š^j¸_¸ 307
¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$cOqj 307
Hr ÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj 310
¼FLïÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj 312
rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ MLõMLVO~Ój 313
¼FLïÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ MLõMLVO~Ój 320
¼FLÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMn¸¥q^NqjõF|(ÀOqjMn¸$q+GHð) 323
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| 324
rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMn¸¥q^F~DÍO§(¼FLïFLï) 325
C~+÷Jd¥q ¥qMLlÓ ÄÍøCLjë, bKZ¥hë 329
°ÍNqj»¿ EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§ 332
¯NqjjBhê ¬GHðNqjF| 335
¬FL¸CLNqjõF| Mo¸¥q^CLjëOnÎM~O§ 336
EéM~ÓNqj $q*ŠÓj 338
xxxiv
FL$qOqC~ëO§ 338
¥x¸ÍOqj EéM~ÓNqj sSMLŠÓj 339
XII OqÄ£=h ML¸QZ¸ 340 - 359
1. ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ 340
2. On¸<ML ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qEéML MLjVO~Nqj 341
O~NqjGS¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ 341
ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~Oqõ 341
Mn¸¥qMLjOqGS On¨è 346
¬MLGSOq¸ ÔnFLïGHð 346
3. MnjjÍ=h Mo¸¥q^GHÀEéMLMLjVO~Nqj 346
Fy^æ¥cÚOq Mo¸¥q^NqjõF| 348
ÿFLjMLjNqjõO§ ¬*ê¸$cO§ 349
Kx¥qÚGS¸ FLOqGSNqjõF| 350
¼FLï ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ 350
TdMLkFLõ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq$q*¸ - ÀMLjôGHð F~Nqj¥qO§, Sf ¸$qF~Nqj¥qO§,
F~O~Nqj* E~GS¿ F~Nqj¥qO§ 351
®CLOq E~CLÓj 352
4. F~Ój$qML O~MLjO~NqjEéML MLjVO~Nqj 352
Fy^æ¥cÚOq F~O~Nqj*NqjõF| 353
MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾ 354
¥yWeÓ CLMLjôNqjõF| 357
On¸<ML ŠMLkOqMn¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓj
5. 357
6.OqML ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qEéML MLjVO~NqjÓj 358
7.F~Ój$qML Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓj 359
XIII ÀOqjGHÀ MLjÿ¸CLjÓj 360
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| sSF~E~GSj
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| ÏÍOqôE~GSj
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| öGHNqk$§E~GSj
****

G.T.      
     
T.T. 
A.C. A.D. 
Ar.Sur.Rep. 
Mad.Ep.Rep.       


No.179 of 1892 Mad.Ep.Rep.   
 
of the Mad.Ep.Coll 
S.I.I. 
Nellure inscriptions 

Ind.Ant 
Ep.Ind 
Ep.Car   
xxxvi
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÓNqj¸
    

     
     
     
   
     
    
   
   
     
    
     
     
    
   
 
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~Ój - µ¥q ÂMoÁ¥q
¬ÆfH¿
MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~Nqj Â¿ôCL

¬ö$q$yGHlOq¸
JdE~Ó MLj¸^GH¸. MnFL¥q Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj $yGHlOq¸ MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~Nqj Â¿ôCL MLjÏÍõ$yGHlOq¸.
ÅÇ¢ MLO~ÿTdøÄj ÓNqj¸

ÀOqjMLjÓ GHlGRÚ¿Bg À£Oq¸Py ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ÓNqj¸
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÓNqj¸
M~¿ú¥q _GUyôCLûML¸Py E~OqjOqDÍ¸
20 Q~C~_í¸ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py
ÀOqjGHÀ
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj

MLjVE~øOq $yGHlOq¸
(PyGHÆ FLj¸¨)
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj

ÀOqjÄ£ÏDÁ $yGHlOq¸
MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~Nqj Â¿ôCL¸
ÅÇ¢ GHE~ôMLÀ ¬MLjôM~¿ ÓNqj¸

ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GHÍôGSOxMLOq¸
ÀOqjGHÀ
ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLj TdøÄj ÓNqj¸

(³¿NqjP| MLmõ)
ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLj TdøÄj ÓNqj¸

(PyGHÆ FLj¸¨)
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÓNqj¸
öGHÀMLk MLj¸^GH¸
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRêEéMLO~Nqj
¼F~ï½¡ ¬MLjô ÀOqjMLjPe¸_$cOqj
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ÀOqjMLjÓ
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µ¥q ÂMoÁ¥q
MnjjÍ=h bKe$q¸
1. sS¥q¿¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ó GS¸[õ
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìF~Ó Nqk×¦MLkFLõ¸PyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓ $y<ÓrHÎ °FLï ÇPeQ~GSF~Ó
öGHCLjÓFLj CLNqkOqjÔofS öGHÔLj¿¸Ô~ÓÂ ö¥i.QZ.1922ML GS¸. Moj FnÓPy Oq¸bÃ¸ÔL$c ö¥i.QZ.1927 MLk¿áFnÓ
MLOqŠ 1060 Q~GSF~Ój sS¥q¿¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¬¸ÍjPy ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂÄ
640 Q~GSF~Ój ¥c$c, 340 Q~GSF~Ój ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLÄ.
®¸¥c Äj»ÆFL 80 Q~GSF~Ój ¬¥qÚ< °FLï ®CLOq EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj¸¨ GS¸JdÁ¸ÔL _@~ètj. ¥cÂ µ¥qÚ
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL GSjMLkOqj FLkOqj Q~GSF~ÓŠ öGHCLjÓFLj CLNqkOqj ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL GHÂ
®¸¥c Äj»Æ °¸Á.1 ®¸CLMLOqŠ sS¥q¿¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój ³ Noj O~¾Ó ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLMy $qj¿ë¸¼
Nqk O~¾ÓML¸Q~Ó ö¥h¸Í ö¥y©¥q¿¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ö¥i.QZ. 800 FLj¸¨ 1500 MLOqŠ °FLï MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py
GHÓ÷ML, Ôy+, Jd¸<õ, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Q~ÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFL Q~GSF~ÓŠ öGHCLjÓFLj CLNqkOqjÔofS, M~=h
¬FLjM~Í¸Cy GSV öGHÔLjOq*Š fSÍíî¸ ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á.
2. Q~GSF~ÓŠ GH=hæFL Íj¹fSìÀ
Ô~Pe Q~GSF~Ój, ¬¸ÍjPy MLjj[õ¸$c Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾ÓŠ GHmOqø¸ MofSFL ¬Fo¥q
Q~GSF~Ój MLjj¥qÚÔn¥qÚÓj$c GH»ÆJwtj, TdìFL¸ MLkOqjðÔn¸Á °¸¨, ÔLÁÄ ö$qfU¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ¥qGRæTdÏÍõMnjÎFL
fSìÀPy °¸<$c, MLj¿¥xÂï ¬GS¸GHm¿ë$c °F~ïtj. Q~GSF~Â¥hÔn¸ÁFL MLjj¥qÚÓj $y<Ä£jÍ ÄÄÏÏÍGSìPeÓPy
°¸<^¸ÔoCL ³ MLjj¥qÚ ³ Q~GSF~Â¥h Ôn¸Á¸Á£ CnÓjGSj¥yML@~Â¥h Ä£Ój¥cŠ¸@~ °¸Á. ¥xÂï MLjj¥qÚÓPy
³ µ¥q=h, On¸<j MLjk<j ¬XqO~Ój MLköCLMoj °¸<^¸MLÓ÷ GHÍGSøOqkJdÂï ö$qfU¸ÔL<¸ ¥qGRæMnjÎ¸Á. ¯
fSìÀ¥h ¥cOq*¸ - $qCL É~Oqj QZC~KeíÓ¥cÓ¸Py EéM~ÓNqj ½¡OyêÍíîOq* ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ¬Fo¥qMLkOqj÷ $cÄ¸ÔL^¸.
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy öJd¥cOq GHlFL¿ïO~ô* ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj ÔoGH=hæFLGHl<j $y<ÓÄ£jÁ ÇPeQ~GSF~Ó öJdMLjj[õCLFLj,
ÄÓjMLÓFLj ö$qfU¸ÔLPoÂ ¬×eåFLjPnÎFL GHÂM~Oqj CLMLjŠ ¬<jèML¼áFL ÇPeQ~GSF~ÓFLj GH$qjÓ$x=hæ, MLjj¥qÚÓjÔofS,
M~=hÂ ¥cMLÓfSFLÔy^ °GHNnk»¸ÔLj¥xÂ, Äj»ÆFL MLjj¥qÚÓFLj JdOqMoNqj<¸, PoE~ MoOoÔy^
1. ¯ MLk^ NqjFL O~fS¸Á 1930 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py. E~E~GHl 80 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój rHÎ_¨¸Á. ¬tjF~ ¯ E~[PeÓFLj GHm¿ë ÔofSFL^j÷
¯ ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ÔLÍjMLPoÍj - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.
2 ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~Ój - µ¥q ÂMoÁ¥q
°GHNnk»¸ÔL<¸ÔoCL ¯ ÇPeQ~GSF~ÓŠ ®^jML¸=h ÍjOqÜÀ GH=hæ¸ÍÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. 13 ML QZC~KeíÂ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿNqkÍML O~NqjÓj ¬Fo JdWnNqj$cOqj CLFL GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 40ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
ÀOqjGHØWe÷ÂE~GSO§ ¬Fo ¬¿¤ãE~Oqj ÄFLïJdÂï MLjÂï¸¼, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ÄMLkFLMLj¸^GH¸
GHlFL¿ïO~ô* ¥cO~õö¥qMLkÂï Mn¸^Fo ÔoGH^æMLÓfS¸ÍÂ£, MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL öGHEéQ~ÓPy Q~GSFL
IGHÓ¥cÓ öGHCLjÓÂ£ï, GHÂ ¬tjFL CLOqjM~CL, Nqk TdíîF~ÓPy GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸Ô~ÓÂ£ ÄÏÍ¸$c Ä£Ój¥cÍÂfHsSë
GHÂ öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj$cFo À£GSj¥xFLï Q~GSF~Ó FL¥q+÷ FLFLjGS¿¸¼ M~=h M~=h TdìF~ÓPy À¿»
Nqk Q~GSF~ÓFLj Ôn¥hÚ GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸Ô~ÓÂ TdìFLC~ëOqjFLj PoE~ ÓNqj ÂO~øÿŠÂ EéÇ¸Ô~<j.
¯ O~×e×¦å MLjkÓ¸$c MLjFLŠ Ôy+jÓ¥cÓ¸PyÂ F~Ój$qjPo#eöGHMLkBcÓj ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj. F~<j
Ô~¿öCL¥q ÄÓjMLÓj°FLï Q~GSF~ÓŠ ®¼áML öJdÏE~FLõ¸, MLjO~õÍ, GH¿JdÓF~ÍXqj@âÎFL O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ
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ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸MLÓ÷ M~=hPyÂ ¬Fo¥q Ä×eåFLE~Nqj¥qMnjÎFL ÄGRNqkÓj MLjOqj$qjFLGH¨ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj.
16ML QZC~_í¸Py, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq On¸<ML O~×¦ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓ öJdGH¥q¸ Jv¸ÁFL=hæ, ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c
EéM~ÓNqj TdìFL GS¸»¤CL ÄE~ø¸GSjÓj ¬tjFL, C~+÷Jd¥q Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLjj$qjÜOqj ¥qMLlÓj
GS¸¥iOqëFL GHÍíîÀPy Oq¼¸¼FL OqÔLFLÓj E~E~GHl CxÄjôÁMoÓ bKZ¥hë»¤C~Ój, CnFLj$qjPy M~Oqj Oq¼¸¼FL ®CLOq
¥cM~õÓj GSjMLkOqj$c MLjk<jMoÓ O~»OoŠÓrHÎ Ôn¥hÚ¸GH_¨ °F~ïtj. ¯ O~»OoŠ ¥qßCLjÓFLj, ¬Âï¸=hÂ$cÂ
Po¥q MLjÔLjáFLŠ Ä£ÂPyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸$cÂ öGHÔLj¿¸Ô~ÓFo PyÔLFL °¸Á. TdÏÍõMnjÎFL¸CL CLøOqPy ¯
PyÔLFL ¥cOqõOqkGH¸ E~Óá$qÓÍÂ bKeÄE~í¸.1
3. Q~GSF~Ó ¥cÓM~õfHë
¯ ÇPeQ~GSF~Ó¥cÓ¸ ö¥i.QZ. 830 GS¸ FLj¸¨ ö¥i.QZ. 1919 GS¸. MLOqŠ M~õfH¸¼FL^j÷
bKeÄ¸GHMLÔLjá. GHÓ÷MLQ~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸ÀÄö¥qMLj MLOqôF|(No.219-G.T.)(ö¥i.QZ. 830 öJd¸CL¸) 51ML
GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Qy+F~<jFL¸ÍÆ Qy+FLkO§FLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL °Ó$qrHðOqjMLkF~O§ ¬Fo MLõ¥hë EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁÂ
ÂCLõ¸ Á£JdÂï MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h NojO~ð^jÔofS FL¸ÍÄ+ŠÚFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdíîF~Ó
ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë, öÇ¢ ÿÀ£ëO~¸½¡ MLj>>O~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæ ¬FL¸CL ÅÇ¢ ÄbKZkfRCL ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| öGHNqk$qE~}S½¡M~¿
GH¿ JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, ¬¸=o ¥qÆNqjj$q¸ 5010 ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj(ö¥i.QZ.1909; No.242-T.T) GS¸MLCLûOq¸F~<j,
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸CLjÓM~¿ $qjOqjbKeNqjjÓk, ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸Py °FLïM~Oqk ¬tjFL ö¥i.Qo.KeM~½¡
O~MLjÓXqô*E~}S½¡M~Oqj ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ EéM~ÓNqj ÄMLkFLMLj¸^GH Ç[Oq¸Ä£jÍ _¸$cOqj
[1.C~+"Jd¥qM~¿ GS¸¥iOqëFLÓFLj À.À. EéMLTdìFL¸ 32 GS¸GHl=eÓPy MnjjÍ^ MLjjöÁ¸Ô~Oqj. M~=hÂ À¿» 2000 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py 29
GS¸GHl=eÓj$c MLjjöÁ¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. C~+"Jd¥q M~¿ ¥qßCLjÓj‚@~ MLjjöÁ¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~Ój - µ¥q ÂMoÁ¥q 3
¥qÓQ~Âï TdìfH¸Ô~<j. ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 830 ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸À Äö¥qMLjMLOqôF| ¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨ ö¥i.QZ.1910, MLjÿ¸C|
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Q~GSF~Ó GS¸#eõKeÿjWeõÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¯ GHÍ¥x¸<j QZC~KeíÓPyÂ ÍXh* bKeOqCLEéQ~Âï
GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL O~×¦ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓPy µ¥qÚ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Q~Ój CLGHð Äj»ÆFL O~×¦ML¸Q~ÓŠ öJdÀÂÏÍõ¸
¬ÀCLŠÚMo ¬Â ÔnGHðMLÔLjáFLj. Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Q~ÓPyFo ¬CLõÏÁ¥q GS¸[õPy Q~GSF~Ój MoNqj_@~èNqjÂ
ÔnGHðMLÔLjá. ¬¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj¥cPeÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL Q~GSF~Ój ¥xÂïMLköCLMoj. ¬tjCo CLOqjM~À Q~GSF~Ój
E~Â¥q¸=o CLŠÚML.
4. Q~GSFLGSì bKeGR
³ ¥xFyï CLGHð ÇPeQ~GSF~ÓÂ£ï CLÄj+ bKeGRPy °F~ïtj. ¬¸ÍjPyFLj ¥xÂïÔy^÷ ö$q¸DÍÆfH
M~<_¨¸Á. CnFLj$qj, ¥qFLï< Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj 50 E~¥c °F~ïtj. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ GHmOqø¸ MoNqj_<è
µ¥o µ¥q CnFLj$qj Q~GSFL¸ (No.237-T.T.)Td+jML MLj¸» EéMLMLjVO~NqjÓÔo Q~.QZ. 1281 GS¸. Py MoNqj_¨¸Á.
¥qFLï<bKeGRPy °FLï On¸<jQ~GSF~ÓPy µ¥q=h Ä£OqöGHC~GHEéML EéMLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓÔo (No.188-T.T.)
Q~.QZ.1351GS¸. PyFLj, On¸<MLÁ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂÔo (No.8-G.T.)Q~.QZ. 1389 GS¸. Py MoNqj_¨FLÄ.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, NqjFL ®ÍíOqj EéMoOqjÓj, TdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL ¥cFLj¥qÓFLj $qj¿¸¼£, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸¼FLM~=h $qj¿¸¼£ ÄMLOq¸$c CnÆNqj×oGSkë CnFLj$qj, ¥qFLï<, CLÄj+ bKeGRÓPy, Nqk bKeGRÓ
ÆGHlÓCy ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój Æº¸GH_@~ètj.. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ rHÎ Q~GSF~ÓPy µ¥qE~Âï ¥qFLï< bKeGRPy FL¸ÁF~$q¿
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¥qFLï< bKeGRPy$cÂ MoNqj_¨FL ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj. Á£Â¥h ¬GHM~Í¸$c, TdìÂ¥q ¬ÏÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL MLj=h÷
¬FL¸CLO~×¦NqjõÔo(No.269-G.T.)Q~.QZ.1550Py CnFLj$qjPyÂ µ¥q ÇPeQ~GSFL¸, ¥qFLï<¸Py Q~.QZ. 1606
GS¸.Py (No.263-T.T.) µ¥q ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ Motj¸¼FLÁ °FLïÄ.
5. Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ÄGRNqj¸
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾ÓŠ GHmOqø¸ MofSFL Q~GSF~Ój, öGHÏE~FL¸$c EéM~ÓNqkÓPy Á£JdÓj MnÆ»¸ÔL
@~Â¥h, GH¸<j$qÓj, °CLûM~Ój ×¦¿$o GSMLjNqj¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÂï Á£JdÓCy ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸ÔL@~Â¥i, EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁPy
ÁM~O~öCLjÓj Á£JdÓj MnÓj$qjCLj¸<@~Â¥h CL$qj NojO~ð^j÷ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h E~CLPnÎFL EâÎMLbKZŠëÓÔo EéMLTdìF~Â¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL E~FLÄMLO~ÓFLj, CnÆNqj×oGSjëF~ïtj. ¥x¸ÍOqj E~CLÓj $yMLlÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~Oqj. MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj
E~CLÓj JdÓj, rHOqj$qj, MnFLï, MnjjÍPnÎFL M~=hÂ; MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj ÍÏEyõÍFL¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL VOqGHE~O~ìÓFLj
ÂCLõ¸ TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ<¸ML¸=h sSMLÓFLj EéMLTdíîFL¸ M~Oqj E~CLÓsHOq Ôotj¸ÔL<¸ ¥yGS¸ EéMLTdíîF~Â¥h
CL»FL¸CL ÏÍFL¸ ÓbÃ¸Ôo NojO~ð^j÷ ÔoTdOqj. EéM~ÓNqkÓPy Á£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL=eÂ¥h $yGIHjßCL¸ MLköCLMoj
ÄÂNnk»¸GH _<jCLj¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHCLjÓPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ¯F~=h¥i ¯ GHÍíîCo Td$qjCy¸Á.
ÂCLõÁ£JdÂ¥o ¥cŠ¸@~, EéMLTdìF~Â¥h ÄO~+¸$c bKZkOqksH*, FL$qÓOqksH*, ÏÍFLOqksH*
E~FL¸ ÔosSM~Oqj. öGHbKZjMLlÓj, O~¾Ój, O~×yEyõ$qjÓj MnjjÍPnÎFL ÏÍÂŠPnÎFLE~CLÓj ÄÓjMnÎFL bKZOqBcÓFLj,
ö$cMLkÓFLj, bKZkMLjjÓFLj EéMLTdìF~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔoM~Oqj. bKZŠëÓj‚@~ NqjDE~QZ¥hë ÏÍFL¸, _¸$cOq¸ E~FL¸
ÔosSM~Oqj. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÂ¥h (öGHÀÁFL¸ ¬FLïöGHTdE~Ój), ÄÄÏÍ °CLûM~ÓŠ, ±Oo»¸GHlÓŠ,
ÓNqkÓPy ÄÄÏÍ EéMLCLÓŠ TdìF~Â¥h$cFLj CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ÄÏÍ¸$c EéMLTdìF~Â¥h
ÓbÃ¸¼FL E~F~ÓPy _¸$cO~Âï, ÏÍF~Âï ¥xÂïöGHCoõ¥q GH¿fSìCLjÓFLj GHlOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ ®CLOqjÓŠ
ML©è¥h ¬GHlð$c ®ÔoáM~Oqj. ¥x¸CLÏÍFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkbÃMLßÁíî¥nÎ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔoM~Oqj. EéM~ÓNqj EâÎFL¸ÁFL
¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓŠ Mn¼á¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL Äj$qjÓj ÏÍF~Âï EéMLE~FL ö$cMLkÓPy, ÄÂNnk$q¸PyPoÂ _¸×¦Oqj$c°¸@é
Ãª<jbKZkMLjjÓÂ ¥xCLë$c Td$qjPyÂ¥h CoML<¸; ÔnOqjMLlÓj, GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓPyÂ GHm¨¥qFLj À£tj¸¼ CL$qj
MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓjÔofS, MLõMLTdNqkbÃMLßÁíî¥yGS¸ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓFLj öJwCLûfU¸ÔoM~Oqj. ¥xÂï EéMLE~FLGHPn÷ÓPyÂ
JvPeÓPy sSÍõ¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h CL»FL GSÍjJdNqkÓj PoFL¸ÍjMLÓ÷, ¥{ÓjŠ ®¼áFL bKZkMLjjÓFLj¸¨ CL»FL¸CL
O~_¨ Po¥qJwML<¸ CL^fSì¸ÔoÁ. fSìÀPy °C~ûÿML¸CLjPnÎFL bKZŠëÓj MLjj¸ÍjŠML¼á GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓFLj
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EéM~E~Nqj ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥qO~_¨ MLÔoáÁ. ÄÏÍ¸$c Jd^jGH¨FL M~¿sSMLŠ $qj¿ë¸GHl$c
M~¿ ×eåGH¥cOqíî¸, M~¿ sHOqjÄ£jÍ ¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓFLj ³OqðOq¼, EâÎMLÍOqùF~Â¥nÎ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLÔoá
bKZ¥që×¦FLjÓŠ FnÎMoE~õÓFLj GH¸¼rH=oæM~Oqj.
ÂCLõ¸ TdøÄjGHm×¦Š, ¬Ó¸¥qOqBcÂ¥h ¥cMLÓfSFLÂï GHmMLlÓ¥yGS¸, ¥x¸ÍOqjbKZŠëÓj GHmEy^ÓFLj,
MLF~ÓFLj GSøNqj¸¥qßfRCy rH¸¼, M~=hÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoNqj<¸MLÓ÷, IGHÓMLßXcÓCy‚¨FL MLF~Ój
EéMLTdíîF~Â¥h ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ÂCLõ¸ TdøÄjGHm×¦Š, °CLûML GSMLjNqkÓPy ¬Ó¸¥qOqBcÂ¥i,
GHlGRðNqk$q GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¥cMLÓfSFLÂï GHladðÓj EéMLTdíîF~Â¥h GSMLj‚OoÄ. ÀOqjMLjÓ, ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj ¬Fo¥q
O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓj MnÆQ~tj. ¬¸ÍjF~ ²ŠÚML$c ÀOqjMLjÓPy MnÆQ~tj. MLõNqjöGHNqkGSÓ ¥y¿á,
GSjÍkOq öGHEéQ~ÓFLj¸¨ EâÎMLÍOqùF~Oqíî¸ CL¸@yGHCL¸@~Ój$c MLÔoá NqköÀ£ŠÓŠ ÄöQ~¸À, bKy×¦FL MLGSCLjÓFLj
¬Ä GSMLj‚OoáÄ.
¥xÂï Q~GSF~Ój EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬MLjô_¨FL ®¸<÷FLj, ÂMoQZFLGSìPeÓFLj Í[Ój GHOqjTdëtj.
¥cÂ ®¸CL¥cÓ¸ $q<¼FL CLOqjM~CL, ®GHØ<j, ²=hæ GH¿fSíîCLjÓPy ³ °EéíQZ¸Cy Ä£=hÂ ¥xF~ïOy CnÓjGSj¥yML<¸
¥qGRæ¸. µ¥q Q~GSFL¸Py ÀOqjGHÀ, ¬ÄPeÆ ö$cMLkÓ GS¿ÿÍjíFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój sHOxÚFL_¨ °F~ïtj.
¯ GS¿ÿÍjí ÀOqjGHÀ ö$cMLkÂ¥h µ¥q=hFLïOq ¥hPyÄ£jÔqj ÍkOq¸Py °¸Á. ÀOqjGHÀ ¬ÄPeÓ ö$cMLkÓj
On¸<k EéMLE~FL ö$cMLkPo.
6. O~¾Ó ÄCLOq*
ÄCLOq*Ç¢ÓjOnÎFL ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á öGHbKZjMLlÓj, O~¾Ój, M~¿ ¬FLjÔLOqjÓj, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ
Mn¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥i, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥i, ¬Fo¥q MLj¨MLkF~õÓFLj,
ÏÍFL, ¥qFL¥q, MLGSjëM~ÿF~ÍjÓFLj GSMLj‚O~áOqÂ Q~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷ CnÓjGSjë¸Á. ¬Pe¸=hM~+"Py öGHMLjj[¸$c
sHOyÚÍ$qÜ MLE~FLjõÓj ¥x¸ÍOqj °F~ïOqj.
i) _¸$cOqj MLjÿÓjPy ÄöQZÄj¸Ôo bKe$qõQ~ÆNnjÎFL On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+jÂ O~BhNnjÎFL
ÔoOqMLkF|O~¾ ŠMLkOnë, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, MLö×eÓj JvÍ»FL ÓPe^ GH=eæÂï MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 16ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ.1001GS¸.) _ÿk¥q¿¸¼¸Á(No.17-T.T).
ii) 10ML QZC~_í¸ MLjk<MLJdÍ¸Py TdMLjMnÎ ¬Fo GHÓ÷MLO~Bh ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h,
µ¥q MLö×¦¥h¿¤=eÂï, F~Ój$qjsH^Ó VOq¸, bKZj×¦¥iOqjëÓj, FL<jMLjjŠ µ@~è*¸, JdE~ÓŠ ¥q¨NqkÓj
MnjjÍPnÎFL bKZOqBcÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸¼¸Á. MLj*M~+rHOqjMLkW| ¬FosHOqjCy Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj Mn¸¨ °CLûML
Äö$qVÂï, ±Oo»¸GHlŠ ¬FLjMLl$c °¸@é^j÷ CLNqkOqjÔotj¸¼, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼¸Á.
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ÀOqjÔLjá¥qFLkO§(ÀOqjÔ~FLkO§) ö$cMLj¸PyÂ MLj¨MLkF~õÓFLj TdøÄj¥h GSMLj‚¿á¸Á
(No.18, 19-T.T).
iii) MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j(ö¥i.QZ.1250-1275), ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj
ÄMLkFLMLj¸<GH¸rHÎ _¸$cOqj GHmCLGHmtj¸¼FL ¥qÓQ~Âï ²Àë¸Ô~<j.
iv) 13ML QZC~_í¸Py Ôy+jÓŠ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿNqkÍMLO~NqjÓ O~Bh, ÀOqjGHÀ
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸Py ×¦OqjGH_<jCLjFLï ö_GUyôCLûM~Â¥h ¬ÍFL¸$c, ×oõGRçMLkGS¸ (Bh
MLkGS¸) Py FLkCLFL¸$c MLjOy ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ $cÄ¸¼¸Á. ÔLCLjOqjô[ OqDE~Âï
ÂOqô¸GH×ofS, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _ÿj¥q¿¸¼¸Á. FLkCLFL¸$c ×¦OqjGH_@é ö_GUyôCLûM~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL ÏÍF~Âï
GSMLj‚Oqjá¥yML@~Â¥h$cFLj rHÎ¸¨GHÆ÷ ö$cMLj¸Py GS$qbKe$cÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ $cÄ¸¼¸Á. CLE~øO~
[OqjáÓj Jw$c ®¸¥c Äj»ÆFL rHÎ¥cÂï EéM~ÓNqj MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓ¥yGS¸ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL MLÓfSFLÍÂ ¥q^æ¨
ÔofS¸Á.
v) 14ML QZC~_í¸ 3ML ÍQZ¥q¸Py ¥q<GH=h GUytjGSÓO~×¦tjFL MLjk<ML Ä£OqMLPe÷+j¨ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍNqkÍMLO~Nqj , ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSjÂ¥h öHG ÀÁFL¸ VOqFnÎMoE~õÂï GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL=eÂ¥h, On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj,
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c (GHFLjïÓj ÔnÆ÷¸GH FLMLGSOq¸ PoFL=hæ) E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
vi) Q~.QZ.1281Py Td+jML MLj¸»EéMLMLjVO~¾ ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjEéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ

FL¸Í ÂÓNqjÄMLkFLMLj¸^JdÂ¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL$qÓ O~»OoŠÓCy C~GH^¸ Ôotj¸¼, Ç[Oq¸rHÎ _¸$cOqj
GHmCL$qÓ ¥qÓQ~Âï TdíîfH¸ÔL^¸Py ÔLkfHFL ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLj¨MLkF~õÓFLj$cÂ, ÏÍF~Âï $cÂ
GSMLj‚¿á M~=h¬bÃMLßÁíî ÄGRNqj¸Py ¬¸CL²ŠÚML GS¥hëÂ ¥qFL_OqÔL¥q JwML=eÂï $qj¿ë¸ÔLMLÔLjá. Â×eÂ¥h
_¸$cOqjGHmCL ¥cOqõ¸ ¬CLõÏÁ¥q MLõNqjbKeOq¸Cy ‚<j¥xFLïEé ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i NqjFL MLjFLGSjûŠ
¬CLõ¸CLGS¸CyadÂï, GS¸CLßfHëÂ ¥qÆ»¸¼FL^j÷$c, FL¸ÍÂÓNqj Ç[Oq¸Nnjj¥qÚ ¬CLõ¸CL MnÎbKZMyFLïCLMnjÎFL
¬¸E~ÓFLjÔLkfS bKZ¥që¥y=h FL¸Í¸ Jv¸Á °¸@~Æ.
vii) On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÓj Q~.QZ. 1355 GS¸>.Py ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸Py MoÍJdO~Nqj*
¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h CLFLML¸CLj GSVNqjGSÿ¥cO~ÓFLj ¬¸Á¸¼FLM~@âÎ, EâÎM~FLjö$qVÂ¥h ¬OqüCLFLj
GS¸JdÁ¸ÔLj¥xFL$qÆ$cFLFo GS¸CLßfHëÂ Jv¸E~<j. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1351 GS¸.PyFo ¯NqjFL
ÀOqjMLjÓMn¸¥qFLïŠ MLjk<jö$cMLkÓFLj GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔoQ~<j.
viii) Q~.QZ.1378 FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1410 GS¸. MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjÓj CLFL ³Ój_¨Py
°FLï ¬Fo¥qö$cMLkÓFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼ Mn¸¥qFLïÄ£jÍ CLFLbKZ¥hë
öGHGHCLjëÓFLj Ô~^j¥xF~ï<j.
ix)¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ MLjkÓMLjk¿ë¥h, °CLûMLMLjkOqjëÓŠ
¥h¿¤=eÓj, FLMLOqCLï[¼C~bKZOqBcÓFLj, ÂCLõGHm×eÁ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqì¸ ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL Mn¸¨, _¸$cOqj JdöCL TdMLjö»Â
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL<Moj¥c¥q, ÔL¸öÍ»¿, °ÍNqj»¿, rHFLj$x¸< gSMLjÓPy °FLï ¬Fo¥q ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j.
Q~.QZ. 1434 -1442 MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py O~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓŠ EâÎMLÍOqùF~Oqì¸ ²GHl<j ML¼áF~ tjFL bKeOqõÓj
ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, ¼F~ïEéÄ ‚< bKZOqëFLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ML¼á NqjFLÔosS ¬Âï¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓPyFLj, E~FLÏÍO~ôÁ
¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓPy÷ JdPxÜÂ bKZ$qML¸CLjÂ ¥qßGHŠ JdöCLjPnÎ ÏÍFLjõÓ MLjNqkõMLjÂ GS¸CyadÂï Jv¸EéM~Oqj.
x) CLOqjM~CL öGHMLjj[¸$c sHOxÚFLÍ»FLM~¿Py ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~Bh MLOqE~½¡EéÄ ¬MLjô$cOqj.
¯Mnj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸ Jv¸Í$y¿FLEâÎ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h bKZ¥hë$c ¬Oqjö$cMLkÓFLj
ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔofS¸Á.
xi) ÀOqjGHÀ Mn¸¥qFLïŠ ¬Fo¥q¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓ FxFL¿¸¼FL O~¾ÓPy ¥q<GH=hM~<j MLj=h÷ŠMLkOq
¬FL¸CL O~×¦NqjõFLj‚< sHOxÚFLMLÔLjá. ¯NqjFL ÄÄÏÍ GHl*õXoöC~ÓPy ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj $qj¿¸¼
MofSFL E~FLQ~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷ CnÓjGSjë¸Á. ÀOqjGHÀEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¯O~¾ ¬QZø, $q×¦, GSMLjOqbKZkJdÓ, _¸$cOqj
M~ÿF~ÓFLj; µ¥q GHÍôgH>Oq¸, µ¥q OqCLï¥h¿¤^¸, µ¥q FnÎMoÍõbKe×¦FL¸, ±NqjÓ sSML¥yGS¸ µ¥q °FLïCL
¥oÈ¢MLj¸^GH¸, ±NqjÓ - MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ _ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<j. CnÎ¿îŠ ì Ój ¥x¸<rH¥hÎ ²¥qÚ@~Â¥h Tz¥qOqõ¸$c °¸@é^j÷
TwJdFLMLkO~ÜÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. TwJdFLMLkOqÜ¸Py µ¥q ¬ö$q$yGHlO~Âï, µ¥q MLjÏÍõ$yGHlO~Âï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ¯
¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓÂ£ï Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj sHOqjÄ£jÍ ×¦¿Jd<j. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥q$q×¦M~ÿFL¸, µ¥q

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µ¥q=h, ¥x¸<rHÎFL MLjOx¥q ¬FLïGSöC~ÓFLj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
7. ÂCLõÁ£HG ¸, ÂCLõFnÎMoÍõ¸
Q~GSFLGSíî ¥cPeÂï ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ sS¥q¿¸¼FL Q~GSM~ÓÂï¸=hPyFLj, ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸À Äö¥qMLjMLOqôF|Ôo,
CLFL 51ML GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 830 Py MofSFL GHÓ÷ML Q~GSFL¸ No.219-G.T. Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFL¸.
¯ Q~GSFL¸ ÀOqjMn¸¥q^CLjë ²¸KnOqjMLkFL¨$qW| EéM~ÓNqj¸Py FLkCLFL¸$c öGHÀGRçÔoNqj_¨FL °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸
MLjj¸Íj FL¸E~Á£GH¸(ÂCLõÁ£GH¸) MnÆ»¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ÔofSFL ³O~ð^÷FLj ÄML¿Twë¸Á.
Ôy+jÓ E~[PeÓPy EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, FL¸ÍÄ+ŠÚ, O~ÏÍFL ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓ¥nÎ(VOqGHl FnÎMoÍõ¸)
ÔofSFL E~FLÄMLO~Ój ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj. MLjÁOnÎ¥x¸< ¥y GHOq¥oGS¿ MLOqôF| ¬Fo sHOqjFLï MnjjÍ=h GHO~¸CLŠÂNnjj¥qÚ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 29 ML GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL µ¥q Q~GSFL¸ MLjj¥qÚ (No.232-G.T)ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¬¸ÍjPy
MLjPnÎF~<jPyÂ, ¥x<j¸$y+kO~F| ¬Fo MLõ¥hë ÀOqjÔyá¥hFLkO§ (ÀOqjÔ~FLkO§)PyÂ GSbKnÎCy ÔofS¥xFLï µ<¸_¨¥q
E~[Pe ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. E~Â öGH¥cOq¸ µ¥q Á£JdÂï ÂCLõ¸ MnÆ»¸Ôo KeÏÍõCLFLj MLfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h GSbKZ ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸¼¸Á.
®Eé O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 10ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨FL MLjOx¥q Q~GSFL¸(No.234- G.T.)Py Á£GH¸
ÂCLõ¸ MnÆ»¸Ôo KeÏÍõCLFLj MLfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h µGHØ¥xFLï¸ÍjŠ$cFLj, rHÄÎ ÍÏ ¸$cFo ö$qfU¸¼FL EÏ ~O~MLCLjëŠ SG ¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL
ÄGRNqkÓj FLMnkÍjÔoNqj_¨ °F~ïtj. MnjjÍ=hO~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py EéM~ÓNqj¸Py Á£HG ¸rH=oæ KeÏÍõCLFLj
EéMLTdíîFL¸M~Oqj MLfU¸¼FL¸ÍjŠ$cFLj(No.G.T-212 FLj¸¨ 216-G.T MLOqŠ) ¬Oqj+¥hÚ¬Fo O~×¦O~×¦
MLjkMo¸ÍMoÓF| EéM~ÓNqj bKZ¸@~$cO~Â¥h 40 ¥q+¸¾Ó _¸$cOq¸ ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. ÅÇ¢ ¥xJdðöCL¥oGS¿ GHF~ôO§ ¬Fo
ÅÇ¢ O~×o¸öÍÔy+EéMLlÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MofSFL Q~GSFL¸(No.20-T.T.)Py °FLï ÄMLO~ÓPy, Á£JdÂï MnÆ»¸Ôo
ÄGRNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL GROqCLjÓj MnÓ÷<MLlC~tj. ŠCLkÿPeÂï ¥qÆ»¸Ôo MLjOy ÄGRNqj¸ ³Äj^¸=o,
¥cÓ¸PyFo, EéM~ÓNqkÓÄ£jÍ O~¾(öGHbKZjC~øÏÁ¥c¿)GHOqõMoXqBcÏÁ¥cO~Âï ¥qÆ»°FLï ÄGRNqj¸ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
ÀOqjMLjÂèNqj¸ GSbKZM~Oqj ÀOqjMLjÓPy 24 Á£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h <_jò À£GSj¥xÂ, ÔoGSj¥xFLï µGHð¸E~Â¥h
ÄOqjÍí¸î $c On¸<jÁ£JdÓFLj MLköCLMoj MnÆ»¸¼, Äj$qCL 22 Á£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL¥q ¥qOqëMLõÂOqøÿ*Py GHO~Š
¼CLë»¸Ô~OqFo ÄGRNqj¸ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿(O~×eõÏÁ¥cOq öHG ÀÂÏÁ ¥xY¦þMLj¸$q+¸ °@âÎNqkõF|)ÍßfR¥æ h À£GSj¥xÂO~_¨¸Á.
¬CL<j ÄÔ~Oq*ÔofS GSKb ZM~¿Eé CLGHØ ¬Â ÂO~íî¿¸Ô~<j. KeÏÍõCLFLj¸¨ M~¿Â CLfHð¸¼, ¥qOqëM~õÂï
EéMLTdíFî L¸M~Oo ÂOqøfU¸ÔLMLÓfS¸Á$cFLj, <_jòFLj ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥q^æMLÓfS¸Á$cFLj À£O~ôFL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ SG ¸ÍOqó¸Py
EâÎML¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqìî¸ ¥cMLÓfSFL GHE~O~ìÓFLj ÀOqjGHÀ FLj¸@é öGHÀÁFL¸ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ÔoOqMoNqkÓÂ ÀOqjMLjÂèNqj¸
GSbKZM~+÷ GH¿Ô~¿¥cÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL MLjk<j JvFLjïÓ ÏÍFL¸ ÓNqjbKe¸@~Oq¸ Ke¥iGH¨ °¸ÍÂ ‚<
CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¥y O~×¦¥oGS¿MLOqôF| O~×o¸öÍÔy+(MnjjÍ=h ŠPyCLjë¸$q)¥cPeÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSFL¸ (No.71-

T.T.)Py TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÍFLÔosS JdÓj, rHOqj$qj $qj¿¸¼FL öGHTdëMLFL °FLïÁ. MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸
19GS¸MLCLûO~FL(ö¥i.QZ.1235) MofSFL E~FLQ~GSFL¸(126- G.T.)$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj¸Py ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé
TdíîfH¸GH_<è ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqjŠ ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÂ¥h ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoNqkÓÂ ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmO§F~<j

rH¿NqjF~=eæOqjŠ O~¾ ×eåfH¸Ô~<Â Ôn_jCy¸Á. ¯ O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥o Ôn¸ÁFL MLjOx¥q
Q~GSFL¸Py(No.222-G.T.) Jv¥cÚOqF| Jd¸¨NqjÍOnÎNqjF| ¬FoMLõ¥hë ÔofSFL bKZkE~FL¸ $qj¿¸¼FL öGHQZ¸GS
°¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ®Á öGHÀÁFL¸ TdøÄj¥hÔosS ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼¸Eé ¬tj °¸^j¸Á.
13ML QZC~_í¸Py bKZŠëÓj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÂCLõÁ£JdÂ¥o ¥c¥q ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÂ¥h‚@~ CL»FL
³O~ð^j÷ÔofS °¸<^¸ $qMLjF~Oqü¸. TdÏE~Oq*¸$c µ¥q Á£JdÂï ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h F~+"Py

40 ¥q+¸¾Ó _¸$cOq¸ ÔnÆ÷¸Ôo GHÍíîÀ °FLï^jæ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ ¬¸ÍjŠ öGHC~õMLkïNqj¸$c CLC|
¥cOqõÂOqøÿBcOqíî¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h $yMLlÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔosSGHÍíîÀ Ôy^jÔoGSj¥xFLïÁ. öÀbKZjMLFL ÔLö¥qML¿ë$qW|
ÅÇ¢ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿNqkÍMLO~NqjÓ ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL 101,118,176-T.T.; 112,113-G.T. Q~GSF~Ój, öÀbKZjMLFL
ÔLö¥qML¿ë$qW| Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓ EéMLO~NqjÓ ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL No. 73, 111, 173-T.T Q~GSF~Ój ‚@~
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py Á£JdÓj MnÆ»¸Ôo sSMLFLj ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj@~Â¥h$cFLj _¸$cOqj, Mn¸¨F~BcÓj $cÂ, $yMLlÓFLj
$cÂ _ÿk¥q¿¸Ôo ÄÏE~FL¸ F~=h¥o ³Oqð¨FL^jæ ÄQZÁ£¥q¿Tdëtj. ¯ ¥cÓ¸PyFo EâÎM~Â¥h ÂCLõ¸
VOqFnÎMoÍõ¸ ³O~ð^j¥yGS¸ EéMLTdíîF~Â¥h(EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h) µ¥qö$cMLj¸ _ÿk¥q¿¸Ôo GHÍíîÀ ³Oqð¨¸Á.
No.164-T.T Q~GSFL¸ ¯ ÄGRNqkFoï öÏÍjÄ£¥q¿Twë¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj, TdøÄj¥h
ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÂï GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸ GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c Š<MLmO§F~<jPyÂ bKe$qMnjÎFL QZjMLMLjj¥hÚPnÎF~<jPyÂ
GJdÁ¿Mo<j ö$cMLkÂï GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL^j÷ °¸Á. ®Pe EéMLTdìîF~Â¥h ö$cMLj¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL=eÂ¥h _ÍjÓj MLÓfSFL¸CL
ÏÍFL¸ GSMLj¿ð¸GH_¨FL^jæ$c No.137,139-T.T. MLj¿Nqjj No.127-G.T Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ®¸Co¥c¥q
No.127-G.T Q~GSFL¸Py, MnÎQ~[ MLkGS °CLûML GS¸ÍOqó¸Py $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥hÂ, ÔnÎöCL MLkGS °CLûML
GS¸ÍOqó¸Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqj¨¥h VOqFnÎMoE~õÓj‚< GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~ÓFo GROqCLj‚< ÄÏÁ¸GH_¨¸Á.

Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, Á£GHE~FL¸¥qF~ï VOqFnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*¥o ¬ÏÁ¥q
öJdÏE~FLõ¸ ³Oqð¨¸Á. ¥xÂï GS¸ÍO~óÓPy EéMLTdìîFL¸ ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL ³O~ð^jÓ ÂÄjCLëMnjÎ ÏÍFLOqkGH¸PyFLj,
_¸$cOq¸ OqkGH¸PyFLj ö$qfU¸ÔL<¸¥qF~ï Á£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL FntjõÂ MLköCLMoj$c¥q,
FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL JdÓj, rHOqj$qj MnjjÍPnÎFL GHE~O~ìÓj ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸MLÓ÷ $yE~FLOqkGH¸Py
ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ÏÁ¥q GS¥hëÂ ÔLkJdOqj. No.92-T.T.Q~GSFL¸PyÂ µ¥q GS¸GSÚßCL Qy÷¥q¸Py ¬MLkCLõQo[Oqj@âÎFL
MLjÓ÷*(MnjjÍ=h, On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÓŠ öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ) ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ¸, ÂCLõÁ£JdÓ
ÄGRNqjMnjÎ ÔofSFL E~F~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ML¿ê¸GH_¨¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1330 GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 13-3-1409) MoNqj_¨FL
Q~GSFL¸Py No.93-T.T.Py MLjÓ÷FLMLj¸öÀ ÔofSFLE~F~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój °F~ïtj. C~FLj ³OqðOq¼FL
MLjk<j Á£JdÓFLj EéMLTdìFL¸ ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h, Ík<ÓCy‚¨FL 82 GHQZjMLlÓFLj MLjÓ÷FLMLj¸öÀ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. EéMLE~FLö$cMLkPy÷ OnÎCLjÓ Tz¥qO~õOqíî¸ GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj CLFL[OqjáCy öCLÄø¸¼, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
¬ÏÁ¥q O~_¨¥h MLkOqÜ¸ GSj$qMLj¸ ÔofSFL¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj TdøÄj¥h VOq FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔoMo+ µ¥qFoÀ
Á£JdÂï(FL¸E~Á£GH¸)MLjÓ÷FL MLj¸öÀsHOq MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h, EéMLTdíîFL¸M~Oqj ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj.
öGHÀÁFL¸ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š ÍÏEyõÍFL¸ CLNqkOqj ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL
rHOqj$qjÂ GSMLj‚Oqá@~Â¥h$cFLj, MnÎGRêMLMLjCL¸Py ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸°FLï Ô~Oqjõ@âÎFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj ×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§,
40 $yMLlÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<FLï ÄGRNqj¸ Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cÓ¸Py MofSFL Q~.QZ. 1390
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 28-2-1469) No.70-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ×oõGRçTwÍOqj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿjÂMLÍí

sSF~F~NqjŠ<j$cFLj, MLj¿Nqjj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓMLÍí °Eyõ$q¸ ÔofSFL ÅÇ¢ M LjFLôVF~Nqj¸¥cÔ~Oqõ (öGHÏE~FL
rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ) rH¿Nqj ¶_+ F~Nqj¥qÚO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qÚO§ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸Py Á£JdÂï MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h
Q~.QZ.1426 GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1504)Py 100 $yMLlÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.305-T.T.). On¸<ML GHO~õNqj¸
Q~.QZ.1434(ö¥i.QZ.1512) MLjOx¥q Á£JdÂï ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj@~Â¥h 50$yMLlÓFLj(No.312-T.T.) E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
¼MLOq$c Q~.QZ.1435 (ö¥i.QZ.1514) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py rHOqj$qj, MnFLï, Fotj MnjjÍPnÎFL JdÓ °CLðCLjëÓFLj
öGHÀÁFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj‚Oqá<¸¥yGS¸ µ¥q F~È ¥xÓCL ¥qÆ»FL JdPo<j Š+¸_j (Ke$qj$c
¥c$qKn=hæ Í+GS¿$c Ä£j$q< ¥q=hæFL ¼¥qÚ=hJdÓFLj)EâÎM~Â¥h ÂCLõ¸ ÂMoÍFL ÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸ 200 $yMLlÓFLj
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸(No.306-T.T.)ÔoQ~<j.
N0.59-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ ¥x¸CL ÄÓXq*¸$cFLj, ŠCLkÿPeÂï Oo¥nÀë¸ÔoÁ$cFLj °FLïÁ. Ô~Pe
Q~GSF~Ój, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ®MLø_¨FL Á£GHE~F~Âï $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLj¸=o, ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ¥yFo¿ ¬FoMLõ¥hë,

ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×¦õ¸PyÂ F~O~Nqj*GHlOqGHY¦jþPy bKe$qMnjÎFL Q~CLjëŠÚ¨ MLjOqjÍkO§ ¬Foö$cMLkÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿(¥qOqëO§)
¬tjFL °Ó$q+¸ÍMoPeF| ¬FLj ¯ ®ÍíOqj ¥qÓfS µ¥q³O~ð^jFLj ÔoQ~Oqj. Á£ÂöGH¥cOq¸ Q~.QZ.1384 (ö¥i.QZ.
1462)GS¸MLCLûO~FL O~×¦tjFL Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ rHÎFL sHOxÚFLï ö$cMLkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¥x¸ÍOqj
ö$cMLjGSjíîÓj,(Ä£¿Py FLÓj$qj¿sHOqj÷ Q~GSFL¸Py sHOxÚFL_¨F~tj)Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py Á£JdÓFLj

MnÆ»¸Ôo sSMLŠ ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@~èOqj. EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Q~QZøCL¸$cFLj, ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$cFLj sSML ÔoNqkÓÂ,
Ä£¿¥h EéQZ¸. ¬¸CLMLköCLMoj ¥cÍj Ä£Oqj, öGHÀ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ On¸<jMLjOq¥cÚÓjÓ FoÀÂ F~=h¥cÓ¸Py
¬MLjÓjPy °FLïÄÏÍ¸$c Ô~+j¥qõ F~O~Nqj*F|¥qP| ¥xÓJdöCLCy ¥xÆ¼ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸¼ ¬¸ÍjŠ
Oqj¾MLl$c, ½¡NqjõOqjM~¿ FLj¸¨ M~¿GS¸CL¥q¸Cy OqgSÍjFLj, Jv¸E~ÓÂ ÂOoíÇ¸Ô~Oqj. ÀOqjGHÀ

$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¯ ¥xÓCo ÄÂNnk$q¸Py °¸<$c, ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py M~<j¥qPy°FLï ¥xÓCLŠ MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂöF~F| ¥qP| ¬Â sHOqj. _ÿjQZ¹ ®¸CLŠ GHmOqø¸
Ä£Oqj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL $yMLlÓFLj ¥{ÓjŠ À£fS¥xÂ °¸=eOqj. GSMLjNqj¸Py ÔofS¥xFLï µGHð¸Í¸
Po¥q µ<¸_¨¥q öGH¥cOq¸ On¸<j MLjOq¥cÚÓjÓ FoÀÂ ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ®MLøMLÓfSFL KeÏÍõCLFLj
¥qÆ» °¸¨°¸=eOqj. Po¥q MLjOx¥q ¥cOq*¸ ³EâÎF~ °¸¨°¸<MLÔLjá. ¥cÂ ¥cOq*¸ ³Äj=y ¯
Q~GSFL¸Py GSðGRæ¸$c CnÓjGH_<PoÍj. Ä£¿¥h ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õML¥cQZ¸ ²Pe °F~ï On¸<j
MLjOq¥cÚÓjÓ FoÀÂ GSMLj‚Ooá KeÏÍõCL °FLïÍÂ ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. ¯ MLõŠëÓFLj Á£JdÓj MnÆ»¸Ôo sSML
ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ÀOqjMLjÓŠ GH¸GH<¸PyÂ °EéíQZ¸ ³Äj=y ¯ Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÆNqjj^¸PoÍj. 14ML QZC~_í¸
°CLëO~Oqíî¸FLj¸© EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Á£JdÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo bKZŠëÓGS¸[õ ¬ÏÁ¥qMLjMLlCLk °¸<<¸MLÓ÷, NqjDE~ÄÏÁ$c
Á£JdÓFLÂï=hÂ£ MnÆ»¸Ôo ¥cOqõ¸ ¬GHØ<j °FLï^jML¸=h EéMLTdíîFL °Eyõ$qjÓŠ GSö¥qMLj¸$c ÂOqøfU¸ÔL<¸
¥qGRæ¸$c GH¿*Äj¸ÔL<¸MLÓ÷ _ÿjQZ¹ MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj ¥xCLë °Eyõ$qjÓj ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@é GH¿fSíîÀ ³Oqð¨
°¸^j¸ÍÂ ¬FLMLÔLjáFLj.
8. GS¸ÏÁFnÎMoE~õÓj(GS¸ÏÁ GSMLjNqkÓj - FnÎMoE~õÓj)
®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé CnÆfH°FLï^jæ$c, Oq¸bKZ¸Py ÂCLõÁ£JdO~ÏÍFLŠ bKZŠëÓj öJdMLjj[õCL Â¼áFL^j,÷
QZC~KeíÓj $q<¼ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸ MLÔoáGS¿¥h, ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÓj rH=oæ GHÍíîÀ¥h bKZ¥që×¦FLjPy÷ ÍOq*
¬ÏÁ¥q¸ ¥c×x¼á¸Á. GH¸<j$q GHKeòÓ ML¸=h ÄQoGR GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFo ¥cŠ¸@~, öGHÀOy¾ ¬Fo¥qMLkOqj÷ ÄÄÏÍ
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy bKZŠëÓjÔosS VOqÂMoÍFLŠ$cFLj, ¬¸ÍjŠ CL»FL NojO~ð^jFLj, ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL ¥cOqõbKeOq¸
EéMLTdíîFL¸rHÎ GH¨¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c GHÄöCLMnjÎFL ÂMoÁC~FLïGHlO~Ç GH¿MLk*¸Py öGHÀÁFL¸ öGHMLßÍíîMLkFLMLjMLlCLk
°¸<<¸MLÓ÷ EéMLTdíîF~Â¥h ¥cOqõbKeOq¸ ÄGH¿¤CL¸$c rH¿» JwML<¸MLÓ÷, CL»FL¸CL FnÎMoÍõGHlO~ÇÂ GS¥cÓ¸Py
ML¸¨M~Oqá<¸ ¥qGRæTdÏÍõMnjÎFL ¥cOqõ¸$c GH¿*Äj¸¼¸Á. öGHÀÁFL¸ ¥x¸<Ó O~NqjÂ¥h ÂMoÁC~Oqíî¸ ¥x¸<¸CL
FnÎMoÍõGHlO~Ç CLNqkOqjÔoNqMLÓfS O~ML<Moj$c¥q, µ¥xÚ¥qÚGHØ<j bKZŠëÓ¥y¿¥qFLj MLjÂï¸¼ ÀOqjJdðML< ¬Fo
sHOqjCy On¸<jML¸ÍÓ MLjOq¥cÚÓjÓ ¬FLïGHlO~ÇÂ CLNqkOqj ÔoNqkÆûFL GH¿fSíîÀ‚< ³Oqð@éÁ(No.54,
197, 253-T.T. and 151-G.T.).
TdÏE~Oq*¸$c ¯ F~<j VOqGHE~O~ìÓFLj ²¸CL HG ¿MLk*¸PyFnÎF~ EâÎM~Â¥h ÂMoÁ¸ÔL<¸ ÂCLõ¸

öÀGS¸ÏÍõPyFLj ÔosS GHm×eÍjÓ ¬FL¸CLOqMoj ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ¥cÂ GHmOqø¸ öÀGS¸ÏÍõÓPyFLk, GS¸ÏE~õ¥cÓGHm×
öJdOq¸bKeÂ¥h MLjj¸Íj$c $cÂ, GHm×eFL¸CLOq¸ ¥cÂ, µ¥q GHm×¦ GHm¿ë ¬tj On¸<ML¥cÓ GHm×¦öJdOq¸bKeÂ¥h
MLjÏÍõ°FLï ÄO~MLj¥cÓ¸(GS¸ÏÁ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=eOqj)Py CLMLj QZ¥cëõFLjTdOq¸, CLMLjMLÍí °FLï VOq¸ ÂMoÍFL
ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸@éÁ. ¯ GSMLjNqj¸PyFo bKZŠëÓ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸GH_@éÄ. ¯ ÄO~MLj¥cPeFoï

GS¸ÏÁ ¥cÓ¸$c Q~GSF~Ój sHOxÚ¸^jF~ïtj. ¥cÂ, ¥cÓö¥qMLkFL GS¸ÏÁ ¬¸=o GS¸ÏÁ¥cÓ¸Py GSMLj¿ð¸GH_@é
FnÎMoE~õÓŠ sHOqj fSìOqGH¨¸Á. GS¸ÏÁMLjjGHðÍj ¬¸=o MLjjGHðÁ ¥xÓCLÓ ¬FLïO~Ç¥h sHOqj. GH$qP|GS¸ÏÁ ¬¸=o
GH$q=hGHm^ ®MLø_@é FnÎMoE~õÂ¥h MLkOqjsHOqj$c ÂÆ¼¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c Q~GSF~ÓPy ¥xÂï Td¸¥oÀ¥qGHÍ×eÓ¸
M~<_<^¸ CL^fSíî¸¼¸Á. °E~ÿOqBcÂ¥h-°ÍNqj¥cÓ¸, ÇOqj¥cÓ¸, Po¥q ¬OqjByÍNqj ¥cÓ¸, (CxÆ
GS¸ÏE~õ¥cÓ¸), ¬OqíîNqkMLj¸(O~öÀ¥h MLjj¸Íj). ¯ F~<j ‚@~ GHm×e¥cÓ¸Py öGHCoõ¥q ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓCy
‚¨FL µ¥q ÏE~O~M~fU¥q GHm×e ÄÏÁÂ ÔLk<MLÔLjá. GSjöGHbKeCL sSMLPy TdøÄjM~¿¥h °ÍNqjO~$q¸
Jd<jCLk ÂöÍPoGH<¸, MnFLïCy ¥qÆfHFL Ôn¥nÚOq ÂMoÁ¸ÔL<¸, CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ TdøÄjM~¿¥h GHmMLlÓCy
¬Ó¸¥q¿¸Ôo CyMLkÓsSML ¥cOqõ¸ ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL TdøÄjM~¿¥h ¥xÓjMLl. ¬OqáŠ<j
F~=h GH¸Ô~¸$q öQZML*¸ ÔoTdë<j. CLOqjM~CL ÓNqj $qBç¥cÏÁ¥c¿ TdøÄjM~¿¥h MLjj¸ÍjOy¾F~=h
E~Nqj, MLõNqkÂï(ÏÍFL,ÏE~FLõOqksH*)ÄML¿¸ÔL<¸; ¬^j CLOqjM~CL (Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq) GSÿöGSF~MLkOqáFL
¬FL¸CLOq¸ GH¥cøFLï, QZOqÚO~F~ïÓCy MLjVFnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð* ×Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ®¥qÚ< öGHÀ GHm×eÄÏÁ¥h
GHmOqø¸, ¬FL¸CLOq¸ FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °¸Á. GHmOqø¸Py ®Pe$o ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸@éÁ ¬Â ÅÇ¢ M Lj¸CLjÓj,
TdMLkFLjõÓj ®¼áFL GHÓj E~F~Ó ³O~ð^÷FLj ÔLksSë CnÓjGSjë¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy MLjk<j GS¸ÍO~óÓj [¼áCL¸$c
CnÓjGSjëFLïÄ. bKZŠëÓj EâÎM~Â¥h ÓGIHjjVOq¸ ®Ôoá °ÍNqj¥cÓ¸ µ¥q=h. CyMLkÓsSMLPy MLjj[õGIHj^æ¸
¬tjFL ÀOqjML¨Ä+¥hÚFL Jv+jÍj (¬FL$c TdøÄj JdÍöGHXc+FL GS¸ÍOqó¸)On¸<ML GS¸ÍOqó¸. MLjWe" O~öÀ
¬OqíîNqkMLj GSMLjNqj¸ MLjk<ML GS¸ÍOqó¸. Äj»ÆFL GSMLjNqkÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ GSðGRæCLPoÍj.
°FLïCLGHÍMLlÓPy °¸@é MLjVO~¾Ój ¬Fo¥qOq¥cÓ sSM~¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL$c, TdMLkFLõ
bKZ¥që×¦FL¸‚@~ ¬=hæsSMLÓPy JdPxÜFL@~Â¥h GS¥hëÂ ¥qFL_OqÔL<¸MLÓ÷, GSMLjNqj¸, ¥cÓ¸ ¥qÓfSO~ML<¸¥yGS¸
µ¥oOq¥qMnjÎFL ¬¸Í¿ sSMLÓFLj M~¿ GSMLjôÀCy µ¥o GSMLjNqj¸Py ×¦¿fH¸Ôo GHÍíîÀ ³Oqð¨¸Á. _j¥qÚO~NqjF|
GS¸ÏÁ, FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjF| GS¸ÏÁ, MnjjÍPnÎFL sSMLÓj ®Pe ³Oqð¨FLMo.
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ó¥cPeÂ¥h GHmOqø¸ ÓbÃ¸¼FL Q~GSF~ÓÂï=hPyFLj fSCL¥qOq$qFLèF| GS¸ÏÁ (No.195-
T.T.)öJd¼£FLMnjÎFL=hæÁ. ¯ sSMLFLj ×¦¿fH¸ÔL@~Â¥h ÀOqjMn¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ sSF~F~NqjŠ@âÎFL
®MLjô¨-O~ÿjCLëO~NqjF| fS¸$qNqjÍBcêNqj¥qF| EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸$c, GHmOqø¸ ÀOqjMn¸¥q^F~DÍ

NqkÍMLO~NqjÓÔoCL CLFLŠ GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c ®¼áFL ®Ó÷CLkëO§F~<jPyÂ fS¸$q*FLÓk÷O§ ¬Fo sHOqj$qÓ
Jv¸$qÓkO§ ö$cMLkÂï GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j.
_j¥qÚO~NqjGS¸ÏÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸Py µ<¸_¨¥q öGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸(rHGSÓj, Fotj MnjjÍPnÎFL
GHE~O~íîÓCy CLNqkOqjÔofSFL ¬FLï¸)FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æMLÓfS °¸Á. ¥ytjP|¥oÈøNqjj, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷
ÀOqjFL¸ÍMLFL¸ ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿¤, ÀOqjMLjÓ, ÀOqjGHÀÓPy$qÓ MLj>>O~ÓŠ ¬ÏÁGHÀ£ ¬tjFL ²¸rHOqjMLkF~O§

½¡NqjOqj Q~.QZ.1367GS¸.Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, öGHÀÁFL¸ On¸<j ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ@~Â¥h$cFLj
³O~ð^jÔofS (No.106-T.T)Q~GSFL¸ Motj¸Ô~<j. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW| ½¡NqjO§ Q~.QZ.1380
GS¸.Py öGHÀÁFL¸ On¸<jÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h (No.47-T.T)CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. Q~.QZ.1372
GS¸.Py MoNqj_<è No.23-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ O~NqjO§GS¸ÏÁÂ $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLj¸Á. ®Á On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÔo
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_<è GS¸ÏÁ¥h GSÄ£jGH¥cÓ¸PyFo MoNqj_¨ °¸<<¸MLÓ÷ On¸<MLEéMLO~NqjÓj ³O~ð^jÔofSFL
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öGHEéQZ¸$c MLk¿¸Á. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j]
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M~Oqj CLMLj$qjOqjMLl$c¿ F~MLjÏEéNqkÂï ${OqMLGHlOqTdÚOq¸$c °ÔLá¿¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, CLMLj $qjOqjMLl$c¿¥yGS¸
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SG ¸MLCLûO~FL MLjjÍÆNqkO§ ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLŠ ¬Oqjü@âÎ No.187-T.T.E~FLQ~GSFL¸ MofSFLM~@âÎFL ÀOqj¥qÚÆ ¥qÂþE~GSO§

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“±We” (öGHQZ¸GSÓCy‚¨FL Jd^)FLj Jd<jCLk On¸<j ¬ÀOqGSGHð¨ ÂMoÍFLŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
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QZjö¥qM~Oq¸F~<j ¬¸=o GHÁsUFLjOy¾ÓŠ µ¥qÚMLkOqj TdøÄj¥h×¦¿$o ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï
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¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ GHm¿ëNnjÎFL CLOqjM~CLFo, ÂMoÁ¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ¬FLjMLjÀ¸GH_¨¸Á.
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Q~.QZ. 1356 GS¸MLCLûOq öJd¸C~FL EéM~ÓNqj¸Py×¦¿$o EâÎFL¸ÁFL ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓPy µ¥q=h$c öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH_¨,
ö¥qMojBc Q~.QZ. 1418 GS¸. F~=h¥h öHG Coõ¥q GHXyCLûML¸$c GH¿*Äj¸¼ 15 Oy¾ÓŠ µ¥q MLkOqjMLÔoá QZjö¥qM~Oq¸F~<j
×¦OqjGH_@é ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸CyÔo¿á, ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk MLTwë¸ÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¥cÂ ®Pe
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¯ F~<j‚@~ öJdCL¹¥cÓ¸Py(4$q¸^Ó CLOqjM~CL)×¦¿$o CyMLkÓsSMLPy bKe$q¸$c, Kb y$qMLjk¿ë¥h - Mn¸¨
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¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py bKy$qMLjk¿ë¥h ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á.
Q~.QZ.1427 GS¸.Py MoNqj_<è On¸<MLQ~GSFL¸ No.276-T.T. öGH¥cOq¸, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
öGHÀ On¸<ML QZjö¥qM~Oq¸F~<j GHl+j$qj¥cGHØMLjjOnÎ ¬Fo ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸@éÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯
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53 QZjö¥qM~O~ÓPyFLj ¯ ¥cOqõ¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸<<Moj ¥c¥q ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL
MLjß$qÇOq FLXqöCLÁFL¸F~<j GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py 13 Oy¾Ój TdøÄj¥h ¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ‚< ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á.

®^jML¸=h ÄÏE~FL¸ ¬MLÓ¸Ã¸GH_<=eÂ¥h ¥cOq*bKZkCLj@âÎFLM~<j bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ¬GHðOqGSO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
fSY¦jÀMLjôNqjõO§. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c MnFLj¥q=h GHÍíÀî öGH¥cOq¸ HG l+j$qj¥cGHl ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦Oqj$qjÔLj¸¨FL 26 Po¥q 27
QZjö¥qM~O~ÓŠ, MLjÏÍõMLjÏÍõ, MLÍÆrH^æ_¨FL 26 QZjö¥qM~O~ÓFLj, ®GHØ<j ö¥xCLë$c Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ
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öGHNqjCLï¸ ÔoNqj_¨ °¸@~Æ ¥qE~ ! °E~ÿOq*¥h, Td+jML MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ FLkCLFL¸$c ³OqðOq¼FL
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GHÔLá¥qOqkðOq¸Cy HG =næMLOqíFî L¸ À£¿áÁÁí MLjÏÍõbKe$q¸Py ¥qGSkë¿À¤ Ó¥q¸ ¬MLjOqjTdëOqj. ¯ F~=h EéM~ÓNqj HG ¿bKeGRPy
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11. °CLûM~Ój
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CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á. ´ÀVõÂï ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ GS¸öGHE~NqjfSÍíî¸$c Kb ZjÄrHÎ EâÎML¸Nnjj¥qÚ ÁMLõ½¡MLFL¸Cy MLjj¨GH¨,
ÄGRjêMLlNnjj¥qÚ ¬MLC~Oq$cDÍÓ ÏE~Oq¸$c ÂOqøfU¸ÔL_@é °CLûM~Ój On¸<ML CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÍjC~tj. ÀOqjðGHðÈ"
Nnjj+j¼á ¬¸=o MLkOqÜÈ Po¥q ÏÍFLjO~ôTwCLûML¸ MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ ¯ CLOq$qÀ¥h ÔL¸ÍjC~tj. EâÎM~¸QZ°FLï ¬MLC~Oq
GHlOqjGRjÓ ×¦FLôFLXqöC~Ó ÀDÍjÓPy ÔoNqj_@é °CLûM~Ój MLjk<ML CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÍjC~tj. EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸
Jv¸Í$y¿, Â¿¤êCLÀDÍjÓPy CLFL ×¦FLôFLXqöC~Â¥h, ¬bÃMLkFL MLõ¥hë Po¥q CLFL $qjOqjMLl Po¥q O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸
Oy¾ °CLûM~Á ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦¿fH¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ®^jML¸=hÄ MLjk<ML CLOq$qÀ¥h
Ôn¸ÍjC~tj.
(i) ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój Po¥q ÀOqj¥xÚ¨ ÀOqjF~W| :

°CLûM~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ó¥yGS¸ ¬FoøfR¸¼FLGHl<j ÓbÃ¸¼FL ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj Q~GSFL¸ ¬Âï=hPyFLj
¥cÓ¿¤C~õ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFL¸. GHÓ÷MLO~¾ ¥y Ä×¦NqjÍ¸À Äö¥qMLjMLOqôF| GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 51ML
GS¸. ¬¸=o GSjMLkOqj ö¥i.QZ. 830ML GS¸. MoNqj_<è (No.219-G.T.)¯ ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ FLj¸¨ ö¥h¸Á ÄGRNqkÓj
CnÓjGSjëF~ïtj-: ÀOqjMn¸¥q^CLjë ²¸KnOqjMLkF| ¬¨$qW| EéM~ÓNqj¸Py FLkCLFL¸$c TdìfH¸¼FL °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸
MLjj¸Íj MnÆ»¸Ôo Á£GH¸¥yGS¸ Qy+F~<jPyÂ Qy+FLkO§Š Ôn¸ÁFL °Ó$qrHðOqjMLkF~O§ ÀOqj ÔLjá¥qFLkO§
(ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj) ö$cMLjGSbKZŠ 40 ¥q+¸¾Ó _¸$cOq¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. rHÎ Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸
PyÂ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ MLjkÓÄö$qVÂ¥h öGHÀOqkGH¸$c CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_<è °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸
öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨FL ÄGRNqj¸ CnÆfS¸Eé. ¥c$c MLjÈ¢" GSjMLkOqj µ¥q=hFLïOqQZC~_í¸ $q<¼FL CLOqjM~CL, MLjkÓMLjk¿ë¥h
öGHÀOqkGHMnjÎFL MLj¿Nnjj¥q Mn¸¨Äö$qÿ¸ MLj*M~+ rHOqjMLkW| ¬Fo sHOqjCy ÓNqj¸Py TdìGHFLÔoNqj_¨¸ÍFo
ÄGRNqj¸ (No.18-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
GHÓ÷MLlÂ ŠMLkOnë, QZ¥hëÄ^¸¥qF| ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ ÅÇ¢ ¥c<jMn=hæ$qW| Nnjj¥qÚ bKeOqõ TdMLjMnÎ
¬Fo Mnj, ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍGHF~ôO§ O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 14ML GS¸MLCLûO~FL, MLjkÓMLOqjÓ
öGHÀÃ¸_OqkGHMnjÎFL Oq×¦CLÄö$qVÂï, MLjFLM~+rHðOqjMLkW| ¬FosHOqjCy GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸¼ µ¥q FLMLOqCLï[¼CL ¥h¿¤^¸,
¬Fo¥q bKZOqBcCy ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸¼ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼¸Á. bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py(GHlOq=eæÇFnÓb)
¼C~ëFLXqöCL¸ Oy¾ Oq¸bKZMnjÎ 9 Oy¾Ój ×¦¿sH öGHÏE~FyCLûML¸, öJdOq¸bKZMLjML@~Â¥h On¸<j Oy¾Ój MLjj¸Íj$q
MLjFLM~+ rHOqjMLkW|¥h ±Oo»¸GHl ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔofS¸Á.
¬Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Ä< Oq×¦CLÄö$qVÂ¥h MLjj¥yÚ=hE~øÍÇ¥h MLjj¸ÍjOy¾FLj¸¼ ³<j Oy¾Ó
Jd^j Oy¾e On¸<jMLkOqj÷ ±Oo»¸GHlŠ$cFLj ¥xCLë °CLûM~Âï öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼¸Á. ¯ °CLûM~Ój ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h
¥cMLÓfSFL ÏÍFL¸ GSMLj‚Oqá@~Â¥h, O~Bh TdMLjMnÎ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ MnÓtj¼á ¥xÂ, E~ÂÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ÔoGSkë E~ÂrHÎ ²Pe¸=h GHFLjïÓFLj$cÂ ÄÏÁ¸GHO~ÍÂ ÀOqjÔLjá¥qFLkO§ (ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj) GSbKnÎNqkõOqjŠ
µGHð»¸¼¸Á. ¯ÄÏÍ¸$c ¥cÓ¸F~=h¥o ¬¸=o 10ML QZC~_í¸ F~=h¥o ¬GSPnÎFL Td¸MLCLû¿¥yCLûML¸
¬FosHOqjCy bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. ¯ °CLûML¸, Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ
MLkVCLôõ¸Py ÔnGHð_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, ÁPy ö_ÿôÔo Oq¸bÃ¸GH_¨ ÂOqøfU¸GH_¨¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓ÷ ¯
MLjGUyCLûM~Â¥h ö_GUyôCLûMLMLjFo sHOqjML¼á¸Á. ¬CLõ¸CL MnÎbKZML¸$c ×¦¿sH ¯ °CLûML ÂOqøÿ* ¬ÏÁ¥q
ÏÍFLMLõNnksHCL¸ ¬ML<¸MLÓ÷ GHÓ÷MLO~Bh GSøNqj¸$c ¯ °CLûM~Âï ÂOqøfU¸¼¸Á. ¬¸ÍjŠ ¬Nojõ
MLõNqkFLï¸C~ C~Fo bKZ¿¸¼, E~Â¥yGS¸ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofS¸Á.
®¸CLMLOq‚ ÓbÃ¸¼FL Ôy+Q~GSF~ÓPy, °CLûM~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój ³Ä£ CnÆNqj

O~PoÍj. ¥cÂ, CLOqjM~À ¥cÓGHl Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ TdøÄj¥h ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸¨FL
°CLûM~Ó GS¸[õ, öJdÏE~FLõCLÓ FLFLjGS¿¸¼ ÔoNqj_<jCLjFLï ÄÄÏÍOq¥cÓ GHE~O~ìÓ ÂMoÍFLÓj, GH¿MLk*¸
PyFLj GS¸[õPyFLj ¬ÏÁ¥qMLjMLlCLj¸<<¸ $qMLjÂTdë¸. ÍXh* bKeOqCLEéQZ¸PyÂ öJd¼£FL rUÎ¸ÍML O~×eõÓj
NqjMLFLjÓ ÏE~=h¥h ÂÓjMLPo¥q µ¥q=x¥q=h$q ÇDÁÓMnjÎ ¥qFLjMLjOqj$nÎJwMLlCLk °FLï ¥cÓ¸Py $q¸<$yJdÓ,
NqkÍMLO~Nqj, ¥c<MLO~Nqj, QZ¸_jMLO~Nqj MnjjÍPnÎFL ML¸Q~ÓM~Oqj ö¥qMojgH, CLMLjCLMLj ¬ÏÁ¥cOq _PeÂï,
öJdMLjj[õCLÂ ¬bÃMLßÁíî ÔofS¥xÂ, ¬ÍFLjÔLk¼ CLMLjCLMLj öJd¸C~ÓPy O~×eõÏÁ¥cO~Âï fSíîOqGHOqÔLj¥xÂ,
TdøCL¸öCLõ¸ öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xF~ïOqj. ¯ F~Nqj¥qO~¾Ó Š^j¸KeÓj °ÔLáfSìÀPy °¸¨FL¥cÓ¸Py ÀOqjMLjÓ
ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GSøNqj¸$cFLj, ®CLOq ÄÏE~Ój$cFLj, CLMLjML¸CLj GSÿ¥cO~Âï ¬¸Á¸¼, ²FLPoÂsSML
ÔoQ~Oqj. EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ ¥y¿, ÂCLõÁ£GH ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj, °CLûM~Ój, ±Oo»¸GHlÓj ÔL¸öÍ
C~O~OqÚ¸ ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj ÔofS Q~GSF~ÓFLj Motj¸Ô~Oqj. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFLFo ÀOqjMLjÓ
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓŠ 10ML QZC~_í¸ FLj¸© bKeöÍGHÍ¸(GHlOq=eÇ), MLkOqÜÇOqMLkTdÓPy FLM~tjÀ£$c
×¦OqjGH_<jCLk MLGSjëFLï ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓCy Ke^j, ö¥i.QZ. 1300 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ öJd¸CL¸F~=h¥h, ad<¸Py
‚< (No.189-T.T.) °CLûML¸ ; ÀOqjGHÀPy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj M~¿¥h MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸Py ×¦¿$o Td¸MLCLû¿¥q
°CLûML¸CyKe^j ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py MLjOx¥q °CLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h(No.127-G.T.) ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py ×¦¿$o ¯ On¸<ML°CLûM~Â¥h Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ EéMLNqkÍMLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 30ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸FL¸Íj ¬CLÂ O~Bh ³O~ð^j ÔofS¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÓ¥nÎ ¯Mnj rHÎ¸¨GHÆ÷
ö$cMLj¸Py GS$qbKe$cÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÍCLë¸ ÔofS¸Á. ¯ rHÎ¸¨GHÆ÷ MLjOy ¬OqíîbKe$q¸ ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸$c (EéML E~FL¸$c)®MLø_¨¸Á. ®¸CLMLköCLMoj ¥cŠ¸@~, ¯ °CLûML
GSMLjNqj¸Py TdøÄjÂ ±Oo»¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸, E~OqjMLlCy µ¥q ÔLCLjOqjô[ OqDE~Âï Â¿ô¸GH×ofS ®¼á¸Á.
MnÎQ~[ MLkGS¸Py ±Oo»¸GHlŠ °GHNnk»¸ÔL_@é OqDÍ¸¥qF~ï ®Á ¥xÁí$c ¼FLïÁ. C~FLj _ÿk¥q¿¸¼FL
OqDE~Âï ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸ÔL@~Â¥i, ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ÔoNqj@~Â¥i ¬Nojõ [OqjáÓ ÂÄjCLë¸ ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL
ÏÍFL¸ C~FLj E~FL¸ÔofSFL ¬Oqíîö$cMLj¸ FLj¸¨ MLÔoá E~Nqj¸FLj¸¨ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL@~Â¥hÂ£ï, E~Nqj¸Py
[OqjáÓj Jw$c Äj$qjÓj CoÆFL^÷tjCo rHÎ¥q¸ EéM~ÓNqj MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓŠ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL MLÓfS¸Á$c
EéM~ÓNqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓŠ ¬FLjMLjÀÂ ®¼á¸Á. ®¸CLMLOqŠ ÀOqj¥xÚ¨ÀOqjF~W| ¬¸=o ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój,
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py MLjk¨¸CLÓj ¥c$c ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py On¸¨¸CLPnÎFLÄ. µ¥q ¥cÓ¸Py
µ¥q=h¥qFLï ²ŠÚML °CLûM~Ój ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸@éÄ ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ No.102-T.T. Q~GSF~Âï_=hæ ÄQZÍ MLjMLlCy¸Á.
¥cÂ GSðGRæ¸$c ¬Ä ²Âï ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj.
®¥q Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ó ¥cPeÂ¥h ML¼áFL^ætjCo, On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqO~NqjÓj, MLjjPnu÷ÀOqjMn¸¥q^
½NqjõO§ M~¿ GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy, ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h MLkfS(MLkGIHj¸)FnÓPy µ¥q °CLûML¸
×¦OqGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^jÔofS, ¬¸ÍjŠ ¬Nojõ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj, GHm¸$y<j ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ MLÔoá E~NqkÂï
¬¿ð¸Ô~<Â (No.61,103-T.T.)Q~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. °CLûM~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ®CLOq Q~GSF~ÓPy ÓbKZõMnjÎFL
ÄMLO~Ój, M~=h GS¸[õFLj$cÂ, ¬Ä ×¦OqjGH_<è ¥cPeÂï$qj¿¸¼ ¥cÂ GSðGRæ¸$c(No.61, 340-T.T.) CnÓjGH<¸
PoÍj. ¥cÂ, ¥cÓ¸ $q<¼FL¥xÁ£í, 16ML QZC~_í¸ öGHDÍMLkOqíîbKe$q¸ F~=h¥h, ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦OqjGH_<jCLjFLï
°CLûM~Ó GS¸[õ 10¥h rH¿»¸Á. ¬¸=o, _ÿjQZ¹, MnÎ¥cÇ(MnÎQ~[¸), Â(×oõGRç¸)MLkTdÓj CLfHð¸¼
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Äj»ÆFL 10 FnÓÓPyFLj ¯ 10 °CLûM~Ój ×¦OqjGH_¨ °¸=etj. ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦
TdøÄj¥h MnÎQ~[¸, ×oõGRç MLkTdPPy °CLûMLÀOqjF~+j÷ ×¦¿$o GSMLjNqj¸.
ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój ¬¸ŠO~Oqð* ÁFLMLjjFLj¸¨ öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ Ä@~NqkY¦jþÁFL¸(Ä£@yÚÓj ÁFL¸)
MLOqŠ, 12Oy¾Ój ×¦Oqj$qjC~tj. ±Oo»¸GHl CLOqjM~CL °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ¥h öGHMoÇ¸¼
TdíîFLMLj¸^GH¸Py GSMLkMoQZMLjMLlCLj¸Á. ¬GHØ<j GSbKZPyÂ bKZŠëÓj GSMLj¿ð¸fH¸Ôo ÄÄÏÍ VOq GHE~O~ìÓj
FnÎMoE~õFL¸CLOq¸ ¬¥qÚ< GSMLkMoQZMnjÎFL bKZ¥që×¦FLjÓŠ GH¸¼rH^æ_<CLj¸Á. ®Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c, TdøÄjÂ M~ÿFL¸Py
±Oo»¸Ôo^GHØ<j, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h À¿»MLÔoá^GHØ<j, bKZŠëÓ ¥y¿¥qÓFLj MLjÂï¸¼, M~Oqj ÂOqøfUGSjëFLï^jML¸=h
EéM~ÓNqjMLkOqÜ GSÄ£jGH¸Py°FLï °GHMLF~ÓPyFLk, MLj¸^JdÓPyFLk TdíîF~ÓFLj ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸Á.
®^jML¸=h TdíîF~Ój ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFo ¥c¥q, ®CLOq °CLûMLGS¸ÍO~óÓPy‚< ×¦OqjGH_@éÄ.
(ii ) ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸ :
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸, MLjj¥yÚ=h ³¥cÍÇ (MnÎŠ¸>>Oq ³¥cÍÇ)ÀDÁ¥h GHÁ
Oy¾Ój MLjj¸Íj$c öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼, GSjMLkOqj ®OqMnÎOy¾Ój ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ¯ Oy¾ÓPy öGHÀÁFL¸, F~PetjOq
ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏE~Âï JdO~Nqj*¸ ÔoGSkë °CLûMLÄö$qVÂï Ä£ÏÍjÓPy ±Oo»TdëOqj. GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py °FLï MoÍ¸
¬Oqì¸¥cÂ TdÏE~Oq*×¦F~Ó¥h, CLô×eåF~Âï, JdOqMLk¿íî¥q ¼¸CLFLÂ ¥qÆ»¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸, CLÄj+bKeGRPy WeøOqjÓj
Oq¼¸¼FL F~Ój$qjMoÓ GH¿ÄjÀ$qÓ ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍ¸ ®Á. ¯ °CLûML¸ ×¦¿$o MnjjÍ=h GHÁOy¾Ój GH$qP|GHCLjë
(ÁFLMLjjÓj GHÁ)¬Â, CLOqjM~À GHÁOy¾Ój ®O~GHCLjë O~öCLjÓj ¬Â ¬¸=eOqj. ¯ °CLûML¸PyFLj,
ö_GUyôCLûML¸Py Pe$cFo, bKZŠëÓj CLMLj ÂMoÍFLÓFLj GSMLj¿ðTdëOqj.
¯ ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸ ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLj, ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLj
TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLj ×¦OqjGH_<jCy¸Á. ´Íj$qjOqj WeøOqjÓ ÄGRNqj¸Py ¯ °CLûML¸ 12 Oy¾Ój
×¦¿$oÁ. Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎOy¾FL öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓFLj MLjj¸Íj$c ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ÂMoÁ¸¼FL

fHMLjô^ M~=hÂ ÀOqjGHÀ¥h À£fS¥xÂML¼á WeøOqjÓŠ GSMLjOqð* ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦¿$oÁ.
¯ °CLûML¸ $qj¿¸¼ CnÆsH^^jML¸=h Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h ¥qOq¸ GSjMLkOqj$c ö¥i.QZ. 1400 GS¸.
öJd¸C~FL ÓbÃ¸ÔL$c, ®=iMLÆ ¥qOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1635 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ öJd¸CL¸ F~=hÁ. ®GHð=h¥i ¯ EéM~ÓNqkPy÷
¯ °CLûML¸, ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸Cy ×¦Oqj$qjCy¸Á.
(iii ) GHÄöCyCLûML¸ :1
Q~GSF~Ó MLjkÓ¸$c MLjFLŠ CnÓjGSjëFLï, °CLûM~ÓPy E~E~GHl ¬Â£ï, EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ¯

F~<k ÔLOq*Py °F~ïtj. ¥cÂ, GHÄöCyCLûML¸ MLköCL¸ ¯F~<j, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ³ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLk
ÔLOq*Py °FLï^j÷PoÍÂ CnÆNqj<¸ ÄÔ~OqBiNqj¸. ®Á Td¸MLCLû¿¥yCLûML¸. EéM~ÓNqkPPy $qMnk¥që
ÂCLõGHm×yGHÔ~O~ÍjÓFLj ÄÏÁÄÏE~FL ¥qßC~õÓFLj ÔL¿¸ÔL<¸Py, CnÆTw CnÆNqj¥y ExOqÆFL, MLj¸öCL
gUFL, ö¥hNqkgUFL bKZ¥hëgUF~PnÎFL ¬GHÔ~O~ÓFLj XqÄj¸¼ MLjÂï¸GHlMLjÂ EâÎM~Âï öJd¿ì¸Ôo ö¥hNqk¥qPeGH¸ ¯
°CLûML¸. ®Á öGHÏE~FL¸$c GH¿QZjÍíîCLFLj ¬¸=o GHÄöCLCLFLj GSøÔLóCLFLj rH¸Jv¸Á¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ °EéíÇ¸GH_¨FL
°CLûML¸.
öGHöGHDÍMLj¸$c ÀOqjMLjÓPy Td+jML MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ öJwC~ûÿ¸Cy Q~.QZ.1385 (ö¥i.QZ.1463)
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cÓ¸Py(No.157-T.T.) ¯ GHÄöCyCLûML¸ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ®Á
ö¥xCLë$c NojO~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨ ÔLOq*Š ML¼áFL °CLûMLMnjÎFL¸ÍjMLÓ÷ Á£Âï $qj¿¸¼FL ¬ÂïÄMLO~Ój ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj.
¯ °CLûML¸ 5 Oy¾Ój ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ¬¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj$c ö¥hCL¸O~öÀ ×¦¿»FL ¬¸ŠO~Oqð*Cy ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸
öJdOq¸bKZ MLjMLlCLj¸Á. ¯ Oy¾Cy ¥qÓjGHl¥x¸=o ¯ °CLûML¸ OqjOy¾Ó ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸. ´ÍjOy¾Ój
MoÍJdO~Nqj*¸, GHlO~*GH>OqFL ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸Py JdPxÜFo GH¸¨CLjÓŠ Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<jCLj¸Á.
¯ GHÄöCyCLûML¸ $qj¿¸¼ ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÆNqj×osS On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLÄ ¥c$c, MLjOy On¸<j ÀOqjGHÀ PyÂÄ. ¯ F~Ój$qj Q~GSF~Ój 15ML QZC~KeíÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæÄ.
¼öCL¸$c, CLÍFL¸CLOq ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ °CLûM~Âï $qj¿¸¼ ¥qO~Ój °FLï Q~GSF~PoÄ ÓbKZõ¸¥cPoÍj. ¬¸Co¥cÍj,
öGHGSjëCL ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ GHÄöCyCLûML¸ ®¥qÚ¨ ³ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLk ×¦OqjGH_<jCLjFLï^jæ$c ¥cFLO~Íj. ÁPy,
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py öGHÀNoj=e ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk °¸¨FL^jML¸=h °CLëMLjMnjÎFL, öGHNnk×¦FL ¥qOqMLjtjFL ¯ °CLûML¸,
³ ¥cOq*¸MLPFLFy, ²GHð=hFLj¸¨ ×¦OqjGH_<Š¸@~ ÂÆ¼Jwtj¸Ey CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ ¯ GHÄöCyCLûML¸,
¯ F~=h¥i Äj¥hÚÆ ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸CyFLj, ¬CLõ¸CL öQZÍíîCyFLj, ¥q¸¼, ÅÇ¢ O q¸$q¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL ÍXh*bKeOqCLEéQZ¸PyÂ
öGHMLjj[ MnÎ G R ê M L EéM~ÓNqkÓPy, ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸<^¸ $qMLjF~Oqü¸.
[1. ö¥i.QZ.1930 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ F~=h¥h ¯ °CLûML¸ ÔLOq*Py Po¥qJwtjMLjGHð=h¥i 1984 GS¸. Py GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸GH_¨¸Á. ®Á ®GHl<j
M~¿ú¥yCLûML¸. $qGRjæ FnÓPy MLjk<j Oy¾Ój ×¦¿$o °CLûML¸. ¿ãCL sSML‚@~. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
iV) GS¸ö¥çCLjÓj :
¥xÂïEéM~ÓNqkÓPy ×¦¿sH °CLûM~Ój GSkOqõ$qMLjFL¸Cy MLjj¨GH¨ °¸=etj. _jjCLjMLlÓj,
¬NqjF~Ój, FnÓÓj, ÁM~O~öCLjÓj, FnÓ FnÓMLÔoá GS¸ö¥çCLjÓj GSkOqõ$qMLjFL ¥cOq*¸$c ³Oqð<jCLjF~ïtj.
Ä£=hPy MLjj[õ¸$c ¬NqjFLGS¸ö¥çCLjÓj, ¬¸=o MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥qMLj*¸, ¥qO~Ú^¥q GS¸ö¥qMLj*¸ ¬¸=o °CLëO~Nqj*
GHl*õ¥cÓ öJdOq¸bKZ¸(×¦FLML¿ 15), ÍXhBcNqjFL GHl*õ¥cÓ öJdOq¸bKZ¸(15 ¾ePnÎ),ÄQoGR öJdÏE~FLõCL
¥qÓÄ. ÄGRjGS¸ö¥çCLjPnÎFL CLÄj+MLkGS ¼ÀëOnÎ-ÄGRj, ¬ÓðfS-ÄGRj ¬¸=o MLGS¸CL_jjCLjMLl , ÇÇOq_jjCLjMLl
öJdOq¸bKZ¥cPeÓŠ öJdÏE~FLõCL CLŠÚML. JwCo MLkGS GS¸ö¥çCLjÓŠ öJdMLjj[õ¸PoÍj. ¯ GHl*õ¥cPeÓCy
Ke^j, ¬MLkM~GSõ ÀDÍjÓj‚< GHÄöCLÁF~Ój$c GH¿$qBh¸GH_<jCLjF~ïtj. ¯ GHl*õÁF~ÓPy fHCLßEéMLCLÓFLj
CLßfHëGHOqÔLj^¥nÎ ÔosS fHCLß¥qOqôÓj, CLOqðBcÁ ö¥hNqjÓŠFLï JdÄöCLõCL EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ ‚< öJd¥hF~tj.
Q~GSF~ÓPy ¯ GHl*õÁF~Ój, ÄQoGR ÁMLGS¸$qW|$c sHOxÚFL_@~ètj. ®Ä FnÓFnPe MLÔoá À¸$qW| ÁMLGS¸¥q¸=o
MoOo ¬tjFLÄ ¬FLïMLk^ (No.271, 277-T.T., No.142-G.T.).
¯ GS¸ÍO~óÓPy MLjÿÂ£NqjjPnÎ CL¿¸¼FL rHÍíÓ ×eåGH¥cOqì¸ öGHCoõ¥q GHm×¦Ój, öMLC~Ój,
ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL ÂMoÍF~ÍjÓCy, bKZŠëÓj CLMLj bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓFLj Ô~^j¥yML@~Â¥h ÂOqøfU¸GH_<jCLj¸¨FL
ÄGRNqj¸ Nos.16, 44, 51, 58, 66, 97,105,142,195,197- G.T. and 18, 51,70, 94, 281, 346 - T.T.Q~GSF~Ój
ÄQZÁ£¥q¿GSjëF~ïtj. ¯ GHÄöCL ÁF~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój $qÆ»FL Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ (No.18-
T.T.)GSjMLkOqj$c 10 ML QZC~_í¸ MLjÏÍõ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÁ. ®¸ÍjPy ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé CnÆfHFL^jæ ¥c<ML
O~BhNnjÎFL TdMLjMnÎ ö¥xCLë$c öGHÀGRçÔofSFL °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ ¬tjFL MLjFLM~+rHOqjMLk+W Š, On¸<j ¬NqjFL

GS¸ö¥çCLjÓPyFLj, On¸<j ÄGRjML GS¸ö¥çÀ ÁF~ÓPyFLj öGHCoõ¥qÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^jÔofSFL
ÄGRNqj¸ ÄÁCLMoj. F~=hFLj¸© öMLC~FLjadçF~ÍjÓj Jd=h¸ÔL_<jCLj¸¨FL GS¸ö¥çÀ ÁF~Ój, ®CLOq
GHl*õÁF~Ój, ³¥cÍÇ¢ öMLC~Ó GS¸[õ ö¥qMojgH ¬ÏÁ¥q¸ ¥c×x¼á¸Á. TwMLj, GSkOqõö$qÿ*¥cÓ¸ JzOqêÄj
¬MLkM~GSõ ÁF~Ój ¬CLõÏÁ¥q GHl*õöGHÍMnjÎFL ÁF~Ój(ÄQoGRÁMLGS¸$qW|)$c GH¿$qBh¸GH_<jCLj¸@éÄ.
¯ Oy¾ÓPy EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ×¦¿$o Pp¥h¥q ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓPy ‘¨¬NqjFL¸ ’ (FLkCLFL SG ¸MLCLûO~Á)
°CLûML ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂ¥h µ¥q öJdMLjj[õCL °¸Á. ¯ F~<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL $q<¼FL SG ¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL E~Nqj MLõNqj HG lGS¥ë q¸PyÂ Pn¥qÚÓFLj SG ¿ÔLkfSFL Ä£jÍ^ FLkCLFL¸$c ×¦MLk[Oqjá GHlGSë¥cÓFLj CnOq¼,
¬¸ÍjPy °^¸¥h¸ÔL MLÓfSFL ¥cOqõ¸ °¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL FLkCLFL ×¦MLk[OqjáÓ GHlGSë¥cÓj CnOqjML_<C~tj.
Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ‘ÀOqj¸@§ ²+jCLjë ®<j¸JwÍj1 (No.66-G.T.), ÀOqjM~¸@â+jCLjë Q~Àë ¬Oqj+j¸ JwÍj2

(No.195-G.T.) ÀOqjM~Fnè+jÀ^æ CLOqjM~tjPn3 (No.44,58,142-G.T.)¯ GHE~Ój rHÎ ÄGRNqkÂï $qk¿á
CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj.
EâÎM~¸QZ¸ MLkFLMLMLõ¥hëCLø ÓXqBcÓFLj Jv¸ÁFLGHl<j MLõ¥hë ¼CLëMLßÀë GSøbKeML ÓXqBcÓj,
EâÎMLC~øÂï MLjOqj$qj GHOqjTdëtj. MLkFLML ÓXqBcÓFLj Jv¸ÁFL¸ÍjMLÓ÷ Ç¢CyGRê GSj[Íj¹#eÓj TdÏE~Oq*
MLkFLMLlÂ MLPnFo ®CLÂÂ‚< KeÏÁTdëNqjÂ bKeÄ¸GH_<jCLj¸Á. Ä£=h ÍjöGRðbKeM~ÓFLj CL»Ü¸ÔL$qÓ ÄÏE~F~ÓFLj
¬MLÓ¸Ã¸¼, M~=hMLj¸¼ öGHbKeM~ÓFLj ¬FLjbKZMnÎ¥qMoÍõ¸$c ÔoGSj¥x¸=e<j. MLGS¸CyCLûML¸, ö»¤awôCLûML¸
(¥x@âÎ ÀOqjF~W|), ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~+j÷, ÀOqjGHðÈ÷ ¶<¸ ÀOqjF~+j÷(CnJwðCLûML¸)MnjjÍPnÎFL °CLûM~Ój
×¦OqGH_<^¸¬PyÂ MLjkÓ¸ ¯ bKeMLMoj.
V) MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ :
MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸Py, MLGS¸CL _jjCLjMLlPy ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy
OqMLOy¾FL TdøÄj °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÍjÓ$qj¸@~ ±Oo»¸GHl ×¦¿$o GSMLjNqj¸Py MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH
_<jCLj¸Á. ¯ F~<j, ¯ °CLûML¸ TdNqj¸¥cP ¸Py ×¦OqjGH_<jCy¸Á. GSMLjNqj¸Py rHÍíMnjjCLë¸Py
ÔL¸ÍF~Âï bKZŠëÓŠ GH¸¼rH<C~Oqj. _ÿjQZ¹ GHmOqø¸‚< ®Pe$o ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk °¸@éÍÂ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
²¸Íj¥q¸=o TdÏE~Oq* ÁF~ÓPy °GHNnk»¸ÔL_<jCLjFLï E~Â¥q¸=o, ¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py MLj¿¸CL ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c
ÔL¸ÍFL¸ ÄÂNnk»¸GH _<jCy¸Á. ¥c_=hæ ¯ MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ TdNqj¸¥cÓ¸ ÔLÓ÷=hMo+ ×¦¿sH¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸
¬Â£, MLGS¸CL¥cÓ¸Py $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûMLÁF~ÓPy OqMLOy¾ ¯ MLGS¸CyCLûML¸
×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸@éÍÂ£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. 13ML QZC~_í¸ MLOq‚ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸Py µ¥q ö_GUyôCLûML¸
MLköCLMoj ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py µ¥o µ¥q MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ MLköCLMoj ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk
°¸@éÍÂ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ¥cÂ£ 13 ML QZC~_í¸PyÂ Ôy+O~¾Š TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ
O~Bh, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h On¸<ML ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj$c (No.111-G.T.),
MLGS¸CyCLûML ÁF~Ój MnjjCLë¸ On¸<j ¬Nqkõtj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c 16ML QZC~_í öGHDÍMLkOqíî¸ MLOqŠ GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
(MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRçMLkTdÓPy) On¸<j MLGS¸CyCLûM~Ój MLköCLMoj ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk MLÔ~átj. 16ML QZC~_í
ÁøÀ£NqkOqì¸Py MLjOy On¸<j ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój ×¦Oq$q@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯
[1. QZjbKZ GS¸MLCLûOqGHl öM~CL öM~NqjjFLGHl<j ]
[2. QZjbKZ GS¸MLCLûOqGHl öM~CL öM~fS ¬FLjö$qfU¸Ôo GS¸ÍOqòó¸Py]
[3. QZjbKZ GS¸MLCLûOqGHl öM~CL öM~fSFL CLOqjM~CL]
ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓCyKe^j, ö»¤awôCLûML¸ ×¦¿$o GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¥q<GH=h On¸<jÁF~ÓPy MLGS¸CyCLûML¸

ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¥qOqBh¥q _GSMLOqGSO§Ôo ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL ¥cÓ¸Py NqjjMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
Q~.QZ.1437Py ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á(No.311-T.T.).
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c öGHÏE~FL°CLûML¸Py bKe$q¸$c MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ ÔoNqj<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ Ä¨$c öGHCoõ¥qMnjÎFL
öGHÏE~FL °CLûML¸$c µ¥q MLGS¸CyCLûM~Âï, 3 ÁF~Ój ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py ¼CLëFLXqöCLNqjj¥që JzOqêÄjF~<j ÔoNqj_<j
CLjFLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸ÍjŠ(No.105-G.T.) Q~GSFL¸ E~[Pe °¸Á. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py Ä+¸ÃF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1460 GS¸. ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj ×¦MLk[OqjáÓFLj öM~sS $q*ŠÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL rH¿NqjQyPnÎ
µ¥qö¥xCLë MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ ×¦OqGH<¸¥yGS¸ 3000 FLOqðBcÓCy µ¥q ÂÏÁÂ (No.345-G.T.)³Oqð¿Ô~<j. ¬¸ŠO~Oqð*
¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ IJdÓjÜ*MLkGS¸Py °CLëO~bKeöÍFLXqöCLNqjj¥që QZjbKZÓ$qï¸Py öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼, ¥q<GH=hÁFL¸ Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎ
¥qßÀë¥cFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸F~=h¥h F~Ój$qjOy¾Ó GHOqõ¸CL¸, ¯ °CLûML¸ ×¦¿$o^jæ$c CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷
ÔoNqjMLPnFLFn¨ GROqCLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j.
¯ °CLûM~Ój öGHÏE~FLMnjÎFL=hæÄ ¥c¥qJw$c CLGHðÂGS¿$c, ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL=hæÄ$c ¥cFL¸ÍjMLÓ÷, ¯
MLGS¸CyCLûM~ÓPy GSMLjNqkFLj‚Ó¸$c, ¥cPy¼CL¸$c, CL$qjMLkOqjðÓj ÔoNqj@~Â¥h bKZŠëÓ ®adæÂï ¬FLjGS¿¸Ôo
Ä£Ój°¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCLFo ¯ MLGS¸CyCLûM~Ój ×¦OqjGH_@é ÄGRNqj¸Py MLkOqjðÓj ÔoNqj_<j CLj¸¨FL
ÄGRNqj¸ ±fU¸GHMLÔLjá.1
Vi) ö»¤awôCLûML¸(¥x@âÎ ÀOqjF~W|) :
MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ MLGS¸CL¥cÓ¸PyFLj, ö»¤awôCLûML¸ MoGSÄ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸Á. ¯ °CLûML¸
®OqMnÎOy¾ÓJd^j GS¸_Oq¸$c ×¦OqjGH_<jCy¸Á. ¯ °CLûML¸ ÀOqjMLjÓPy, °bKZNqj EéMoOqjÓCy MLjÓNqjGHð
(°CLûMLMLjk¿ë)¥h, sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkOqj(ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j)FLŠ (No.311-T.T.), ÀOqjGHÀPy ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
M~¿¥h(Nos.105-G.T.,227and281-T.T.)°CLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLjFLï^jæ$c Q~GSFL ÏE~O~Ój CnÓjðCLjF~ïtj.
[OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1454Py MofSFL(No.251-G.T.)Q~GSFL¸Py, ÅÇ¢ rH¿Nqj OqGIHjjF~DÍF| ¬¸=o
ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLjTdøÄjM~¿¥h, ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py ö»¤awôCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLjFL^j÷ °¸Á.
Vii) @yPyCLûML¸(¬F~ï ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~W|) :
MLGS¸CyCLûML¸, ö»¤awôCLûM~Po¥c¥q MLj¿¥xÂï °CLûM~Ój ‚@~ ×¦OqjGH_@éÄ. ±Oo»¸GH_@é °CLûML
Äö$qVÓŠ, ¬F~ï ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~W|(ÿ¸GS ±NqjÓ$c ×¦OqjGH_<j @yPyCLûML¸), MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjGHðÈ÷ ¶<¸
ÀOqjF~W|(CnJwðCLûML¸)MLjj[õMnjÎFLÄ. ¬F~ï ±¸×¦P| °CLûML¸ Ä×¦NqjF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1395 SG ¸.Py
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j, ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqj¸Py ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ¯ °CLûML¸ ´ÍjOy¾Ój ×¦OqjGH_@é^j÷$q
[1. 21ML QZC~_í¸Py ®GHl<j MLGS¸CL _jjCLjMLlPy MLjk<jOy¾Ój ×¦OqjGH_@é °CLûML¸, ö_U
G yôCLûML¸Py OqMLÁFL¸ MLjÏE~õÿï¸ ×¦OqjGH_<^Moj¥c¥q
öGHÀÁFL¸ MLjÏE~õÿï¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿sH ¿ãCyCLûML¸ ‚<. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
ÂOqêtj¸GH_¨¸Á. ¥cÂ£ Â×eÂ¥h ¯ °CLûML¸(No.197-T.T.) ³<jOy¾Ó GHOqõ¸CL¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á.

¯ °CLûML¸ ‚@~ MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ Pe$cFo öJdOq¸bKZÁF~Â¥h MLjj¸ÍjF~=h O~öÀ, ¬¸ŠO~Oqð*Cy
öJdOq¸bKZMLÙCLj¸Á. ¯ °CLûML¸ ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py QZj¥q÷GHXq GRfRç ÀDÁF~<j öJdOq¸bKZMLjNojõÁ. ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸,
GHm×¦, ÂMoÍFLÓj, ±Oo»¸GHl MnjjÍPnÎFL °CLûML¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL MLGSjëGS¸bKeO~Ój
MLOqjGSö¥qMLj¸$c µ¥qGH=hæ¥q OqkGH¸Py ®MLø<Moj¥c¥q, GUyMLj¸, GHlBcõÿ¸ ¬¸CLõGUyMLkÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj‚<
5ML ÁFL¸F~=h MLOqŠ, Q~GSFL¸Py ÄMLOq¸$c CnÓjGH_¨¸Á. rHÍíNnjCLjëFL MnÎbKZMysHCL¸$c, GH$qÓj, O~öÀ
‚<, TdøÄj¥h öGHTdE~Ój MnjjÍPnÎFL öGHCoõ¥q ÂMoÍFLÓj ÔoNqj@~Â¥h CL$qjNojO~ð^j $cÄ¸GH_¨¸Á. ¯

¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ¬MLjÓj ×¦OqGH@~Â¥i, ®CLOq GS¸ÍOyó¼CL [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j GH@âÎÄ£<j O~×¦õ¸PyÂ
µ¥qbKe$qMnjÎFL ¥cÓMnÎGHY¦jþPyÂ ExMLjôOqGH=hæ ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔoQ~<j.
¯ ±¸×¦P| °CLûML¸ öGHÏE~FLMnjÎFL µ¥qöGHCoõ¥q °CLûML¸$c ³O~ð^jÔofSFLGHð=h¥i, Á£Âï
ö»¤awôCLûML¸PyÂ GHÍMLÁFL¸ ×¦¿$o^^jæ‚< ÂOqêtj¸Ô~<j. ®¸Co¥cŠ¸@~, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j GSøNqj¸$c,
MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥çÀ GHl*õÁFL¸Py µ¥qOy¾ °CLûML¸$c ¯ ±¸×¦P| sSML ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h ‚@~ ÂOqêtj¸Ô~<j.
¬¸ÍjÔo ¯ ±¸×¦P| °CLûMLÁF~Ój, MnjjCLë¸ CxÄjôÁ(No.197-T.T.) ¬Nqkõtj.
¯ ±¸×¦P| °CLûML¸, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj¨Ôo, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py MLjÓNqjGHðTdøÄj¥h,
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨ FLGHð=hFLj¸© ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ¬Pe¸=h °CLûML¸ ÔoNqj¥qJwML<¸ µ¥q
ÄÔ~OqBiNqjMnjÎFL ¬¸QZMoj. ¯ Py^jFLj À£Oqá@~Â¥h$cFLj Q~.QZ.1430 GS¸. ¥{¸¨FLõ$yöCL¸, GHGSë¸_
GSköC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¥qOqML=hæGHØÆ NqkWeøO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<k, ÅÇ¢ MLjF| °CLëOqMojOqkO§ Po¥q O~×o¸öÍÔy+
ÔLCLjOoøÁ MLj¸$q+¸PyÂ µ¥q bKe$qMnjÎFL MLjgUJdÓŠÓ ¥cÓÔoá¿ ö$cMLjÂM~gS ¬tjFL ¬JdðfHWnÎW ¬FoMLõ¥hë
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~W| °CLûM~Âï adA<MLkGS¸Py MLÔoá ¼CLëFLXqöCL Nqjj¥qëÁF~FL
¬¸ŠO~Oqð*Cy Oq¸bÃ¸¼, °CLëO~adA< ÁF~FL TdCLjëMLjjOnÎCy GHm¿ë¬Nojõ^^j÷ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.265-
G.T.). ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ °CLûML¸ ²ÂÄjÁOy¾Ój ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. ö¥qMLj¸CLGHðŠ¸@~, ²^jML¸=hPy^j
PoŠ¸@~ ¯ °CLûM~Â¥h MLGSOqMnjÎFL GSMLjGSë MLGSjëGS¸bKeO~Ó, sSMLÓÄGRNqj¸Py ²Pe¸=h ¥xOqCL O~Š¸@é^^jæ,

MLÓfSFL Jd¿CyfR¥cÓFLj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
Viii) CnJwðCLûML¸(ÀOqjGHðÈ"¶<¸ ÀOqjF~W|) :
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ÀOqjMLjÓPy ±¸×¦P| °CLûML¸ ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï
(No.197-T.T) Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ CnJwðCLûM~Âï ‚@~ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ÏÍOqô ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸$c, ×¦OqjGH_<jCLFLï^j÷,
GS¸ÍOqó¸Py 4 ¬GHðGH¨, TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
@yPyCLûML¸, CnJwðCLûM~Ó ÂOqøÿ* GHÍíîÀÂ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓŠ ¥xÂï CLOqjM~À¥cPeÂ¥h

Ôn¸ÁFL Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢ÆsSë CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ On¸<j EéM~ÓNqkÓPyFLj ±¸×¦P|°CLûML¸ ´ÍjOy¾Ó
GHOqõ¸CL¸ ×¦¿»FL^jæ Q~.QZ.1426 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ F~=h No.271-T.T, Q~GSFL¸, Q~.QZ. 1445 GS¸MLCLûOq¸F~=h
No. 97 - G.T Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ¥cÂ CnJwðCLûML¸ MLköCL¸ µ¥q Oy¾ ×¦OqjGH_@é °CLûMLMLjÂ
No.281-T.T, No.256- G.T Q~GSF~ÓPy °FLïÁ. ¬¸Co¥cÍj, ¯ CnJwðCLûML¸ ö»¤awôCLûML¸ ×¦¿$o ÀOqjF~+÷Py
GHÍMLOy¾FL ×¦OqjGHlCLj¸¨FL^j÷ No.97-G.T Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ. 1455 Py

MofSFL No.83-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py CnJwðCLûM~Âï ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¥yFo¿Py CxÄjôÁ ÁF~Ój ÂOqøfU¸Ô~ÓFLï
ÄGRNqj¸ ÔnGHð_¨¸Á.
ÄÄÏÍ EâÎMLC~Ó ×¦FLôFLXqöC~ÓŠÔosS ÄQoGRGHm× Ój, ×¦FLôÁFyCLûM~ÍjÓj ×¦Nqj¸CLjõCLûM~Ój
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸<^¸MLÓ÷ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ×¦OqjGH_@é °CLûM~ÓGS¸[õ Ä¿Ä$c ¬ÏÁ¥q¸¥cML@~Â¥h
¬ML¥cQZ¸ ³Oqð¨¸Á. ÅÇ¢ O~MLjFLMLÄj, ÅÇ¢ ¥qßadêGRæÄj, FLßfS¸ÿ×¦Nqj¸À MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLÔoá
Nqk GHl*õÁF~ÓPy GHm×yCLûM~ÍjÓj ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸=etj. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ MLjkÓ
ÄO~^jæŠ ×¦¿sH ÀOqjFLXqöCyCLûML GHm×Ój EéM~ÓNqj¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸Py ¬CLõ¸CL öJdMLjj[õMLjj¸Á. öGHÀFnÓ
FLXqöCL¸ MLÔoá Oy¾FL öGHCoõ¥q, ÄQoGRGHm×¦Ój ×¦OqjGH_<jCLjF~ïtj. ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ ÀOqjFLXqöCL¸
öQZML*¸ (No.33-T.T); ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjM~¿ ÀOqjFLXqöCL¸ °CLëOq (No.47-G.T); ÅÇ¢ O~MLjTdøÄj
M~¿ ÀOqjFLXqöCL¸ GHlFLOqøGSj(No.280-T.T); ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjêÂ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ OyfUBh(No.47-G.T)MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ.
EéM~ÓNqkÓPy rHÎGHÍíîÀFo ¬FLjGS¿GSkë ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸@é ¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥q °CLûM~Ój bKZŠëÓ
¥y¿¥qrHÎ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸=etj. CLMLjŠ ¬bÃMLkFLJdöCLjPnÎFL WeøOqjÓj, Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓj,
O~¾Ój, ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj, ÏÍÂŠÓj-MnjjÍPnÎFLM~¿ Nnk$qXoMLkbÃMLßÁíîÂ NqjjO~Oy$nÎQZøO~õbÃMLßÁíîÂ
¥çXh¸¼FLM~OnÎ EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ M~¿rHÎ öGHGS¿¸Ô~ÓÂ Ç¸¼ öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ M~¿ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL ÀDÁF~<j
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py CLMLj ®GRæEâÎM~Â¥h öGHCoõ¥qGHm×¦ ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h CL$qj³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸@éÁ. ®Pe¸=h
GS¸ÍO~óPy÷ öGHCoõ¥qGHm×e ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸, ±Oo»¸GHl, VOqFnÎMoÍõ¸ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_<jC~tj.
®Ä MLköCLMoj¥c¥q fU¸ÍjMLlÓÔo ¬CLõ¸CL GHl*õöGHÍ¸, GHÄöCL¸ ¬Â bKeÄ¸GH_@é GHlGRõMLkGS¸Py
FLÔoá ¬MLkM~GSõ, ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py MLÔoá ¬MLkM~GSõ(Bh ¬MLkM~GSõ), Á£JdMLÈ, ¥c¿¤ë¥q¸, °$cÁ, MLjVFLMLÄj,
OqDÍGSGHëÄj -MnjjÍPnÎFL °CLûMLÁF~ÓPyFLj öGHCoõ¥qGHm×¦Ój, FnÎMoE~õÓj, ±Oo»¸GHlÓj EâÎM~FLjö$qVÂï Ç¸¼
ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸=etj.
12. M~ÿF~Ój
EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ×¦Oqj$qjCLjFLï^jML¸=h °CLûM~Ó, ±Oo»¸GHlÓ $qj¿¸¼ Q~GSFLGSì ÏE~O~Ój
°F~ïtj ¥cÂ, 16ML QZC~_í¸Py MofSFL Q~GSF~ÓFLj CLfHð¸¼ Äj$qC~ Q~GSF~Ój ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój ×¦¿$o
GSMLjNqj¸Py TdøÄjÂ Ä£ÏÍjÓPy ±Oo»¸Ôo^GHØ<j ³ Oy¾ ³ M~ÿFL¸ °GHNnk»¸GH_¨¸ÍFLï ÄGRNqkÂï
CnÓjGH<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ£ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MofSFL GSjMLkOqj ¬Oq<×¦FLj
Q~GSF~Ój M~ÿF~Ó sHOq÷FLj CnÓjGH<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ ³ Oy¾ ³ M~ÿFL¸ °GHNnk»¸GH_¨¸Á,£ µ¥oOq¥q¸
M~ÿFL¸ ³ Noj Oy¾ÓPy M~<_¨¸Á£‚< CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ®Pe¸=h GH¿fSìÀ CLGHðÂGS¿. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o
°CLûMLÁF~Ój GHFnï¸<j ¬ML<¸, ¥qÂ£GS¸ 7 ÁF~Ój O~öÀ GH$qÓj ‚< ±Oo»¸GHlÓj °¸<^¸,
(No.19,No.81-T.T) ÄÂNnk$q¸Py °FLïM~ÿF~Ój OqjŠ Äj¸ÔLŠ¸<^¸ ¥cOq*MnjÎ °¸^j¸Á.
ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûM~Ó GS¸ÍOqó¸Py 3ML, 4ML,

6ML °CLûMLÁF~ÓPy MLjjCLjëGH¸ÍP| M~ÿFL¸(E~OqjMLlCy MLjjC~õÓ ¬Ó¸¥qOq*¸Cy ‚¨FLÁ. ¥cÂ Fo<j
FL¥hÆ£MLjjC~õÓj M~<jCLjF~ïOqj(¬¸=o1930GS¸. F~=h¥h)MLj¸^GH¸Nnjj¥qÚ rHÎbKe$q¸ MLjjC~õÓ ÄMLkFL¸
Po¥q GH¸Á¿Cy ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸ÔL_¨°FLï ÂO~ô*¸ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÍjÓPy ±Oo»¸GHlFLŠ °GHNnk»¸ÔL _¨¸ÍÂ
No.51-T.T Q~GSFL¸ GSðGRæ¸$c CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. CxÄjôÍMLF~=h ±Oo»¸GHl °CLûM~Â¥h ÀOqjMLFL¸C~W| ¬FL$c
QoGRM~ÿFL¸ °GHNnk»¸GH_¨FLÍÂ No.51-T.T, 154-G.TQ~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. No.48,56,97-G.T
Q~GSF~Ój QoGRM~ÿF~Âï sHOxÚFLïÄ ¥cÂ£ GSðGRæ¸$c IGHPeF~ ÁF~ÓPy °GHNnk»¸GH_¨FLÍÂ CnÓjGH<¸PoÍj.
¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c $qOqj<M~ÿFL¸, GHÓ÷¥hM~ÿFL¸ ³ Noj ÁF~ÓPy °GHNnk»¸¼FLÁ CnÆNqj@~Â¥h MLjFLŠ
GSðGRæMnjÎFL ÏE~Oq¸ PoÍj. öGHGSjëCL¥cÓ¸Py Pe$cFo _ÿjQZ¹ 5 MLÁFL¸F~=h MLjÏE~õÿï ±Oo»¸GHlŠ
GHÓ÷¥iM~ÿFL¸, O~öÀ±Oo»¸GHlŠ $qOqj<M~ÿF~Âï °GHNnk»¸GH_¨ °¸^j¸ÍÂ ±fU¸GHMLÔLjá.
ö_GUyôCLûM~Âï $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿¸¼FL öGHÀQ~GSFL¸ ²ÂÄjÍMLF~=h °CLûML¸Py ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj
F~Ój$qj MLjj#eÓjFLï ‘rHÍíCoOqj’Py TdøÄj¥h ±Oo»¸GHl ×¦OqjGH_¨¸ÍÂ GSðGRæ¸$c CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h On¸<j OqDE~Ój °¸@éMLÂ£, ¬¸ÍjPy ¼FLïOqDE~Âï
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ O~Bh ¬FLjMLjÀCy EéM~ÓNqj¸ ¥yGS¸ Â¿ô¸GH_¨ MnjÔo FLkCLFL¸$c
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨, ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py ×¦OqjGH_@é On¸<ML ö_GUyôCLûML¸Py ±Oo»¸GHlŠ °GHNnk»¸ÔL
MLÓfS¸Á$c ¥q^æ¨ ÔofStj¸@âFLÂ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~×¦Nqjõ µ¥q _¸$cOqj ³FLj$qjFLj,
µ¥q _¸$cOqj ¬QZøM~ÿF~Âï ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥i; ¬Pe$o µ¥q×¦CL _¸$cOqj ¬QZø, $q×¦ M~ÿF~ÓFLj
ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥i; _ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<FLï ÄGRNqkÂï No.269, 270-G.T Q~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷
CnÓjTwë¸Á. FL¸ÃO~F| Po¥q ÀOqj¼á M~ÿFL¸(No 66- G.T), ÿ¸GS M~ÿFL¸, Ô~CL¥qGHXh M~ÿFL¸ML¸=h
®CLOq M~ÿF~Ój‚< ®¼áFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLOq GS¸ÍO~óÓPy Pe$cFo ³ Noj ÁF~ÓPy ¯ M~ÿF~Ój
ÄÂNnk»¸GH_¨¸Á£ GSMLkÔ~Oq¸ MLköCL¸ PoÍj. ¯ M~ÿF~Ój ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFo ¥c¥q CLÁCLOq

°CLûMLGSMLjNqkÓPyFLj‚< ±Oo»¸GHlÓj ×¦Oqj$qjFLGHl<j M~<_<jCLj¸@éÄ. °E~ÿOq*Š OqDÍGSGHëÄjF~<j
GSkOqõöGHbKZ M~ÿFL¸ °GHNnk»¸GH_¨FL^jæ No. 321-G.TPy CnÆfH¸Á. ¯ M~ÿF~ÓÂ£ï GSMLjNnk¼CL¸$c
ÔL¥qÚ$c ÄÂNnk»¸GH _<jCLj¸¨FL^jæ$c ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á.
13. FL¸ÍFLMLF~Ój (GHmEy^Ój)
ÂCLõEâÎM~OqáF~GSMLjNqj¸Py GHm×eOqì¸, °CLûML GSMLjNqkÓPy ¬Ó¸¥qOqBcOqì¸, EéM~ÓNqj
öJd¸$q*¸Py V÷Í¥qOqMnjÎFL M~C~MLOqBcÂï ¥qÆð¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ÏÁ¥q MnjjCLë¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GHladðÓ
MLQZõ¥qCL CLGHðÂGS¿. ¥cÂ£ CL»FLÂï GHladðÓj ÓbKZõ¸¥c¥qJwML<¸ bKZŠëÓŠ ÄÔ~¿¸GHÍ»FL ¬¸QZMnjÎ¸Á.
Í^æMnjÎFL ¬OqBcõÓCy Â¸¨°FLï ¥x¸<ÓMLjÏÍõ °¸@é Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h ÂCLõ¸ ¥cMLÓfSFL¸CL MnjjCLë¸Py
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Jv<MLlF~ ²<Cn$qŠ¸@~, GHladðÓj ÓbKZõMLjML<¸ ¥cÓ¸F~=h GH¿fSìCLjÓPy ¥qGRæCLOqMnjÎFL
¥cOqõMoj. ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï ö$qfU¸¼FL ¥x¸ÍOqj bKZŠëÓj ¥qfRæ¸¼ EéM~ÓNqj GH¿GSO~ÓPy GHmEy^ÓFLj rH¸¼
CL»FL¸CL MnjjCLë¸Py GHladðÓFLj sS¥q¿¸¼ öGHÀÁFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔoM~Oqj. GHmEy^FLj ÂOqøfU¸Ôo
¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j Cy^Py GHÂÔosS ‚Æ£ÓŠ FnÓŠ 3 FLj¸¨ 6 GHBcÓj MoCLFL¸$c ®GSjë¸@éM~Oqj.
GHmEy^ ÂOqøGU*MLköCL¸ ${OqML¸$c Jd¿CyfR¥q OqfUCL¸$c ×¦¿$oÁ.
CLOqÔLj$c ¯ bKZŠëÓj CLMLj GHmEy^ÓPy MLj¸^JdÓFLj‚< Â¿ô¸GH×osSM~Oqj. Ä£Oqj ¥x¸CL
ÏÍFL¸ EéM~ÓNqj ÂÏÁ¥h E~FL¸ÔofS $cÂ, Po¥q CLMLj GHmEy^FLj, ¬¸ÍjPyÂ MLj¸^GH¸CyGSV EéM~ÓNqj
bKe¸@~O~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL<¸ $cÂ ÔofSFLGHl<j, TdøÄj¥h ÔosS sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj E~CL sHOqjÄ£jÍ ÔoNqj_<<¸
EéM~ÓNqj¸Nnjj¥qÚ ¥qOqëMLõ¸$c bKeÄ¸GH_@éÁ. ¬¸Co¥c¥q Cy^Py GHÂÔosS GHÂM~¿¥h ®Ôoá ½¡ÄCL¸ (FnÓ
GS¿ ½¡CL¸)‚< EéM~ÓNqjMoj bKZ¿¸Ô~Æû ML¼á¸Á, ¬¸ÍjÓŠ _ÍjÓj$c FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH=hæFL VOqGHE~O~ìÓPy
¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ öGHÀÁFL¸ ®MLø<¸MLÓFL GHmEy^ GSö¥qMLj¸$c ÂOqøfU¸GH_¨, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL
GHladðÓj, GHöC~Ój ²<Cn$qŠ¸@~ ÓbKZõMLjNojõÁ. ¯ GHlGRðMLF~Ój Ô~PeMLOqŠ Q~C~ëÍ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj
ÂOqøfUGSjë¸@éM~Oqj. ¬¸ÍjMLÓ÷Fo ¯ F~<j‚@~ Ä£Oqj E~GSFL¸Ã ¬Fo sHOqjCy ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
GHlGRðMLkÓÓFLj CLNqkOqjÔosS sSM~¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸Py(NO.197 & 200 - T.T) ÂNqjjŠëPpCLk MLGSjëF~ïOqj.
GHlawðE~õFLMLFL ¥qßfR ö¥i.QZ.1300 öJd¸CL¸FLj¸© ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸¨FL^jæ$c ÂÍOqùF~Ój °FLïGHð=h¥i(NO. 125-
G.T)CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ¬Fo¥q FLkCLFL GHmEy^Ój ÄQoGR¸$c MnÓfSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. 14 -15 QZC~KeíÓ
MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py ÓbÃ¸¼FL Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ¥cÓ¸Py GSMLjOqìML¸CL¸$c FL<jGH_@é

¬Fo¥q GHmEy^Ój °FLïGHð=h¥i EéM~ÓNqkÓj Ç¸¼FL¸CL=h rHÍí MnjjCLë¸Py GHladðÓj ÏE~O~+¸$c

ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸PoÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ ÄÁCLMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¬¸ÍjŠ QZáOqõGH@~ÆûFL ÄGRNqjMojÄ£jPoÍj ²¸Íj¥q¸=o,
¯ ¥cÓ¸Py °CLûM~ÓGS¸[õ ¬Fo¥q On^j÷ rHOq$q<¸MLÓ÷, ÂGRðÀëPyFo, ¬Ó¸¥qOqBcOqì¸ µ¥qÚMLkOqj$c
¥xÂïOn^÷ MnjjCLë¸Py GHladðÓj ¥cMLÓfSML¼áFL GH¿fSìÀ ³Oqð¨¸Á. TdÏE~Oq*¸$c bKZŠëPo GHlGRðMLF~ÓFLj
³O~ð^jÔofS, M~=hÂ CLMLj ÏÁ£FL¸PyFo °¸ÔLj¥xÂ ÂOqøfU¸Ôo KeÏÍõCLFL CLMLj ¬FLjÔLOq$qBcÂ¥h ¬GHð»¸¼,
sS¥q¿¸¼FL GHladðÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬¸Í×osSM~Oqj. ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ CLOqjM~CL, GSðGRæMnjÎFL Â_¸ÏÍFLÓCy‚¨FL
µGHð¸E~Âï ŠÍjOqjá¥xÂ, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔosSM~Oqj. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL E~Â GH¿JdÓFL,
E~NqjMLõNqkÍjÓj EéM~ÓNqj bKZ¸@~O~Â¥o Ôn¸EéÄ. ¥cÂ£ No.243-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ ¥x¸CL ÄQoGR GSMLkÔ~O~Âï
CoÆNqj×oTwë¸Á. Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjÓj sSF~ÏÁGHÀNnjÎFL MLjj[Jdð+¸ F~$qMLjF~NqjŠÂ CLOqGHlFL,
EâÎM~Â¥h GHlGRðMLkPeÓ¸¥qOq* ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ×¦¿fH¸Ôo KeÏÍõCLFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ÓNqj
MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓQ~[ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ÀOqjGHðBhfHWnu" gSø¥q¿¸Ô~<j. F~$qMLjF~NqjŠ<j, CLFL O~×nÎFL Td+jML
FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjÓ Nnk$qXoMLkbÃMLßÁíîÂ ¥çXh¸¼FLM~@âÎ, ¯ sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï ³O~ð^jÔofS, ¬¸ÍjŠ$cFLj,
CLFLŠ MLkFLõ¸$c ®¼áFL ÀOq<¸Jd¨ ö$cMLkÂï “ÀOqjÄ<Nqk^æ¸” (EéMLE~FLö$cMLj¸) ÀOqjGHðBh GHlOq¸$c
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. EéM~ÓNqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj E~CL CLOqGHlFL GHladðÓFLj GSMLj‚Ooá KeÏÍõCLFLj
gSø¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¯ öGHNnk×¦F~Oqì¸ µ¥qö$cMLkFoï E~FL¸ ÔoNqj<¸ ¬FoÁ ¯ Q~GSFL¸
öGHCoõ¥qCL.
GHmEy^ÓFLj¸©, ÔnOqjMLlÓj, Â£=hGH^jæÓj MnjjÍPnÎFLM~=hFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo GHladðÓÂï=hPyFLj
²Y¦þC~MLjOq GHladðÂ¥h ²ŠÚML öJdÏE~FLõ¸ ®MLø_¨¸Á. ¯ GHladðÓFLj ÔnOqjMLlÓPy Td$qjÔosS ÄÏE~FL¸
$qj¿¸¼ ‚< (No.125-G.T; 53, 153-T.T.) Q~GSF~PPy CnÓjGH_¨¸Á. ÂCLõ¸ EâÎMLGHm×eOqì¸ MLQZõ¥qMnjÎFL
ÄÄÏÍOq¥cÓ GHlGRðÓCLÓj, ÍMLFL¸, MLjOqjML¸, CLjÓfS, GSj$q¸ÏÍ MLjkÆ¥qÓj MnjjÍPnÎFL Mnjj¥qÚÓj GHmEy^ÓPy
Td$qjÔoNqj_<jCLj¸@éMLÂ Q~GSF~Ój(No.56 A - T.T.)CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj.
14. EéMLE~FL ö$cMLkÓj, bKZkMLjjÓj
Kb eOqÀ£NqjÏÍO~ôÄ¥h GH^jæ$xMLjôPnÎFL EéM~ÓNqkÓj, bKeOqÀ£NqjÏÍO~ôFLjadçFLGHOqjPnÎFL fU¸ÍkO~¾Ó
ÓFL JdÓFLPy F~<j ¬CLõ¸CL MnÎbKZMysHCL¸$c ML¿ìPe÷tj. M~Oqj ¬Fo¥q ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj, °CLûM~ÓFLj,
±Oo»¸GHlÓFLj, ¬¸$qOq¸$qMnÎbKZML¸$c ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h, ÂCLõ¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓj ÔL¥qÚ$cFLj, ²=hæ ^¸¥q¸ PoŠ¸@~
fSìOq¸$cFLj ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoQ~Oqj. MLÓfSFL ÏÍF~Âï GSMLj‚Oqá<¸ ¥yGS¸, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
¬Fo¥q ö$cMLkÓFLj, bKZkMLjjÓFLj GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c ®Ô~áOqj. ¬=hæ ö$cMLkÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 150
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1. ÆGHlOq¸ ö$cMLkÂï GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. Q~.QZ. 1378 No. 3 -T.T.
2. ¬$qOq¸ ¬Fo öKeÿô* ¬ö$qVOq¸ MLjjOqj¥q¸_^jæ. Q~.QZ. 1389 No.54 -T.T.

3. ML¸½Jdð¥qÚ¸, MLjÆ÷MLkPnÎ, QoY¦jÓ‚ÚO§ MLj¿Nqjj

bÃªMLjGHlOq¸ - ÔL¸öÍö»¿O~×¦õ¸ ¥iWnÎGHð@âÎF~<jPyÂ 4 ö$cMLkÓj,
GH@âÎÄ£<j gSMLjPyÂ M~WeP| MLjB§¥x¸@~F| Q~.QZ. 1389. No.66 -T.T.
4. MLk¸$y<j MnÓÍ, MLj*MLmO§ Q~.QZ. 1389. No.8 - G.T.
5. GH@âÎÄ£<j O~×¦õ¸PyÂ ExMLjôOqGH=hæ Q~.QZ. 1395. No.197-T.T.
6. ÍjOqÜGSMLjjöÍ¸. Q~.QZ. 1404. No.248-T.T.
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CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ E~FLQ~GSFL¸ MofSFL ¥cÓ¸Py, TdøÄjM~Oq÷Š ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂ¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL GSj$q¸ÏÍ
öÍM~õÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj‚OqáMLÓfSFL KeÏÍõCL ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓrHÎ °¸@éÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MLOqjGS$c Q~.QZ.1388,1391GS¸.ÓPy MofSFL 25-G.T., 24-G.T.Q~GSF~Ó öGH¥cOq¸ EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ,
ÀOqjGHCLjÓPy O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓ ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<tjFL ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+ ½¡NqjO§ ÇGRjõ<tjFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ
O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿¥h ÀOqjGHÀ¥h GHÇáMLj¸$cFLj sHOqkOqjFLŠ °CLëOqÁQZPyFLj, CLkOqjðÁQZPyFLj°FLï JvPeÓFLj
¬GHð»¸Ô~<j. bKZkMLjjÓŠ sHOqkOqjFLj¸¨ µ¥qGH¸^ ¥cÓjMLFLj öCLÄø¸¼ bKZkMLjjÓŠ Â£=hMLGSÀ
³O~ð^j ÔoNqjMLÓfS¸Á$c GROqCLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j. O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÓŠMLÔoá NqköÀŠÓŠ VO~Âï
ÂOq¸CL¸Oq¸$c GSMLj‚Ooá KeÏÍõCLFLj E~FLö$qfUCLÔo ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨FL MLõ¥hëE~øO~ ¥cÂ , CLFL ÇGRjõÓE~øO~¥cÂ
³O~ð^j ÔoNqjMLÓfSFLÍÂ GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j. ¥i¿ëQoGRjPnÎFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj ×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿¥h _ÿjQZ¹
GSÄ£jGH_¸ÏÍjMnÎFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cOqj, Q~.QZ.1444 ¼öCLbKeFLj F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÔnöÎCL MLkGS¸ 6ML
ÁF~FL, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ‚OqjQnN|jM~O§ (settlement - officers) ²Íj^ O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÓ
ÂOqøÿ*KeÏÍõCLFLj MLfU¸ÔL=eÂ¥h GSMLjôÀ¸Ô~<j. O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ ®¼áFL bKZkÄjFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo
ÇGSjë(IGHÓbKy$q¸)FLj, ÂOoíÇ¸GH_<è öGHNnk×¦FLF~Â¥nÎ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL@~Â¥h MnkÍ¸ CnÆNqj×oTd<j.
öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ TdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸GH_@é 3 ¬GHðGH¨ öGHTdÍ ÄÂNnk$cÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL KeÏÍõCL GSö¥qMLj¸$c

ÂOqø¿ë¸ÔL@~Â¥h GSMLjôÀ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄGRNqkÓj NO.107-G.T.Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ E~F~Ój
öGHDÍMLj¸$c Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj@é GSøNqj¸$c ÔoGSj¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °¸Á. NO. 25, 24 -
.G.T. Q~GSF~ÓPy CnÓjGH_¨FL^jæ$c, TdìFLC~ëOqj O~×e×¦åFLj JdÆ¸¼ °¸=e<j. ®CLOq Q~GSF~Ó MLjkÓ¸$c‚<
¯ ÄGRNqj¸ ÍßA<GH<jCy¸Á. öGHGSjëCL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py‚< Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬FLjMLjÀCyFo M~Oqj ¯
E~F~Âï fSìOqGHOq¼ °¸=eOqÂ GSðGRæMLÙCy¸Á.
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÓj CLMLjÄÏÍjÓFLj SG ö¥qMLj¸$c ÂOqøfU¸ÔL$qÓ$q@~Â¥h M~=h GH¿GHm¿ë
¥yGS¸, ÄÄÏÍGSMLjNqkÓPy, öGHÀÁFL¸, MLj¿ öGHCoõ¥qGS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLk EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸GH_@é FnÎMoE~õÓPy,
TdÏE~Oq*¸$c E~FL¥qOqë ML¸CLjŠ ®MLø_@é ¼ bKe$q¸‚< ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ ®Ôoá^j÷ ³Oqð^jÔoQ~<j.
bKZkMLjjÓÄ£jÍ Ä£=h¥hMLÔoá TdÓjGS¿ E~Nqj¸, µ¥q ÂNqjCLMnjÎFL ¥xÓCLöGH¥cOq¸ GSjMLkOqj$c öGHÀÁFL¸
O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÂ¥h MLÔoá CnÎ¿ìŠÓŠ, GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GS¿GH< GS¸bKeO~ÓFLj, VOqTdMLjö»Â
GSMLj‚Oqjá¥y=eÂ¥h GS¿JwCLj¸Á. Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¥xCLë$c @yPyCLûML¸ML¸=h ÄÄÏÍ°CLûM~Ój
×¦¿$oGS¸ÍO~óÓPy, ¬ÍFL¸$c ¬ÀDÍjÓj$cMLÔoá CnÎ¿ìŠÓFLj GSCLÚ¿¸ÔL=eÂ¥h$cFLj( NO.197-T.T.),
QoGRGHmOq*¸$c ÓbÃ¸Ôo E~Nqj¸ öGHCoõ¥h¸ÔL _¨¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j, bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py
×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûML¸ 10 Oy¾Ój öKeÿô*jÓŠ, FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjO§ ¥yFoOqj µ<jèFL C~FLj FLkCLFL¸$c
Â¿ô¸¼FL GSöC~ÓPy bKy×¦FLMLGSÀ( NO.197-T.T.) ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
ÿGSë»¿ ¬NqjõF| ÂO~øÿ¥qCLëø¸PyÂ GSöCL¸ $qj¿¸¼ ²=hæ GSMLkÔ~Oq¸ CnÆNqjO~Íj. ¥cÂ ¥q¸E~@âÎ
O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ ÂO~øÿ¥qCLø¸PyÂ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ ÄQoGR ÍOq*, öJdMLjj[õCL ³Oqð¨¸Á.
¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á bKZŠëÓj Ä£=h ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸ $qj¿¸¼ öQZÍíîMLfU¸Ô~Oqj. Ô~PeMLj¸Á bKZŠëÓj, EâÎM~Â¥h ÂMoÍFLÔoNqj_<è
VOq¸Py E~FL¥qOqëŠMLÔoá bKe$cÂï O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂ¥h ®ÔoáM~Oqj. Á£Âï_=hæ ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸
×¦FLOq¸×¦¥q¸$c ¬ÏÁ¥q öGHfSÁíî Jv¸ÁFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqj EâÎM~Â¥h VOqÂMoÍFL
ÔofSFL ¬ÂïGS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸¼FL E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cFLï¸CL=hÂ£ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ ®¼áMoQ~<j
(NO.5, 6, 70 - T.T; 19, 30, 50-G.T.). ¯NqjFL O~×¦¥iNqjJd¸¨CLõ¸CyKe^j MLjCLÂGRçCy‚¨FL Ô~OqõCLø¸
$qÓM~<ML<¸Cy ¬^j O~×¦¥iNqj Oq¸$q¸PyFLj, ®^j MLjCLGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL MLõMLVO~Py÷FLj, ¯NqjFL MLk^Š
ÀOqj$qjPoÂ GHÓjŠ_¨Â ®FLjMLj¨¸GH×ofS¸Á.
¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á MLE~FLjõPnÎFL E~FL¥qOqëÓj, EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õFL¸CLOq¸, ¬FLïöGHTdÍ¸Py CLMLj ML¸CLjŠMLÔoá
bKe$cÂï, O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ ¬¿ðGSkë MLÔ~áOqj. O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓ MLõMLGSìFLj TdìfH¸¼FL Td+jML
FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ö¥h¸Á°Eyõ$qGSjëPnÎFL ExFL¥x¸¨ fS¸$qMLjjF~Nqj¥qOqj(No.28-T.T); Td+jML $yGHNqjõF| (No.155-
T.T); MLj¿Nqjj, O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ@âÎFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqjCy ³Ey _¸ÏÍjCLø¸
¥qÆ»°FLï rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW| E~GSO§(No.50-T.T); $yGHNqjõF|(No.63-T.T); MLj¿Nqjj FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj
MLjjÍÆNqkOqj (No.55-G.T., 200-T.T); MnjjÍPnÎFL M~Oq¸ÍOqk O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ CLMLjML¸CLj GSÿ¥cO~Âï

¬¸Á¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ GHÍíîÀMLÓFL öGHÀÁFL¸ ÓbÃGSjë¸¨FL ¬FLïO~Ç - ®¥cÚO~õOqìMnjÎ E~FL¸ÔoNqj_¨FL ö$cMLkÓ
FLj¸¨, bKZkMLjjÓFLj¸¨ MLÔoá ÇGSjëFLk Ôo¿á MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ GSO~GS¿Â öGHÀÁFL¸ FLkOqjMLj¸Á NqköÀŠÓŠ
bKy×¦FLMLGSÀÂ ¥qÆð¸ÔL$qÓ TwëMLjCLFLj O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓj Jv¸Í$qÆ$ctj.
O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ $qj¿¸¼FL öGHTdëMLFL$qÓ MLjOx¥qQ~GSFL¸(NO. 306-T.T) Q~.QZ.1435 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
Ôn¸Á¸Á. Á£Â öGH¥cOq¸ rH¿Nqj ¶_+ F~Nqj¥qOqj öGHÀÁFL¸ ¬OqìNqkMLj ¥cÓ¸Py (O~öÀ¥h MLjj¸Íj¥cÓ¸Py)
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h, µ¥qF~È öGHMLk*¸ JdPo<j Š+¸_j (Ke$qj$c MLjOq$q ¥c¼FL JdÓj) ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h
CL»FL ³O~ð^jÔofS, E~ÂMLÓ÷ E~FL¥qOqë$c CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸Ôo bKe$q¸ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂ¥h ÓbÃ¸Ôo^j÷ ÔoQ~<j.
No. 201, 202, 203 - T.T.Q~GSF~ÓPy SG k¼¸¼FL öHG ¥cOq¸ ¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓPy öKeÿô*jÓŠ
µ¥q GSöC~Âï ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. öGHC~GHOqjöÍ$q×¦GHÀÂ NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼, ¥x¸<Ä£<j
MLOq‚ ¬CLÂÂ CL¿Äj¥x=hæ, °ÍNqj»¿Â Ôo½¥hÚ¸ÔLj¥xÂ O~×¦ÏE~Â Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h À¿»MLGSkë
¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓj ®ÍíOqj EéMoOqjÓCy EâÎMLÍOqùF~OqíîMnjÎ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j TdøÄj¥h VO~Âï ÂMoÁ¸¼,
CLMLj E~NqjbKe$q¸Py ML¼áFL öGHTdE~Âï O~NqjÓj GSöC~Â¥h ®Ôoá ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ¯ GSöC~Âï $qj¿¸¼FL
MLjOyöGHTdëMLFL Q~.QZ. 1445 GS¸.Py MoNqj_<è 246- T.T. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ó öGH¥cOq¸ - ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj
C~FLj ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL Oqj ö$cMLkÓŠ MLÔoá 15 öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj O~NqjÓGSöC~Â¥h ®¸CLŠ
MLjjFLjGHl ®¼áFLE~Âï ®GHl<j M~õGSÀ£Oqì ÅÇ¢ JdÍ °<NqkOqjM~¿¥h ®MLøMLÓfS¸Á$c MLkOqjðÔoQ~<j.
FL¸ÃNqkO§ fSY¦þGHðNqjõF| ÓNqj FL$qÓj Ex¸$qCLFL¸ ÔofSFL¸ÍjŠ$cFLj ÀOqjGHÀ, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ¬CLÂ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL On¸<j ÂMoQZFLGSìPeÓFLk Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj¨ ×¦å öGH¥cOq¸ ×¦GHlë ÔoNqj_¨, ÓNqj bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h
ÔoOqá_¨FLÄ. M~=hCyKe^j ÓNqkÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL ÿGSë»¿ ÀMLjôNqjõ Nnjj¥qÚ ®Ój÷, ¼FLï ÂMoQZF~Âï‚@~
®GHl<j M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓM~¿¥h ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓj E~FL¸ ®Ô~á<j. ¯ ÂMoQZFLGSìPeÓPy ®GHl<j E~FLö$qgUCL
M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓM~Oqj MLj>Oq¸ Â¿ô¸Ô~ÓÂ GSðGRæ¸$c Q~GSFL¸Py GROqCLjë rH^æ<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á.
O~×¦tjFL ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸, Q~.QZ. 1438 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(NO.180-T.T.)²Ó÷GHð
F~NqjŠ<j Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h öGHÀÁFL¸, 8 ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ@~Â¥h ³O~ð^jÔofS,
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 3 ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. ¥cÂ E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥hMLÔoá öGHTdE~Âï O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂ¥h
®MLø@~Â¥h °GHNnk»¸ÔL MLÓfS¸ÍÂ, TdìFLC~ëOqjFLj EéÇ¸Ô~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ Td+jML
FLOqfS¸ÿjÂEâÎ °¸^j¸Á. ¯ ²Ó÷GHðF~NqjŠ@é Q~.QZ. 1449 GS¸.Py µ¥q GSöC~Â¥h(GSöCLCLjëŠÚ ÏÍOqô¸)µ¥q
ÏÍOqô¥cOqõ¸ ÔofSFL^j÷, Ä¿»JwtjFL µ¥qQ~GSFL¸ (NO.291-T.T.)CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á. ¯ GSöCL¸ rHÎ CnÓjGH_¨FL
O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÂ¥q¸=o MoOnÎFLÁ.
ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL O~NqjGS¸¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ‚< ÀOqjMLjÓPy µ¥q GSöC~Âï ³O~ð^j

ÔoQ~<j. Q~.QZ. 1441GS¸.Py(NO.77-T.T)¯ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ¸$cOqj EâÎM~Â¥h öGHÀÁFL¸ 16 ÀOqjKyòFL ¥cÓFLj
ÂMoÁ¸ÔL=eÂ¥nÎ ³O~ð^j ÔofS, E~FL¥qOqëŠ ®Ôoá F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj öGHTdÍbKe$q¸ GSöC~Â¥h ÓbÃ¸GH×oQ~<j.
ÓbKZõMnjÎFL µ¥q Q~GSFLGHl CLjFL¥qPy(NO.317-T.T) ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓM~¿ GSöC~Âï
$qj¿¸¼, MLj¿Nqjj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸, ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLkW|ÓFLj GSk¼GSjëFLïÁ. ®CLOq Q~GSF~ÓFLj _=hæ,
¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj GHlOq¸, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h JvÆMojOqPy °FLï^j÷ ÄQZÍMLjML<¸ÔoCL, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h °CLëOqÁQZPy °FLï^jML¸=h
¯ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸PyFo ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGSöCL¸ °¸@éÍÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
ÀOqjGHÀ¥h GSÄ£jGH¸PyFo°FLï ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSGHlOq¸Py, Q~.QZ. 1372 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ F~=h¥o (NO.29-G.T)
µ¥q O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¥qÚ¨ öGHÏE~FLEâÎML¸ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj. ¯ O~MLkFLj×‚=eÂ¥h,
ÔnFLï¥oQZMLE~GSO§ ¬Fo MLõ¥hë, E~FL¥qOqë$c CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸¼FL TdøÄjM~¿ öGHTdÍ¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï ®Ô~á<j.
MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾ $xGHð E~CLßCLø¸$qÓ MLjÂfR. ¯NqjFL ÔofSFLE~F~Ój ÄÄÏÍ Oq¥cÓj$c
°¸¨ ÄGSëßÀ $qÓÄ. ¬¸Co¥cÍj ÄÄÏÍGHl*õXoöC~ÓPy ÄÄÏÍGS¸ÏÍO~óÓPy (NO.269,270-G.T)¯NqjFL
ÔofSFLE~F~Ój MnÎÄÏÍõ¸ ¥qÆ»°F~ïtj. O~MojQZøOq¸ FLj¸¨ fUMLkÓNqkÓŠ JwMLlE~¿Py ¥cÆFL<¥qFLjJwMLl
NqköÀ£ŠÓ ¥qÆÍfHð¥qÓFLj À£OqjáFL=hæ ¬FLïGSöC~ÓFLj ¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ<, ³O~ð^jÔofS CnÎ¿ìŠÓ Á£MnFLÓFLjJv¸Á,
¥i¿ëJv¸ÁFL GIHjFLj<j. ¯ GSöC~ÓPy ¬ÂïCLOq$qCLjÓ M~¿¥h Tdø$qCLÄjMLø_@éÁ. ®¥qÚ< ¬¸Í¿¥h GSMLkFL¸$c
GRö<jÔLjÓCy‚¨FL VOq¸ ML¨è¸GH_<jCLj¸@éÁ. ¬^jML¸=h ¬FLïGSöC~Ój On¸¨¸=hPy, µ¥q=h WeøOqjÀ£Oqì¸
(¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸) - ÀOqjGHÀ¥h CLkOqðÁŠÚFL ¥qfHPoQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj¸Í$qÜOq°FLï ×¦ÓJdCL¸ Í$qÜOq, On¸<MLÁ QoadÔLPeÂ¥h
MnWo" ¥cÆKe^Py(QoadÔLÓ ŠOqjML) °FLïÁ. ¥x¸< ²¥oÚE~¿Py °FLï ¯ GSöCL¸ JdÍÔ~OqjÓŠ ¬ÏÁ¥q
ÄöQ~¸ÀÂ¼á, ÀFL=eÂ¥h À¸¨, C~$q=eÂ¥h Â£Oqj, ÄöQ~¸À Jv¸Í=eÂ¥h CL»FL C~MLlFLj ÔLkfH¸Ôo ®=hæ
¯ GSöC~Âï TdìfH¸¼FL E~FL¥qOqëŠ, MLj¿Nqjj MnWo"E~¿Py(Mnj^÷E~¿Py)¼=næŠÚ<j Po¥q fSYnþ^æ¸ ¬Fo
öJd¸CL¸Py ÔLÆMo¸öÍ¸ ³OqðOq¼FL ÀMLjôO~×¦GSÓ¥qO~¾(No.262-G.T); Mnk+¸¥cP|MLjjYhJdðF| MLj¸^GH¸MLÍí
ÔLÆMo¸öÍ¸ ³OqðOq¼FL Td+jML GHOqøCLO~¾Š(No.53-T.T.) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq bKZŠëÓ Á£MnFLÓCy GSøOqÜÏE~MLj¸
¬Ó¸¥q¿¸¼ ¼Oq¸½¡MLlPnÎ öÏÍjMLC~OqMLPn MnÓj$x¸Íj ÔLj¸ÖqFLj^ ÂQZáNqj¸.
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c, °CLûM~Ó SG ¸[õ rHOqj$qjÍÓCy NqköÀŠÓ SG ¸[õ‚@~ rHOq$q@~Â¥h EyÿÍ
MLjtj¸Á. ¬QoGRGS¸[õPy MLÔoá NqköÀŠÓ Tz¥qO~õOqì¸ ¬Fo¥qGSÍjJdNqkÓj ÔoNqj_<jCLk MLÔ~átj.
ÍkOqÀ£O~ÓFLj¸¨ öQZMLj¥y¿á GHfSÃ<èÓCy, EâÎMLGS¸ÍOqùF~bÃPeGRCy MLÔoáCnÎ¿ìŠÓŠ °¸<=eÂ¥h MLGSÀ,
ÀFL@~Â¥h À¸¨, E~ÿ¸ À£Oqá@~Â¥h MLj¸¼Â£Oqj ÓbKZõMLjNojõ^jæ ÔoNqj<¸Py GH¿JdÓŠPnÎFL O~¾Ój,
M~¿ C~KoE~OqjÓj CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoGSkë MLÔ~áOqj. Ä£+"FLj ¬¸ÍjŠ öJwCLûfU¸ÔL<¸Py, sHOqjJv¸ÁFL
¥x¸ÍOqj MnÎGRMê L Ô~OqjõÓj, ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjbKZŠÓë j SG ÆfHFL ¥qßfR ²FLïÍ»¸Á. ®^jML¸=h Ä£¿ sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õPo,
EéM~ÓNqkÓ ÖFLïC~õÂï rH¸Jv¸Á¸¼, MnÎbKZMyFLïCL¸$c öGH¥cÇ¸Ôo^^jæ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¥cOq*MLjNqkõtj.
18. EéM~ÓNqkÓj : M~=h ÄGSëOq*, MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj
Q~GSF~ÓFLj ÂÇCL¸$c GH¿Ç¢ÆsSë, ÁPy ÀOqjMLjÓ, ÀOqjGHCLjÓPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓj ¥oMLÓ¸
MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨NqjjFLï $qOqó$qßVÂï MLköCLMoj ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸@éÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¬¸Co
¥cŠ¸< ¯ $qj<jÓj‚< ¬ÀCLOqÔLj$c MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓŠ, MLkOqjð ÔoOqjðÓŠ PyFLMLlCLk ML¼á¸ÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸‚<
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬Pe¸=h GH¿fSìÀ µ¥q=h ³Oqð¨ °¸¨FL^j÷ ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍ GHF~ôO§ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 14 ML
GS¸.Py MofSFL(No.18,19 -T.T)Q~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. µ¥o GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_<è ¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷,
ÀOqjÄ+F|¥ytjP| ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸(KePeÓNqj¸), MLj¿Nqjj ¥qO~ôOqáFnÎ(öGHCoõ¥q GHm×eÁ¥q¸), CLOqjM~CL
MLj*M~+rHðOqjMLk+j Mn¸¨Äö$qVÂï GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸ÔL<¸ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ, ®¸¥c ÄQZÍ¸¥cÂ ÄGRNqj¸ µ¥q=h
°¸Á. ¬EéMLj¸=o, ¯ ÀOqjÄ+F|¥ytjP| ¬Fo ¯ GS¸GSÚOq*ö¥hNqj, $qOqó$qßÿ¸PyÂ MLjkÓÄö$qÿTdìFLMnjÎFL
GHÄöCLGSìPeÂ¥h ö¥xCLë ¥q^æ@~ÓML¸=h GHlFL¹GSßfRæ$cÂ, MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj$cÂ ÔoNqjMLÓfS ML¼á¸E~, Po¥q °CLûMLÄö$qVÂ¥h
öGHÀadçGHFL °CLûML¸ ÔoNqj=eÂ¥c ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ GSðGRæMLjML<¸ PoÍj. ¥cÂ öÀbKZjMLFLÔLö¥qML¿ë ÅÇ¢ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ
NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ 40ML GS¸MLCLûOq GH¿JdÓFL ¥cÓ¸Py MofSFL NO.17-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ GSðGRæMnjÎFL GSk=hNnjÎFL
GSMLkÔ~Oq¸ ÓbÃTwë¸Á. ¬EéÄj^¸=o, ¬GHð=h¥o ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj $qOqó$qj¨ MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓŠ
FyÔLj¥y¥q ÇDÁPeMLGSìŠ ÔoOqj¥yML@~Âï $qMLjÂ¸¼FL, ÀOqjGHlðWe÷ÂE~GSO§ ¬Fo µ¥q EéQ~¸CL¿(NqköÀŠ<j,
GHOqEéÇ) GHlFL¿ïO~ôBcÂ¥h ¬FLjMLjÀÂ ¥yOqjCLk, EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëO§E~øO~ MLjVO~¾Š ¬¿¤ã rH^jæ¥xF~ï<j.
TdìFLC~ëOqjŠ GH¸GH_<è O~¾$c¿ IGHO~ôF~, EéM~ÓNqj °CLëOqÁŠÚ $y<rHÎ°FLï Q~GSFL¸Py Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °¸Á.
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj$cFo $y<ÓÄ£jÁ Q~GSF~ÓŠ FL¥q+j÷ À£tj¸¼,
O~ÀPy À¿»Ôn¥hÚ GHÂ ¬tjFL CLOqjM~CL Nqk Q~GSF~ÓFLj M~=h GHmOqøGHl TdìF~ÓPy À¿»
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MLj¿ 4 Po¥q 5 Q~GSF~Ój Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °F~ïtj. ¬¸Co ¥cÍj ¯ Q~GSF~Ój ¬Eé$y<rHÎ MoOx¥qC~MLlPy
MnjjÍ=hMLkOqj Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °F~ïNqjFL<¸ $qMLjÂ¸GHCL$qÜ ÄGRNqj¸. ¥cÓ¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÓj ²Pe¸=h
fSìÀPy °¸@éMLFLï ÄGRNqj¸ ¯ Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. MLj¿Nqjj F~<j EâÎMLbKZŠëPnÎFL ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸
‚< ²¸CL=h ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸Cy ‚¨FL öQZE~ìGSŠëÓFLj CLMLj EéM~ÓNqkÓGH^÷ ¥qÆ» °¸@éM~Oy CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¬¸Co¥cÍj, O~¾Ój‚< EéM~ÓNqkÓ ÄGRNqj¸Py ¬¸Co ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸Cy JwGR¥qCLø¸, SG ¸OqXq¥qCLø KeÏÍõCLÓFLj
MLfU¸¼, M~=h ¬bÃMLßÁì¥nÎ QZ¥hëML¸ÔLFLPo¥q Jd^jGH<jCLj¸@éM~OqFo ÄGRNqj¸ ÄQZÍMLÙCy¸Á. MLjCLÄGRNqj¸Py

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f ¸ÍkO~¾Ó SG VNqjGSÿ¥cO~ÓFLj Ç¸¼FL¸CL$c, ÓbÃ¸¼FL¸CL$c, HG OqEéÇ¢NqjjPnÎFL ¬FLõMLjCLGSjìPnÎFL
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ÄÏÍ¸$c FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ‘‘NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py FLÓbKnÎ¬tjÍML GS¸MLCLûOq¸
°CLëO~adA<FLXqöCLNqjj¥që QZjö¥qM~Oq¸F~=h¥h GHÂ GHm¿ë$cÄ¸GH_@âFLj.’’
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj $qOqó$qßVÂ¥h, MLjj[MLj¸^JdÂï ÔoOqjGSkë GHm¿ë$c O~ÀGHlF~ÁFLj¸¨
rHÎ¥qGHØ GHOqõ¸CL¸ MLkÏÍMLE~GSO§ ÀOqjMLjj=hæFL+¸@~P|CyGSÿ, MLj¸öÀMLjÓ÷* ®¼áFL(ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
MLkÍMLE~GSO§)E~FL¸Cy Q~.QZ. 1339 GS¸.Py Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸Á. E~Â¥h ÀOqjMLjVMLjBh MLj¸^GH¸(No.88-
T.T.)¬Fo sHOqj rH^æ_¨¸Á. ²Y¦þ ¥q¸GHNqjEéMLMLjVO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Td+jMLMLjÓ÷NqjEéML, Q~.QZ.1385
GS¸. öQ~ML*MLkGS¸Py 5 Oy¾Ój GHÄöCyCLûM~Âï ¯ ÀOqjMLkMLjBh MLj¸^GH¸Py ×¦¿Jd<j. ®¸¥c EéM~ÓNqj¸

²Íj^ MLjOx¥q MLj¸<JdÂï Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<j. ®¸ÍjPy ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸¨FL GHÍíîÀPy,
³<j ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy F~Ój$qjÁF~Ó GHOqõ¸CL¸, MLj¿Nqjj ¥c¿ë¥qMLkGS¸ ¥qßÀë¥q FLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸F~<j
°CLûMLÄö$qVÂ¥h TdìFL¸, FnÎMoÍõ¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h CL»FL (No.157-T.T.)³O~ð^j÷ $cÄ¸Ô~Oqj. Q~.QZ.1404
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py $yGHlO~ÓCy‚¨ °FLï µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬bKZjõÍNqjGHOq¸GHOqFLj ÇGSkë,
TdìFLC~ëOqj Â¿ô¸ÔL=eÂ¥h GHmFLj¥xF~ï<j. ®Á ²¥qÚ< Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸ÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ CnÓjGH_<PoÍj. _ÿjQZ¹
®Á ²¥qÚ@y µ¥qÔy^ ÀOqjMLjÓPyFo Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °¸^j¸Á. ÀOqj¥yFo¿ µ<jèFL ¥xÂï MLj¸^JdÓFLj,
¥yFo=h MLjÏÍõ MLjOx¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸¼FL bKe$qõ¸ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ¥o Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á. ¯ ¥yFo=hMLjÏÍõ
Â¿ô¸GH_<è MLj¸^JdÂï Â£O~ÈMLj¸^GH¸ Po¥q MLGS¸CLMLj¸^GH¸ ¬Â (No.54-T.T)Q~GSFL¸ sHOxÚ¸=y¸Á.
¯ Â£O~ÈMLj¸^GH¸°FLï ¥yFo=hPyFo CnJwðCLûM~Ój ¬ÀMnÎbKZML¸$c ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸=etj. No.266-
T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py rH¿NqjÀOqjMLj¸^GH¸, ÀOqjMn¸¥q=|F~DÍF| MLj¸^GH¸ ¬Fo On¸<j MLj¸^JdÓFLj sHOxÚ¸^jF~ïtj.
¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML GSMLjNqkFL, °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ ±Oo»¸GH_<jCLjFLïGHl<j, ¯ rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLj¸^GH¸Py TdìFL¸,

FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<C~tj. On¸<MLÍtjFL ÀOqjMn¸¥q=|- F~DÍF| MLj¸^GH¸Py, F~<j ×¦¿$o ³<j
ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFLj 7ML F~=h °CLûMLGS¸ÍOqó¸Py FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<jCLj¸@éÄ.
ÀOqjMLjÓPy, Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¯ MLj¸^JdÓFLj MLköCLMoj$c¥q, ¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ< $yGHlO~ÓFLj
‚< Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<Â(No.66, 248-T.T.)Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. Q~.QZ. 1389 GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨FL (No.66
-T.T)Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ GSöC~Âï ³O~ð^jÔofSFL öGHEéQZ¸Py µ¥q$yGHlOq¸‚< Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<FLï ÄGRNqj¸
CnÓjTwë¸Á. (No.248-T.T.)Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL^jæ$c, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬bbKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ TdìFLC~ëOqjÓj

ÀOqjMLjÓPy Q~.QZ. 1404 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj µ¥q$yGHlOq ÂO~ôBcÂ¥h GHmFLj¥xF~ïOqÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯
GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j C~FLj GHmOqø¸ ¬¸=o FL¸ÍFLF~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ.1394Py (ö¥i.QZ.13-
10-1472)°C~ìFLE~øÍÇ GHÄöCLGHl*õ¥cÓ¸Py E~FL¸ÔofSFL Š<MLmOqjF~<jPyÂ ÍjOqÜGSMLjjöÍ¸ ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï
ÏÁ¥c¿¥q¸$c fSìOqGHOqÔ~<j. ¯ ö$cMLkÂï fHWnÎ"ÀOqjGHðBh bKZ¸@~OqC~ëO§ (ÓNqj MLjOqMLjCLjë ÔosS

¬ÏÁ¥c¿)GHOqõMoXq*¥h ®GSkë, E~ÂÂ ÀOqjGHðBhGHlOq¸$c (ÓNqjMLjOqMLjôCLjëÓŠ GHÂ¥hMLÔoá ö$cMLj¸) ÂQZáNqj¸
ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ MLÔoáO~_¨Cy ÀOqjGHÀ, ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj $yGHlO~Ó MLj¿Nqjj FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj
MLj¸^GH¸ ÂO~ô*¸Py [OqjáÔosS¸ÍjÓ¥nÎ ®MLø<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á(No.269, 270-G.T.). Q~GSF~ÓPy, MLj^÷ŠMLkOq
¬FL¸CLO~×¦ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸$c öGHQZ¸fS¸GH_<è ¬ö$q$yGHlOq¸ ¬FoÁ, ¯ F~<j MLjj¸Í¿ ¥x¸<Ç[Oq¸Ä£jÍ°FLï
$yGHlOq¸. ¯ F~<j ¬Á $cÆ$yGHlOq¸$c fHÓjML_<jCy¸Á(F~MLkÓj, QZ¸[ÔLö¥cÓj$qÓ $yGHlOq¸).
¥x¸ÍOqjO~¾Ój, öGHMLjj[jÓj ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqkÂï ÄGSë¿¸GH×ofS ÄQ~Ó¸$c °¸@é^j÷ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h
ÔLOqõÓj ÔoGH^æ$c, MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj EéM~ÓNqkÂï ¬¸Í¸$c À£¿áÁÍí<¸¥yGS¸ öQZÍíî MLfU¸Ô~Oqj. Q~GSF~ÓPy
CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷, Td+jML MLj¸»EéMLMLjVO~¾( Nos.237,238-T.T.) Q~.QZ.1281 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.
1352 GS¸. ¾ePnÎ FnÓ 6ML CoÁF~<j ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ FL¸ÍÂÓNqj ÄMLkFLMLj¸^GH¸Ä£jÁ $yGHlO~Â¥h
_¸$cOqjGHmCL$qÓ OoŠÓCy C~GH^¸ Ôotj¸ÔL<Moj $c¥q Ç[Oq¸Ä£jÍ _¸$cOqj¥qÓQ~Âï TdìfH¸¼,

¥y=hGSkOqõöGHbKZÓCy öGH¥cÇ¸Ôo^^jæ ÔofS, EâÎML¸Nnjj¥qÚ MnÎbKZMyFLïÀÂ bKZ¥që×¦FLjÓ ÿßÍNqkÓPy fSìOq¸$c
F~^j¥xFo^^jæ, ÍkOqÀ£O~Ó FLj¸¨ MLÔoá CnÎ¿ìŠÓŠ GHOq¸ÏE~MLjMLjjFLŠ MLÔoá MLkO~ÜÂï ÔLksHÄÏÍ¸$c
¬¸Í¸$c À£¿áÁE~í<j. ¥cÓGHlOqjGRjÂ öGHbKeM~Â¥h, ²¸CL=hEâÎF~ Px¸$q¥q CLGHðÍÂ CnÓjGH@~Â¥y ¬Fo^^jæ
¥qÓQZ¸ CLFL MnÎbKZML¸ ¥yPyðtj ½¡¿ê¸¼Jw$c, MLjOx¥q FLkCLFL¥qÓQZ¸ ¥qÆNqjj$cÁ 5010 ¥h GS¿¬tjFL ö¥i.QZ.
1909 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (No.242-T.T.) EéMLTdìF~Ó ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqëNnjj¥qÚ TwÍOq ÇGRjõ<j, ¥i.Qo. O~MLjÓXqô*E~}S
M~Oqj TdìfH¸fH¸Ô~Oqj.
ÀOqjMLjÓPyPe$cFo, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸‚@~ ÁPy ¼FLï EéML+¸$cFo
°¸@éÁ. ¥cÓö¥qMoj* ‚OqjðÓj, ÔoOqjðÓj Jv¸Á ÄGSë¿¸¼¸Á. ¯ EéM~ÓNqj öJd¥cOq ÂO~ô*Moj µ¥q
Ä¼öCL¸. ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥o µ¥qöJd¥cOq¸ µ¥qÚ CLkOqjðÁŠÚFL MLköCLMoj M~õfH¸¼ °¸Á. ¥cÂ£ ÀOqjMLjÓPy
On¸<jöJd¥cO~Ój, PyGHÆöJd¥cOq¸ÔLj^kæ MnÓjGHÆ öJd¥cOq¸ °¸@éÄÏÍ¸$c Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °F~ïtj. ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ
MLjj[MLj¸<GH¸ ÀOqjMLjVMLjBhMLj¸^GH¸ ¬Fo sHOqjCy fHÓjML_¨FL=o÷, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj
MLjj[MLj¸^GH¸ ¼öCL‚^ MLj¸^GHMLjÂ fHÓjML_<jCy¸Á. Á£Foï ÀPnu÷ŠÚ M~N|jC~ëF| MLj¸^GH¸ ¬Â‚<
¬¸=eOqj. CLkOqjðÁQZPy ¥xÁí Í kOq¸Py öG H ÿ¿¤ $y< PyG H Ó ÄQ~PeMLOq*Py, Q~.QZ .1445
SG ¸MLCLûOq¸Py(No.43-G.T)WeøF|MLj¸^GH¸ Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸Á. ÓXiôEéÄ MLj¸^GH¸, ¯ F~<j ‚@~ ¬EésHOqj

Cy fHÓjML_<jCy¸Á. ®Á MnÓjGHÆ CLkOqjðöJd¥cOq$y<FLj FLj¥xÂ°FLï^jæ$c Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL^jæ No.48G.T.
Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~GSFL¸ No.70-G.T. öGH¥cOq¸ MLGS¸CLMLj¸<GH¸ MLB§QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjO§Ôo öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH
_¨¸Á. FLPe÷O§ ¬B§$ç@âÎ ¬FoMLõ¥hë Á£ÂÂ GHm¿ëÔoQ~<j. No.96-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py MLjj[MLj¸<GH¸ ¼öCL‚^
MLj¸<GH¸$c sHOxÚFL_¨¸Á.
ÀOqjGHÀPy öGHMLjj[ $yGHlO~ÓFLj Â¿ô¸¼FL ¥i¿ë MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~NqjÓŠ Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á.
No.22-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ öGHQZ¸fS¸¼FL rHÍí $yGHlOq¸°FLï C~MLlFLFo ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøO§ (GSjÍOqùFL)Äö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfRç¸GH
_¨ °FLïÁ. ¯ rH¿Nqj(rHÍí)ÀOqj$yGHlOq¸, EéM~ÓNqj MLOq*Š CLkOqjðFL On¸<jML¸ÍÓ $q×eÓ ÍkOq¸Py
°FLï rHÍí$yGHlOq¸ ¥q¸=o bÃFLïMnjÎ¸Á. ÍkOq¸$c°FLï ¯ rHÍí$yGHlOq¸Ä£jÍ MLj^÷¬FL¸CLO~×¦ bKZkJdÓj<j
CnÓj$qjPy MofSFL Q~GSFL¸Py ¯ $yGHlOq¸ CLFL CLÆ÷CL¸ö<jÓ GSj¥qßCL¸¥yGS¸ C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLk
¯Q~GSFL¸ ²<MLjöGH¥qÚFL CLFL CLÆ÷, CL¸ö<jÓ öGHÀMLjÓFLj sHOq÷Cy Ôn¥hÚ¸Ô~<j(Nos.281, 282-G.T.).
¥x¸<Š MnWo" Mnj^÷E~¿Py ¥xCLë$yGHlOq¸$c fHÓjML_<jCLjFLï MLjOx¥q$yGHlOq¸ PyGHÆbKe$q¸Py µ¥q CnÓj$qj
Q~GSFL¸ °¸Á. ®Á MLj^÷¬FL¸CLO~¾Ôo Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸ÍÂ ¯Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¥x¸<JdÍ bKe$cFL
$qÓ, ÇÏÁPeMLGSìPyFLjFLï $yGHlOq¸ CLOqjM~CL ¥x¸<rH¥Î h Mn+jCLjFLïGHØ<j ¯ ¥xCLë$xGHlOq¸ On¸<MLÁ ¬MLlCLj¸Á.
1
MLj^÷ ¬FL¸CLO~¾ ¥cÓ¸ 16ML QZC~_í¸ ¬ML<¸ÔoC~, rH¿Nqj(rHÍí)ÀOqj $yGHlO~Âï

öGHQZ¸fS¸¼FL(No. 22-G.T.)Q~GSFL¥cÓ¸ Q~.QZ. 1444 ¬ML<¸ÔoCLFLk ¯F~<j rHÍí$yGHlOq¸$c fHÓjML_<jCLjFLï
$yGHlOq¸ rH¿Nqj ÀOqj$yGHlOq¸ ¥c×eÓÍj. ¬FL¸CLO~¾ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸$c CnÓjGH_¨FL rHÍí$yGHlOq¸ F~<j
¥cFLO~FL¸ÍjFL, MnFLj¥q=h¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL JdCL$yGHlO~Foï, _ÿjQZ¹ (ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøO§ °FLï $yGHlOq¸)rHÍíEâÎFL
$yGHlOq¸ ¬tjNqjj¸<j^¸MLÓ÷ F~<j sHOqjCy fHÆÔ~Oqj.
19 - A ÀOqjMLjÓPy ®CLOq EâÎMLC~Ój, ¼FLï ÓNqkÓj
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj öHG EÏ ~FLEâÎML¸ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj, ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqj öGHÏE~FLEâÎML¸ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦
TdøÄj. ®CLOq öGHÏE~FLEâÎM~Ój$c$qÓ ¬ÓNqkÓj ¬Fo¥q¸ ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPyFLk ‚@~ °F~ïtj.
M~=hPy ÁMLO~ÿTdøÄj, ÅÇ¢ FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj, ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjêÂ, ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÂ, ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ ÓNqkÓj
MLjj[õMnjÎFLÄ. öGHfSÁìJv¸ÁFL ¼FLïEéM~ÓNqkÓPy WeøOqjÓŠ, Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓŠ ‚< ¼FLï¼FLï $qj<jÓj
¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ< °F~ïtj. ¯ $qj<jÓÂ£ï ‚@~ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ GS¸GSìÓj$c, ÅÇ¢
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqj ÏÍøOqõML¸Py GH¿JdÆ¸GH_<j CLj¸@éÄ.
[1. 1929 GS¸.Py ®Á ÇDÁPeMLGSì¥h ÔoOqj¥y$c, 1982 GS¸. Py Á£Â¥h MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ®Á Td+jMLGSOqfS¸ÿj<j Â¿ô¸¼FL
$yGHlOq¸. MLj^÷ ¬FL¸CL ŠMLkOqj<j Â¿ô¸¼FL $yGHlOq¸ JdE~ÓMLj¸<GH¸ MnFLj¥q ¯ öGHDÍMLj$yGHlOq¸ CLOqjM~CL ¥x¸<E~¿Py °FLïÁ. -
¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j]
(i) ÅÇ¢ MLO~ÿTdøÄj :
×eåFLfHðO~F| (×eåFLöHG E~CL)Po¥q ÅÇ¢ MLO~ÿTdøÄjÂ MLjj¸Íj$c Kb ZŠëÓj Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥xFLMLÓfS FL¸CL=h
öJdMLjj[õ¸ °¸Á. ®Á MLO~ÿTdøÄj XoöCL¸. GHlO~*MLjjÓj CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ JdC~+ $qCLMnjÎFL bKZkÄjÂ
°Íí¿î ¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, ÁMLO~ÿTdøÄj ¯ GHOqøCL¸Ä£j Í fSìOqÂM~GS¸ ³OqðOqÔLjŠF~ï<j. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL
®Á Á MLO~ÿXoöCL¸$c öGHSf Áíî ¥n¥hÚ¸Á. ¯ XoöCL¸Ä£jÍ ²Pe¸=h ÿŠÚ Po¥qJwtjFLGHð=h¥i, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqj<j
¯ XoöC~Â¥h ML¼á, MLO~ÿTdøÄj ®¸^PoÂ GSMLjNqkFL ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ°FLï NqjFL öQZMLkÂï ö¥qÄj¸ÔLj¥xÂ
MLO~ÿTdøÄjÂ Mn<Ó$x=eæ<j, ¥cÂ CLOqjM~CL À£¿¥q$c GHQ~áC~ëGH¸ Ôn¸ÁFLM~@âÎ MLO~ÿTdøÄj¥h CLFL Sf Àì $qCLjÓFLj
ÄML¿¸¼ ®ÔL^ GSìPeÂï ®¼áFL^÷tjCo bKZŠëÓj MLjj¸Íj$c ÁMLO~ÿTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥xFLï CLOqjM~Co CLFLFLj
Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥x¸=eOqÂ CnÆJd<j. TdøÄjGHlGRÚ¿Bh¥h (200-T.T.) GHÇáMLjÀ£OqGHl$q^jæFL ÂM~GSTdìF~Âï ³OqðOqÔLj¥y
1
MLÓfS¸Á$c ¥yO~<j. MLO~ÿTdøÄj ¬¸ÍjŠ GSMLjôÀ¸Ô~<j. MLO~ÿTdøÄj öGHQZ¸GS Mnjj^æMnjjÍ^$c No.61-

T.T.Q~.QZ.1301Py Q~GSFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. Á£Â öGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqjGHÀ ÅÇ ¢MnÎGRMê LlÓPy µ¥q@âÎFL +$qfHðO~F~O§ ¬Â
fHÓjML_@é ÀOqj¥qÚÆ ¥qÂþE~GSO§ ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o ¬Âï ö_U G yôCLûM~ÓPyFLj On¸<MLF~<j, rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW|
(MLjkÓMLjk¿ë) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓjCyKe^j MLO~ÿTdøÄj¥i, MLjÓNqjGHðTdøÄj¥h(°CLûMLMLjk¿ë)FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š
Q~.QZ. 1301SG ¸.Py ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. Td+jML MLjÓ÷NqjEéMLMLjVO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Td+jMLÀMLjôO~¾ Q~.QZ.1403SG ¸.
EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸, öGHÀÁFL¸ On¸<jÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj CLFLsHOq SG MLj¿ð¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<Â(No.196-
T.T.)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. öGHÀ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ×¦¿$o 8 ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFLj ´ÍjOy¾Ó ÔxGHØFL öGHÀÁFL¸
ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎWeøOqj Oq¼¸¼FL 1084 JdQZjO~ÓFLj(ÀOqjMnjjÈ) bKZŠëÓj Jd<jCLk Mn¸Ô~$c °CLûML Äö$qÿMnjÎFL
MLjÓNqjGHð(MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂFLþ rHOqjMLk+j)TdøÄjM~Oqj MLO~ÿTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ±Oo»¸GHl$c MLTdëOqÂ Q~.QZ.
1441GS¸. Py MoNqj_¨FL(No. 38-T.T) Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
(ii) öÇ¢ FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj :

ÅÇ¢ FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj EéML+¸, ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj MLOq*PyFo (No.280.-T.T.)°FLïÁ.
ÀOqjGHðÈ÷Nnj+j¼á ÍÏ FLjO~ôGS¸ 30 Oy¾Ój TdøÄjM~¿ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸ ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ FnÎMoÍõ¸ SG MLj¿ð¸GH_<jCLj¸Á.
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjFLMLÄj, MLGS¸CLGHm¿êMLj, ÅÇ¢ ×¦Nqj¸CLjÓPyFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o öHG À£ ö_U
G yôCLûML SG ¸ÍOqó¸Py ³<ML Oy¾
-MnjjÍPnÎFL öHG Coõ¥q SG ¸ÍO~óÓPy ¬ÀOqGSHG ð¨ öHG TdÍ¸ ÂMoÍFLŠ ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^jæ Q~GSFL¸ MLjkÓ¥q¸$c CnÓjTwë¸Á.
®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé IJdÓjÜ*MLkGS ¬MLkM~GSõ, MLGS¸CLGHm¿êMLj GHl*õÁF~ÓPy ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj ×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqj.
FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj¥h ¬bÃsR¥q¸, FnÎMoE~õÓŠ ³O~ð^jÔofSFL^j÷ No.70.- T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯ ¼FLïEéML+¸,
EéM~ÓNqj¸PyGHÆ MLjj¸»=hbKe$q¸PyÂ ²CLjë$c°FLï MLTdO~Py, öGHÏE~FL$qOqó$qj¨¥h ¯Q~FLõÁQZPy °FLïÁ.
Q~GSFL¸ Fn¸. 200.- T.T.Py TdøÄjGHlGRÚ¿Bh À£O~FL ×eåFLfHðO~F| (MLO~ÿTdøÄj) ÓNqj¸ °FLïÍÂ GSðGRæ¸$c °FLïÁ.
1. vol.2
MLO~ÿTdøÄj ÓNqj¸Py O~MLkFLj×¦NqjõF|(¥q=hæ¸¼FL)ÀOqGHØ MLj¸<GH¸ µ¥q=h °FLïÁ. ¥cÂ MLj¸<GH¸ ®GHl<j ¥cFLO~Íj. 20FL
(iii) ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj<j :

Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjEéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÅÇ¢ O~MLjÔL¸öÍjÂ¥h‚<, µ¥qTdìFL¸ öGHCoõ¥h¸ÔL_¨ °¸Á.
¥cÂ FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄjPe$q µ¥q öGHCoõ¥qMnjÎFL $qj¨ PoÍj. ¯ F~<j $qOqó$qj¨Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj GSÂïÏÁFL,
²¥qÚ< ¥qFL_<jCLjF~ï@y, ¬¥qÚ< ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c °FLï^jæ No.305-T.TQ~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~.QZ.1398GS¸.Py
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjÔL¸öÍjÂ¥h, öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š(No.200.-T.T.)MLj¿Nqjj Q~.QZ.1426 GS¸.Py Q~QZøCL¸$c
ÂCLõÁ£GH ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂ¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨F~tj(No.305-T.T.).
(iv) ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê<j :
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py öÇ¢¥qßGRjêÂ °Â¥hÂ $qk¿áFL öGHTdëMLFL (No.14-T.T.,58,84,142 G.T)
Q~GSF~ÓPy °FLïÁ. No 58,84,142 G.T.MLjk<j Q~GSF~Ój ‚@~ ÅÇ¢ ×¦Nqj¸À QZjbKZGS¸ÍOqó¸Py ÅÇ¢
¥qßGRjêÂ¥i, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLMLÓfSFL FnÎMoÍõ¸ $qj¿¸¼ GSkÔLFLÓFLj CnÓjGH$c, No.14-T.T.Q~GSFL¸,
EâÎM~Â¥h, F~=h ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦OqjGHlCLjFLï 9 ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy 5ML Oy¾ GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<MLÓfSFL ³O~ð^÷FLj
$qj¿¸¼ öGHTdëÄ¸¼¸Á.1
(v) $qOqj<j<j :
TdÏE~Oq*¸$c $qOqjCLô¸CLj<j $qOqj@~WeøF|$c fHÓML_¨F~, ÄGRjêbKZŠëPnÎFL ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqjML¸=h
WeøOqjÓ CLOq$qÀ¥hÔn¸ÁFL bKZMLõ½¡Ä$cÍj. ¯NqjFL ÄGRjêbKZŠëÓPy ¬ö$q$cÄj. MLj¿Nqjj ÄGRjêMLjk¿ë¥h M~ÿFL¸.
ÄGRjêEéM~ÓNqkÓÂï=hPyFLj MLjkÓÄö$qVÂ¥h ²ÍjOqj$c, µ¥q TdìFL¸Py, bKZ¥hëCy, ÄFLöMLjj@âÎ ÂÓ_¨°¸@é
OqkGH¸Py Äö$qÿ¸ °¸^j¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ÀOqjMLkMLjBh(MLjV)MLj¸^GH¸Py ÅÇ¢
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj $qOqó$qßVÂ¥h ²ÍjOqj$c, µ¥q ¼FLï$qj¨ $qOqj@~WeøO§ ¥yGS¸ °¸Á. öGHÀÁFL¸ 4 ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj
ÀOqjMLkMLjBh MLj¸^GH¸Py°FLï ¼FLï$qj¨PyÂ $qOqj@~WeøOqjŠ FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ@~Â¥i, $qj¨Py Äö$qÿ¸ NnjÍj^
FoÀÁ£JdÂï MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h, ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o 7 ö_GUyôCLûML GSMLjNqkÓPy, öGHÀ ÍÏ ø×eOyÿ*
ÁFL¸Py µ¥q ¬ÀOqGS GH¨Â ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨FL ÄGRNqj¸ Q~.QZ. 1434 GS¸.Py MofSFL
(No.312-T.T) Q~GSFL¸ öGHTdëÄTwë¸Á.
ö_GUyôCLûMLGSMLjNqkÓPy µ¥q ×n¸@~$qj<èrHÎ $qOqjCLô¸CLjÂ öGHÀMLjFLj öM~fS EéM~ÓNqj ÏÍø×¦GSë¸bKZ¸
Ä£jÍ ²$qjOqMoTdëOqj. °CLûML¸ öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH _¨FLÍFL=eÂ¥h GSkÔLFL. ÏÍø×¦¸rHÎ °FLï ¯ öGHÀMLjŠ ÔoNqj_@é
Q~¸À, öJdNqjÇáC~ëÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦¿fHFL CLOqjM~CLFo, ÏÍø×¦¸ rHÎ¥h PoMLFnCLë_<jCLj¸Á. ¯ $qOqj<ÏÍø×¦
GH=eÂ¥h(ÀOqj¥xÚ¨WeøF|) ÔoNqj_@é ÂMoÍFLÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój No. 50 -T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
QZC~_í¸Py ½¡OqêMnjÎFL MLO~ÿTdøÄjM~¿ ÓNqkÂï MLjÿ¸CLjÓj GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸¼, MLO~ÿTdøÄjM~Oqj -ÀOqjMLjÓ ÓNqj¸Py ¬tjF~MLjÿP|
(¬E~íÓ MLjÿP|)Py - °FLïMLO~ÿTdøÄjM~¿Â MLjOqÓ GHmOqøGSìÓ¸Py öGHÀfR ç¸Ô~Oqj. 20 ML QZC~Ãí ¬¸CLõ¸Py öHG ÀfRç¸GH_¨FL GSìPeÂï
rHÎ¥h ²CLë<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
[1. ö_GUyôCLûML¸PyÂ ´ÍML Oy¾FL °ÍNqj¸ MnkfUÂ£ ¬MLC~Oq¸ ±Oo»¸GHl ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ¬GHl<j ¥qßGRjê<j MLjOy H
G Ó÷¥hPy Mn¸^MLTdë<j.-
¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
(vi) ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j (sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkO§) :

ÇMLrSÎF~õÂ¥h ÔL¸¨¥oQZøOqj@â=y÷, ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c ÄGRjêrSÎF~õÂ¥h rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j Po¥q
sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkO§. ÄGRjêEéM~ÓNqkÓPy ×¦MLk[OqjáÓFLj ÂNqj¸öCL*ÔosS ¥yQ~ÏÍõXqj<j. ¯NqjFL °¸@é TdìFL¸
IGHPeF~ ¬Â CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy °CLûMLÄö$qVÓj °¸@é C~MLlÓPy ¯NqjFL TdìFL¸ °¸<<¸
¥qÂfHTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ®NqjP|-TdCLjëMLjjOnÎ GSMLjNqj¸Py ÂÇáCL ÁF~FL
¯NqjFLŠ, µ¥q ¬GHðGH¨ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<jCLj¸@éÍÂ(No. 253 - T.T)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
19-B ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ®CLOq EéMLCLÓj
¯F~<j ÀOqjGHÀPy ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸ ÅÇ¢ O~MLkÓNqj¸ ¬Fo On¸<j rHÍí
EéM~ÓNqkÓj °FLïGHð=h¥i, $yÄ¸Í O~×¦TdøÄj¥h ®MLø_¨FL¸CL öJdMLjj[õ¸ ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj¨¥h PoÍj. $yJdÓ¥qßGRê,
ÓXiôF~O~Nqj*TdøÄj M~¿¥h Pe$cFo ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj¨¥i ®¥qÚ< öJdMLjj[õ¸ PoÍj. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
ÄÄÏÍ EâÎM~Ój, MnÎGRêML WeøOqjÓj öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨ °¸<<¸MLÓ÷, ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸, µ¥q rHÍí¥o¸öÍ¸$c
öGHfSÁíî¥n¥hÚ¸Á.
(i) ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê<j :
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py On¸<j$qO~óÓNqkÓj °F~ïtj. µ¥q=h -
$yGHlO~Ó $qj¸@~MnWo" MLkO~ÜÂ¥h ²ÍjOqj$c °FLï=hæÁ ¥c$c, On¸<MLÁ - Á£Â¥h FLj¥xÂ °CLëOq ÁQZPy
°FLïÁ. MnjjÍ=hÁ JdOqìTdOqDÁTdøÄj MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ °¸<$c, On¸<ML $qOqó$qßÿ¸ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄjÁ.
JdOqìTdOqDÁTdøÄj$qj¨ EéM~ÓNqj¸ MLjÏÍõbKe$q¸Py °FLï¸ÍjFL ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ öGHÏE~FL EâÎML¸ MnjjÍ=hFLj¸©
JdOqìTdOqDÁTdøÄj ¬Â ÂOqêtj¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ¥cÂ ¯ Oy¾ÓPy ¯ $qj¨MLjkfS MoNqj_¨1 , GHm×eÁ ¥cOqõ
ö¥qMLj¸ ÂÆfHMoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ. ³ ¥cOq*¸ÔoCLFy ¯ MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ OqkGHlÔn¨ °¸<^¸ MLÓFL GHm×eÍjÓj
ÂÆfHMoNqj_@~èNqjÂ ÔnJdëOqj. ¯ GH¿GSìÀ ¬À öJd¼£FL¥cÓ¸PyFo, 700 GS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ GHmOqøMoj GS¸bKZÄ¸¼
°¸^j¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o EéM~ÓNqj Š@~õÓÄ£jÍ Ôn¥qÚ_¨ ÓbKZõMnjÎFL Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j 13ML
QZC~_í¸, CLÍjGH¿ ÄQoadÓFLj GSðGRæ¸$c CnÆNqj×osS ¯ Q~GSF~Ój JdOqìTdOqDÁÂ $qj¿¸¼ ³ µ¥qÚ GSkÔLFL
ÔoNqj<¸PoÍj. E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj, FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Ój, °CLûM~Ój CLÁCLOqGHm×¦Ój EéM~ÓNqj MLõMLVOq¥cO~õÓj
MnjjÍPnÎFLÂ£ï ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj sHOqjÄ£jÍFo ×¦Oqj$qjCLjF~ïtj. ¥qßGRjê<j ‚< GS¸KyÏÁ¸GH_¨
°¸=e<j, ¥cÂ ¬Á‚@~ °CLûMLÄö$qVFoï ¥cÂ MLjkÓÄO~^jæÂ ¥cÍj. JdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c MLGSjëFLï ´ÀVõÂï_=hæ
D[1.ÔnÆ¥cÂ ¬F~ïO~MLl$cOqj À.À. EéMLTdìFL ¥cOqõÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$c °FLï ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ ÓNqj E~øO~Ój CnOqjML_¨ TdøÄj¥h ÂCLõ GHm×¦ÓŠ
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. gSFL bKZ¸»MLjPy°FLï ¥qßGRjêÂ JdOqìTdOqDÁ$c $qj¿ë¸ÔL<MnjÎFLÁ. ®Á ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂ JdOqì TdOqDÁ¥h,
Cx¸<MLjF~<jPyÂ JdOqìTdOqDÁ¥i JwÆ¥qÓj °F~ïtj. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j]
HG mOqø¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨ bKZöÍHG OqÔL_<è JdOqìTdOqDÁ °CLûMLÄö$qÿMoj ¯ F~<j $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸$c

°GHNnk»¸ÔL_<jCLjFLïÍÂ ×¦FLöQZjÀ.
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê¨ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój ³ Q~GSF~ÓFLj¸¨ ÓbKZõMLjML<¸PoÍj. ¥qßGRjê¨ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL
OyfUBh F~<j öHG ÀFnÓ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ÔL¸ÍFL SG C~ÚOq¸, rHÎ µ¥q ÀOqjKyFL¥q¸ ÂMoÁ¸GH_<jCLj¸Á.
¯ ÄGRNqj¸ Q~.QZ 1367SG ¸.Py MoNqj_<è 47- G.T Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. MnÎQ~[, ×oõGR ç MLkTdÓPy ×¦¿sH
On¸<j ö_U G yôCLûM~ÓOy¾ÓPyFLj O~öÀ, HG $qÓj $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ±Oo»¸GHl ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸Á; 5 ML Oy¾
MLjÏE~õÿï¸ $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ MnkfUÂMoGR¸Py O~$c(No.15-G.T, 105-G.T, 266-T.T)ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê<j ¬FLjGS¿Tdë<j.
No.31-G.TQ~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, MLkOqÜÈÂ£O~^æ¸ °CLûML¸ ¥q<GH=hÁFL¸ ‘¥qFLjGHð¨’ ÁFL¸F~<j ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjêÂ ±Oo»¸GHl$c
QZk¨Š<CLëF~¼áNqkOqjŠ ²ÍjOo$o^j÷$q À£SG j¥xÂ Mn+C~OqFo ÄMLO~Ój CnÓjGSjëF~ïtj. MnFLï, Ä£j$q<Ó Ex¸$q¬tjFL
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjêÂ KeÓõÔoGRæÓFLj ×¦åfHë¥hCnÔoá °^÷°CLûML¸ ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj ×¦¿$o ÄMLO~ÓFLj(No.87-
G.T)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLj¸Á. ÅÇ¢ ×¦Nqj¸À GHl*õÁF~FL, ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê¨¥h öGHCoõ¥cbÃsR¥cÓj ÂMoÍFL ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj
_¨¸Á. NqjFL ×¦FLôÁFL ÄQoadÓFLj bKZŠëÓj MLjFLFL¸ ÔoGSjŠ¸=eOqÂ(No.97-G.T)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
(ii) GSjÍOqùFL ÔLö¥q¸(ÀOqjM~È WeøF|) :
MLjVÄGRjêMLl GH¸Ô~NqjjÏE~ÓPy GSjÍOqùFLÔLö¥q¸ µ¥q=h. ÀOqjM~È WeøF| Po¥q ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøF| Po¥q
GSjÍOqùFL¸ ¬FoÁ MLjVÄGRjêMLl MLjk¿¤ëbKZÄ¸¼FL GSjÍOqùFLÔLö¥q¸. Q~GSF~ÓPy rH¿Nqj$yGHlOq¸$c sHOxÚFL_¨FL
öGHMoQZ$yGHlOq¸ ($xÄ¸ÍO~¾)Ôo¿, öGH¥qÚFo°FLï MLj¸^GH¸PyÂ On¸<ML¬¸CLGSjìPy°FLï µ¥q ¼FLï$qj¨Py
ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøOqjNnjj¥qÚ MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨ (Nos.22,154,192-G.T.249-T.T)°¸Á. °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸
²Ó÷HG Ø<j ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~¾GSÂïÏÁPyFo °¸^j¸Á. ÀOqjGHÀPy MnÎQ~[, ×oõGR ç MLkTdÓPy ×¦¿$o ö_U G yôCLûM~ÓPy
CxÄjôÍMLF~<j, À£OqìM~¿ ¬¸=o ¬ML_ßDÍTdïF~Oqì¸ WeøO§À£O~ìÂ (¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸)¥h MLÔoá^GHØ<j, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
°CLûMLÄö$qVÂï ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøOqj MLTdëOqj. ¯NqjFL ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ ¥qßÀë¥q ¬Â£, öGHÀQZÂM~Oq¸ CnÎPebKZõ¸$qFL
TdïFL¸ (ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸)×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸ÍFLï GSMLkÔ~Oq¸ Q~.QZ.1479 GS¸.Py MofSFL (No.422-GT) Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ öGHGSjëCL¥cÓ¸Py adA<GMLkGS¸ MLÔoá GHlGRõÄjF~<j ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøOqj TdCLjëMLjjOnÎ ×¦OqjGGHlCLjF~ïOqj.
öGHÀÁFL¸, ÍXhBcNqjFL¸ Oq¸bKZOy¾FL, ÀOqjGHðÈ" ²+j¼á MLjjGHðtj ÁF~ÓPyFLj, CLÄj+MLkGS¸ ¥c¿¤ë¥q¸Py
µ¥q ÀDÁF~<jFLj -®¸¥c ®Pe¸=h GHl*õÁF~ÓPy, FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
(iii) ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j (sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkO§) :
MLjVÄGRjêMLl ¥xÓjMLlPy°FLï M~<j sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkOqj Po¥q ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j. ÄGRjêMLl EéM~ÓNqj¸
FLj¸¨ MnÓjGHÆ¥h MnWo"^GHØ<j öHG ÀTd¿¤, ¯ sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkOqj NqjFLFLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ Mn+jë¸=e<j. ö_U
G yôCLûML¸,
CLÁCLOq °CLûMLGSMLjNqkÓPy ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÀOqjÄ£ÍÏ jÓPy ±Oo$qjC~<j. ¬QZø¸, HG Ó÷¥i ML¸=hM~ÿF~ÓÄ£jÍ
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ °¸@é GHmEy^ÓŠ ÄVO~OqìMnjÎ MnWn"^GHØ<j ÅÇ¢ EéÄ, bKZkEéÄÓCy, ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j
Mn¸Ô~$c ±Oo$qjC~<Fo ÄMLO~Ój(No.15, 69, 83, 100, 110,158, and 257 - G.T.) Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHl
CLjF~ïtj. ¥xÂï Oy¾ÓPy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjCyKe^j ÄGRø¥oûFLjFL‚ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸, ÂMoÍFL ×¦Oqj$qjC~tj.
¯NqjFL ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ ¬OqðÇMLkGS¸ GHmO~<¸ ¬¸=o QZøNqjj×¦MLkGS¸ GHmO~øadA< FLXqöCL¸. Oy¾FL
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h, $yÄ¸ÍO~¾FLŠ(Nos.247, 249-T.T, and No.155-G.T.) öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸GH
_<C~tj. MLÂïMLjOq¸ °CLûML¸(¬FL$c Ä×¦NqjÍQZÄjF~<j ×¦¿sH QZÄ£jGHm×yCLûML¸)F~<j sSFnÎ
MLjjÍÆNqkOqj(No. 258-G.T.)¬QZøM~ÿF~OqkA<j@âÎ ±Oo$qjC~<j.
(iv) $qOqjCLô¸CLj<j($qOqj@~WeøF|) :
ÀOqjMLjÓPyPe$cFo ÀOqjGHÀPyFLk, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h(MnÎ¥cÇ, Bh)MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRç¸ MLkTdÓPy
×¦OqjGH_@é On¸<j ö_GUyôCLûML GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj ÏÍø×eOyÿ* GSMLjNqj¸Py, $qOqjCLô¸CLjÂ öGHÀMLj$qÓ ×n¸@~
ÏÍø× GSë¸bKZ¸rHÎ ²$qjOqMoNqj_<jCLj¸Á. GSMLjNqj¸PyFLj $qOqj@~WeøOqjFLŠ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h$cFLj,
E~FL¥qOqëÓÔo CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoNqj_@~ètj. ¥cÂ£ Q~GSF~ÓPy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py $qOqj@~WeøF|FLŠ
$qj¨ °FLï^j÷ E~[PeÓj ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ ®=iMLÓ¥cÓ¸Py MnÓfSFL $qOqjCLô¸CLjÂ $qj¨ MLjj[MLj¸^GH¸
PyGHÓ Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸Á. Á£Â MnÓjGHÆ $y<rHÎ °FLï Q~GSFL¸(No.100-G.T.) Q~.QZ.1504(16-1-1583)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
MoNqj_¨¸Á
19-C ®CLOqEéMLl+j÷ - ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓj
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ÄÄÏÍEâÎMLC~Ó Äö$qVÓj ÀOqjGHÀ, E~ÂÔLj^kæ°FLï
GH¿GSOq öGHEéQ~ÓPy öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨ °¸@éÄ. M~ÂPy ¥xÂïMLjj[õMnjÎFLÄ ®¥qÚ< CnÓjGH_@~ètj.
i) öÇ¢O~MLjj<j Po¥q OqGIHjjF~ÏDÍj<j :
ÀOqjGHÀ¥h °CLëOqbKe$q¸Py O~MLkÓNqj¸ °FLïÁ. ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸, ®=iMLÆ

¥cÓ¸Py ¬¸=o MLjk<j, F~Ój$qj CLO~ÓŠ GHmOqø¸ GHlFL¿ïO~ôBcÂ¥h PyFnÎ¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ¬¸ÍjMLÓFLFo
¥cKyÓj, µ¥o µ¥qÚ=hCLGHð ²ŠÚML ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój ®¥qÚ< ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj. ÓbÃ¸¼FL ¯ µ¥qÚÇPeQ~GSFL¸
(No.318-G.T) ŠMLkOq O~MLkFLj×Nqjõ¸$c¿Ôo ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓj$c¿ GSj¥qßCL¸¥yGS¸, ÄOyÏÁF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py E~OqjMLlCy CLNqkOqjÔofSFL µ¥q OqDÍ¸ ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍj¨¥h GSMLj¿ð¸GH_¨¸ÍFo ÄGRNqj¸

CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ÓbÃ¸¼FL¸CL MLOqŠ, ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój MLjj[õ¸$c, ÀOqjGHÀ
GH^æ*¸PyÂ ÍXh*öJd¸CL¸Py °FLï $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj Q~GSF~ÓFLj¸¨, MLj¿¥xÂï¸=hÂ ÀOqjMLjÓ
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj Q~GSF~ÓFLj¸¨ GS¸ö$qfU¸ÔL_¨F~tj. ¯ ÓbÃ¸¼FL ÏE~O~ÓCy ¯ EéM~ÓNqj
ÔL¿öCLPyÂ ÄÄÏÍ GIHj=eæÓFLj $qj¿ë¸¼, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ÂO~ô*¸ öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH_¨FL

F~=hFLj¸¨ µ¥q QZC~_í¥cPeÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¯ EéM~ÓNqj GHmOqøÔL¿öCLFLj GHlFL¿ï¿ô¸ÔL$qÓ¸.
_ÿjQZ¹ ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸ ®=iMLÓ ¥cÓ¸Py ½¡OyêE~íîOq¸ $cÄ¸ÔL _<<Moj, ¯ ÓNqjŠ@~õÓÄ£jÍ
Q~GSF~Ój ÓbÃ¸GHŠ¸@~ °¸@~Â¥h ¥x¸CLMLOqŠ ¥cOq*¸ ¬tj °¸<MLÔLjá.
Q~.QZ.1402GS¸.Py MoNqj_<è No.310-G.T.; No.184-G.T.Q~GSF~Ój On¸<jFLk ¥x¸CL ÇDÁÓMnjÎ
°FLï fSìÀPy ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. ¯ Q~GSF~Ó CLjFLj¥qÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FL Q~.QZ.1402 GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ.1480) MnÎGRêML
MLjC~bÃÂMoQZ¸$qÓ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ QZ>Oq¥yGHE~GSO§ FLOqfS¸VÔ~Oqõ MLjjÍÆNqkO§
¬Fo ¬CL<j ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂï Â¿ô¸¼, ¬¸ÍjPy OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj ¬Fo sHOqjCy Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<FLï
ÄGRNqj¸, GSðGRæ¸$c ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¯ EéM~ÓNqj ÂO~ô*¸¥yGS¸ MLj¿Nqjj OqGIHjjF~DÍjFLŠ ÂCLõGHm×eÁ
¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦Oq$q@~Â¥h ÀOqjGHÀ¥h GSÄ£jJdFL°FLï EéMLE~FLö$cMLj¸ ¬tjFL ¬ÄPeÆ ö$cMLj¸Py
150 ŠÈÓ GHÓ÷GHlbKZkÄj(No.159-G.T. )¥o=etj¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ¯ FoÓFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo TdÓjGS¿ O~_¨Â
MLßÁíîÔoNqj@~Â¥h$cFLj, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj MLõMLVOq¥qOqë, ¬ÏÁ¥c¿¤ ¬tjFL TdìFLC~ëOqj ¬FLjMLjÀÂ

Jv¸ÁFLCLOqjM~CL (®ÍjŠÚ TdìFLC~ëO§ ¥nÎtjP| M~¸»FL ÂNnk$qMLjjM|j ®¸Í ÂÓM|j¥x¸< TdÏÍFLMLjjM|j)
QZ>Oq¥yGHE~GSOqj 100 GHBcÓFLj MLõNqj¸ÔofS, GH¸^JvPeÓŠ Â£Oqj ¬¸Á¸¼ MLõMLTdNqj¸ GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦Oq$q
@~Â¥h$cFLj GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓFLj öCLÄø¸Ô~<j(No.310-G.T). EéM~ÓNqj¸ Â¿ô¸GH_¨, ¬¸ÍjPy OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ
MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨FL CLOqjM~CL, FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkOqj ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ bKZkMLjjÓPy
(°CLûML, GHm×eÁ¥cÓ¥yGS¸ GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL bKZkÄj PoE~ ö$cMLj¸)Td$qjÔoNqj@~Â¥h, ¥cMLÓfSFL GSÍjJdNqkÓFLj
GSMLj‚Oqá@~Â¥h MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c 1,300 GHBcÓFLj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ÓNqj [×eF~Š ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j.
OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄjM~¿ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjM~¿ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÄÂNnk$q¸Py°FLï Ô~+j¥qõ
F~O~Nqj*F| ¥qP| ¥xÓMLkFL¸Cy ¥xÆ¼ µ¥qMLjOq¥cÚP| ÃNqjõ¸Cy ML¸¨FL VO~Âï TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÁ¸GÔL@~Â¥h
(No.184-G.T) CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. sSE~õÂï ¬bÃMLßÁíî ÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸, FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkOqj,
¬ÄPeÆ ö$cMLj¸PyÂ ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ bKZkMLjjÓPy, öCLÄø¸¼FL GH¸^¥cÓjML GHm¨Jwtj GH¸^ÓŠ
FLGRæ¸ ¥qÓ$q<¸ÔoCL NqjFL ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL O~MLkFLj×¦NqjõF| GHmFLj¥xÂ ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓjÔofS
GS¿ÔoNqj<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~, ÅÇ¢ O qGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h GHm×e¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÍjÓj ®¸¥c Ke$c ÂOqø¿ë¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸
MLj¿¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ(No.159-G.T) GSMLj‚O~á<j. GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c MnjjÍ^ E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_<è 150 ŠÈÓbKZkÄj
GHÓ÷GHl bKZkÄj ¬tjFL¸ÍjMLÓ÷, Á£Â¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c MLj¿¥x¸CL MnjOq¥qbKZkÄjÂ GSMLj‚O~á<Â ¯ Q~GSFL¸
CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKnÎNqkõOqjÓPy µ¥q<j, öGHMLkÁ£ÔL F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1415 (ö¥i.QZ.
8-1-1494)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h, öGHÀÁFL¸ µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ ÂMoÍFLŠ CL»FL ³O~ð^j
(No.27-G.T)ÔoQ~<j.
Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ×¦¿»FL ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ÂCLõGHm×eÍjÓŠ ³O~ð^j÷ ÔofSFL CLOqjM~CL, OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h,
°CLûM~Á ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦OqJdÓFo ¥y¿¥q bKZŠëÓPy öGHGSjñ^¸¥c$c, ÅÇ¢O ~MLj FLMLÄjF~<j OqGHI jjF~DÍjÂ¥h °CLûML¸
×¦OqjGH_¨¸Á. öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1415 (ö¥i.QZ. 9-3-1494) ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL MLjj$qjÜOqj
$q*¥cÏÁ¥cOqjÓj¥qÓfS, ÅÇ¢ O~MLjFLMLÄjF~<j, ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj¨¥h µ¥q ÀOqj¥qÚBcêMLj@âÎÂ ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h, °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸
ÀOqjÄ£ÍÏ jÓPy ±Oo»FL CLOqjM~CL ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ$qj¨ MLÍíŠ Mo¸ÔofSFLGHl<j (No.66.-G.T) µ¥q ¬GHðGH¨Â,
ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~Oqj. ®¸¥c ¥qFLjGHð¨(¥qFLjMLj HG ¸<j$q)Oy¾FL gSC~EéÄ¥h ÀOqjMLj¸×¦F~FL¸CLOq¸
On¸<j ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨°FLïÍÂ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk
FL¸ÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1416 GS¸MLCLûO~FL (ö¥i.QZ. 24-12-1494)(No.303 -T.T) MofSFL Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL öHG ¥cOq¸, ÀOqjGHÀ JvÆMojOqPy °FLï FLOqfS¸$qO~NqjGHlOq ÂM~GSSG jì@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjPnÎ CLMLjjôQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÔLOq*jQn=hæ, ÅÇ¢ O~MLjFLMLÄjF~<j ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄjM~Oqj µ¥qMLj¸^GH¸FL¸Íj Mo¸ÔoGHl ÔofSFLGHl<j, NqjFL
¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸ µ¥q¬GHðGH¨Â ÂMoÁ¸ÔLj^Š ³O~ð^jÔoTd<j. ¯ GHÄöCL GHl*õÁFL¸Py OqGHI jjF~DÍjÂ¥h
MLj¿¥xÂï ÂMoÍFLÓŠ ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^jæ No.301-G.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍj¨¥h IJdÓjÜBMLkGS¸Py ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸@éÍFLï ÄGRNqkÂï No.415-
G.T.,667-T.T.Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ®¸¥c No.318-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ŠMLkOq O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqj,
ÄOyÏÁF~MLj GS¸.Q~.QZ.1451(ö¥i.QZ. 14 -1-1530)Py ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸, 8 ML F~=h °CLûMLÁF~FL

×¦¿$o OqDEyCLûM~Â¥h $cFLj, µ¥q E~OqjÂ¿ôCL OqDE~Âï CLNqkOqj Ôotj¸Ô~<j. No.415-G.T Q~GSFL¸ CnÆNqj×ofSFL
ÄÏÍ¸$c ÅÇ¢OqGIHjjF~DÍj<j Ä£ÏÍjÓPy ±Oo$o GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ÀOqjMLjÓFL¸Ã ¬Fo sHOqj$qÓMLõ¥h ë $yGHlOqE~øO~Âï
GSÄ£jfH¸¼FLGHl<j, OqDÍ¸FLj¸¨TdøÄjM~Oqj Á», ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSNqjõ¸$cOqj
SG MLj¿ð¸Ôo FnÎMoE~õÓFLj Sg ø¥q¿¸ÔoM~<j. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c OqDEyCLûMLGS¸ÍOqó¸Py ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ HG m½¸Ôo FL¸ÃMLkO§ÓPy
µ¥q<k(¬OqáŠ<j), ¥cQZõHG $yöCL¸, MnÎ#eFLGSSG köCL¸, Nqj¾Q~ù[Š Ôn¸ÁFL=hæ MLjPnÎÂF~þF| Kb ZÔæ § ¬Fo MLõMLVOqF~MLj¸
°FLï ¬GHðNqjõF|$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j Mn¸¥q^CLjYnÎM~O§ CLFL ®¸=h Í$qÜOqŠ OqDÍ¸ GSÄ£jHf ¸¼FLGHlð<j OqGHI jjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h
µ¥q MLjFyÿOqGH¨Â GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<Â No.667Q~GSFL¸ CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á.
Q~.QZ.1430 ÄbKZMLF~MLj SG ¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 20-9-1598)Py MofSFL No.249-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûM~Âï
$qj¿¸¼FL öGHTdëMLFL °¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ®¸CLŠGHmOqø¸ ¥xÂï GS¸MLCLûO~Ój$c OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ¥h ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸
×¦Oqj$qjÔLj¸@éÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ ÄQZÍMLÙCy¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸PyÂ E~FL¥qOqë ¬tjFL °Íí¸<O~NqjO§ °Ó$qGHðF|,
¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML öJdOq¸bKZOy¾FLFLj, 6ML ÁFL¸ F~<jFLj, ±Oo»¸GHl GSMLjNqj¸PyFLj, ŠMLkOqO~MLkFLj×¦NqjõF|

Ä£ÏÁPyÂ CLFL$qßÿ¸MLÍíFLj, MLj¿Nqjj TdCLjëMLjjOnÎ (°CLûML¸ ¥q<GH=hÁFL¸)Oy¾FLFLj OqGIHjjF~DÍEéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLj,
FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š CL»FL ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ¥h ÀOqjGHðÈ÷¶<¸ ÀOqjF~+j ÷(CnJwðCLûML¸)_ÿjQZ¹ µ¥qOy¾ ×¦¿$o °CLûML¸$c
×¦OqjGH_@éÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ö¥i.QZ.17-8-1547F~<j(No.354.-G.T) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ML¸QZJdOq¸
GHOqõ¸$c TdìFL$cNqjŠÓj$c°FLï rHÍíÀOqjMLjÓ¬Nqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL C~+÷Jd¥q ¼FLÀOqjMLjÓ ¬Nqjõ¸$cOqj,
CnJwðCLûML¸F~<j OqGIHjjF~DÍjFLŠ µ¥q ®<èÆGH¨ ÂMoÍFLŠ ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ CnJwðCLûM~Âï
ö_GUyôCLûML¸, MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ Po¥q ¥x@âÎ ÀOqjF~W| ML¸=h rHÍí°CLûM~ÓŠ ×y¨¸¼ E~Â¥h ¬FLjML¿ë¸Ôo^^j÷
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ×¦OqjGH_<jÄÏÍ¸$c ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼ °¸=e<j.(ÔLk<j - ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^ 28)
Q~.QZ. 1462 GS¸. Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸.ö¥i.QZ.14-10-1540Py MoNqj_<è (No.252-G.T.) Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj ½¡NqjOqjÓPy µ¥qOqj MLGS¸CyCLûM~Âï (¥x@âÎÀOqjF~+j÷) ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h
CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
Q~.QZ.1468GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.13-1-1547)Py Jd¸$qjF~<j Po¥q öJd×e åï<j ¬Â fHÓjML_<jCLj¸¨FL=hæ
°ÍNqj»¿ O~×¦õ¸PyÂ CLkOqjðöJd¸CL¸PyÂ, µ¥q ½Pe÷ŠÔn¸ÁFL fS¸$qFLÓ÷GHðF| ¬Fo MnWe÷+ ŠÓGSjìÂ
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÔnMLløF~Nqj¥q ¬FoMLõ¥hë, ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h JdOqjMo^ ¬Fo µ¥q¥xCLë °CLûM~Âï öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<j.
¯ °CLûML¸Py, ÓXqô*TdøÄj, ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍj<j ¬QZøM~ÿF~ÓÄ£jÍ, gSC~EéÄ GHÓ÷¥iPy O~$c, GH^æBcÂ¥h
MnÓjGHÓ C~FLj FLkCLFL¸$c Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸<JdÂ¥h MLTdëOqj(No. 403-G.T).
®¸¥c MLj¿Âï Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ®^jML¸=h ÄÄÏÍ°CLûM~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój
CnÓjTdëtj. °C~ìFLE~øÍÇ GHl*õÁF~FL ÓNqj¸Py OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj GSÂïÏÁÂ ¥nÎÇ¥qGHlO~*GH>OqFL¸ ×¦Oqj$qj
CLj¸Á. CLOqjM~CL TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÍFLŠ ¬OqáŠ@âÎFL Mn¸¥q^CLjëOnÎM~O§ ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^jæ ÄQ~øMLGSjF~MLj
GS¸. Q~.QZ.1467 GS¸.(26-11-1545)Py MofSFL(No.667-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. ¯ E~FL¥qOqë ®¸¥c
ÄGRø¥oûFLj¨ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ QZøNqjj×¦¸ MLkGS¸Py GHmO~øadA< Oy¾FL µ¥qÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h
ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔL<Moj¥c¥q öQ~MLBMLkGS¸Py JzOqêÄj ÀDÁF~<j GHQZj_¸ÏEyCLûM~Âï ÂOqøfU¸¼
8 ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄ¥h ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ‚@~ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. µ¥q GHl*õÁF~FL
ÅÇ¢ OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ ±Oo»¸GHl$c ¬¥qÚ¨¥h GSÄ£jJdFL°FLï FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkOqjNnjj¥qÚ °GHMLFL¸PyÂ

MLj¸^GH¸Py Mo¸ÔoGHlÔofSFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, rH¿NqjrH¸$ç@âÎ Qn=hæ, ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÔLOq*jQn=hæ EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸,
µ¥q Ç¢@âÎ GH¨Â ÂMoÍFLŠ ³O~ð^jÔofSFL MnÎFL¸ ö¥i.QZ. 16-8-1527Py MoNqj_<è(No.244-T.T)Q~GSFL¸

CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. No.61-G.T Q~GSFL¸‚< OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ¥h µ¥q °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óFL ÔoNqj_¨FL FnÎMoE~õÓFLj
$qj¿¸¼FL ³O~ð^÷ ÄGRNqkÂï öGHTdëÄ¸¼¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKnÎNqkõOqjÔo, ®¸CLŠ GHmOqøMoj,
OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj GHÇáMLjÁŠÚFL µ¥q ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ Äö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfRç¸ÔL_¨FLÍÂ£, Äö$qVÂ¥h
öGHÀ QZÂM~Oq¸F~<j ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ CLOqjM~CL, rHGSOqGHGHØ FnÎMoÍõ¸$c rH^æ@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj
_¨¸ÍFLï ÄGRNqkÂï ‚< öGHTdëÄ¸¼¸Á.
No.61,66,403-G.T.Q~GSF~ÓPy öGHTdëÄ¸GH_¨FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, EéM~ÓNqj¸Py,
OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸CyKe^j gSCL, ÓXqô*jÓ Äö$qVÓj‚< $qMLjQ~öTwë¥që ÄÏE~FL¸Py, µ¥o

GSMLjNqj¸Py öGHÀfRç¸GH_<<Moj¥c¥q, Pyÿ¸Cy ÔofSFL MLjk<j °CLûML MLjkOqjëÓj‚< ¬Eé GSMLjNqj¸Py
GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸GH_@~èNqjÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸Co¥c¥q, $qOqó$qßÿ¸Py OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ MLjkÓÄö$qVÂ¥h Š¨MnÎGHlFL
gSC~EéÄ, ²<MLjMnÎGHlFL ÓXqô*TdøÄj gH>Oq¸rHÎ MLOqjGS$c ¬MLj¿NqjjFLï ÄÏE~F~Âï GH¿Ç¢ÆsSë ¯ MLjk<j
Äö$qVÓj ³¥q ¥cÓ¸PyFo öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨ °F~ïNqjFLï ÄGRNqj¸ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCLj¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1415 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
GHmOqøMoj, O~MLjbKZ¥qëÿFLjMLkF| Äö$qÿ¸, OqGIHjjF~DÍEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GHÇáMLkFL ¥xÂï$q×eÓ ÍkOq¸Py,
ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKnÎNqkõOqjÔo öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨¸Á. CLCLû¸_¸ÏÍ No.66-G.T Q~GSFL¸‚< Q~.QZ.1415
GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo MoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ $qj¿¸¼FL öGHöGHDÍMLj GSkÔLFL ¯ Q~GSFL¸MLÓ÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
_ÿjQZ¹ Q~.QZ.1402 GS¸.(¥i.QZ.1480)Py OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ Äö$qÿ öGHÀGRçCy Ke^j,¯ ÿFLjMLkF| Äö$qÿ¸‚<
¥cÓ¸PyFo ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨ °¸^j¸Á(No.310-G.T). CLMLj MLjC~Ô~OqÄÏÍjÓFLj Jd=h¸ÔL<¸Py
²ŠÚML ¬bÃÂMoQZ¸$qÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ÅÇ¢ M nÎ G R êML¥cOqõ¥qOqëÓj, ®CLOq bKZŠëÓj‚<, CLMLj Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓ
GSÂïÏÍjÓFLj‚< ³O~ð^jÔoNqjMLjÂ öJd¿ì¸ÔL$c, rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW| E~GSOqj, °<NqjMLOqjÓ(O~MLkFLj
×eÔ~OqjõÓj) Äö$qVÂï, fH¸$q+F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1419(ö¥i.QZ. 3-6-1497) ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÂ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
öGHÀfRç¸¼, öGHÀÁFL¸ MLjj¸Íj$c µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÂ¥h ÂMoÁ¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, O~MLkFLj¾ÓŠ
GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~ÓÂ ¥q^æ¨ÔofS CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.150-G.T).
ÀOqjGHÈ" ²+j¼á 30 ÁF~ÓPyFLj 30 ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj rHÎ ÄÏÍ¸$cFo TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÁ¸¼FL
¬FL¸CLOq¸, _ÿjQZ¹ O~MLkFLj¾ÓŠ FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ=eÂ¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸ÍÂ (No.296-G.T) Q~GSFL¸
CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®¸¥c ¯ Q~GSFL¸ MLj¿Âï ÄQoadÓFLj CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®¸CLŠ MLjjFLjsH OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ
¬FLjö$qÿ¸ Ç¸¼ ÔofSFL ³O~ð^jFLj $qj¿¸¼ GSk¼¸ÔL<Moj¥c¥q, MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c ³OqðOqÔL_¨FL 500
GHBcÓFLj EéMLE~FLö$cMLkÓPyÂ ×¦ÓMLFLOqjÓFLj ¬bÃMLßÁíî GHOqÔL<¸¥yGS¸ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL MLÓfS¸ÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸
‚@~ ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ÄQZÍ¸$c ÄML¿¸ÔL_¨¸Á. °<NqjMLOqjÓŠ ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjjÂ $qOqó$qj¨ ÔLj^jæ°FLï
MLOq*Py ÍXh*GHlÁŠÚMnÎGHl µ¥qÔy^ CnOq¼°¸@é^jæ µ¥q¼FLï $qj¨ ¥q^æ_¨ °¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ÁPy
°<NqjMLOqjÓ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ¯ C~MLlPyFo ×¦¿» °¸^j¸Á.
OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ¥h, gSC~ÓXqô*jÓŠ, °CLûM~Ój, ±Oo»¸GHlÓj ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j÷ÔofSFLGHð=h
FLj¸©, ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ö¥qMojgH ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸Py µ¥qöGHCoõ¥q $qj¿ë¸GHl ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ¯
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ®CLOq EéMLCLÓ °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ GSøÓð¥cÓ öQZNqj¸ ÓbÃ¸GH ×oNqj_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á.
MLjj[õ¸$c $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj °CLûM~Ój ×¦¿$oOy¾ÓPy, °CLûMLÄö$qVÂ¥h ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py Ôy^j
¥qÆð¸GH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ.1415GS¸.(18-1-1494)Py ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKnÎNqkõOqjÔo,
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h MnÎ¥cÇMLkGS¸Py ×¦¿sH ö_GUyôCLûM~Ó GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, ¥q<GH=hOy¾FL (Ä@~NqkY¦jþÁFL¸)
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj, NqjFL ®ÍíOqj EéMoOqjÓ °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ, öGHXc+FL öJdNqjÇáC~ëÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h
Ä£Ój$c°¸@é^j÷, OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py CL»FL Ä¨Á ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á(No.27-G.T).
¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL MLjj$qjÜOqj ¥qOqBcÓj OqGIHjjF~DÍjFLŠ, ÅÇ¢O~MLjFLMLÄjF~<j FnÎMoÍõ¸
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^jÔoGSkë(No.66-G.T)Á£ÂCyKe=o, $yÄ¸ÍO~¾Š ×¦OqjGH_@é MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRçMLkGS
°CLûM~Ó GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ÁQoGR(¬FL¸CL) M~ÿFL¸Ä£jÍ O~MLkÓNqj¸PyÂ µ¥cFx¥q
MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ ±Oo$qjCLk ML¼áFLGHl<j, FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸GH _@~ÓFLï GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ F~<j
¯ QoGRM~ÿFL¸ ö_GUyôCLûM~PPy MnjjÍ=hOy¾ O~öÀGHm^, MLj¿Nqjj On¸<MLF~=h öJdCL¹¥cPeFL
°CLûMLÄö$qVÓFLj ±Oo»¸ÔL@~Â¥h ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL _<jCLj¸@éÁ. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ MoNqj_<èF~<j
ö_GUyôCLûM~Ó GS¸ÍO~óFL, ¯ On¸<jOy¾ÓPy ³Eyµ¥q Oy¾FL ÁQoGRM~ÿFL¸ Ä£jÍ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjÂ,
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ±Oo»¸GHl$c À£GSjŠMnWo"M~OqÂ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
O~MLjjÂ Po¥q ¥yÍ¸<O~MLjjÂ, Q~GSF~Ój OqGIHjjF~DÍ ¬Â£ rH¿NqjOqGIHjjF~DÍ ¬Â£ sHOxÚ¸^j
F~ïtj. ¯ OqGIHjjF~DÍj<j, ÄsIHjïQZøOq ÅÇ¢O~MLjF| ¬FoMLõ¥hë, ¥iÓ¥qF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1410 GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.
12-8-1488)$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj MLOq*Py°FLï O~MLkFLj×¦TdøÄjM~¿ $qj¨Py (MnÎGRêML Ô~OqjõPnÎFL
O~MLkFLj¾ÓM~Oqj CLMLj½¡ÄCL¸Py OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓCy ¥xÆ¼FLM~Oqj ¥c_=hæ M~Oqj sSÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h

CL$qÜ^jæ, M~¿$qj¨Py)öGHÀfRç¸¼FL OqGIHjjF~DÍMLjk¿ë ¥cÍj. rH¿NqjOqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ Q~.QZ.1402
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1480)O~MLjjÓM~¿$qj¨Py öGHÀfRç¸GH_<$c, MLj¿ 8 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL, µ¥q ¼FLï OqGIHjjF~DÍ
TdøÄj Äö$qÿ¸ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjEéM~ÓNqj MLOq*PyÂ O~MLkFLj¾Ó $qj¨Py Q~.QZ. 1410 GS¸MLCLûO~FL
(ö¥i.QZ. 1488) öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨¸Á. ¯ On¸<j Äö$qVÓFLj GSjÓbKZ¸$c $qj¿ë¸ÔL@~Â¥h MnjjÍ=hE~ÂÂ rH¿Nqj
OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj ¬Â£, On¸<MLE~ÂÂ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj ¬Â£ fHÆÔ~Oqj. ¯ On¸<ML OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ Äö$qVÂ¥h
Pyÿ¸Cy ÔoNqj_<è °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸PoÍj. rH¿NqjOqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ °FLïÁ. O~MLkÓNqj¸Py
rH¿NqjOqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ öGHÀGRç ×¦¿»FLGHð=hFLj¸© PyÿÂ¿ôCL °CLûMLÄö$qVÂ¥h °CLûM~Ój ±Oo»¸GHlÓj

×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸@éÄ.
GH¿JdÓF~MLõMLVO~ÓPy ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GHm¿ëGSøCL¸öCLöGHÀGHÀë PoÍj. ¥qfHPoQZøOq, FLMLkôWeøO§,
rHÎÔnGHð_¨FL °<NqjMLOqjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÓ ML¸=hÁ ¯ ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÓM~¿ $qj¨ ¥cÍj. ®Á ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj
TdìFLC~ëOqj GHOqõMoXq*Š Py_¨ FL<jGH_<jCy¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ¯ rH¿Nqj OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ EéM~ÓNqj¸
¬FL_@é ¯ O~MLjjÓM~¿$qj¨ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôo¿FL µ¥q ¬FLj_¸ÏÍGS¸GSì. ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸
CLOqGHlFL MLõMLÿOqë$c öGHCoõ¥q ¥cOqõ¥qOqë ÂNqjÄjCLj<j ¥cPoÍj. ÓNqj MLõMLVO~ÓFLj ÔL¥qÚÁÍjí¥yML<¸Py
®CLOqEéM~ÓNqkÓPy °¸@éÄÏÍ¸$c, ¯ O~MLjjÓM~¿$qj¨¥h öGHCoõ¥qÏÍF~$cOq¸ ¥cÂ, ÏE~F~õ$cOq¸¥cÂ ³Oqð<PoÍj.
öGHÏE~FLMnjÎFL $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj MLOq*Š PyGHÓ, MnÓjGHÓ °FLï^jML¸=h ¼FLï $qj<jÓŠMLPnFo,
¯ O~MLjjÓM~¿ $qj¨ ‚@~ E~Â¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c °¸ÔL_¨¸Á. O~MLjjÓM~¿$qj¨¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ÄÄÏÍ
E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj, sSMLÓj, ÅÇ ¢Mn¸¥q=oQZøOq, MLj¿Nqjj ÅÇ¢ $ yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL
M~=hCy ³¥q¸ ÔoNqj_<<Moj¥c¥q, Ä£=hÂ ¬MLjÓjÔosS ÄGRNqj¸Py‚< Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqj,
¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j$c °¸<@~Âï_=hæ ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸, µ¥q ¬FLj_¸ÏÍGS¸GSì ¬FoÄGRNqj¸ ÄQZÍMLÙCy¸Á.
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py $qMLj Q~öTwë¥qëÄÏE~FL¸Py EâÎFL¸Á¥q GHm×eÁ MnÎÁ¥q ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ GSö¥qMLj¸$c
×¦OqjGH_<=eÂ¥h ¬¸ÍjPy ÂadêCLjPnÎFL ¥xÂïöKeÿô* Š^j¸KeÓFLj °ÍNqj»¿FLj¸¨ ÀOqjGHÀ¥h
OqfHð¸Ô~OqFL@~Â¥h Ä£¿$qßÿF~MLkPo C~O~Ú*¸. _ÿjQZ¹ ®¸CLŠ MLjjFLjsH, °ÍNqj»¿Â MLÁÆrH=hæ ÅÇ¢
O~MLjjÂ sSÄ¸ÔLj¥xFo °EéíQZ¸Cy ÀOqjGHÀÂ CLFL ÂM~GSTdìFL¸$c ÔofS¥xÂ °¸¨FL µ¥q $qMLjQ~öGSëGH¸¨CLj@é
O~MLjjÓM~¿$qj¨Py Äö$qÿöGHÀadçÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h, CLÍjGH¿ $qj¨Py GHm×e¿$c°¸¨ ÅÇ¢
O~MLjjÂ sSÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨ °¸=e<j. ®^jML¸=h ¯ GHm×eOqjÓ Š^j¸_¸PyÂ µ¥q
öGH#eõCLGH¸¨CLjÂ $qj¿¸¼, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py MoNqj_<è µ¥q E~FLQ~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯
Q~GSFL¸(No.352-G.T.). ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ. 1466 GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.16-6-1544)Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÏÁ£, MLj¸öÀ ¬tjFL _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ ¬Fo MLõ¥hë,
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqì¸ ÔofSFLE~F~Âï $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®¸¥c E~FL¥qOqë$q ¯NqjFLŠ
ÓbÃ¸¼FL öGHTdÍ¸PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLfSGRç$yöÀ£Š<j °ÍNqj»¿
EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æOqj ŠMLkOqj<j ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSbKZ^æOqjŠ EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁFL ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔoQ~<Â CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯
ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSbKZ^æOqj, ¥cÈE~GSjNnjj¥qÚ Q~Š¸CLÓ F~^¥cÂ¥h M~õ#eõFL¥qOqë$c Äj¥hÚÆöGHfSÁíî Ôn¸ÁFLMLõ¥hë. ¯
F~=h¥hÂ£ O~MLjjÓM~¿$qj¨Py °ÍNqj»¿ öKeÿô*jPo GHm×eOqjÓj$c ¥qOqëM~õÂï ÂOqøfUGSjëF~ïOqj. _ÿjQZ¹
EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æOqj, ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSbKZ^æOqj ¬Fo Ä£¿OqjMLlOqk ‚< ¯ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~OnÎ °¸=eOqj.
CLMLj ¥cÓ¸Py Ä£Oqj ®OqjMLlOqk ‚< ¯ O~MLkÓNqj GHm×eOqjPnÎ °¸¨ °¸=eOqj.
ii) ÅÇ¢ $yJdÓ¥qßGRjê<j :

O~¼O~¾ ŠMLkOqj<k, Td+jMLÀMLjôŠ TwÍOqj<jFLj ¬tjFL Td+jML$yÄ¸ÍO~¾
¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ MLj¸öÀ. ¯NqjFL Q~.QZ.1445 GS¸.Py $yÄ¸ÍrHOqjMLkW| $yÄ¸ÍGHlGRÚ¿Bh µ<jèFL $yJdÓ¥qßGRjêÂ
öGHÀfRç¸¼, FnÎMoÍõ¸, MLöGSë GSMLjOqð*CyKe^j, ÂCLõ¸ Á£GH¸ MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~
öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ 12 CLÄj+MLkTdÓPyÂ öGHÀ öGHDÍMLj ÁFL¸PyFLj, 13 ¬MLkM~GSõ ÁF~ÓPyFLj, 25 ³¥cÍÇ
GHl*õÁF~ÓPyFLj, CLÁCLOq GHÄöCLÁF~ÓCy Ke^j öGHÀ MnÎQ~[¸, ×oõGRçMLkTdÓPy ×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûML¸ 13
ÁF~ÓPyFLk, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj °CLûML Äö$qÿ¸ ±Oo»¸GHl$c, ¯ $yJdÓ¥qßGRjêÂ$qj¨ MLj¸^JdÂ¥h
ML¼áFLGHl<j FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h, ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. (No.97-G.T).
iii) ÓXiôF~O~Nqj* TdøÄj :
öGHGSjëCL ¥cÓ¸Py, ÅÇ¢ ÓXiôF~O~Nqj*TdøÄj $qj¨ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÍXh*¸$c
1
°FLï µ¥q GHmEy^Py °FLïÁ. _ÿjQZ¹ MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ ¯ $qj¨PyFo TdìfH¸GH_¨ °¸^j¸Á. ¥xÂï °CLûML
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéMoOqjÓCy, ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j, O~MLkFLj×¦TdøÄj Mn¸Ô~$c, F~Ój$qjMLk<
Ä£ÏÍjÓPyFLj ±Oo»¸GHl CLOqjM~CL, ¯ ÓXiôF~O~Nqj*$qj¨ MLj¸<GH¸Py Mo¸ÔoTdëOqj. ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ CLOqjM~CL
ÂMoÍFLÓj ×¦Oqj$qjC~tj. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c, ®¥qÚ¨¥o QZk¨Š<jCLëF~¼áNqkO§, ÅÇ¢ ¥qßG Rjê ÓFLj ‚< MLj¿¥xÂï
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy Mo¸ÔoGHlÔotj¸¼ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ðTdëOqj. ÓXiôF~O~Nqj* rHOqjMLk+j÷Š MLkOqÜÈ Â£O~<P|(MLkOqÜÇOq
MLkGS¸PyÂ öMLCLTdïF~Ój)³<MLOy¾FL, MLj¿¥xÂï GHl*õÁF~ÓPyFLj öGHCoõ¥q ÂMoÍFLÓj ×¦OqjGHlC~Oqj. ¯
TdøÄj¥h ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸ 12ÁF~Ój öGHCoõ¥q¸$c ×¦Oqj$qjC~tj.(No.63-G.T).
iV) ÿFLjMLj¸CLj<j :
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj¨¥h ÿFLjMLj¸CLj<j öGHMLjj[ bKZ¥që<j MLköCLMoj. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥hÂ£ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
GSÄ£jGH¸Py TdìFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¯NqjFLŠ µ¥q ¼FLï$qj¨, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ²ÍjOqj$c, CLkOqjðÁQZPy 400
$q×eÓ ÍkOq¸Py °FLïÁ.(Nos.283-T.T.,87-G.T.). ¯ ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ $qj¨ MLkÏÍML½¡NqjF| ¬Fo
bKZŠë<j(No.156-G.T. Q~.QZ. 1438) Â¿ô¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. QZÂM~O~ÓPy ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸, öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj,
ÀOqjGHðÈ÷ ²+j¼á 30 Oy¾ÓPyFLj TdÏE~Oq* FnÎMoE~õÓŠ CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. 2
V) Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj :
ÀOqjGHÀ FL$qOqJvÆMojOqPy°FLï ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSGHlOq¸Py Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj$qj¨FnÓ¥xFLï^j÷$c(No.29-
G.T.)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLj¸Á. ¯ EâÎM~Â¥h öGHÀ Oy¾O~öÀGHm^ µ¥qÀOqjKyòFL¥q; _ÿjQZ¹ MLjÏE~õÿï¥cÓ¸Py
1. ÓXiôF~O~Nqj* TdøÄjM~¿ ÓNqj MLjVGS¸öJw¥qú*, KePeÓNqj¸ - ½¡OyêÍíîOq* - 2004 GS¸.Py ×¦¿»¸Á.
2 ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ ÓNqkÂ¥h KePeNqj¸, MLjVGS¸öJwXq* 2004 GS¸.Py ×¦¿»¸Á.
MLjOyFnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j °¸Á. ®¥qÚ< µ¥q ¬FLïGSöCL¸ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj¥h
ÂMoÁ¸¼FL FnÎMoÍõ¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸(No,195-T.T.)¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂ¥h öGHÀO~öÀ ®MLø_<jCLj¸Á.
¯ VOq¸ F~=hO~öÀ ¬¥qÚ< ÄöQ~¸À À£GSj¥y@~Â¥h ML¼áFL NqköÀŠÓŠ ®MLø<¸ ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á.
ÅÇ¢ ×¦Nqj¸À, ÀOqj¥c¿ë¥nÎ (¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸ ¥qßÀë¥cFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸), CnÎ - GHmGS¸(GHlGRõMLkGS¸ GHlGRõÄj
FLXqöCL¸F~<j), MnÎ¥cÇ-ÄQ~¥q¸(MnÎQ~[ MLkGS¸ ÄQ~[ FLXqöCL¸F~<j)MLjjFLï$qj GHl*õÁF~ÓPy TdøÄjM~¿¥h
öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRç MLkTdÓPy ×¦¿sH ö_GUyôCLûM~Ó
GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, _ÿjQZ¹ ´ÍML ÁFL¸F~=h °CLûML GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjêÂ ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ±Oo»¸GHl$c
¥xÂML¼áFLGHl<j µ¥q ¬ÀOqGSGHð¨ FnÎMoÍõ¸ ×¦¿$oÁ.
vi) ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂ ¬ÓOoôP|MLj¸$q :
¯ EéÄÂ $qj¿¸¼ On¸<j Po¥q MLjk<j ¥qO~Ój ÓbbÃGSjëF~ïtj. ¯ MLjôM~¿ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸
CLÄj+ ¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸ °CLëO~adA<. ¯ GHÄöCLÁF~FL, ¯ EéÄÂ GHÍôGSOqGSjû(GHÍôGSOq¥yÚFo¿)MLÍíŠ ¥xÂJwtj,
ÂMoÍFL ÔoTdëOqj. ®Á À£OqìM~¿ Po¥q GH¸ÔLÄjÀ£Oqì¸ F~<j ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. ®Á ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPy ¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸Py
×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûML ÀOqjF~+÷Py CxÄjôÍML Oy¾ ¬FLïMLk^(No.149-G.T.).
vii)¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLkW|:
¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLkW| EâÎML¸Nnjj¥qÚ °Â¥hÂ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸, öGHDÍMLj¸$c MLjFLÍßfRæ GHDÍ¸PyÂ¥h
¥xÂML¼áFL Q~GSF~Ój On¸<j. ®Ä ®¸CLMLOq‚ sS¥q¿¸¼FL öGHGSjëCL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ Q~.QZ.1458 GS¸.
F~=h (No.140-G.T.)Q~GSFL¸, Q~.¥q.1460 GS¸. F~=h(No.317-T.T.)Q~GSFL¸ - ¯ On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój,
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×nÎFL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæÄ. MnjjÍ=h Q~GSFL¸Py ÔL¸öÍ»¿ JvÆ
MojOqPy°FLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjGH^æBcÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL FL$qOqC~ëOqjÓPy µ¥q<j Â¿ô¸¼FL JdOqjMo^ MLj¸^GH¸Py
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h JdOqjMo^°CLûML¸ ×¦¿$oGS¸ÍOqó¸Py, ¯ ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+j÷Š FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h
E~FL¥qOqë ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL MoNqj_<è On¸@yQ~GSFL¸ ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c Ôn¨Jwtj°FLï
fSìÀPy ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjF|, ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLkW| ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸ ¬FosHOqj÷ ®¸ÍjPy öGHTdëÄ¸GH_¨
°F~ïtj. ¯ MLjk<jsHOqj÷ ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py MLOqjGSGH¸ŠëÓPy O~ML<¸MLÓ÷ ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+j", ¬ÔLjõCL
O~NqjGHlOq¸Py, O~×¦tjFL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓÔo öGHÀfRç¸GH _¨Nqjj¸<jFLÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸°¸Á.
¯ ±ÿ GS¿NnjÎFLÍÂ ÂO~íî¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬Fo^^jæ$c, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ¥o GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL MLjOy Q~GSFL¸(No.355-
G.T.)Ä+¸ÃF~MLj Q~.QZ. 1460 GS¸. Py MoNqj_¨FL Q~GSFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ®¸ÍjPyÂ ÄGRNqj¸ -
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸(°CLûML GHm×eÁ¥cÓ¥nÎ GSMLj¿ð¸GH_¨FL)ö$cMLj¸ ¬tjFL
¥y^kæOqjPyÂ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ, ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h 2400 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸¼, ¥xFLjŠÚÂ bKZkÄjPy
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjrHOqjMLk+j" EéM~ÓNqkÂï Â¿ô¸¼, EéM~ÓNqj¸ÔLj^kæ 120 $q<GH$qÓ ®+WFLj Â¿ô¸¼,
öKeÿô*Š^j¸KeÓj ÂMLfS¸Ôo ¬ö$qVOq¸ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¯ FLkCLFL ¬ö$qVO~Â¥h ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸
¬Fo sHOqj rH=eæ<j. ®Á ÀOqjGHÀ¥h JvÆMojOqPy °CLëOqÁQZPy µ¥q sH^$c ³Oqð¨°¸Á.
No.355-G.T Q~GSFL¸ GSðGRæ¸$c ö¥qMLjGHÍíîÀPy rHÎ GS¸GIHj^FLÓFLj ÄML¿GSkë ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ

¬ö$qVOq¸PyÂ 120 $q<GHÓPyÂ 100 $q<GHÓ Nqj×¦MLkFLjÓŠ C~MLjjFLï ÂMoQZFL SG Pì eÓFLj ¬MLjô<¸, C~¥q^jærH^æ<¸
®¼á GHlÔLjá¥xFL<¸Pe¸=h GSOqøÿŠÚÓCy ÍCLë¸ ÔofSFL MnÎFL¸ CnÆNqj×oGSjëFLïÁ. ¥cÂ£ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ MofSFL Q~.QZ.
1460 GS¸. PyFo ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+j÷ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ×¦¿»°¸^j¸ÍÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸PoÍj. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o
¯ EéMLlÂ$qj¿¸¼FL öHG GS¥hë ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé ¬¸=o Q~.QZ 1458 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_<è No.140-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py
öGHTdëMLFLŠ ML¼á¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓ÷ ®¸CLŠ MLjjFLjsH ¯ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ×¦¿» °¸@~Æ. _ÿjQZ¹ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq fS¸VGSFL¸ ²¥hÚFL µ¥q=h, On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPyGHÓ Q~.QZ.1452 GS¸. ×¦¿»Nqjj¸<MLÔLjá.
¯ ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+÷FLj $qj¿¸¼ ®¸CL¥qFLï ÄMLO~PoÄ CnÆNqj^¸ PoÍj. ¥cÂ£ ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj ¯
EâÎM~Âï $qj¿¸¼FL öHG SG ¥hë ²¥qÚ@~ öHG TdëMLFLŠ ML¼áFL^jæ CnÆNqjO~FL¸ÍjFL, _ÿjQZ¹ Q~.QZ. 1452-58 SG ¸MLCLûO~Ó
MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py FLkCLFL¸$c ¯ Äö$qÿ¸ GHÄöÀ¥£ q¿¸GH_¨ öHG ÀfRç¸HG _¨ °¸^j¸Eé¥cÂ, MoOx¥qöGHEéQZ¸Py °FLïE~Âï
À£GSj¥xÂML¼á ®¥qÚ< öHG ÀfR¸ç ¼ °¸=eOqÂ Kb eÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸PoÍj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h
SG Ä£jHG ¸Py µ¥q EéM~ÓNqj¸ Â¿ô¸GH×oSf ¬¸ÍjPy CLFLsHOqjCy FLkCLFLÄö$qVÂï öHG ÀfR¸ç ¼ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸ ¬Fo
¬ö$qVOq¸ MnÓtj¸GH×oSf CLFL F~MLjEÏ éNqkÂï ¼OqTdìtj $cÄ¸ÔLj¥xFo¸ÍjŠ öHG NqjÀï¸Ô~<Â ÔnHG ðMLÔLjáFLj.
viii) ÅÇ¢ ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj :
ÀOqjGHÀ FL$qO~Â¥h °CLëOqÁQZPy SG jMLkOqj MnjÎÓjFLïOq ÍkOq¸Py ¥x¸<JdÍCLÓ¸Py ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸ °¸Á. ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ²ÍjOqj$c µ¥q ¬¸ÍMnjÎFL SG OyMLOq¸ °¸Á. Á£Â¥o ¥qfHÓÀ£OqìMLjÂ sHOqj. ¥x¸<FLj
CxÓ¼ ÔL¥qÚ$cÔn¥qÚ_¨FL O~ÀMnj^j÷ ¬MLj¿á Â¿ô¸ÔL_<è ¯ ¥xÓFLjPyÂ¥h, MLO~ú¥cÓ¸Py ¥x¸<rHFÎ Lj¸¨ ö¥h¸Á¥h
×¦Ó×¦Ó ×eÓjM~Oo ×¦ÓJdCL¸MLÓ÷ Â¸<j$c °¸^j¸Á. ¯ ¥xÓFLj öHG ¥qÚFo, SG ¿$c ¥x¸< ö¥h¸Í °FLï ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
ÔÕ LöCL¸MLPn ¬MLj¿FL¥x¸<, ¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ< $q¨èCLjGHðÓj, $qj_jOqj$c °¸@é MLjj¸<÷JvÍÓj, ¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ< _¸<O~+÷ MLjÏÍõ
IGHÓMLßXcÓCy, ¬Ó÷¸CLÍkOq¸Py ¯ $qj¨ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ MLjVMLßXcÓCy ‚¨FL Í^æMnjÎFL ¬<MLlÓk, ×¦ÓJdCL
×¦Ó×¦Ó ÏÍøFLjÓj, Ôn^÷rHÎ GHXqjÓ ¥qÓ¥qPeO~M~Ój, Ä¸CLTv_$qjÓ ÍßQZõ¸ ösHXqŠÓ MLjFLGSjûÓFLj ¥q^jæ¥x^jæ¸Á.
¯ ÔLj^jæöHG ¥qÚÓ ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á Nnk$qjÓj, MLjjFLjÓj, SG F~õGSjÓj ÂOqjÜ*HG Oqö_ÿôFLj °JdfSSG kë, ®¥qÚ¨ ¥x¸<$qjÿÓPy
CLJwÏE~õFL Âadç$q¿GRjçPnÎ (No.201-G.T.)°¸=eOqÂ öGHÀ£À.
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÓPe$q, ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸‚< ÁPy
µ¥q ¼FLï$qj¨$c°¸¨ ö¥qMojgH ¬bÃMLßÁíÔî n¸Á¸Á. ¯ ÄGRNqj¸ ¯ EéM~ÓNqj MLjj[MLj¸^GH¸ Ä£jÁ ÇPeQ~GSFL¸MLÓFL
GSðGRæMLjMLlCy¸Á. ®¸ÍjPyÂ ÄMLO~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FL^÷tjCo, ¥x^kæOqjŠ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ (¥x^kæO§ °@âÎNqkõF|)
ö_ÿôMLkO~NqjF|(öJd¸CL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿) MLjjFLNqjÍOnÎNqjF| ¬FosHOqj$qÓ O~NqjF|O~×o¸öÍÔy+F| (O~×o¸öÍÔy+jÂ
¬ÏÁ¥c¿.) EéM~ÓNqkÂï, ÀOqjMLkÈ$qFLj Â¿ô¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ E~FL¥qOqëNnjj¥qÚ ÃOqjÍjFLj

_=hæ _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍÔy+jÂ O~×¦õ¸Py µ¥q °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿ ¬tj °¸=e<j. öJdNqjQZ¹
®CL<j ¥y^kæOqjŠ öGHbKZjMLl$c °¸¨ °¸=e<j. ¯ ¥x^kæOqjö$cMLj °Â¥h ¯F~<j ¥cFLO~Íj. ¥cÂ
GHmOqøGHl Oy¾ÓPy ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸F~=h MLOqŠ ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h $oïNqjÁQZPy
°FLïÁ. MLj¿Nqjj EéM~ÓNqj¸ ¯ ±¿Py µ¥qbKe$qMnjÎ °¸<<¸MLÓ÷ ¯ ±Oqj F~<j Äj¥hÚÆ
öGHfSÁíîJv¸ÁFL ö$cMLjMnjÎ °¸¨ °¸^j¸Á(No.355-G.T.). ¬^jML¸=h ¥qfHPoQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸ $qj¿¸¼
¬ÔLjõCLEéMLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸ MLOq‚ ²=hæÄMLO~Ój CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¯ PyGHlFL, MnÎGRêMLMLjCL¸ ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸PyÂ¥h
ÔxÔLjá¥xÂJwtj Mo+k÷Â, EéQZ¸Py CLFL öJdbKZML¸ rH¸Jv¸ÍjCLk ML¼á¸Á. On¸<ML Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
O~×¦ML¸QZ¸PyÂ O~¾Ój MnÎGRêMLMLjCL öGHÄGRjæÓNqkõOqj. Ä£Oqj GHOqMLjCL GSÿFLÇ¢ÓjOnÎ öGHML¿ë¸¼ FLGHð=h¥i,
ö¥xCLë$c gSø¥q¿¸¼FL MLjC~bÃÂMoQZ¸Cy Ä£Oqj MnÎGRêMLMLjCL¸rHÎ ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c Mnjj$qjÜ ÔLkJdOqj. NqjDE~O~×e
CLDE~öGH×e ¥qE~! O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ¬FLjÔLOqjÓj, GH¿M~Oq¸, ¬ÏÁ¥cOq$q*¸ O~¾ GHÍíÀî Â ¬FLj¥q¿¸¼ MnÎGRMê LMLjCLGSjì
ÓNqkõOqj. Ä£¿Â TdÏE~Oq*×¦FLjÓj ¬FLj¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj. MLjj[õ¸$c ÀOqjGHÀ öJd¸CL¸Py MnÎGRêML MLjC~bÃÂMoQZ¸Cy
¯ FLkCLFL MLjCLG S jì Ój, F~NqjŠÓ öJwC~ûÿ¸Cy ¬Àög H À Jv¸ÁFLM~OnÎ ¥qf H PoQZøOqj¨Â
CLFLôC~FLjNqkNqjjÓÂ, ÂOqfSGSkë öGHML¿ë¸ÔoM~Oqj. FLkCLFL GH¸DÍ¸Py ÄÄÏÍ MLj>>O~Ój TdìfH¸GH_@~ètj.
MLjj[õ¸$c ÅÇ¢MnÎGRêMLlÓPyFo ÄÄÏÍ Cn$qÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ½¡NqjOqjÓj, ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj MLj>Oq
¥cO~õÓNqkÓFLj TdìfH¸Ô~Oqj. TdìÂ¥q ÄGRjêEéM~ÓNqkÓFLj FLkCLFL¥q^æ@~ÓCy ÄGSë¿¸GH×ofS MnÎGRêMLEéMLl+÷FLj
¯ GHlO~CLFL EéM~ÓNqkÓPy öGHÀfRç¸GH×oQ~Oqj. FLkCLFL¸$c MnÎGRêMLEéM~ÓNqjMLjjÓFLj Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~Oqj.
MnÎGRêML WeøOqjÓFLj, Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓFLj‚< EâÎM~Ój$c bKeÄ¸Ô~Oqj. ¥xCLë$qj<jÓFLj ¥q=hæ¸¼ Ä£¿
MLjk¿ë ÇPeöGHÀMLjÓFLj öGHÀfRç¸¼ µ¥xÚ¥qÚ¿¥h GHm×¦Ój ÏÍkGHÁ£GH FnÎMoE~õÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓŠ CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷
ÔoQ~Oqj. On¸<ML, MLjk<ML, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Q~Ó GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, MnÎGRêMLMLjCL öJdbKZML¸ Ä×¦ß¸bÃ¸¼,
C~OqTdìtj FL¸Íj¥xÂ MLjk<jGHmMLlÓj Oqj¥cNqjÓj$c ML¿íîÆ÷¸Á. Ä£¿ ÂOq¸ŠQZ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ GSOqøöCLM~õfH¸¼
ÔnÓj÷_¨ ¬MLlCLk ML¼áFL IGHÆCL¸$c, ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¥qfHÓÀ£O~ìÂï ¥xCLëÔofS GSjÍOqùFL WeøOqjŠ
Ôn¸Eé^j÷ ÔoQ~Oqj. ¬¸=o öJdÔLjOqõ¸Py°FLï ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸ ¬Fo sHOqjFLj CxÓ»¸¼ ÔLö¥qÀ£Oqì¸ Po¥q WeøOqjÀ£Oqì¸
¬Â ¥xCLë$c sHOqjrH=eæOqj. GSjÍOqùFL ÇPeIGHÓ¥cÓFLj À£Oqì¸ F~Ój$qjMLjkÓÓPyFLj öGHÀfRç¸GH×oQ~Oqj. CnFLj$qj,
CLÄj+, ¥qFLï<bKeGRÓPy Q~GSF~ÓFLj Q~.QZ. 1453 (ö¥i.QZ.1531)Py Ôn¥hÚ¸¼ ¥qfHÓÀ£O~ìÂ¥h FLkCLFL¸$c
Á$qj<j Mnj^÷FLj, ®OqjMnÎGHlPe GS¸ÏE~õML¸ÍFL MLj¸^JdÓFLj‚@~ ¥q=hæ¸ÔL<¸ML¸=h GHl*õ¥cOqõ¸ ÔofSFL¸ÍjFL
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MLßCLë¸Py(No.201-G.T.)Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLï µ¥q SG ¸GSÚßCLQy÷¥q¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ µ¥q O~ÀGS¸ì Kb Z¸Ôo MLjOqj$qj HG ¨°FLï
µ¥qÇPeQ~GSFL¸ _NqjÓjGH¨¸Á. GH¿Ç¢Æ¸ÔL$c ¥x¸< JdÍbKe$q¸Py, GSOyMLOq GSÄ£jGH¸Py ÁMLõ ×eåÂNnjÎFL
µ¥qMLjjÂ, ¥qÆ öGHbKeML¸Ôo GS¸GIHj¸Py ³Oqð<jCLjFLï ¬Ó×¦<jÓŠ $qjOqMLlCLjFLï MLkFLMLlÓFLj Oq¥hú¸ÔLÍÓ¼, M~¿¥h
ö_ÿôÄÍõFLj KyÏÁ¸ÔLjÔLj¸@âFLÂ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ¯ ÇPeQ~GSFL¸Nnjj¥qÚ °Â¥hÂ $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¯$qj¨Py
öHG ÀfR¸ç HG _¨FL Äö$qÿ¸ FLMLkôWeøOqjEâÎ °¸^j¸ÍÂ Kb eÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ö_ÿôÄÍõFLj ¬FL<¸ÔoCL, CLFL öHG SG ¸$cÓCyFLj
°GHF~õTdÓCyFLj, ÄGRjêKb Z¥hCë LC~ëøÂï KybÁSG jë¸@éM~<Â£, (F~PetjOq¸) ÁMLõöHG _¸ÏÍ¸Py µ¥qbKe$cÂï, C~FLj CLÄj+¸Py
Oq¼¸¼FL 1100 JdQZjO~Ój$qÓ ÀOqjM~N|jMnjjÈ öGH_¸ÏE~Âï CLFLjï GSÄ£jfH¸¼FLM~¿¥h KyÏÁ¸ÔLjÔLj¸@éM~<FLj
ÄGRNqj¸ Q~GSFL¸ CnÆNqj ×oGSjëFLïÁ.
rHÎFL CnÆfHFL^j÷ FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨ 13ML QZC~_í¸PyFo Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL^j÷ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á.
¥qfHÓÀ£O~ìÂ¥h GSÄ£jGH¸PyFo°FLï FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨¥h ÄMLkFLMLj¸^GH¸, MLkÈ$nÎ($qj¨) MLjjFLï$qjM~Â ÂO~ô*
¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸, M~Fn<jCLë ¥nÎNqj+»NqkO§ ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ GHÓ÷MLO~NqjO§ ¬FoMLõ¥hë ÂOqøfU¸Ô~<Â $qj¨$y<Ä£jÁ
O~ÀPy Ôn¥qÚ_¨FL ÄMLO~Ój CnÓjG H lCLjFLïÁ. ®CL<j Jd¸<õMLj¸<ÓMLjjPyÂ µ¥qb Ke$qMnjÎF L
Äj+PnÎ‚Y¦jþMLj¸<Ó¸ FL<jÄO§‚Y¦jPyÂ CLjFLãÓkO§ ÂM~fS. ¯ M~Fn<jCLë ¥nÎNqj+»NqkO§ ¬Fo E~FL¥qOqë
µ¥q GHmEy^FLj O~MLkFLj×¦F| ÀOqjFL¸ÍMLFL¸ ¬Fo sHOqjCy, ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ FL¸ÍÓkO§ö$cMLj¸Py On¸<ML
×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ CxÄjôÍMLGS¸MLCLûOq¸ Jd¿ìMLF~MLj GS¸. Py (Ma-
dras Ep.Coll. No.614of 1907) ³O~ð^jÔoTd<j. MLjOqjGS=h GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬EéÔy^ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ
E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ ÆºCL ÏE~Oq¸ °FLïÁ. (Madras Ep.Coll.No.592 of 1907). ®Á ö¥iQZ. 1285 - 1286
GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GS¿JwCLj¸Á. ¯ ¥cOqBcÓMLÓFL FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨ ¯ ¥cÓ¸PyFo Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °¸<MLÔLjáFLj.
¬¸=o 13ML QZC~_í¸ MLjk<j F~Ój$qj JdÍMLjjÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py Â¿ô¸GH_¨ Nqjj¸<MLÔLjá. ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ
WeøO§Š ²Pe ¬tjCo Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎ ×¦¿$oEy FLMLkôWeøOqj‚ ÀOqjMLÏÏÍõNqjFL¸ Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎ 12 ÁF~Ój
×¦OqjGH_@éÁ. (No.267-T.T).
¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸PyFo GH^æO§ fHO~FLNqjõF| ¬Fo sHOqj$qÓ, µ¥q Q~C~ëÍ ³¥ç» ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLCn$qŠ
Ôn¸ÁFLMLõ¥hë, Q~.QZ.1436 GS¸.Py ¥qBhêFLjB§ ÇOqjC~ë¸_j ÇOqGHlð 11ML ÁFL¸F~<j FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*
ÓŠ$cFLj(No.203-G.T.) 150 GHBcÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk Q~.QZ. 1445 GS¸.Py - ³<MLÁFL¸ ¥q¸$qjÓj¸
GH$qP| ÇOqGHlðF~<jFLj, 8ML ÁFL¸ Fn<jMLkO§¥q¨MnjÎ ÇOqGHØÁFL¸F~<jFLj, FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š ¯ On¸<jÁF~ÓŠ
¬Nojõ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj On¸<MLMLkOqj MLjOqÓ 300 GHBcÓCy ÂÏÁÂ ³O~ð^j(No.204-G.T.)ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸=o
¯ FLMLkôWeøO§ ¬ÏÏÍõNqjFyCLûML Oy¾ÓPy FLMLkôWeøOqjFLŠ ÂNqjCLMnjÎFL öGH_¸ÏÍ¸ JdO~Nqj*ÔoNqj@~Â¥i,
FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*ŠFLj °EéíÇ¸GH_¨¸Á. rHÎ On¸<jQ~GSF~ÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨ ÀOqjGHÀ¥h
GSÄ£jJdFL°FLï ®+MLj¸¨Nqj¸¬Fo ö$cMLj¸Py bKZkOqksHB ¥x¸CLfSëÂ ¥qÆ» Nqjj¸@âFLÂ£, ¯ ÔnOqjMLl¥q^æ
ö¥h¸ÁbKZkMLjjÓj, CLkMLjjE~øO~ Â£=hÂ Jv¸Á Td$qjÔoNqj_<jCLj¸@éÍÂ, ®Á GHm¿ë$c FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨¥h
Ôn¸ÁNqjjFLï fSë¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. MnjjCLë¸ ¯ bKZkMLjjÓj FLMLkôWeøO§ GH=eæ@âÎ ¬Â fHÆÔoM~Oqj. ¯
GH=eæ@âÎ bKZkMLjjÓFLj Td$qjÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓŠ$cFLj, rHÎ CnÓjGH_¨FL 450 FLOqðBcÓ
ÂÏÁFLj¸¨ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL_<MLÓfS °FLïÁ. ¯ WeøOqj$qj¨¥h öGHCoõ¥q¸$c bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ÀOqjGHÀPy °FLïÁ.
®Á Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÓNqj ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼¸Á ¥cÍj. ¬NqjFLGHð=h¥h ®Á EéM~ÓNqj
TdìFLC~ëOqjÔo ÂOqøfU¸GH_<jCLj¸@éÁ. ¯ FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨¥h öGHCoõ¥qbKZ¸@~Oq¸ °FLï=o÷, µ¥q °ö$c*¸

‚< °FLïÁ. Á£Â MLõMLVO~Ój ¬Âï¸=hÂ $qMLjÂ¸ÔL@~Â¥h öGHCoõ¥q¸$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH _¨NqjjFLï MLõ¥hë¥h
¥qOqëO§ ¬ÂsHOqj. ¥cÂ ®CLÂ¥h CLFLŠ Cy¼FLöGH¥cOq¸ ×¦¿fH¸ÔL$qÓ sSøÔLó CLŠÚML. ®CL<j TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠ
Py_¨ FL<ÔLj¥xFLMLÓfSFL=hæ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿. ¯ ¼FLï$qj<jÓ MLõMLVO~ÓFLj GHOqõMo¥hú¸ÔL@~Â¥h, ÂNqj¸öÀ¸ÔL@~Â¥i
CL$qj ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Ój TdìFLC~ëOqj¥h ®MLø_¨FLMLÂ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¯ ¼FLï$qj¨ ¥cOqõ ÂO~øÿŠFLŠ, bKZŠëÓÔo
GSMLj¿ð¸GÔo ÏÍF~Âï GSøCL¸öCL¸$c gSø¥q¿¸Ôo ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸PoÍj. TdìFLC~ëOqj ¬FLjMLjÀCy MLköCLMoj, NqjFL
GSMLjXq¸Py À£fS¥xFLMLÓfSNqjjFLïÁ. ¬Âï MLõMLVOqÄGRNqkÓPyFLj ÔxOqML À£GSj¥y$qÓ MLõ¥hë TdìFLC~ëOqj MLköCLMoj.
bKZŠëÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ¥cFLj¥qÓFLj, ÏÍF~Âï CLFL KeÏÍõCLÄ£jÍ gSø¥q¿¸¼, GHÁÓ¸$c bKZöÍGHOqÔLj^, M~¿
°EéíQ~ÓŠ ¬FLj$qj*¸$c CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoNqj<¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL ¥cO~õÓÂ£ï TdìFLC~ëOqj GHOqõMoXq*PyFo
×¦Oqj$qjC~tj. ¬¸=o, EéM~ÓNqjTdìFLC~ëOqj ÄGSÚßCL ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Ój$qÓ ¥o¸öÍMLjÂ£, ®CLOq ¼FLï$qj<jÓ
ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥cOqjÓj NqjFL GSMLjôÀ öGH¥cOq¸, NqjFL ¬FLjMLjÀCy ¥cOqõÂOqøÿ* ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL KeÏÍõCL
¥qÓM~OqÂ£ ÔnGHðMLÔLjáFLj. TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠFLj, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ O~MLkFLj¾Â$qj¨
¥cOqõÂOqøÿŠÂ MLjÏÍõ GS¿$c ®^jML¸=h GS¸_¸ÏÍMoj °¸Á. ¯ $qj<jÓPy ÂCLõ¸ MLj¿Nqjj öGHCoõ¥q
GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo FnÎMoE~õÓŠ MLÓfSFL GS¸bKeO~Ój, Nqk $qj<jÓŠÔn¸ÁFL °ö$c*¸FLj¸¨
GSMLj‚Oqá_<jCLj¸Á.
(iii) rH¿NqkWeøOqj :
rH¿NqkWeøOqj ÀOqjMLÏÍõNqjFL¸ °CLûM~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ MLOqjGS$c Q~.QZ.1407, MLj¿Nqjj1458
GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy MoNqj_¨FL (No.70, 118-G.T) On¸<jQ~GSF~ÓPy öGHQZ¸fS¸ÔL<¸ MLÓFL, Q~.QZ.1407
GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj ¯ WeøOqjFLŠ $qj¨¥q^æ_¨NqjjFLïÍFLj ÄGRNqj¸ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ ¯ $qj¨
GS¿$cÜ ²¥qÚ< °FLïÁ£ ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. _ÿjQZ¹ rHÎ ¬¸Q~Ój ¯ F~<j $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj MLOq*Py°FLï rH¿NqkWeøOqj$qj¨Â $qj¿¸Ôo ¬tj °¸^j¸Á. No.70-G.TQ~GSFL¸Py
rH¿NqkWeøOqj Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎ ÁF~FL FnÎMoE~õÂ¥h$cFLj ³O~ð^jFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGH$c, No.118-G.TQ~GSFL¸
¯ rH¿NqkWeøOqj Äö$qVÂ¥h MLjj[CLjësSPnÎ (GH¿ML^æ¸) ¬¸=o CLÓŠ ÔLj=oæ GH^jæMLöGSë¸ GSMLj‚Oqá_¨FL
ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjFLŠ FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ_¨FLCLOqjM~CL µ¥q
¬GHðGH¨, ÔL¸ÍFL¸, CLMLjjÓJdŠÓj ML¥qÚÓCyGSÿ, ÀOqjMLjÓFLj¸¨ ¯ rH¿NqkWeøOqjFLŠ GH¸GH_<jÔLjFLïÍFo
ÄGRNqkÂï ‚< CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1557 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py öGHÀM~Á bKZNqj¸¥qOq¸ ¬*ê¸$qO~Ô~OqjõÓM~Oqj
rH¿NqkWeøOqj ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ TdøÀ öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFLj MLÔoá 13 Oy¾ÓPyFLj 13 EyQnÎ GH¨ GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<j^Š
CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
(iV) ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ FLMLkôWeøOqj MLj¿Nqjj ŠÓQo[O~WeøOqj :

FLMLkôWeøOqj, ŠÓQo[O~WeøOqj, rH¿NqkWeøOqj, ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqj MLj¿Nqjj °<NqjMLOqj÷Š
(O~MLkFLj¾Ój) ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š CL$qj³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨FL ÄGRNqkÂï No.70, 118-G.T
Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHl CLjF~ïtj. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ FLMLkôWeøOqjFLŠ, ŠÓQo[O~WeøOqjFLŠ $qj<jÓj Q~.QZ. 1407
GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °FLïMLÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. öJdNqjQZ¹ ¯ F~<j MLjFLŠ ¥qFLGH<jCLjFLï
ÄÏÍ¸$c $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjÓNqj MLOq*Py rH¿NqkWeøOqj, ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqj, Ä>OqPoQZøOqjÓ °JdÓNqkÓj
Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °FLï=o÷ FLMLkôWeøOqj, ŠÓQo[Oq WeøOqjÓŠ ‚< $qj<jÓj Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °¸<MLÔLjá. Ä£¿Nnjj¥qÚ
Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎ ÁF~ÓPy Ä£¿¥h $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj¸ ²ÍjOqj$c Â¿ô¸¼FL MLGS¸CLMLj¸<GH¸Py µ¥xÚ¥qÚ¿¥h
µ¥q ¬GHðGH¨ (No.70-G.T) ÂMoÁ¸GH _<jÔLj¸@é¨. CLjML¥qÚCLjëF~W| Po¥q Ä£¿ ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML
öJdOq¸bKZÁF~ÓPy, Ä£¿¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸ ÀOqjMLjÓFLj¸¨ µ¥q GH¿ML^æ¸ (MLjj[CLjë sSPnÎ), µ¥q
¬GHðGH¨, ÔL¸ÍFL¸ MLjjFLï$qjM~ÂÂ, GH¸sH ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á (No118-G.T).
(V) F~ÍMLjjÂ WeøF| :
F~ÍMLjjÂ WeøF|Š µ¥q$qj¨ Â¿ô¸GH_¨°FLïÁ (No.363-G.T)¥cÂ ®Á ²¥qÚ< °FLïÁ
CnÓjGH_<PoÍj. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i ¯ $qj¨ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjEéM~ÓNqj MLOq*Py MLköCL¸ ¥cÍj. _ÿjQZ¹,
¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MnÓjGHÓ ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ µ¥q Ä£ÏÁPy ¯ $qj¨ Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °¸<MLÔLjáFLj(No.230-T.T).
öGHGSjëCL ¥cÓ¸Py ¯NqjFL sHOqj$qÓ Ä£ÏÁPy F~ÍMLjjÂ $qj¨ °FLïÁ. ®Á ÀOqjGHÀ GH^æ*¸ MLjÏÍõbKe$q¸Py
Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ rHÎ Q~GSFL¸PyÂ GSkÔLFLÓj ¯ $qj¨ $qj¿¸Ôo tj°¸^j¸Á. MLjOx¥q
ÄQoGRMojÄj^¸=o ¯ $qj¨Py ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjjÂ Äö$qÿ¸(ÔLö¥qML¿ëÀOqjMLj$qF~O§ ¬¸=o ÔLö¥qML¿ë ¬tjFL ÍQZOqDÍjÂ
ŠMLkOqj<j)Äö$qÿ¸‚< °FLïÁ. ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjFLMLÄjF~<j, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py On¸<j
EyQnÎGH<jÓj CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_¨, F~ÍMLjjÂ WeøF| ¥ytjP|Py ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjFLŠ ÂMoÁ¸ÔLj^Š$cFLj, CL$qj
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_@âFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
(Vi)QZk¨Š<jCLë F~¼áNqkO§ :
QZk¨ŠÚ<jCLë F~¼áNqkO§ ¬FosHOqj$qÓ ¸@~W| ÅÇ¢Oq¸$q¸ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ bKZŠëO~Ój.
ÅÇ¢ MLjVÄGRjêMLlNnjj¥qÚ öGHCoõ¥q ¬MLC~Oq¸$c bKeÄ¸GH_¨ GHm×¦Ó¸Íj¥x¸^jFLï ÅÇ¢ O q¸$qF~DÍTdøÄj EéMo¿$c
¸@~W|‚< GHm×¦Ó¸Íj¥x¸^jFLïÁ. ¯ ´Àÿõ¸ ®CLOq ÄGRjêEéM~ÓNqkÓPy‚< Í¿¸GH_¨FL¸ÍjMLÓ÷
¯Mnj Äö$qÿ¸‚< GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸GH_¨ ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj $qj¨Py öGHÀfRç¸GH _¨¸Á. ¯ EéÄ¥h
MLkOqÜÈ¢Â£O~^æ¸ °CLûML¸ ³<jÁF~Ój ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸Á. ¥qFLjMLlF|F~W| ¬FL$c ¯ MLkOqÜÇOqMLkGS¸Py
24ML CoÁ FLj¸¨ MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥çÀ¥h MLjj¸ÍjOy¾FLj, MLkOqÜÇOqMLkGS¸PyÂ ¥q<GH=hOy¾FLj ¬$qj 30 ML CoÁ£
MLOqŠ 7 Oy¾Ój, °CLûM~Ój ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoNqj_¨FL^j÷ Q~.QZ. 1451 GS¸MLCLûO~FL MoNqj_¨FL
No.31-G.T Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. MLkOqÜÈOqMLkGS¸ 23 ML CoÁ£, ¬¸ŠO~Oqð* ÁFL¸. F~<j EéÄ¥h

¬ÏÁM~GS ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸, GH¸Ô~MLjßCL(JdÓj, rHOqj$qj, Fotj, ÔL¥nÚOq, CoFn.) ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ ¬FLj On¸<j
¬bÃsR¥cÓj ×¦OqjGH_<jC~tj. CLOqjM~CL VOq ÂMoÍFL ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. MLjOqjF~=hFLj¸¨ ¬FL$c 24ML
CoÁ£ FLj¸¨ ³<jÁF~ÓPy öGHÀOy¾FLk öJdCL¹¥cPeFL ¯ EéÄÂ ±Oo»¸GHlCy, $yÄ¸ÍGHlGRÚ¿Bh
MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ À£GSjŠ Mn+C~Oqj. TdNqj¸¥cÓ¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥xÂJwtj, NqjDE~TdìFL¸Py °¸ÔLjC~Oqj.
¥qFLjMLl F~<j, $yÄ¸Í G H lG RÚ¿BhPy ×¦Ó¥qMLk¨¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL FnÎM oÍõ¸ ÂMoÁ¸G H_<jFLj.
¬¸ŠO~Oqð*ÁF~FL ×¦¿»FL ÄÏÍ¸$cFo, ¥qFLjMLlF~<j‚< öGHCoõ¥q ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸Á. MLjOqÓ
NqjDE~öGH¥cOq¸ ¯ EéÄÂ ±Oo»¸GHlCy $qj¨¥h À£fS¥xÂ MLTdëOqj. E~¿Py, MLjjCnuëÍjMLÓŠ GHGSjGHl Š¸ŠMLj,
ÔL¸ÍFL¸, CLMLjjÓJdŠÓj ML¥qÚÓj GH¸¼rH<C~Oqj. ¯ ±Oo»¸GHl GS¸ÍO~óFL, GSbKnÎNqkõOqjÔo
EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ ÅÇ¢¥ qßGR jêÂ À£fS¥xÂO~$c MLkOqÜMLjÏÍõMLj¸Py ¸@~+jFLŠ ²ÍjOo$qjFLj. GS¸ö¥qMLj*
(MLj¥qOq GS¸ö¥çÀ)ÁFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MnÓjGHÓ, ¯ EéÄÂ ±NqjÓ MLj¸^GH¸Py ‚Oqjá¸< Kn<C~Oqj.
FnÎMoÍõ ÂMoÍFLÓj ×¦Oqj$qjC~tj..
21. ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj¾Ój
JdOqõ¸GHOqõ¸$c MLGSjëFLï ´Àÿõ¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj¾Â ½¡ÄCL¸Py GS¸bKZÄ¸¼FL ¥xÂï
GS¸GIHj^FLÓj, ÀOqjGHÀ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÓCy MLjj¨GH¨ °F~ïtj. ÀOqjGHÀPy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦
TdøÄj Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç NqjFL ÔofSFL^j÷ ÔnJdëOqj. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ¥x¸CLMLj¸Á WeøOqjÓ Äö$qVÓFLj
öGHÀfRç¸Ô~OqÂ Ôn_jC~Oqj. ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq MLjkÓÄö$qÿ¸ QnÎMLCLC~ëøÂ¥h ¬FLj$qj*¸$c °FLïE~ Po¥q
MnÎGRêMLCLC~ëøÂ¥h ¬FLj$qj*¸$c°FLïE~ ¬Fo ÄM~Í¸ ³Oqð¨FLGHl<j, E~ÂÂ bKZ$qMLöE~MLkFLj¾ÓM~Oqj GH¿GRÚ¿¸Ô~Oqj.
ÀOqjMLjÓPy GHlGRðMLF~Ó rH¸GH¥cÂï JwöCLûfU¸Ô~<j. $qjOqjGHOq¸GHOqPy CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqjMLjÓPy
CLFL $qjOqjMnÎFL ÅÇ¢ QnÎ ÓG HmOq ê Po¥q ÀOqjMLjÓFL¸Ã Í$qÜOq O~MLkNqj* °GHEéQZ¸ Jv¸ÁFLGHð=hFLj¸¨
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M~¿ sHOqj - bKeGRõ¥cOqO§. ¯ sHOqj O~MLkFLj×eÔ~OqjõÓFLj GSk¼Twë¸Eé¥cÂ CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸PyÂ
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°FLï O~MLkFLj¾Ó$qj¨Py ÂMoÍFL ÔoNqj_@éÁ. O~MLkFLj¾ÓM~¿ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸(OqjöE~FLXqöCL¸)F~<j,
GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyÂ 11 FnÓÓPyFLj, ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py ¯NqjFL ¬ÏÍõNqjFL ÁFyCLûML¸ 20 Oy¾Ój ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸Á.
¯ °CLûML¸ ¥q<GH=hÁFL¸, ¯NqjFL GHl=hæFL ÁFLMnjÎFL OqjöÍFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸ ¬Nojõ^j÷$q, $qMLjÂ¸¼ °CLûML
öJdOq¸bKZÁFL¸ ÂOqêtj¸GH_<jCLjÁ. ¬GHlð<j ¯ 23 Oy¾ÓPy öGHÀÁFL¸ µ¥q ÀOqjMyÓ$q¸(TdìFL¸), FnÎMoÍõ¸
¥xOqŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¬¸=o F~=h ÁFLMLjjFL, $qj¨MLjj¸»^ O~MLkFLj¾Ó °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ µ¥q
°FLïCL gH>Oq¸rHÎ °¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, öGH_¸ÏÍ¸Py ÂNqjCL bKe$cÓj JdO~Nqj* ÔoTdëOqj. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL
ÄÄÏÍ¼öC~F~ïÓj, Oq¥qOq¥cÓ fH¸¨ML¸^Ój FnÎMoÍõ¸ ÔoTdëOqj. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL öGHTdE~ÓFLj ¬¥qÚ<Ôo¿FL
Kb ZŠÓë ŠFLj, EéM~ÓNqj sSMLŠÓŠ HG ¸¼rH<C~Oqj. ¯ HG ^jæFL _fUOqÜCLMnjÎFL=hÁæ ,£ $qMLjÂ¸GHCL»FL µ¥q öHG Coõ¥qÄGRNqj¸
°¸Á. ¬EéÄj^¸=o Q~ÀëFL ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj MLj¿Nqjj Q~C~ëÍ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj, ¬Fo On¸<j Cn$qÓM~Oqj WeøOqjÓÔo
Oq¼¸GH_¨FL öGH_¸ÏÏÍ¸ JdO~Nqj*ÔofS ¬¸ÍjÓŠ öGHÀIGHÓ¸$c, On¸<jöGHTdE~ÓFLj, Oqj ¬JdðÓFLj $nÎ¥xFo
M~Oqj. ®¥qÚ< $qMLjÂ¸ÔLÍ»FL ¬¸QZ¸ ³MLj¸=o Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸Py MnÎGRêMLMLjCL¸ ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸Py
¬ÂïCLOq$qCLjÓM~¿Â ¥q¿ú¸¼¸Á. MLjj[õ¸$c Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cÓ¸FLj¸© MnÎGRêMLMLjCL öGHbKZ¸×¦F~Â¥hMLjj¸Íj
®CLOq MLjC~Ój Á$qÍj<jGHl ¬tjJwNqktj. MnÎGRêMLMLjCLöGHÔ~OqŠÓj MLjCLfSE~íî¸C~ÓFLj ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸Py
öGHÔ~Oq¸ÔofS sSCLj fUMLkÔLÓ GHOqõ¸CL¸ ¬ÂïCLOq$qCLjÓ öGH×¦ÓFLj ¥q^jæ¥xFL$qÆ$cOqj. ÀOqjGHÀPy MnÎGRêMLlÓPy
µ¥qCn$q Q~C~ëÍ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj öGH×¦Ó ¬bÃMLkFL¸ ÔLkOq$xÂFL^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á. ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á MnÎGRMê L¸ Sg ø¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj.
Ô~PeMLj¸Á FLkCLFL MnÎGRêMLMLjCL öGHÄGRjæÓj ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§FLŠ ÇGRjõPnÎ¿. ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§
¬^j O~×¦¥iNqkÓPyFLj, ®^j MLjCLÄGRNqkÓPyFLj FoOqð¿. O~¾Ó, ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓ MLjFLïFLÓFLj Jv¸ÁFLM~<j.
EéM~ÓNqjMLõMLVO~ÓPy ¯NqjFL GHÓjŠ_¨ ÔnÓj÷CLj¸@éÁ. TdÏE~Oq* ×¦FLjÓPy‚< GHÓjŠ_¨ °¸@éÁ.

¯NqjFL ÇGRjõPnÎFL Q~C~ëÍ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj, ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á, EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ÄÄÏÍ °Eyõ$cÓPy ŠÍjOqj¥xF~ïOqj.
MLjj[õ¸$c Ä£¿Py ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á GHmEy^ÓFLj ÂOqøfUGSkë EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GHladðÓFLj ¬¸Í×oGSjë °¸@éM~Oqj.
Ä£Oqj CLMLj$qjOqjMnÎFL ¥q¸E~@âÎO~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ CLOqGHlFL öGHÀÁFL¸ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, $yÄ¸Í
O~×¦TdøÄj¥h(°CLûMLOqjÓŠ) ÀOqjMLj¸×¦F~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL GSj$q¸ÏÍöÍM~õÓFLj GSMLj‚OoáM~Oqj. Ä£Oqj
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔosS sSMLÓFLj $qj¿ë¸¼ E~Â¥h öGHÀIGHÓ¸$c TdøÄjöGHTdE~ÓFLj öGHÀÁFL¸, °CLûM~ÁöGHCoõ¥q
ÁF~ÓPyFLj ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ ®MLø<¸CyKe^j ÂNqjCL½¡C~Âï (No.197,200-T.T.)®ÔoáM~Oqj. 16 Š^j¸KeÓŠ
Ôn¸ÁFL Ä£Oq¸ÍOqk ÀOqjMLjÓPy µ¥qöKeÿô* ¬ö$qVOq¸$c °FLï ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ Ä£ÏÁPy
ÂMLfS¸ÔoM~Oqj. ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ öJdGH¥q¸Py°FLï Ä£¿¥h, GS¸GIHj¸Py ÓbÃ¸¼FL ¬¸CLGSjë Ä£Oqj
CLMLj ÂM~GSTdìF~Â¥h rH=hæFLsHOqj Q~C~ëÍ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLOqÜW|ÀOqjMLkÈ$nÎ ¬Fo GHÍMoj CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¥cÂ
®=iMLÆ ¥cÓ¸Py Ä£Oqj CLMLj GHmOqøMnÎ b K ZM~Âï Jw$x^jæ¥xÂFLM~OnÎ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h CLMLj sSMLÓFLj ¬¸Á¸Ôo
MLßÀëÂ ÄGS¿ã¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ F~<j Ä£¿Py ³ µ¥qÚ MLõ¥hë¥i ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ×¦¿$o °CLûML ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÍjÓ
¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸Cy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸PoÍj.
(ii) O~MLkFLj¾Ó öGHbKeML¸
O~MLkFLj¾ÓM~Oqj 11ML QZC~_í GHO~Oqíî¸ FLj¸¨ 12ML QZC~_í¸ öGHDÍMLjbKe$q¸ MLOqŠ(ö¥i.QZ.1050-
1125) $qÓ ¥cÓMLõMLÏÁPy ÄÇadæEâÎøCL fSE~íî¸CL¸ $qj¿¸¼ ¬¸Í¿¥h ÄML¿¸¼, ÄÂfH¸¼ MnÎGRêMLMLjC~Âï
GSOqjøÓŠ MnkÍNnk$qõ¸ ÔosS¸ÍjŠ ö¥hNqkÇ¢ÓjOnÎ NqjÀï¸¼FL ¥cÓ¸. ¯ MLjCL¸PyÂ öJdDÍÄj¥q fSE~íî¸CL¸

MLkFLMLsSMo MLkÏÍMLsSML ; öÀMLjkOqjëÓPy ÄGRjêMo °JdEéNqj¸ ; MnkXcÂ¥h ÄGRjêbKZ¥oë TdÏÍFL¸ ; ½¡M~CLô
¬¸CLõ¸Py GHOqMLkCLô TdÄ£jJdõÂï ÔoOq<Moj MnkXq¸ ¬Â CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. CLFL öGHGS¸$cÓÔo ¥q¿úCLjPnÎFL
M~¿FL¸Í¿Â ŠÓMLjCL MLOqêbKoÍ¸ PoŠ¸@~ CLFL ÄÇadæEâÎøCL MLjCL¸Py ÔoO~á<j. öKeÿô*jÓŠ MLköCLMoj
ÅÇ¢ M nÎ G R êMLMLjCL¸ GH¿ÄjCL¸ ¥c¥q ¬¸Í¿¥i Á£Xq ®fHð¸¼ CLOqByJdNqkÂï ÔLkfH¸Ô~<j.
CLFL ¬¸CoM~GSjPnÎFL MLjj[õÇGRjõÓŠ, ¬FL¸CLGSk¿(FL¸C~WeøF|)ML¸=h bKZŠëÓŠ CLFL FLkCLFL
fSE~íî¸C~ÓFLj KyÏÁ¸¼ CLFLôCL M~õfHë¥h Jd^jGH<jFL=hæ M~¿Â$c CLNqkOqjÔoTd<j. ÀOqjMLjÓŠ CLFL
ÇGRjõ@âÎFL ¬FL¸CLGSk¿Â GH¸Jd<j. ¬FL¸CLGSk¿ ÀOqjMLjÓPy µ¥q GHlGRðMLF~Âï O~MLkFLj¾Ó M~¿ sHOq
ÂOqøfUGSkë Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj GHm×eOqì¸ GHladðÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo sSM~bKe$qõ¸ Jv¸EâFLj. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py
¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á ³¥ç»ÇGRjõÓj, ½¡NqjOqjÓj ¬FL¸CLGSk¿Â ÍOqù¸$c À£fS¥xÂ CLMLj ½¡ÄC~ÓFLj TdøÄjsSMLŠ
GSMLj¿ð¸¼ GHlGRðMLF~ÓFLj ¬bÃMLßÁíîÔofS EâÎM~OqáFLŠ, ¬Ó¸¥qOq*Š ¥cMLÓfSFL GHladðÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
¬¸ÁGSkë MLÔ~áOqj. ¥x¸ÍOqj MnÎGRêMLbKZŠëÓj‚< Ä£¿Ôo °Coë½CLjPnÎ CLMLjML¸CLj GSÿ¥cO~Âï ¬¸Á¸Ô~Oqj.
°<NqjMLO§ ¥ytjP| ¬*êF| ¬Â MLjOysHOqj$qÓ ¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ ÀOqjMo¸¥qÊ~GSO§ (No.274-T.T), ÿfSë»¿E~GSO§

(No341-T.T)¯ ¥yMLŠ Ôn¸ÁFLM~Oqj. ³¥ç$qjÓPy ³¥ç» $yGHNqjõF| MLjj¸Íj$c sHOxÚFLÍ»FLM~<j.
¯NqjFL MLjPnÎŠÂNqjÂF~þF| FL¸ÍFLMLFL GS¸OqŠúŠ<j$c (No.63-T.T)öGHfSÁíî ¥n¥cÚ<j. MLj¿Nnjj¥q ³¥ç»
rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW| E~GSO§.¯NqjFL fHF|QnFLþÄÆ÷ FL¸ÍFLMLFL ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë$c °¸@éM~<j(No.50 -T.T). ³¥ç»
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| ¬FLjFLCL<j ÀOqjM~È GHOqfHðF~F| ÀOqjFL¸ÍFLMLF~Â¥h ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë$c GHÂ ÔoQ~<j
(No. 32 -T.T). Ä£Oq¸ÍOqj ÀOqjMLjÓPyFo ÂMLfS¸ÔoM~Oqj. MoE~¸C~Ô~Oqõ öGHÀM~Á bKZNqj¸¥qOq¬Bcê Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ³¥ç» ÀOqjMn¸¥q=NqjõF| ¬JdðMLNqjõ¸$c¿¥h ÇGRjõ<j. ³¥ç» rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW|E~GSO§
¬FLjFLCL<j rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW|½¡NqjO§Š ÇGRjõ<j. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ®CL<j‚< ½¡NqjO§ ¬tjF~<j.
¯ ½¡NqjOqjÓj ‚< ¬Fo¥q FL¸ÍFLMLF~Ó ³O~ð^jŠ ¥cOq*bKZkCLjÓNqkõOqj.
Q~.QZ. 1309GS¸. FLj¸¨ (No.103,43,57-T.T) ¬¿Q~BcÓNqj¸ FL¸ÍFLMLF~Â¥h ÄÔ~Oq* ¥qOqë$c
°¸¨FL MLjjPnu÷ ÀOqjMn¸¥q^½¡NqjO§ ¥cÓ¸ FLj¸¨ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GHlGRðMLFL¸ ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨FL ML<
ÀOqj Mo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjO§ ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=o (No.21-T.T.) Q~.QZ.1458 GS¸. MLOqŠ ¥ytjP|¥oÆø ²¸KnOqjMLkF~O§
½¡NqjO§FLj (No.48-T.T), ¯NqjFL CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ML¸=h ¬Fo¥q MLj¸Á ½¡NqjO§Ój GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷
GHlGRðMLF~ÓFLj ÂOqøfU¸¼, ¥cJd<jCLk(No.48,333-T.T.) MLÔ~áOqj. ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~ÏÍF| GHlGRðMLF~Â¥h,
rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLkW| ½¡NqjOqj ¬ÏÁGHÀ$c °¸<$c (No.47-T.T), NqjÀO~×¦½N¡ qjOqj MLjPnÎŠÂNqjÂF~þF| HG lGRðMLF~Âï
(No.337-T.T.), ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F| GHladðO~MLkÂï ¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^½¡NqjOqj M~¿ÔoCLFLj (No.266-
T.T.), sHOqOqjWe+F| FL¸ÍMLF~Âï(No.155-G.T.) MLjOx¥q ÀOqjMo¸¥q^½¡NqjOqj ÂOqøfU¸Ô~Oq..
WeøOqjÓFLj EâÎML¸$c bKeÄ¸¼ ¼FLï$qj<jÓFLj Â¿ô¸¼, ÂCLõGHm×¦, FnÎMoE~õÍjÓj, °CLûM~Ój,

±Oo»¸GHlÓj ³OqðOq¼ bKZŠëÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ¥cFLj¥qÓFLj, E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj gSø¥q¿¸¼, fSëJdGSjëÓFLj rH¸Jv¸Á¸ÔL
<¸MLÓFL ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓ GS¸[õ ¬ÏÁ¥q¸ ¥cML<¸ - Ä£=hÂ GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqëÓj$c ½¡NqjOqjÓj
MLjj¸ÍjŠ O~ML<¸Py O~MLkFLj¾Ó GHÓjŠ_¨, ÍkOqÍßfRæ ÄQZÍMLÙCLj¸Á. CLÍFL¸CLOq ¥cÓ¸Py M~¿Â
‚@~ EâÎMLCLTdìFL¸Py GHm½¸Ô~Oqj. ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ O~MLkFLj¾Ó$qj¨¥h Q~.QZ. 1397GS¸.Py (No145-G.T.)
NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjO§ ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸@éM~<j. ¥c$c, MLjOx¥q NqjÀO~×¦½¡NqjOqj Q~.QZ.1436 (No.203-
G.T.) ÀOqjGHÀ FLMLkôWeøOqj $qj¨¥h ¥cOqõÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$c °F~ï<j. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqj$qj¨,
¥x¸ÍOqj ³¥c¥h ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓÔo ÂOqøfU¸GH_<jÔLk ML¼á¸Á(No.333-T.T). ¯ F~<j, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ,

ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy °<NqjMLOq÷$qj<jÓj, ¬ÆfH¿MLÍí ÇDÁÓfSìÀPy°FLï rH¿NqkWeøOqj $qj¨, ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸MLÍí
°FLï^jML¸=h FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨, ®Ä¥c¥q ®¸¥qFLk $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj MLOq*Py°FLï ®CLOq
WeøOqjÓ$qj<jÓj Ä£=h ÄGRNqjMnjÎ O~MLkFLj¾Ó öGHbKeM~Âï Co^CnÓ÷¸ ÔoTdëtj.
®¥q MLjk<MLÁ - O~MLkFLj¾Ó MnÎGRêMLMLjCL¸ ¯ öJd¸CL¸Py fSìOq¸$c JdÍj¥xÂ, Mo+k÷Â,

MLjVMLßXq¸$c M~õfH¸¼FLÍFLj ÄGRNqj¸ ÂOqkfH¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬FLjFL^j÷, ¬Fo¥q MnÎGRêML MLj>O~Ój GHl^jæŠ
MLÔ~átj. ¯ ¥yMLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL=hæMo ÀOqjMLjÓPy MnÓfSFLÄ - 1) ÀOqjMLjÈQnÎfHðO~F| MLj>Oq¸ (No. 333-T.T.);
2) MLB§QZ>Oq¥yGHF| MLj>Oq¸(No.276-T.T); 3) sHOqOqjWe+F| MLj>Oq¸; 4) ÀOqjMn¸¥q^F~ÏÍF| MLj>Oq¸; 5) ÀOqj
M~ÈGHOqfHðF~F| MLj>Oq¸(No.155,156-G.T.)MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ. Ä£ÂPyÂ MnjjÍ=h On¸<jMLj>O~Ój ³¥c¥h ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓ
Nqk×¦MLkFLõ¸Py °F~ïtj. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ MLj>>O~ÓFLj TdìfH¸ÔL<¸Py, ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓFLj µ¥q$x<j$qj ¥h¸Á¥h
¥xÂML¼á GS¸gIHjbKeML¸ öJwÁÔoNqj@~Â¥h, ÄÇadæEâuøCL fSE~íî¸C~ÓFLj CnÆfSFL M~Oq¸Í¿Â GS¸GIHj=hCL GHOqÔL@~Â¥h
MnÎGRêMLMLjCL M~õfHë¥h Jd^jGH<$qÓ GSøÔLó¸ÍsSMLŠÓFLj CLNqkOqjÔoNqj@~Â¥h °EéíÇ¸ÔL_¨ °¸^j¸Á.
®¥q F~Ój$qMLÁ ¬¸=o O~MLkFLj¾ÂÔo öHG Kb eÄCLMnjÎFL SG ¸GSÓì j. O~MLkFLj¾FLŠ EâÎMLCLø¸ JdÁ¸GH_<$c
NqjFL sHOqjöHG #eõCLÓÔo öHG Kb eÄCLjPnÎ, °Coë½CLjPnÎ NqjFL ÇGRõ öGHÇGRõ$qBcÓj, ¬bÃMLkFLjÓj, NqjFL ×eåGH¥cOqì¸
MLj¿Nqjj NqjFLNqj¸Íj CLMLjŠ$qÓ ${OqML öHG ÀGHÀëÂ öHG ¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xFo¸ÍjŠ C~MLjj TdìHf ¸¼FL SG ¸GSÓì Š MLjj¸Íj
NqjFL sHOqjFLj rH^jæŠ¸^k MLÔ~áOqj. O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ ¬FLïsHOqjCy °¼CL ¬FLïE~FL SG öC~ÓFLj öHG ÍD MLj¸$c Td+jML
FLOqfS¸ÿjÂÔoCLFLj(No.8-G.T.), MLj¿Nqjj O~MLkF~Nqj¥qOqj ÔoCLFLj (No.306-T.T.) TdìHf ¸GH_@~ètj. ¬FL¸CLSG k¿
(FL¸C~WeøF|)ÀOqjMLjÓPy, TdìHf ¸¼FL HG mEy^Š O~MLkFLj×¦ HG mEy^ ¬ÂsHOqj rH=eæ<j. ®¸¥c ¬FoŠÓj CLMLj
SG ¸GSÓì Š O~MLkFLj×¦¸ ¬FLjsHOqj CL»Æ¸¼ ÍÏ FLjõÓNqkõOqj. µ¥qrHÍí ÔnOqjMLlFLŠ O~MLkFLj×¦F| ³¿ ¬ÂsHOqj
rH^æ_¨¸Á(Nos.311,340-T.T). C~MLjj ÂM~GSMLjjFLï Ä£ÏÁ¥h O~MLkFLj×¦F| ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ ¬FLjsHOqjFLj rH^jæ¥xF~ïOqj
(No.314-T.T.). ®Ä ¬Â£ï‚<, O~MLkFLj¾Â $q¸bÃªOqMnjÎFL MLõ¥hëCLëø¸, ×¦FLTdMLkF~õÂï ²¸CL$c öGHbKeÄCL¸
ÔofS¸ÍÂ CnÆsH Keÿõ¼ÿï MLjjöÁ¥qÓj.
ÉyÁ O~MLkFLj¾ÓÔo öJdG¸¸bÃ¸ÔL_¨FL MLjOy¥cOqõ¸ CLÄj+ MoÍJdO~Nqj* ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸
³OqðOqÔL<¸. °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óÓPy, EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁÂ ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸ FL¸ÍÆ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓ $yfRç ; ³¥ç»Ój,
CLÁCLOqjÓj ¬FL$c Q~ÀëFLMLOqj, Q~C~ëÍMLOqjÓj‚<(No.200-T.T.) ÀOqjM~N|jMnjjÈ(No. 333-T.T.);
®NqjPeð(No.211-T.T.); FLkö^¸E~Á(No.58-G.T.); MLj¿Nqjj öGH_¸ÏÍ¸PyÂ ®CLOq JdQZjO~ÓFLj
JdO~Nqj*ÔosS GHÍíîÀ CLOqjM~À¥cÓ¸Py CLGHðÂGS¿$c ×¦OqjGH_@é ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ¬tj¸Á. ¬¸=o O~MLkFLj¾Ó
M~Oqj CLFL GHmOqø Ô~OqjõÓ OqÔLFLÓrHÎ ²^jML¸=h ${OqML¸ ÔLkfHF~Oy, bKZ$qMLE~öMLkFLj¾Ó $qj¿¸¼ M~¿
ÇGRjõÓj ³ ÄÏÍMnjÎFL ${OqM~ÍO~Ój ÔLkJdOy ¬Fo ¯ On¸<j ¬¸Q~Ój öGHGSñ^MLÙC~tj.
OqMLÁ ¬¸=o -O~MLkFLj¾Ój, MnÎGRêMLEéM~ÓNqkÓPyFLj, WeøOqjÓ $qj<jÓPy, WeøOqjÓj
Oq¼¸¼FL, öÍÄj<MoÍ¸ ¬Â #eõÀ×n¸ÁFL F~PetjOq ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍ JdO~Nqj*ŠFLj, WeøOqjÓ sSMLÓFLj
×¦åfHë¥h CnÔLjá¥xÂ, M~¿ sSMLÓFLj ¥xÂNqk<jCLj CLMLj ¥qßCL×¦åCLÓFLj CnÆNqj×oNqj@~Â¥h ¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸
¬Fo µ¥q FLkCLFyCLûML Td¸öGHE~NqkÂï öGHMoQZrH^æ<¸.
WeøOqjÓj, ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍ¸PyÂ, C~MLjj Oq¼¸¼FL bKe$cÓPy, CLMLj bKZ¥cëõMoQZ¸ MnÆ÷Ä¿sS

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CLÄj+bKeGRPy ¬¸ÁGSkë, M~¿Â ¬¿GR<øO~ÜÓŠ ÍkOq¸$c °¸<MLjÂ rUÔLá¿GSkë, ÂMLßÀëMLkO~ÜMLÓ¸_
FLjÓj$c ÔoNqj$qÓ CLMLj ÁMLõ$cF~MLjßCLÓÿ¿Py MLjjFLj¥qÆ<jFL^j÷ ÔosSM~Oqj. ¯ F~<j, ÄGRjêEéM~ÓNqj¸Py
öGHÀÁFL¸, MLj¿Nqjj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ®OqMnÎ Po¥q ®OqMnÎ´ÍjOy¾Ó GHOqõ¸CL¸ ×¦OqjGH _@é^^jML¸=h
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°¸<<¸MLÓFL, TdÏE~Oq*×¦FLjÓŠ ¬Á ¬À$qÿFLMnjÎFL ÄGRNqjMLjML<¸MLÓFL, ³ ¥xÁíMLj¸Á GH¸¨CLjÓ¥y
CLGHð, CLÁCLOqjÓŠ GSjÓbKZ¸$c ¬Oqì¸¥cÍj. TdÏE~Oq* ×¦FLjÓ fSìÀ$qCLjÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FL O~MLkFLj¾<j,
GS¸GIHj¸Py ¬ÂïMLO~ÜÓ M~¿¥hÂ£, GSjÓbKZ¸$c ¬OqíîMLj$qjFL=hæ ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍJdO~Nqj*¸ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy
×¦OqjGH_<jFL^j÷, CLFL GHÓjŠ_¨Â ÄÂNnk»¸¼, ¬¸Í¿Â£ GSMLjôÀ¸GH×ofS, CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoTd<j.
ŠÓMLjCL bKoE~Ój, MLNnkbKoÍ¸, ögSë, GHlOqjGR bKoÍ¸ Po¥q GSOqø×¦FLjÓj ÄÂ CL¿¸ÔL$qÓ GSjÓbKZMLkOqÜ¸ ®Á.
CLÄj+bKeGRPy °¸<<¸MLÓFL, ¬¸Í¿¥i ¬FLjbKZMnÎ¥qMoÍõMLjML@~Â¥h GSjÓbKZMLkOqÜ¸ ³Oqð¨¸Á. _<j$qj MLOqÜ¸PyÂ
TdÏE~Oq* MLkFLMLl<j ‚@~ EâÎM~Âï GHm½¸¼ CL¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬Oqjü<Fo ÄGRNqkÂï O~MLkFLj¾<j
ÂOqkfH¸Ô~Oqj.
O~MLkFLj¾Ój CLFL ½¡ÄCL¥cÓ¸Py TdÏÁ¸¼FL GIHjFL¥cO~õÓŠ IGHÆCL¸$c, EéM~ÓNqkÓPy
×¦¿$o ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓÂ£ï, M~¿ QZNqkÓŠ ¬FLj$qj*¸$c, µ¥q ö¥qMLjGHÍíîÀPy, Q~öGSëGSMLjôCL¸$c, GSö¥qMLj¸$c
×¦Oq$q@~Â¥h ÄÏÁÄÏE~F~ÓFLj GSköCLöJdNqj¸$c ö¥y©¥q¿¸¼, ö¥qMLkFLjTdOqMnjÎFL ¥qOqëMLõÂOqøÿ* ÄÏE~FL¸
OqkJv¸Á¸Ô~Oqj. EéM~ÓNqkÓPy EâÎM~Â¥h bKZŠëÓj ÂMoÁ¸Ôo FnÎMoE~õÓj, ÄÄÏÍ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj, GS¸[õFLj
¬ÏÁ¥qCLOq¸ ÔoNqj$qÓ MLkO~ÜÓŠ CL$qj öJwC~ûÿ¸ ®MLø<¸PyFLj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h bKZkMLjjÓj, ö$cMLkÓj
ML¸=h fSìO~GSjìÓFLj rH¸Jv¸Á¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ¬FLjMnÎFL ÄÏÏÍ¸$c E~F~ÓFLj Jv¸Í@~Â¥h MLkOqÜÍOqù¥q ÄÏE~F~ÓFLj
OqkJv¸Á¸ÔL<¸Py O~MLkFLj¾Â GSÓV ¬FLjGS¿¸ÔL_¨¸Á. MLj¿Nqjj $qjOqjMLl$c¿ MLjCLfSE~íî¸C~ÓFLj
öGHÔ~Oq¸ ÔoNqj<¸, ¥y¿FLM~¿¥h MLjCLÁ£Xq ®fHð¸ÔL<¸, öGHÏE~FL QZNqkÓj$c $qÓ O~MLkFLj¾Â ÇGRjõÓj,
M~¿ GS¸CLÀM~Oqj Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓFLj ${OqMLF~MLj¸Cy ÄÄÏÍ MnÎGRêMLGS¸GSìÓPy ŠÍjOqj¥xF~ïOqj. ÀOqjGHÀPy
¬^jML¸=h Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓ ML¸Q~Ój ¥xÂï °F~ïtj. M~=hPy¥xÂï öGH[cõCLML¸Q~Ój FL¸E~¸fHWnWÎ
(No.224, 233-T.T.), ¥q¸E~@âÎ(Nos.3-T.T,61-G.T.); Cy+GHðO§(No.98-G.T.); öGHÀM~Á bKZNqj¸¥qOq¸(No.
63-G.T.); GHOqMLGSjë(No.203-G.T.) sHOxÚFLÍ»FLÄ. öGHfSÁíîÔn¸ÁFL EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓ ÂOqøÿ*Py
GSÿ¥cOq¸ ¬¸Á¸ÔL$qÓ ³¥ç»Ój sSMLŠÓj$c fSìOqGH@~èOqj.

NqkMLjjF~Ô~OqjõÓM~Oqj Oq¼¸¼FL $qMLjöJdMLk*õ¸ ¬Foö$q¸DÍ¸Py, MnÎ#eFLTd$qMLj ÄÏE~FL¸

¥qF~ï Jd¸ÔLO~öCL $qMLjÄÏE~FLMoj ÄjFLïNqjÂ fSìOqGH¿Ô~Oqj. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL O~MLkFLj¾Ój MnÎGRêMLEéM~ÓNqkÓPy
Jd¸ÔLO~öCL$qMLj ÄÏE~F~Foï ¬FLjGS¿¸ÔL MLPnFLÂ öGHNqjÀï¸Ô~<j. ¥cÂ ¬¸ÍjÓŠ ¥xÂïEéM~ÓNqkÓ
GHm×eOqjÓj MLjj[õ¸$c ÀOqjM~¸‚OqjPyÂ GHÍôF~bKeÓNqj GHm×eOqjÓj, ×¦$qF~ïDÍ ÓNqj GHm×eOqjÓj
$q=hæ$c öGHÀGIHj=h¸Ô~Oqj. ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¯ F~<jFLk MnÎ#eFLGS $qMLjÄÏE~FL¸ ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ GHm×¦Ój
×¦OqjGH_<jCLjF~ïtj. MLjOx¥q ÄQoGRMojÄj^¸=o, GSøNqj¸$c O~MLkFLj¾ÓÔoCLFo öGHÀfRç¸GH_@âFLÂ ÔnGHð_<jÔLjFLï
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ×¦OqjGH_<jÔLjFLïGHm×e ÄÏE~FL¸ MnÎ#eFLTd$qMLj öGH¥cOqMoj ×¦OqjGH_<jÔLjFLïÁ.
¥i¿ëQoGRjÓj O~MLl_ÿÍkO§ H. ¥qßGRêQ~öfSë$cOqj Oq¼¸¼FL, "On¸<ML Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸QZ¸"
¬Fo ö$q¸DÍ¸Py (Archl.Survey of India Annual Report for 1908-09) Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó JwGR*PyFLj,
O~×eõÏÁ¥cOqjÓ öJdGH¥q¸PyFLj, ML¿íîÆ÷FL ¥xÂï öGH#eõCL MnÎGRêMLŠ^j¸KeÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿GSkë µ¥qGH=hæ¥q
®Ô~áOqj. ÔL¿öCLGHl^ÓPy GSø OqêNqjj$q¸$c sHOxÚFL_<jÔLjFLï ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py MnÎGRêMLŠ^j¸KeÓj ²¸CL$c
Jd^jGH¨ EéQZMLj¸Í¸CL^FLj MnÎGRêMLMLjCL M~õfHë¥h EyÿÍ¸ÔoTdOy, ÄQZÍ¸$c ÄML¿¸Ô~Oqj. EéM~ÓNqj
Q~GSF~ÓPy öJdGS¸»¥q¸$c öGHTdëÄ¸GH_¨FL ¥x¸ÍOqj MnÎG Rê MLöGHMLjj[jÓ sHOqj÷ CnÆJdOqj. M~Oqj - ¥q¸E~@âÎ
O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§, - Ä£¿ $qjOqjMLl ¬+»Nqj MLj* M~+½¡NqjO§ (No.3-T.T.); MLjjÍÆNqkO§ ¬+$qfHðO~F~O§
ÀOqj¥qÚÆ¥qÂþE~GSO§ (Nos.61,89,187-T.T.); ¥xÆ÷ ¥cMLÆE~GSO§ (No.53-G.T.); MLk<bKZkfR ¬NqkõfHWnÎW
¬Â fHÓjML_<j ¬FL¸CLNqjõF|(No.56-G.T.); öHG ÀM~Á bKZNqj¸¥qOq¸ ¬+$qOqNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬*ê¸$qO~Ô~¿NqkOqõ
(No.63-G.T.); FL¸E~¸ fHWnÎW fS¸$qMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬GHðNqjõ¸$cO§(No.146-G.T.);¥q¸E~@âÎ
¬Jdð¼áNqjO§ ¬Bcê(No.336-T T.); rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW| E~GSO§ ¬Â fHÓjML_<j ¬¿NqjO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkO§
¬GHðNqjõF| (No.136-G.T.); C~+÷Jd¥q ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cO§ (No.76-TT.);
ÀOqjMn¸¥q^ ÔLö¥qML¿ë ¬Nqjõ¸$c¿(ŠMLkOnë ¥x<jŠ) MLjFLjMLj<tjFL ÇY¦þNqjõ¸$cO§ ( No.183-T.T;
65-G.T.); QZO> q¥yGHE~GSO§ FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkO§(No.200-T.T, 55,144, 189- G.T.); Qx=nuæ ÀOqjMLjPnÎFL¸Ã
ÀOqjMn¸¥q^Nqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqjPnÎFL ŠMLkOqC~CLNqjõ¸$cO§, Cy+GHðO§ ¬Nqjõ¸$cO§, Qx=nuæ ÀOqjMLjÓFL¸Ã
ÀOqjMo¸^Nqjõ¸$cO§ ŠMLkOqjÓj (No.307,347-T.T; 98-G.T.); ¯ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓPyFLj MnjjÍ=hM~OnÎFL
ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ÇGRjõÓPy µ¥q<j ŠMLkOq ŠÓQo[Oq MojÁÂO~M| ÀMLkôF~Nqj¥qO§ (No. 307-
T.T); MLj¿Nqjj O~×¦TdMLj¸CLfS¸ÿ FLOqfS¸ÿ ¬Â fHÓjML_<j $ctj$yML+. ¯NqjFLŠ ¥c¥qÀ£NqjO~×¦õ
öGHÀadçGHF~Ô~Oqjõ<j, Jd¸<õO~¾FLj ÇXh¸¼FLM~<j ¬FoÃOqjÍjÓj °F~ïtj (No.347-T.T); ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj
SG Kb ZPy HG Ój¥q_¨, ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸¥qÆ» ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLCn$qŠÔn¸ÁFL ¥x¸ÍOqj öHG MLjj[ MLõŠëÓj °F~ïOqj. O~MLkFLj×¦
E~GSNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬FL¸CLQZNqjFLO§(No. 45-T.T); MLj¿Nqjj ML<MLkMLjPnÎ ¬+$qOqfHWnÎ" ¬Â Hf ÓjML_<j
ÀOqjMLFL¸E~WeøO§, rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW|(No.17-G.T.); MLjjFLï$qjM~Oqj 14ML QZC~_í¸PyÂ M~Oqj ¥c$c, MnÂþ
¬FL¸CLGHðNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬Â fHÓjML_<j ¬OqMLBnÎrHOqjMLkW| E~GSO§ ®+NqjrHOqjMLkW|( No.282-GT);

CLkfHðP|MnöÂ ¬*êF| ¬Â fHÓjML_<j MLOqÍO~×¦O§ - ¯NqjFL GSbKeF~NqjŠ<j(No.282-T.T);
¬BhNqj Oq¸$qE~GSO§ ¬ÂfHÓjML_<j ¸<rHOqjMLkW| Qx¥qÚ*êF|(No.27-GT); O~MLkFLj×¦ E~GSO§ sSFnÎMLjjÍÆNqkO§,
MLjPnÎÂFLþ rHOqjMLkW| MLj¿Nqjj $yÄ¸Í (No.196-GT); - Ä£Oqj 15ML QZC~_í¸ MnjjÍ=h JdÍ¸Py °¸@éM~Oqj.
ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj O~×¦¥iNqj GSbKZPy GSbKZjõPnÎ ®¸CLMLj¸Á ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj °¸<<¸ MLÓFLFo, O~MLkFLj¾ÓŠ
ösHMLkGSðÍMnjÎFL MnÎGRêML MLjCLM~õfHë¥h EyÿÍ¸ ¥qÆ»FL ÍFLj^Py GS¸Eéÿ¸PoÍj.
(iii) ½¡N qjO§ MLj> O q¸
ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj MLj>>O~Ój TdìHf ¸GH_¨F~tj. ¯ MLj>>O~ÓŠ ½¡Nqj¸$c¿MLj>Oq¸ Po¥q
½¡NqjO§MLj>Oq¸ ¬ÂsHOqj. HG mOqø¥cÓ¸FLj¸© TdìÂ¥q MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀ EéM~ÓNqj ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠÓPy µ¥q<j$c °F~ï<j.
MLjFLŠ C~OqGSGH¨FL ®^jML¸=hM~¿Py MnjjÍ=h MLõ¥hë MLjjPnu÷ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjOqj. ¯NqjFL öGHDÍMLj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq,
O~×¦ML¸Ç¢Nqjj<$qj On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqO~NqjÓ CLOqGHlFL öHG ÀÂÏÁ$c HG ÂÔosS ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j. ®CL<j, O~¾$c¿
CLOqGHlFL Q~.QZ. 1309 GS¸.Py (¥i.QZ. 1387) MLkÇÀOqjF~W| °CLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š$cFLj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
®¸ÍjŠ ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL 100 HG BcÓŠ$cFLj, On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqO~NqjÓj HG m¸$y<j(No.103-T.T) ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸
ÔoQ~<j. MLjjPnu÷ÀOqjMn¸¥q^ ½¡NqjOqjFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ Q~GSF~Ój Q~.QZ.1309 FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1314 MLOqŠ MLköCLMoj
°F~ïtj. ®CL<j ¬¿Q~BcÓNqj¸ FL¸ÍMLF~Â¥h ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿ ¬Â£(No.57,43-T.T)CnÓjGH_¨¸Á; ¯NqjFLŠ
EéM~ÓNqj¸Cy ²^jML¸=h SG ¸_¸ÏÍ¸ °¸ÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ ¬¸ÍjPy GSðGRæ¸$c CnÓjGH_<PoÍj. ¯NqjFL CLOqjM~CL
ML¼áFL ²¸rHOqjMLkF~O§ ½¡NqjOqj Q~.QZ. 1367 FLj¸¨ 1415MLOqŠ ¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬Fo GHÍÄÂ ÂOqøfUGSjë
ÅÇ¢ M ~¿sSMLPy °F~ï<j. ¬GHlð<j ÓNqj¸PyÂ ¬OqáFLÓÂ£ï ¯NqjFL ÔnfHðFL=o÷ ×¦¿$oÄ. ¯NqjFL ¬FLjMLjÀÂ
Jv¸ÁFL CLOqjM~CLFo ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH _@éÄ. ¯NqjFL GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷ FL¸ÍFL MLF~Â¥h ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë$q
°¸@éM~<j(No.106, 48,15,369-T.T; 190,411-G.T.). ®¸¥c ¯NqjFL, _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ F~<j ÇDÁPeMLGSìPyÂ¥h
×e¿Jwtj , ÀOqjGHÀFLj¸¨ ¥qfHÓÀ£O~ìÂ¥h MnWo"E~¿Py Oy<jèÄ£jÍ °FLï^jML¸=h ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqj$qj¨
1
¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ¨$c ‚< °F~ï<j. ¯ ½Nqjõ¸$cOqj ÅÇ¢ M~¿sSMLPy GSjMLkOqj 50 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój (ö¥i.QZ.

1445 - 1493)$q¨Jd<j. ¯NqjFL ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ML¼áFLM~Oqj O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjOqj GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷ FL¸ÍFLMLF~Â¥h
ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$c °F~ï<j (No. 333-T.T). ¯NqjFL ¯ GHÍÄ¥h FL¸E~F~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ. 1416
[1.¯ MLk^ ö¥i.QZ.1929 SG ¸MLCLûO~Â¥h Ôn¸Á¸Á. ®GHl<j ¼FL½¡NqjOqj$cOqj ¯ ÓNqkÂï ½¡OyêÍíîOq* Ôotj¸¼, GHm×eÍjÓ ÂOqøÿ*Š
³O~ð^j ÔoQ~Oqj. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
(ö¥i.QZ. 2-4-1494)Py MLÔ~á<j. ¯NqjFL CLOqjM~CL GHÍÄ¥hML¼áFL ¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ ÀOqjMn¸¥q^ ½¡NqjOqj$cOqj

ÀOqjMn¸¥q^F~ÏÍF| FL¸ÍMLF~Â¥h ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$q °F~ï<j. ¯NqjFL ¥cÓ¸ Q~.QZ. 1426 - 1442 GS¸
MLCLûOq¸ MLOqŠ(ö¥i.QZ. 1504 - 1520) ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. MLj¿¥xÂï Q~GSF~ÏE~O~Ó
MLÓFL ¯NqjFL sHOnOqjWe+F| FL¸ÍMLMLF~Â¥h ¥cOqõÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯NqjFL
rH¿Nqj¥ytjP| ¥oÈø ¬Â fHÓjML_@éM~<Â No.292-G T Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ µ¥q
¼FLï ¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬FLj GSVNqjŠ<j °¸¨FL^j÷ bKeÄ¸GHMLÔLjáFLj. ¯NqjFL CLOqjM~CL GHÍÄPyÂ¥h
ML¼áFLM~Oqj ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjOqj. ¯NqjFL Q~.QZ. 1442 ML GS¸. Äö¥qMLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~FL ¯ GHÍÄÂ
¬ÏÁfRç¸Ô~<j. ¯NqjFL ‚@~ GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷ FL¸ÍMLF~MLÂ¥h ÂOqøÿB ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c °F~ï<j. ¯NqjFLŠ
ÅÇ¢ M LjC| MoÍMLkOqÜöGHÀadçGHF~Ô~Oqõ ¬FLjÃOqjÍj °¸@éÁ. ¯NqjFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój -
No.15-G.T Q~.QZ.1442 GS¸.PyFLj, 598-T.T. Q~.QZ. 1449 GS¸. PyFLj MoNqj_¨F~tj. ®Ä ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MoNqj_¨FL=hæÄ$q °F~ïtj. ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjOqj CLOqjM~CL ¯ TdìF~Âï

¬Ó¸¥q¿¸¼FLM~Oqj GH¸¥qNqjÔnÆ÷ FL¸ÍMLF~Â¥h ÂO~øÿŠ<j ¬tjFL ML< ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjOqj. ¯NqjFLFLj
sHOxÚÂFL Q~GSFL¸ (No.472-T.T) MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1457GS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 7-7-1535)PyÂÁ.
¯ GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo NqjÀO~×¦½¡NqjOqj ¥ytjP|¥oÈø GHÍÄPy ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ °F~ïOqj. ¯NqjFL sHO~OqjWe+F|
FL¸ÍMLFL¸rHÎ ÏÁGHC~õÂï ¥qÆ»°¸@éM~<j. ®Á¥c¥q, ®¸¥qFLk sHO~OqjWe+F| MLj>>O~Â¥h‚< ¬ÏÁGHÀ$q
(No.324 - G.T, 389, 410 -T.T)°¸@éM~<j. MLj¿Nqjj ¯ NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjOqj MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀ$q, ´Íj
Po¥q Oqj GS¸MLCLûO~Ój Q~.QZ. 1463 GS¸. GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 1541)MLOqŠ °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MnFLj¥q=h ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ MLPnFo ¯ NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjOqjFLk, ¥q¸¼PyÂ ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+
½¡NqjOqjFLŠ ÇGRjõ<j. NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjOqj CLOqjM~CL MLj>O~ÏÁGHCLõ¸ M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjO§Š ML¼á¸Á.
¯ M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjOqj ¬+»¤NqjMLj*M~+F| MLj>>O~Â¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ. ¯NqjFL ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py ¯ MLj>Oq¸
Q~.QZ. 1463 GS¸. FLj¸¨ (ö¥i.QZ. 1541 FLj¸¨ 1546 MLOqŠ) 5 Po¥q 6 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój °¸¨¸Á (No. 509,
402 - T.T); ¯ M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjOqj, O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjOqjFLŠ ÇGRjõ<j. ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjOqj
_ÿjQZ¹ rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL, GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷ FL¸ÍMLFL ÂO~øÿŠ<j, ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸Py °¸¨FL
O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjO§ ¬tj °¸<MLÔLjáFLj. Q~.QZ.1468 GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨FL (No.402- T.T) Q~GSFL¸Py ¯NqjFL
sHOqj M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjO§ ¬Â CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯ MLj>Oq¸Py ¬FLjGS¿¸ÔL_<jÔLj¸¨FL Ô~Oq¸
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¬FLj öGHCLõNqkÂï ÔoOqjá¥yML<¸ ¬ÓM~^j$c MLTwë¸Á. ¯ TdìÂ¥q MLj>>O~Â¥h CnÆfSFL¸CLMLOqŠ, ¼^æ¼ML¿
öGHÀÂÏÁ ¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬*êF| O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjOqj. ¯NqjFL, Q~.QZ. 1515 GS¸. Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸.
(ö¥i.QZ.17-1-1594)¬FL$c MLjk<ML Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Ç¢Nqjj<$qj MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py,

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Cx=eæÓ¸ ö$cMLj¸ MnÓk÷Oqj½Pe÷PyÂ MnÓk÷Oqj C~Ój¥c PyÂÁ ¥cMLÔLjáFLj) µ¥q GH¸^ ¥cÓjMLFLj
öCLÄø¸Ô~<j(No.413 -G.T).
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GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨FL No.354-T.T Q~GSFL¸FLj¸¨ ¯ MLj>Oq¸Nnjj¥qÚ GHl^jæ GHmOyøCLëO~Ó $qj¿¸¼ Ô~PeÄMLO~Ój
CnÓjGSjëF~ïtj. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py, ÅÇ¢ M LjF| MLjVöGHÏE~ÂNqj$qj ®MLjô¨ O~ÿjCLëO~NqjF| ¬FL_<j MLkÍGHðF|
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FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ $qj¿¸¼ ; ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj ¯NqjFL Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL On¸<j MLj>>O~Ó
$qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py °F~ïtj. ®¸¥qFLk EéMoOqjÓCy ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓ °CLûMLÄö$qVÓj
±Oo»¸GHl$c ÂNqjCLMnjÎFL öGHCoõ¥q GS¸ÍO~óÓPy, rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL FL¸ÍMLF~ÓŠ Mo¸ÔofSFLGHl<j ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL
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Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ sSÄ¸ÔLj¥xFo °EéíQZ¸Cy ÀOqjGHÀ¥h ML¼á fSìOqGH¨FL EéQ~¸CL¿¤ ÇNqjO§Ój GSOqøGS¸$q
GH¿C~õ$qjÓj, GSF~õGSjÓj - Ä£Oqj ÀOqjGHÀPy FL¸ÍMLF~ÓFn¨ GHmEy^ÓFLj rH¸¼, JwfRGSkë GHladðÓFLj
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rH¸¼, ÂOqøfUGSkë °¸@éM~Oqj. Ä£¿Py µ¥qOqj ¯ GS¸GSìÓ ÂOqøÿBcÏÁGHC~õÂïJv¸Á ½¡NqjO§ ¬Fo
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MLõ¥hë, µ¥q GROqCLjÄ£jÍ Ä£=h ÂOqøÿ*GHl ÿŠÚFLj Jv¸E~<j. GROqCLj öGH¥cOq¸ ¯ Ç¢NqjOqj FLj,
½¡NqjOqj$c ö_À¥h °FLï¸CL¥cÓ¸ MLj>Oq¸Py °¸@é¸ÍjŠ MLGSÀÂ ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸<jFL^j÷FLk, NqjFL CLÍFL¸CLOq¸
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ÄGRNqj¸ µ¥q O~ÀÄ£jÍ Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLïÁ.
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¬¿Q~F~ÓNqjF| FL¸ÍMLFL¸, MLj¿Nqjj MLB§QZ>Oq¥yGHF| FL¸ÍMLFL¸ ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸ ÔofSFL ÄGRNqkÂï No.354-
T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ MLj>Oq¸ No.434,676-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPy ÅÇ¢ MLjF| MLjVöGHÏE~Â
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µ¥q=o ¬tj °¸^j¸Á. ¯ (No.354-T.T.) Q~GSFL¥cÓ¸, ¬¸=o ÅÇ¢O q¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFLPyÂ
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M~OqGSCLø¸$c ML¼áFL ½¡NqjOqjÓ GH=hæ¥qFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, MLjFL ÍßfRæ¥hML¼áFL M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjOqj,
ÀFLïMnÆ÷½Pe÷Py M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ Po¥q CyC~öÁ MLj>O~Âï TdìfH¸¼ °F~ï<j. JdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c CnÆfSFL µ¥q
´Àÿõ¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ¯NqjFL(M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjOqj) MnjjÍ^ ÀOqjGHÀPy _ÿjQZ¹ O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjOqj
$qjOqjMLl ¬FLjMLjÀCy GSF~õTdöQZMLj¸ gSø¥q¿¸Ô~<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓ F~¥cÓ¸Py µ¥q TdìÂ¥qMLj>>O~Â¥h
¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ ¬ÏÁGHÀ$c °F~ï<j. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL ¯NqjFL Í¥húBcÁ¥h MnWe"<j. ¯ F~<j F~¸$qjFo¿
¬Â fHÓjML_<jCLjFLï ÅÇ¢ M LOqMLj¸$nÎ ¬Fo ö$cMLj¸Py CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ µ¥q MLj>>O~Âï TdìfH¸Ô~<j. ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸
CLOqjM~CL ¯NqjFL MLjOqÓ ÀOqjGHÀ¥h ML¼á, CLFL ¼ML¿ÍQZPy ¯ EéM~ÓNqjsSMLPy CL¿¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄMLO~Ój
GS¿NnjÎFLMLÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h $qjOqj O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjOqj MLj>O~ÏÁGHCLõ¥cÓ¸ Q~.QZ. 1442-1449 (ö¥i.QZ. 1520
-1527) MLj¿Nqjj ÇGRjõ@âÎFL M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ½¡NqjOqj¥cÓ¸ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ Q~.QZ.
1463-1468 (ö¥i.QZ. 1541-1546) MLOqŠ$qÓ MLjÏÍõ On¸<j ÍQ~KeíÓ¥cÓ¸ $q<ML<¸ °GH_Ó¸$c °¸Á.
M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ MLj>Oq TdìGHŠ<j ÁPy ¯ TdìÂ¥q ½¡NqjOqj MLj>O~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLM~@âÎ °FLïGHð=h¥i ¯

öGHGSjëCL¥cÓ¸Py ¯ On¸<j MLj>O~ÓMLjÏÍõ ²^jML¸=h GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸PoÍj. ®Ä On¸<jFLj On¸<j GSøCL¸öCL
GS¸GSìÓj$c °F~ïtj.
***
$qC~MLPy¥qFLMLjj
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqkÓj öGHÏE~FL¸$c Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ó¥cÓ¸PyFo ¬CLõ¸CL
MnÎbKZMysHCL¸$c ÄÓfSPe÷tj. öGH$cA<MnjÎFL bKZ¥hëöQZÍíîÓCy Q~öTwë¥që ÄÏÍÄÏE~F~ÓFLj Jd=hGSkë
ÂCLõGHm×¦ FnÎMoE~õÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj fSë¥q×¦FL GSMnkôÍ¥qOq¸$c ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk, bKZ¥që×¦F~¥qOqú¸$c
GH¿A<ÄÆ÷¸Á. EâÎMLbKZŠëPnÎFL O~¾Ój, ÏÍFLML¸CLjÓj MLjjFLï$qjM~Oqj ¬¸$qOq¸$q MnÎbKZML¸$c ÄÄÏÍ
°CLûM~Ój, ±Oo»¸GHlÓj ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷ $cÄ¸¼ ¬Ä fSìOq¸$cFLj, GSö¥qMLj¸$cFLj
×¦Oq$q@~Â¥h GSÿ¥q¿¸¼, ¬Fo¥q MLj¨MLkF~õÓFLj E~FL¸ÔofS, EéM~ÓNqjMLõMLGSì GSjfSìOq¸$c
FL¨sH¸ÍjŠ GSÿ¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj. °CLûM~ÓFLj ÔLksS¸ÍjŠ öGHÀNoj<j ¬ÏÁ¥cÏÁ¥q¸$c MLÔoá
NqköÀ£¥q ×¦FLGS¸EyVÂ¥h °¸<@~Â¥h MLGSÀ, ÀFL@~Â¥h VO~Â¥h CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷
$cÄ¸Ô~Oqj. ¥cMLÓfSFL Ôy^÷ GS¥cÓ¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj, ‚OqjðÓj, ÔoOqjðÓj
bKZ¥që×¦FLjÓ Tz¥qO~õOqì¸ ÔoNqj_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. TdMLkFLõbKZ¥që×¦FLjÓFLk GS¸ÍO~óÂ¥h CL»FL^j÷
öQZMLj, ÏÍFL¸ ÔL¸E~ÓOqkGH¸Py GSVNqj¸ÔoNqjj^Š MnFLj¥c<PoÍj. ³ ¥cOq*¸ÔoCLFy,
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁÂ ÂCLõ¸ ×¦Oqj$qjÔLj¸¨FL MoÍJdO~Nqj* ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸
ÂÆ¼Jw$c, E~ÂÂ À¿» GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h EéMLE~FLö$cMLj ¥cGHlOqGSjìÓj Q~.QZ.1355
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj ¥cÓ¸Py, MLÓfSFL ÏÍF~Âï GSMLj‚OqjábKeOq¸ MLfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h
GSøÔLáó¸Í¸$c MLjj¸ÍjŠMLÔ~áOqj. MnjjCLë¸rHÎFL ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÓ sHOqj öGHÀGRçÓj, öQoNnkbÃMLßÁíî
CLE~øO~ fSë¥q×¦FLGSMLjôCL¸$c, ÂOqóNqj¸$c, ²=hæ µ<jÍj<jŠÓj ¥qÓj$qŠ¸@~, GSjfSìOq¸$c
Td»JwNoj^j÷ CL»FL GHlF~Á Td¸öGHE~Nqj_Ííî¸$c MoNqj_¨¸Á.
***
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~Ój
µ¥q ÂMoÁ¥q
On¸<ML Kb e$q¸
1. GHÓ÷MLlÓj
1. Ä×¦Nqj Í¸ÀÄö¥qMLjMLOqôF| :
Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸À Äö¥qMLjMLOqô GHÓ÷MLlÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL No.219 MLj¿Nqjj
223-G.T. On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój MLköCL¸ ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPy ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. ¯ O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 51ML
GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h ®¸ÔLjÄj¸ÔLj GS¿Nqj$qj ö¥i.QZ. 830 GS¸.Py Qy+F~<jFL¸ÍÆ Qy+FLkO§PyÂ °Ó$qrHðOqjMLkF~O§
¬Fo MLõ¥hë, ÓNqj¸Py Á£GH¸ MnÆ»¸Ôo¸Íj¥yGS¸ 30 ¥q+¸¾Ó _¸$cOq¸ ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. On¸<ML Q~GSFL¸PyÂ
CoÁ£ FLGRæJwtjNqjjFLïÁ. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ‚<, µ¥cFx¥q Ç¢Nqj¥qF| ¬Fo MLõ¥hë‚< rHÎ ÄÏÍ¸$cFo ÓNqj¸Py
Á£JdÂï ³O~ð^jÔoNqj@~Â¥nÎ ¥x¸CL Qn¸JvF|Ó(_¸$cOqj F~BcõÓj)FLj ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹,
°Ó$qrHðOqjMLkF~Oqj, Ç¢Nqj¥qF| ¬FLjM~Oqj °FLïCL O~×eõÏÁ¥cOqjPnÎ °¸=eOqj.
EéQZ ÄbKe$cÓj :
No.219-G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FLÄÏÍ¸$c, ÀOqjMo¸¥q^¥x^æ¸ GHÓ÷MLO~×¦õ¸PyÂ µ¥q
°GHÄbKe$q¸. ¯ ¥x^æ¸PyÂ Š<MLmOqjF~<jPy ÀOqjÔyá¥hFLkO§ (¯F~=h ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj) °FLïÁ. ¯
öJd¸CL¸PyFo rHÎ Q~GSFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. GHÓ÷MLlÓFLj TdìFLöbKZGGRæ¸ÔofS Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸Ä£jÍ CLMLj ÏÁGHC~õÂï
TdìfH¸ÔLj¥xFLï Ôy+O~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸PyFLk, CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸ MLOqŠ‚<,
GH¿JdÓF~TzÓbKZõ¸¥xOqŠ ö$cMLjMoj GHlF~Á$c°FLï JdCL GHÓ÷MLO~×¦õ ÄbKZ×¦FLGHÍíîÀFo, ²^jML¸=hMLkOqjð
ÔoNqjŠ¸@~ ¬FLjGS¿¸ÔL_¨¸Á. µ¥qÚ Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸ ¬Fo sHOqj MLköCL¸ ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸< Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸$c
MLkOqá_¨, ¥x¸CL¥cPeÂ¥h O~×o¸öÍÔy+MLj¸<ÓMnjÎFLÁ.
O~öGRæ‚^jÓ, Jd¸<jõÓ Í¸<NqköCLÓj :
GHÓ÷MLO~×nÎFL Í¸ÀMLOqô CLFL GSjÁ£OqÝMnjÎFL 51GS¸MLCLûO~Ó O~×¦õJdÓFLPy ¬Fo¥q µ<jÍj<jŠÓFLj
ÔLÄÔLkfSFL^j÷ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÓfS °FLïÁ. O~öGRæ‚Ô~×nÎFL MLjk<ML $yÄ¸Íj¨Cy ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸Py GHO~×¦Nqj¸
Jv¸Á ¥qGHð¸ ¥q^æ=eÂ¥h ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸¼ SG ¸ÏÁ ÔofS¥xF~ï<j. MLj¿¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ CLOqjM~CL, Jd¸<õO~¾ MLkOq¸×¦<NqjõF|
¬ÍFLjÔLkfS, GHÓ÷MLO~×¦õ¸PyÂ ÍXh*bKe$cÂï ö¥qÄj¸¼ CLFLO~×¦õ¸Py ¥qÓjGHl¥yML<Moj$c¥q, ¥ç¼£GHlOq¸Ä£jÁ¥h
Í¸@âCLë@~Â¥h ¬ÍFLj¥xOq¥nÎ Mo¼°F~ï<j(The Pallavas by Dr.Jouveau - Dubreuil, pages 76 to 78).
Í¸ÀMLOqô CLÆ÷ OoM~ O~öGRæ‚^jÓ Ke¸ÏÍMLõ¸ °¸<<¸MLÓFLFLk, CLFL ¥x<jŠ FL¸ÁMLOqô O~öGRæ‚^ML¸QZ¸PyÂ
QZ¸#FLj ML¿¸ÔL<¸CyFLk( The Pallavas by Dr.Jouveau - Dubreuil page75) ³Oqð¨FL GHÓ÷ML
°bKZNqjöCLGS¸_¸ÏÍ¸Cy, ¬CLÂ¥h ³Oqð<è ö¥qMLj*Ó ÍjGRð¿BcMLkÓj ¥x¸CLMLOqŠ CL»Ü °¸<MLÔLjá.
2. CLOqjM~À GHÓ÷ML O~×¦ŠMLkOqjÓj :
Í¸ÀMLOqô CLOqjM~CL GHÓ÷MLO~×¦õ öJdbKZML¸ ö¥qMojgH CL$qjÜMLjj[¸GH=hæ, MLjk<jCLO~Ój $q<¼FLGHð=h¥h
¥q<GH=hM~<$qj ¬GHO~½CLCy GHm¿ë$c XiBh¸¼Jwtj¸Á. Q~.QZ. 900GS¸. öJd¸CL¸Py Ôy+jÓj MnjjÍ=h
ÁCLjõÂ F~Nqj¥qCLø¸Py Cx¸<MLj¸<PeÂï CLMLj ¥nÎMLQZ¸ ÔofS¥xF~ïOqj. ¥cÂ, ¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ< ¥x¸ÍOqj GHÓ÷ML
F~NqjŠÓj Ôy+O~×¦õ¸Py Jd+Nqj$cOqjÓj$c, C~MLjjFLï öGHEéQ~ÓŠ GH¿JdÓŠÓj$c °¸¨ GSMLjNqj¸
ExOq¥hFLGHl<j CLMLj ¬ÏÁ¥cOq GH¿ÏÁÂ ÄGSë¿¸GH×oGSj¥x¸^k, TdøCL¸öC~õÂï öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥x¸^k, ‘¥c<ML’,
‘GHÓ÷ML ŠÓÀÓ¥q’ ML¸=h ÃOqjÍjÓFLj MLfU¸¼ CLMLj öJdMLjj[õCLFLj ÔLkfH CLMLj TdøCL¸öC~õÂï Ô~^jŠF~ïOqj.
3. ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍ GHFLôO§ : 1
¥xJdðöCL GHFLôO§ Po¥q ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍGHFLôO§ Nnjj¥qÚ sHOqjFLj No.18,and 19-T.T. Q~GSF~Ój
MLjFL ÍßfRæ¥h À£GSjŠMLÔ~átj. ¯ ¥xJdðöCLGHF~ôOqjFLj, On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+jÂ GSMLj¥cÆŠ@âÎFL
¥y Jd¿íî Mo¸öÍMLOqôF|$c $qj¿ë¸ÔL$qÓMLjj. ¯NqjFL MofSFL Q~GSF~Ój Ô~ÓMLOqŠ °CLëOq O~Ú<j, Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ
½Pe÷ÓPy °F~ïtj. ®CL<j Ä£OqJd¸<jõÂ ×¦tj¸¼FL^j÷ ÔnGHlðŠF~ï<j. ®¥qÚ< ¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj
°FLïCL ÃOqjÍjÓFLj ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï^j÷ ¥qFL_<Íj. ¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój ‚@~ ¯NqjFL JdÓFLPyÂ 14 ML
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨F~tj. ¯ ¥xJdðöCLGHF~ôO§, _ÿjQZ¹ ö¥i.QZ. 9ML QZC~_í¸ ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸Py MnjjÍ=h
ÁCLõÔy+jÂCy ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨JwtjFL IGHÆCL¸$c Cx¸<MLj¸<PeÂï Jw$x^jæ¥xÂFL GHÓ÷ML
O~×¦ML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~@é ¬tj °¸<MLÔLjáFLj. MLjk<ML ¥qßGRjêÂÔo ö¥qÄj¸GH_¨ JdÀ¥qGS¸MLCLûO~Ój
O~öGRæ‚^jÓ NojÓj_¨Py °¸¨JwtjFL, CLFL O~×¦õbKe$q¸ Cx¸<MLj¸<PeÂï À¿» ×¦tj¸¼FL,
GSj¸ÍOqÔy+jÂCy sSïÿ¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á. MnFLj¥q MnjjÍ=h GHO~¸CL¥q Ôy+j<j Ke*jÓFLj
F~QZFL¸ÔofS M~¿ O~×eõÂï GHÇáMLj$ç$q O~×¦$qj On¸<ML GHßDÁÄ£GHÀ¥h ÍCLë¸ ÔofSFL=o÷, CLFL O~×¦Â£À
Ô~CLjOqõ¸ MnjOqsS^^j÷ GSj¸ÍOqÔy+j<j C~FLj ×¦tj¸¼FL Cx¸<MLj¸<PeÂï Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqô ¬ÏÁ£FL¸
ÔoQ~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqô öJd¼£FL GHÓ÷ML ML¸Q~¸ŠOqMnjÎ °¸=e<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¥cOq*¸ ÔoCLFo
GSj¸ÍOq Ôy+jÂCy ¯ GHÓ÷ML Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqôŠ MLjÏÍõ sSïÿ_¸ÏÍ¸ ³Oqð¨ °¸^j¸Á. Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqôŠ
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c F~MLjMLköCL TdøCL¸öCLõ¸ ÓbÃ¸¼ °¸^j¸Á. ¬Pe¥c¥qJwCo GSj¸ÍOqÔy+jÂ GHOqMLkÏÁGHCLõ
ÄGRNqj¸ Q~GSF~ÓPy FoOqj$c, CLGHð¥q ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸GHMLÓfS °¸@éÁ.
[1. vol.1-Q~GSF~Ój Fn¸.8,9.$qj¿¸¼ ÅÇ¢ TdÏÍj GSjö_ÿô*õ¸$cOqj CLMLj¬bÃöJdNqkÂï MLkOqjëŠF~ïOqj.. ®¥qÚ< sHOyÚFLï ¥xJdðöCL
MLjsU¸öÍ GHF~ôO§¬Fo GHÓ÷ML ÔLö¥qML¿ë MLjsU¸öÍMLOqô GHÓ÷MLl@é ¬Â£, ¬NqjFL ³Ój_¨PyÂ 14 ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 614 GS¸.
¬Â À£O~ôFL¸ ÔoQ~Oqj. ¥c_=hæ ¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~Po ®ÔL=h ¬À öJd¼£FL Q~GSF~ÓMLlC~tj. ÔLk<j - TIRUPATI VENKATESWARA
- pages 99 to 102,142 - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j]
Jd¿íîMo¸öÍMLOqô TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL GHÓ÷ML QZ¥hëÄ^¸¥qF| :

¯ Jd¿íîMo¸öÍMLOqô ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py, µ¥cFx¥q ¥c<ML Po¥q GHÓ÷ML JdWnNqj$cOqj ¬tjFL QZ¥hëÄ^¸¥qF|
Nnjj¥qÚ bKeOqõNnjÎFL TdMLjMnÎ ¬Fo Ä< rHÎ On¸<j E~FLQ~GSF~ÓŠ ¥qö¿ë. ¯Mnj CL¸ö¨ GHÓ÷MLrHOqÜ<NqkO§
¬Â Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. rHOqÜ<NqkO§ ¬Fo GHÍ¸, CnFLj$qjbKeGRPyÂ örH$q< Po¥q örH$qÜ< ¬Fo
GHÍ¸ CLÄj+bKeGRPy °ÔLá¿¸GH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c öM~Nqj_¨ °FLïÁ. örH$qÜ< ¬FLj GHE~Â¥h ¬Oqì¸ µ¥qMLj¸öÀ
¬Â ¥cÂ, fS¸VGSF~Â¥h M~OqGSj<Â ¥cÂ ¬Oqì¸. TdMLjMnÎ CL¸ö¨ µ¥q GHÓ÷ML O~×¦ŠMLkOqj<Â ¥cÂ
µ¥qGHÓ÷ML O~¾FLŠ$cÂ MLj¸öÀ ¬Â ¥cÂ rHÎ M~¥cõÂ¥h ¬Oqì¸ ÔnGHðMLÔLjá. ®¥qÚ< MLj¸öÀ ¬FLj ¬OqìMoj
GS¸$qCLMLjj$c °¸Á. ³Á ²Pe ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i ¥cÓ¸Py ¥x¸ÍOqjGHÓ÷MLlÓj TdMLj¸CLO~¾Ój$c °¸ÖqÂ
±fU¸ÔLFL$qjFLj. ¬Pe¸^GHl<j, ¥c<ML öGHMLjj[j<j ¬tjFL “QZ¥hë Ä^¸¥qF|” FLŠ Í¸À QZ¥hëÄ^¸¥h ¬FLj
MLjOx¥q sHOqj$qÆ»FL=hæ, MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ O~*jÓPy µ¥q¿ëNnjÎFL Py¥qMLjVEéÄ¥h ³Ey GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸
°¸¨ °¸@~Æ. GHÓ÷MLO~Bh TdMLjMnÎ ¬Â CLFLjï GS$qOqø¸$c ÔnGHlð¥xFL$qÆ»FL¸ÍjFL F~<j GHÓ÷MLlÓŠ,
MLjVO~¾PnÎFL Ôy+O~¾Ój ®¼áFL ${OqML¸, GUyE~, ¼ÿïMLjÂ ÔnGHðÔLjá. MLj¿Nqjj TdMLj¸CLjPnÎFL GHÓ÷MLlÓj,
JdÓŠPnÎFL Ôy+jÓCy GS¸_¸ÏÍKe¸ÏÍM~õÓFLj rH¸Jv¸Á¸ÔLj¥x¸^k CLMLj °Â¥hÂ Ô~^j¥xÂOqFLj
ÄGRNqj¸‚< ¬ML$qCL MLjMLlCy¸Á.
4. GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓ÷ :
Q~GSF~ÓPy (No.226, 227-T.T.) CLOqjM~CL öGHTdëMLFLŠ ML¼áFL MLk¸<ÆŠ@âÎFL GHÓ÷MLöGHMLjj[j<j
GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓ÷. MnjjÍ=h(No.226-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸Py C~FLj CLFLÂ “¥c>Oq¥q ŠÓ ÀÓ¥q“ ¬Â(¥c>>Oq¥q Po¥q ¥c<ML
ML¸Q~Â¥h bKZOq*¸ ML¸=hM~<j)MLj¿Nqjj “¥q¸¼ F~Nqj¥q”(¥q¸¼ GH¿JdÓŠ<j) ¬Â£, ¥qÄTdOqøbKpMLj”
¬Â£ öGHMLjj[¸$c ÔnGHØ¥xF~ï<j. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ GHÍÔLjõCLjPnÎFL ¥x¸ÍOqj O~¾ÓFLj À¿» fS¸VGSFL¸rHÎ
‚Oqjá¸<Kn=hæFL M~<jFLj, ¥qO~ê^Nnjj¥qÚ GS¸GHÍFLj EyÔLjŠFLï=hæ M~<jFLk,(“¥qO~ê^ ÓXiô Ój¸>Oq¥q ”)¬Â
CLFLjï $qk¿á öGH$qÓó¸$c ÔnGHlð¥xF~ï<j. ®¸¥qFLk CLFLjï$qk¿á “¬GSVNqjÄ£Oq, O~ÿjCLëO~Nqj”(¬Q~øÂï
FL<GH<¸Py ÂGHl*j<j) ¬Fo ÃOqjE~MLÈÂ öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. Ä×¦Nqj $q¸<$yJdÓFLj, Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓFLj
NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸¼, Äj¸ÔnFLÂ, (Ä½CLõ Ä×¦Nqj¸ Ä£Oq)ÔnGHØŠF~ï<j. ®¥q On¸<ML Q~GSFL¸Py (No.227-
T.T.) CLFLŠ $qÓ MLj¿¥xÂï ÃOqjE~ÓFLj öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. M~=hPy ¥xÂï - $q*GHÀ ÍCLë Ä£OqGHÍ
MLjjöÍ($q*GHÀ, Ä£OqGHÍMLjjöÍFLj [<ÜMLjÓj÷Â JdE~Ó Í$qÜOq °¸Ô~<j) ¬¸=o $q*GHÀ CLFL ¶^ÄjÂ
¬¸»¤¥q¿¸Ô~<Â ¬Oqì¸. “¬MLÂ£ bKy$q×eCL” (bKZkÄjÄ£jÍ GS¥qÓ bKy$cÓFLk ¬FLjbKZÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ×¦Âô¸¼FLM~<j)
“öÀbKZjMLFLO~×¦,“ “OqkGHF~O~Nqj*“ “b KZ¥cëOqêML ¥qOqêÏE~Oq “ - MnjjÍPnÎFL ÃOqjE~MLÈÂ GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓj÷<j
¥qÆ»NqjjF~ï<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓj÷ÂCy ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q $qj¿ë¸GHl :
rHÎ GS¸GIHj^FLÓj ö¥i.QZ. 13ML QZC~_í¸ GHO~O~íîÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÄ. GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓ÷Š, $q*GHÀ,
Ä×¦Nqj, Ä£Oq MLj¿Nqjj GSj¸ÍOq ¬FoM~Oqj GSMLj¥cÆŠÓj. ‘Ä×¦Nqj’, ‘Ä£Oq’ ¬FoÄ Ä×¦Nqj $q¸<$yJdÓjÂ,
MLj¿Nqjj Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ GSk¼¸ÔL<¸ GS¸bKeMLõ¸. MLj¿ Ä£Oqj CnÓj$qj GHÓ÷MLŠ^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~OqÂ,

‘GSj¸ÍOq ’ ¬FoÁ MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ GSk¼Twë¸ÍÂ ÔnGHðMLÔLjá. ÂQZáNqj¸$c Ä£Oqj MLjj$qjÜOqj
$q*GHÀ¥h GSMLj¥cÆŠÓML<¸ MLÓFL, ¯ ¼OqjsHOqj÷ CLGHð¥q Ä£¿¥o Ôn¸Í$qÓMLl. öÀbKZjMLFLO~¾FLÂ ÔnGHlð¥xÂFL
¥c>Oq¥q Po¥q ¥c<ML Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL SG Oqø×¦å[<ÜMLjÓ÷ ¬Fo MLõ¥ië, GHÓ÷ML ML¸Ç¢Nqjj<FLÂ ÔnGHlð¥xFo ¥y
rHOqj¸½¸$q Po¥q MLjVO~×¦fS¸ÿ, ¬Fo ¯ ®ÍíOqk µ¥o MLõ¥hë ¬MLlC~Oqj(Mad.Ep. Rep. for 1904, para 12;
for1906, para 5). ®CL@é Ôy+TdöMLk×eõÂï ‚ÓEysS ÍjOqjEéíQZ¸Cy öGHNqjÀï¸¼ MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦Â
Qn¸ÍMLj¸$qÓ¸Py ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ ÂOqò¸ÏÍ¸Py °¸ÔL$qÆ$c<j(Mad.Ep. Rep. for 1902, para 9). $q*GHÀCy
NqjjÍíî¸ÔofS, ¬CLÂÂ ¶¨¸Ô~<j (Mad.Ep. Rep. for 1906, para 6), ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ Ä×¦Nqj $q¸<$yJdÓjÂ
(Mad.Ep. Rep.for 1906, para 7) ×¦tj¸Ô~<j. ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸$c ¥q¸¼Â Ôo½¥hÚ¸ÔLj¥xÂ ö¥qÄj¸¼NqjjFLï
Ä£¿FL¸Í¿Â, µ¥q¿ CLOqjM~CL MLjOx¥q¿Â Mn<Ó$x=eæ<j, ¬^j CLOqjM~CL öJd¼£FL GHÓ÷ML O~×¦ÏE~Â ¬tjFL
¥q¸¼Â ö¥qÄj¸¼, CLFL TdìF~Âï _ÓGHOqÔLj¥xFo ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ Td»¸Ô~<j.(Mad.Ep. Rep. for 1902, para
9; for 1907 para 69). ¯ GS¸GIHj^FLÓÂ£ï, MnjjÍ=h×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOq Jd¸<jõ<j °CLëOqfU¸ÍkEéQZ
Í¸<NqköCLÓPy MLjjÂ»°FLï ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿»°¸^j¸Á. rHOqj¸½¸$q CnÆÄ$c, GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂCyÔo¿

¬CLÂ ¥yJdÂï CLFLrHÎ O~Š¸@~ ÔoGSj¥xÂ CLFLjï, CLFL O~×eõÂï XoMLj¸$c °¸ÔLj¥xÂ, CLOqjM~CL
O~×eõÂï ÄGSë¿¸GH ×oNqj@~Â¥h öGHNqjCLï¸ ÔoQ~<j. No.227Q~GSFL¸Py Ç¢O~øÍOqkGH¸Py On¸<jQy÷¥cÓj
°F~ïtj. ¬¸ÍjPyÂ On¸<MLQy÷¥q¸Py CLFLŠ ÄQ~ÓMnjÎFL bKZkbKe$cÂï Á£OqÝKeÿjMLlÓCy GH¿JdÆ¸ÔL$qÓ
TdMLjOqìõ¸ ¥qÓ$cÓFLï QZNqj¸ °FLïÁ. ®^jML¸=h ¥y¿¥q öGH¥q^FLŠ GS¸ÍOqó¸ _ÿjQZ¹ ¯NqjFL ÀOqjMLjÓPy
EâÎMLÍOqùFL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLïGHl<j ¥cÂ, GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦OqjGHl¥xFo GS¸ÍOqó¸PyÂÄ ¬tj °¸^j¸Á. MnjjÍ=h
×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ ÃOqjE~MLÈPy “¥c>Oq¥q¥q¿-‚^Jd¥qÓ” ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj‚< °FLï^j÷ ¯NqjFL
Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. $q¸<$yJdÓ $q*GHÀ MnjjÍPnÎFL M~¿Cy Ke^j ¥c>OqŠÂ ‚< NqjjÍíî¸Py
¼CLjë$c ¶¨¸Ô~<Â£, ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ¥oOq+, ¥c>Oq¥q, ¸öÏÍ, MLj$qÏÍ, Tz* EéQ~ÓFLj, CLFL [<ÜÏE~OqOqjÏÁOq×¦Ó
öGHM~ÿ¸Py MLjj¸¼MoQ~<Â£ ¯NqjFL MofSFL ¼Í¸_Oq¸ Q~GSFL¸ (No.179 of 1892 of the Mad. Ep.coll.
published in S.I.I. Vol IV, page191 as No.627) CnÓjGHlCLj¸<$c, ®CL<j Qo¸ÍMLj¸$qÓ¸ Ä£jÍŠ
Í¸<NqköCLŠ MnÈ" MLjj^æ¨¸Ô~<Â£, ¬Fo¥qNqjjE~íîÓPy ¯NqjFL ÏE~=h¥h ÂÓjMLPo¥q GHÓ÷MLÄ£OqjÓj

¥q¥cÄ¥qPnÎ Jd¿JwtjOqÂ£, sHOqjÄFLï¸CLFo ML*¥hJwÍjOqÂ£ ÀOqjMo¸¨GHlOq¸ Q~GSFL¸ ML¥cÚBhTwë¸Á.
GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j, ¥y rHOqj¸½¸$qFLj NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸Ô~<FLïMLk^ Â×¦Moj ¬tjFL^÷tjCo, ¥y rHOqj¸
½¸$qŠ, CL»FL TdìF~Âï, ¬¸CLGSjìFLj ¥qÆ»¸¼, ¬CL<j CLFLjï TwÍOqGSMLkFLjÂ$c ÔLk<$qÆ$o^j÷ GSj¸ÍOq
Jd¸<jõ<j NqjÀï¸¼ °¸=e<j. °CLëOq ÁŠÚFL CLFL MLjj[õ QZöCLjMLlPnÎFL $q*GHÀ, $q¸<$yJdÓj¨Â
NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸¼ Jd¿JwNoj^j÷ ÔoNqj$qÆ»FL rHOqj¸½¸$q, CL»FL¸CL ÏEâÎO~õÂï, _PeÂï GHl¸¾¥xÂ,

Ä£OqTwMojQZøOqjÂ gHÔLMLj*¼, CLFL O~×eõÂï GUytjGSÓ EéQZ¸ PyÂ¥h M~õfH¸Ôo^j÷ ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. CLOqjM~CL
ÔLö¥qML¿ë ÃOqjE~Âï MLfU¸¼, ö¥i.QZ. 1272-73 MLOqŠ O~×eõÂï JdÆ¸Ô~<j.
GSOqø×¦å[<ÜMLjÓj÷Â CL¸ö¨ ×oõGRç¥c<MLO~NqjÓj, NqkÍMLO~Nqj Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLlÂCy NqjjÍíî¸ :
¯ GH¿fSìCLjÓj ®Pe°¸<$c, NqkÍMLO~NqkÍjÓPy ³ µ¥qÚ¿Â $qj¿¸¼ ¥cÂ ÄFL O~Š¸<j^
Ä¼öCL¸$c °¸Á. ¬¸ÍjPyFLk, MLjj[õ¸$c ¥q¸¼¥h ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ GS¿ÿÍjíöJd¸CLMnjÎFL ¼CLkëOqj, °CLëOq
O~Ú^j, Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ½Pe÷Ó bKZkbKe$cÓŠ ¬ÏÁGHÀNnjÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL
GSMLkÔ~OqMojÁ£‚@~ ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ¼ML¿MLOq‚ CnÆNqj^¸PoÍj. ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q
CLFL QZöCLjMLlÓFL¸Í¿Â£ ×¦tj¸¼, öÀbKZjMLFLÔLö¥qML¿ë ¬FLjÃOqjÍjCy fS¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁfRç¸Ô~<j. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i,
¥xÂïQ~GSF~ÓPy CLFLrHÎ MLjk<MLO~×¦O~¾, MnjjÍ=h GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j ÏÁGHCLõ¸ ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï^j÷ CnÆJd<j.
Nnk»MLjÓ÷MLOq Q~GSFL¸(No.380-G.T)(No.271 of1904 of Mad.Ep.coll.), MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~
¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 7ML GS¸MLCLûO~FL MoNqj_¨¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy GS¸ÍOqóMLQ~CLjë, ¬¸CLŠ GHmOqø¸ ×¦¿»FL µ¥q
NqjjE~íîÂï $qj¿¸¼ ÄMLO~Ój CnÓjGH_¨¸Á. ¯ NqjjÍíî¸, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓŠFLk, ¥c<MLO~Nqj
¬¸=o MLjVO~×¦fS¸ÿ Po¥q ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$qNnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL rHÍí¥c<ML ¬+»Nqj Ç¢NqjF| rHOqj¸½¸$qŠFLk
NqjjOq=hæMLÍí ×¦¿»¸Á. ¯ NqjjÍíî¸Py Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ KeMLMLj¿ÁNnjÎFL F~O~Nqj*fHWnÎ"
MLjOqBh¸Ô~<j. ÔLÂJwtjFL ®CLÂ ×eåGH¥cOqì¸ ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL Jv¥cÚOqF| Jd¸¨NqjÍOnÎNqjF|, Nnk»
MLjÓ÷MLOq¸PyÂ ÀGHðPeÏÁ£QZøOqTdøÄj¥h (No.380-G.T.); ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂ ÀOqjÄ+F| ¥ytjP|-rHOqjMLkFL¨$qW|
EâÎM~Â¥h (No.226-G.T.); ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õ¸Ó¥nÎ CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¯ NqjjÍíî IGHÆCL¸ ²ML¿¥h Í¥hÚ¸Á ¬Fo
ÄGRNqj¸ Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_<PoÍj. ¥cÂ MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦ Ôy+jÂ CLOqGHlFL NqjjÍíî¸ÔofSFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q
EéMLNqkÍMLO~NqjÓ¥o ×¦Nqj¸ ÓbÃ¸¼ °¸^j¸ÍÂ GSjÓbKZ¸$c ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
II Ôy+jÓj
Ôy+O~×¦ML¸QZ¸Py GSMLjOqjìPnÎFL O~¾Ój Ô~PeMLj¸Á °F~ïOqÂ ¬¸=eOqj. Ä£Oqj rHÍí GH^æBcÓFLj,
ÓNqkÓFLj Â¿ô¸ÔL<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ MLõMLTdNqkbÃMLßÁíî¥h ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL Â£=hMLFLOqjÓFLj ¬bÃMLßÁíîÔoQ~Oqj.
1. µ¥q^ML GHO~¸CLŠ<j :
Ôy+O~×¦ML¸QZ¸Py QZ¥hëMLj¸CLjPnÎFL O~×¦öGHMLjj[jÓPy ¥x¸Í¿Â $qj¿¸¼ Q~GSF~Ój GH¿ÔLNqj¸
ÔoGSjëF~ïtj. ¬^jML¸=h M~¿Py öGHDÍMLj¸$c GH¿ÔLNqjMnjÎFL M~<j MLjÁOnÎ¥x¸< ¥y GHOq¥oGS¿ MLOqôF| ¬Fo
MLjOysHOqj$qÓ MnjjÍ=h GHO~¸CLŠ<j. ®CL<j ö¥i.QZ. 905GS¸. FLj¸¨ 953 GS¸.(Nos.234,and 232-G.T.)MLOqŠ
GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. ÇDÁÓMnjÎ ÓbÃ¸¼FL ¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój, EâÎM~Â¥hÔofSFL Á£GH¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ $qj¿¸¼
CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. MnjjÍ=h Á£GHE~FL¸ CLFL GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸PyÂ 20 ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFLj, On¸<ML Á£GHE~FL¸

29ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ PyFLj ÔofS, ¬¸Íj¥yGS¸ CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL^j÷ ¯ Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. No.
232-G.T Q~GSFL¸Py F~<j GH¿JdÓF~ TzÓbKZõ¸¥yGS¸ O~×eõÂï ÄbKZ½¸GH_¨FL ÄMLO~Ój °F~ïtj.
MLj¿ ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKZFLj $qj¿¸¼FL öGHGS¥hë‚< °¸Á. ¯ On¸<j ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjFL¸Eé
Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °F~ïtj. ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPy GSbKZ °FLïÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ GH¿GHm¿ë¥xOqŠ ¬¸ÍjPy ÔoOqá_¨FLEé
¬tjFLGHð=h¥i, ¯ ÄbKe$cÓÂ£ï ‚@~ GHÓ÷MLO~×nÎFL ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸ÀÄö¥qMLjMLOqôF| GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FLj¸¨
¬MLjÓjPy °FLï ÄÏÍ¸$cFo °F~ïtj. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ Ôy+jÓj Cx¸<MLj¸<PeÂï ×¦tj¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL GHÓ÷MLlÓ
GH¿JdÓF~GHÍíîÀÂ NqjDE~CLDÍ¸$c ¬MLjÓj GHOqÔ~OqÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®Oqj¸$y+¥yF| ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ $qj*M~F|
¬GHO~½CLF| ¬Fo MLõ¥hë, ®ÍíOqj öKeÿô*jÓŠ bKy×¦FL¸ ³O~ð^jÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸ ¥x¸CL _¸$cO~Âï EéMLTdìFL
bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j(No.220 -G.T.). ®CL<j _ÿjQZ¹ MnjjÍ=h GHO~¸CL¥q Ôy+O~¾ sSMLPy °FLï^jML¸=h
µ¥q ¬ÏÁ¥c¿¬tj °¸=e<j. (cf. No.384 of 1913 of Mad. Ep. coll.; and Mad. Ep. Rep.for 1913-14,
page 90, para 15).
2. On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+j<j :

MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ CL¸ö¨ ¬tjFL On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+jÂ $qj¿¸¼ FoOqj$c ÔnfHðFL^j÷
¥cFLO~Íj. ¥cÂ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿNqkÍMLO~NqjÓ ×¦åÔo ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ ÓNqj $qOqó$qßÿ GHlFL¿ïO~ô*¸
ÔofSFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py $y<ÓrHÎ °FLï Q~GSF~ÓFLj NqjDE~CLDÍ¸$c ¥xCLë$c Ôn¥hÚ À¿» Nqk GSìPePy
¬MLjOqá_¨FLÄ. ¬^jML¸=h Q~GSFL¸Py µ¥q=h No. 17-T T.Q~GSFL¸ MnjjÍ=hO~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸
GHÍVOqML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÔoOqMLkF| ŠMLkOnë, ‘JvF|MLkÈ$nÎ CLk¸»F~F|’Nnjj¥qÚ O~Bh GHO~¸CL¥qEéÄ ¬MLjôF|
MLö×eÓjJvÁ»FL _¸$cOqj GH=eæÂï TdøÄj¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. _¸$cOqjMoj<Py ÂöÁ¸Ôo
O~¾ On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+j<j ¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á Q~GSFL¸ Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1919, page 94,
para 11.Py ¯MnjŠ ‘EéÄ£¬MLjôF~O§’ ¬Fo ÄQoGR*¸ M~<_<<¸ MLÓFL ¯Mnj, On¸<ML GHO~¸CL¥q O~*jÓPy
×oõGRjçO~Ój ¬tj°¸^j¸Á. MLjOy O~BhsHOqj M~FLMLF| MLjVEéÄ. ¯Mnj, Š¸ÍMnÎNqkO§FLŠFLj MnjjÍ=h
O~×¦O~×¦FLŠFLj CLÆ÷. bKZOqëNqj$qj On¸<MLGHO~¸CLŠ<j ÔLÂJw$c, ¯Mnj GSÿ$qMLjFL¸ ÔofS¸Á. bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓj$qÓ
O~ŠMLk¿ Š¸ÍMnÎNqkO§ CLFL CLÆ÷Í¸ö<jÓ öGHÀMLjÓFLj, M~¿×eåGH¥cOqì¸, CL¸×eMLmOqj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
öGHÀfRç¸¼¸Á(S.I.I.,Vol. II, Part I, Introduction, Page1). bKZOqë ÔLÂJwtjFL CLOqjM~CL GHO~¸CL¥qEéÄ GSjMLkOqj
31 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój _À¥h¸Á. ¬¸=o MnjjÍ=hO~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 16ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1001)MLOqŠ
_À¥h °¸¨¸Á. ¯Mnj EâÎML ÏE~õFLCLCLðOqjO~PnÎ E~FLÏÍO~ôÁ GHl*õ ¥cO~õÔLOq* Ç¢ÆNnjÎ ½¡ÄCLQoadÂï
$q¨fH¸Á. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj CnÆfHFL^j÷ ¥y Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqôF|O~¾ On¸<MLGHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOqÔy+jÂ ÏÁGHC~õÂ¥h
Px¸» °¸¨FL µ¥q MLj¸@~PeÏÁGHÀ. ®CL<j Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¯ F~=h ¼CLkëOqj, °CLëOq O~Ú^j,
Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ ½Pe÷Ój Ôo¿FL bKZkbKe$cÂ¥h GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j.
3. MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ :
MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾FLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ 3 Q~GSF~Ój Nos.17-T.T and 214 and 215-G.T.
°F~ïtj. rHÎFL ÄML¿¸¼FL^j÷, No.17-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ ¬GSÓj Q~GSF~Â¥h On¸<ML öGHÀ, ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py
MLjj¸Íj$c MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾FLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Ô~¿öCL¥q ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÆfHFL CLOqjM~CL, GHO~¸CL¥qEéÄ
¬MLjôF| EâÎM~Â¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL ‘GH^æ¸’ $qj¿¸¼ ÄMLO~Ój ÄQZÁ£¥q¿¸GH_¨F~tj. Äj»ÆFL On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój
GH»ÆJwML<¸ÔoCL ¬GS¸GHm¿ë$c °F~ïtj. ®¸ÍjPyÂ µ¥q Q~GSFL¸Py MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ öGHQZfSëÂ
$qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ MLköCLMoj °¸Á. On¸<MLE~ÂPy NqjFL sHOqjFLj CnÓjGHlCLk, ¬OqjWe¥hÚ
¬Â MLjOysHOqj$qÓ O~×¦O~¾ MLjkMn¸ÍMoÓF| EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁFL Á£JdÂ¥h$cFLj 40 ¥q+¸¾Ó ÏÍF~Âï
EéM~ÓNqjbKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL^j÷ ÄQZÍGHOqjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ ®¸=hsHOqj Po¥q MLkOqjsHOqj ¬OqjWe¥hÚ ¬Fo
HG E~Âï_=hæ ¯NqjFL EéM~ÓNqkÓrHÎ HG OqõMoXq*ÔosS JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL öGHbKZjCLø°Eyõ» ¬Â, ¥qOqëMLõÂOqøÿBcOqì¸
ML¼áNqjj¸@âFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. E~FL¥qOqë ÂM~GSTdìF~Âï _=hæ ¥cMo¿FLÁ QyBc<j MLjÏÍõ$c öGHMLfUGSkë On¸<j
MLjj¥qÚÓj$c ÔoGSjëFLïÍÂ, FLÁ¥h ÍXh*À£O~FL°FLï MLmO§ ŠY¦þ¸ rHÎF~<jPyÂ µ¥q bKe$qMLjÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠ ®¼áFL ×¦åöGH¥cOq¸, EéM~ÓNqj¸Py MLjOqMLjôCLjë
GHm¿ë ¬tjFL CLOqjM~CL GHÂ öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥hMLjj¸Íj À£GSjŠFLï Q~GSFL FL¥q+÷FLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ Q~GSF~ÓFLj
À¿»Ôn¥hÚ GHmOqø¸ ¬Ä NojNoj TdìF~ÓPy °¸@éMy ¬¥qÚ@é À¿» GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸Ô~ÓÂ ×eåfH¸Ô~<j
(Cf. Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1904 page 3, Para 9). Á£Â¥h öGHCoõ¥qMnjÎFL öJdMLjj[õCL °¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o
¥cÓ¸F~=h öGH×¦ÓŠ C~MLjjÔofSFL ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÍjÓj ÔL¸öÍ C~O~OqÚ¸$cFLj, ¬Ä¼óFLï¸$cFLj ×¦Oqj$qjCLjFLï
MnÎFL¸ öGHGSjñ^¸$c CnÆNqjGHOqÔ~ÓÂ, ÄÏÍ¸$c CLMLj GHm¿¤øŠÓ ÄGRNqj¸ CLOqjM~À CLO~ÓM~¿¥h
CnÆNqj$qÓMLÂ, ®CLOqjÓŠ öJwC~ûÿ¸$c °¸^j¸ÍÂ bKeÄ¸¼ °¸<MLÔLjá. MLjOx¥qÄGRNqj¸ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ
NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ×å ®¼áFL¸ÍjFL NqkÍMLO~NqjÓŠ Ôy+O~¾ÓŠ MLjÏÍõ GSjÿßE~óML
M~C~MLOq*¸Py O~×¦¥iNqjGS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ Td$qjÔLj¸@éÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥xÂïCLO~Ój$c ¯ NqkÍMLO~NqkÍjÓj
Ôy+O~¾Ó ¥xÓjMLlPyÔo¿ °FLïCLGHÍMLlÓFLj Jv¸Á M~¿ MLjFLïÓFLj Jv¸Í$qÆ$cOqj. ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
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Ôy+ÔLö¥qML¿ëNnj<Ó CLFLŠ $qÓ ${OqMLMLjjFLj öGH¥q^j¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j.(Madras Epigraphical Report for
1905, page 43, para 11).
MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ öGHQZfSëPy CnÆfHFL ®CLÂ Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLÓj :
O~×¦O~¾Ôy+jÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 16 ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MnÓjML¨FL ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ No.17-
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Š<MLjPnÎF~<j, ¥xÓ÷¸, ¥qÈ¸$q¸ ö¥qMLj*ÓFLj ÄML¿Tdëtj.
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Kx¸Ketj Í¥qÚFLj gH>OqbKZkÄjPy°FLï ¯ ¥xPeüGHlO~Â¥h ÀOqjGHÀCy MLjCLGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL öJdMLjj[õ¸ °¸Á.
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ÄGRNqj¸ ¯ F~<j Q~GSFLöGHÀÂ ÔLkfSFL^÷tjCo CnÓjGSjë¸Á. MLjOyÄGRNqj¸ ³MLj¸=o 11ML QZC~_í¸Py
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MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ Q~GSF~ÓPy MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ öGHGS¥hë :
MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ 9ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py, MoNqj_¨FL Nnk»MLjÓ÷MLOq¸
Q~GSFL¸ (ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py Q~GSFL GS¸[õ No. 384-G.T., MLj¿Nqjj No.
269 of 1904 of Madras Ep.Coll.)Py ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c °FLïÁ. “ÅÇ¢ MLjC| ¥i¿ëMLjjFLjï@âÎC~ë$q ÅÇ¢ ¥y O~×
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bKeML¸.
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7ML ÁF~FL ¯ Q~GSF~Âï Motj¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLjVO~¾ CLOqGHlFL O~×e×¦åFLj JdÆ¸Ôo GH¿JdÓFL
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¬Á ¬¥qÚ< ¥cFLO~Íj. ÇDÁÓMnjÎ F~MLj OqkJdÓjPoŠ¸< Jwtj°¸^j¸Á. ÅÇ¢ ¥ qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj
öJd¸CL¸‚< ¯ öJd¼£FLö$cMLkÂ¥o Ôn¸ÁFLÁ. ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄjEéM~ÓNqj¸ MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍ Ôy+jÂ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ¯ ¥y^kæOqj °@âÎNqkF|(¥y^kæOqj öGHbKZjMLl) O~NqjF|O~×o¸öÍÔy+F| (O~×o¸öÍ Ôy+jÂ
sSMLPyÂ O~Nqj<j)¬Â MLjOysHOqj °FLï^jML¸=h ö_ÿôMLkO~NqjF| MLjjFLNqjÍOnÎNqjF| ¬FoMLõ¥hë
¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj ÓNqkÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j(No.210-G.T.).
GHÓ÷MLlÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÄÏE~F~Âï Ôy+jÓj ‚< ¬FLjGS¿¸Ô~Oqj :
Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c GH¿JdÓF~ TzÓbKZõ¸¥xOqŠ GHÓ÷MLO~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸Py ¬FLjGS¿¸¼FL
EéQZÄbKe$cÓj, GH¿JdÓF~ÄÏE~F~Ój GHÓ÷ML O~×nÎFL ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸ÀÄö¥qMLjMLOqôF| ¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨ ²^jML¸=h
MLkOqjðÓj Po¥q NqjDE~CLDÍ¸$c ¬MLjÓjPy °¸@éÄ. ¥cÂ ÔnGHØ¥yÍ$qÜ MLkOqjð µ¥q=h °¸Á. GHmOqø¸ 24
¥x=eæÓj$c ÄbKZ½¸GH_¨FL Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸, rHOqj¸Ke*Jdð¨ ÄbKe$q¸Py ¥qÆfHMoNqj_¨ ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸<
Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ µ¥qrHÍí bKe$q¸$c ³O~ð^jÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyFLj, ÀOqjMLjBhèNqj¸PyFLj
ö$cMLjGSbKZÓj ³Oqð¨F~tj. ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKZ öGHGS¥hë MLjk<MLO~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jÂ ¥cÓ¸Py MoNqj_¨FL (No.126-
G.T.)Q~GSFL¸Py ML¼á¸Á. ¯ ö$cMLjGSbKZÓj ÄGSëßCL öJdEéÇ¥q F~õNqjGH¿JdÓFLFLj ÂOqøfUGSkë ¬ÏÁ¥q
öJdÏE~FLõCLFLj GS¸CL¿¸ÔLj¥xF~ïtj. MLjCLO~×¦¥iNqj Oq¸$cÓPy ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjŠ µ¥q GHCoõ¥qöJdÏE~FLõCL

°¸<<¸ÔoCL, O~×¦õGH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj CLOqÔLj$c ¯ ±¿¥h MLGSkë°¸<<¸ÔoCL, GSbKeGSMLkMoQZ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj
×¦Oqj$q@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLl$c µ¥q GSbKebKZMLFL¸ GSO~ÚOqjM~¿Ôo Â¿ô¸GH_¨¸Á.
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔosS E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj ¿¥cOqjèÔoNqjjFLCL<j ‘Ç¿CLFL¸’ :

Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ‘‘¥ytjP| ¥cOqõ¸ ¬O~tj¸Í ®<CLjë’’ ¬Fo MLk^FLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j ¬ÏÁ¥c¿¥h
CLFLŠFLï GSMLjNqj¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL MLõMLVO~ÓFLj ÔLk@~èÂ¥h öGHCoõ¥h¸ÔL_¨
°¸ÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ ÄÁCLMLÙCy¸Á. bKZŠëÓj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÔosS E~FLÏÍO~ôÓ ÄMLO~ÓFLj FLMnkÍjÔosS
MLõ¥hë Š<MLmOqj F~<jŠÔn¸ÁFL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ Ç¿CLFLCLjë GHBhMLj¥qF|FLŠ F~õNqjÄÔ~Oq*Š V×¦Oqj¥cMLÓfS¸Á$c
EéÇ¸ÔL _¨¸Á. ®CLÂ rHÎ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$cÂ, ö¥h¸Á¬ÏÁ¥c¿$cÂ TdXqõÄjMLø@~Â¥h fHÓjMLPoÍj. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ
¯ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ CLFL F~<jPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¬Âï MLõMLVO~ÓFLj GH¿GRÚ¿¸ÔL<¸Py
GSO~øÏÁ¥cO~ÓFLj ¥qÆ»°F~ï<Â ÄÁCLMLÙCy¸Á. EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ¥cFLj¥qÓj, sSMLÓj, sSML¥qMoCLF~Ój,
E~Nqj¸, E~F~Ój, µGHð¸E~Ój - MnjjÍPnÎFL EéM~ÓNqj GS¸_¸ÏÍ GH¿JdÓF~ÄGRNqkÓj ¯NqjFL
ÂOqêNqkÏÁ¥cOqGH¿ÏÁPyÂEé. ¯ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ÔofSFL ÄÔ~Oq*, ®¼áFL À£OqjðFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ö¥h¸Á
¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓŠ ®^jML¸=h ÄGRNqkÓPy ÄÔ~Oq* ×¦¿sH ¬OqüCL °¸<PoÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
5. MnjjÍ=h ŠPyCLjë¸$qj<j - Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸ sHOqj MLk¿ð¨ :
ŠPyCLjë¸$qÔy+jÂ Ô~¿öCL¥q ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÆsH^^jML¸=h GH»ÆJwtjFL, ¬GS¸GHm¿ë$c°FLï
Q~GSFLGHl MLjj¥qÚÓj ¥xÂï ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. M~ÂPy ¥xÂï MLk^Ój “Ä£Yhþ¿¸Í ¬OqjÈNqj ¥xÄ
O~×¦¥oGS¿ GHFLôO§” O~×o¸öÍÔy+, ŠPyCLjë¸$q Ôy+ ¬FoÄ - ®CL<j O~×¦õJdÓFL ÔoGH=hæFL ¥xCLëPy On¸<ML
O~×o¸öÍ ¬Â fHÓjML _¨¸ÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÆfS¸Eé. F~Ój$qj GS¸MLCLûO~Ój $q<¼FL CLOqjM~CL ŠPyCLjë¸$qÔy+
¬FoÃOqjÍjFLj ö$qfU¸Ô~<j. ‘‘GHl$qW| QZkW|¸Í GHl*¿ ¬$qW| QZkW|¸Í GHlÄtjP|’’ ¬Fo GHÍ¸Cy öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼,
Ô~¿öCL¥q °JwE~ÝCL¸ GHm¿ë$c °FLï^jML¸=h ¯ Q~GSFL¸ No.381-G.T(No.265 of 1904 of the Mad.
Ep.Coll.) Nnk»MLjÓ÷MLOq¸Py ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸, ¥y O~×¦¥oGS¿ MLOqôF| ¬Fo MLjOy sHOqj$qÓ ÔLö¥qML¿ë$qW|
ÅÇ¢ ŠPyCLjë¸$q Ôy+EéMLlÂ 24ML GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍÔy+ MLj¿Nqjj
MnjjÍ=h ŠPyCLjë¸$q O~¾Ó HG ¿JdÓF~¥cPeÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸ÍjFLj¸©, MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍÔy+j<j
fS¸VGSFL¸ ²¥oÚMLOqŠ (No.20-T.T.) ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸< Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸ ¬Â fHÓjML_<jÔLj¸¨FL Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸
sHOqjFLj O~×o¸öÍÔy+ MLj¸<ÓMLjÂ sHOqjMLk¿á fHÓjML_< Td»¸Á. ¯ O~×o¸öÍÔy+ MLj¸<Ó¸ ¬Fo sHOqj,
Ä£Oq O~×o¸öÍEéMLlÂ 16ML GH¿JdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨FL No.386-G.T. Q~GSFL¸PyFLj, No.381-G.T.
Q~GSFL¸PyFLj ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. ¯ MLkOqjð MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍÔy+jÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿» °¸^j¸Á.
ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ ¥xCLësHOqj Ä£Oq O~×o¸öÍEéML MLj¿Nqjj MnjjÍ=h ŠPyCLjë¸$qjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ‚<
M~<j¥qPy¥h ML¼á °¸^j¸Á. ¥cÂ ¬^j CLOqjM~À¥cÓ¸Py MLjOqÓ JdCL sHOnÎFL ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸<Ôy+ MLj¸<Ó¸
sHOo (Nos. 380, 384 and 389-G.T.) MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jÂ Q~GSF~ÓPy Ôo^jÔoGSj¥xFLïÁ.
6. MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ :
MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾¥h TdÏE~Oq*¸$c M~<_@é ‘öÀbKZjMLFL ÔLö¥qML¿ë$qW|’ ¬FLjÃOqjEé CLGHð
O~×¦¥iNqjMnjÎFL ÃOqjÍjPoÄ °FLï^j÷ PoÍj. ¯ TdÏE~Oq* ÃOqjÍjFLj, ®CLÂ TdMLj¸CLO~¾ÓPy ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á
°GHNnk»¸ÔLj ÔLj¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py SG jMLkOqj 12 Q~GSF~Ój MoNqj_@~ètj.
¬¸ÍjPy ÀOqjGHÀ FLj¸¨ µ¥q=h(No.126-G.T),Nnk»MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ FLj¸¨ F~Ój$qj(Nos. 380, 384, 385
and 389-G.T) Q~GSF~Ój GS¸GHmOqê¸$c ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. Äj»ÆFL Q~GSF~Ój GH»ÆJwtj MLjj¥qÚÓj$c °FLïÄ.
¯ Q~GSF~Ój ¯ MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 7ML GS¸. FLj¸¨ 19ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py
MoNqj_¨FLMLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾FLŠ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj :
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj MLjk<MLO~×¦O~¾Š _ÓML¸CLj@âÎFL TdMLj¸CLj<j$c ¥qFL_<j
CLjF~ï<j. ÀOqjMxYhþNqjkOqjPyFLj, ®CLOqöCL ÓbÃ¸¼FL Q~GSF~ÓFLj _=hæ ¼CLkëOqj, MnÓk÷Oqj, Ôn¸$qP|GH^jæ
½Pe÷Ó bKZkbKe$cÂï GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ ÄÁCLMLÙCy¸Á. ¯ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓjŠFLj, ¥c<MLO~Nqj ¬Â
MLjOx¥q sHOqj$qÓ GSjöGHfSÍjíî@âÎFL ¥y rHOqj¸½¸$qNnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL rHÍí¥c<ML ¬+»Nqj Ç¢NqjF|Cy ×¦¿»FL
NqjjÍíî¸ $qj¿¸¼ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯ NqjjÍíî¸ Ôn¸$qP|GH^j æ½Pe÷Py MLjÏÍjO~¸CL¥q¸ GSÄ£jJdFL
°FLï^jML¸=h, ¯F~<j µOq=hæ ¬ÂfHÓjML_@é °Oq=hæ ö$cMLj¸MLÍí ×¦¿»¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ No.380 MLjk<ML
O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 7ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. _ÿjQZ MLjk<MLO~×¦O~¾Š GSÿ¥q¿¸Ôo
°EéíQZ¸Cy NqkÍMLO~Nqj ¯ NqjjE~íîÂ¥h fSÍíîGH¨ °¸=e<j. ¯ NqjjÍíî¸Py NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ GHXcÂ¥o
Ä×¦Nqj¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. MLjk<MLO~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸ 8ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MofSFL ¥xÂï Q~GSF~ÓPy
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ öHG QZSf Pë y ‘CLÂÂFLjþ MnFLþ’ (S.I.I.Vol. lV, Page 195, NO.648)¬¸=o Oq*Oq¸$cFL
Ä£OqÄVOq¸ÔofSFL ³¥ç$q QZkOqj<j ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj ‚< ÔoOqjá¥xF~ï<j. ®CL<j No.380, 389, 226, 231-G.T.
Q~GSF~Ó E~FL¥qOqë . EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ ¥xÂï GS¸ÍO~óÓPy öGHCoõ¥q GHFLjïÓFLj MLGSkÓjÔoGSj¥xFo ÿŠÚFLj
öGHTdÁ¸ÔL<¸Py O~¾FLŠ$qÓ ÄQoadÏÁ¥cO~Âï ®CL@é ExOq¥q_jÔLjá¥xÂ, O~¾sHOqjÄ£jÍ NqjFL
¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy °CLûM~Ój ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔofSFL^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á.
¥cÂ µ¥q GS¸ÍOqó¸Py MLköCL¸(No.389)¯NqjFL ³O~ð^jÔofSFL E~FL¸ O~¾Fy=hMLk^$c ÔofSFL ×¦åFLj
¬FLjGS¿¸¼(ÀOqjM~N|j ¥oÈø MLjjF~ï$q)ÔoNqj_¨¸Á$c CnÓjTwë¸Á. FoOqj$c CLFL¥yGS¸ ÔofSFL E~F~Ó
Q~GSF~ÓFLj(ÀOqjMLjj[¸) fHWnWÎ NqkO§ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLO§ ¬Fo sHOqjÄ£jÍ Motj¸Ô~<j. MnjjÍ=h O~×o¸öÍÔy+jÂ
¥cÓ¸Py°FLï ¬ÏÁ¥c¿MLPn ®CLFLj ‚@~ ¥xÂï ÿ¸$qjÓŠ Py_¨ GSøCL¸öCLöGHÀGHÀë ¥qÓM~<j$c ¥qÂfHTdë<j.
ö$cMLkÓrHÎFL ÄÔ~Oq* ×¦¿fH (No. 20-T.T.), ÂOqêNqkÓj À£GSj¥xFo¸CL GSøCL¸öCLj<j$c °F~ï<j.
ÔL^æöGH¥cOq¸ ÔLOqõÀ£GSj¥xFLï µ¥q GS¸ÍOqòó¸ :

‘ÅÇ¢ MLjÀ£Ú¿ë MLjjFLjï@âÎC~ë$q ÅÇ¢ ¥y O~×¦¥oGS¿NqkFL ÅÇ¢ O~×¦O~×¦EéMLO§ ’ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py
23 ML GS¸. FL¸Íj 80ML Oy¾FL ×¦NqjF|¥x¸<Ôy+ ö_ÿôMLkO~NqjF|, ÀOqjÔLjá¥qFLkOqj(ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj)FL¸ÍÆ
ÀGHðPeÁ£QZøOq °@âÎNqj F~NqjF~O§ EâÎM~Â¥h ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸, FnÎMoE~õÓj MnjjÍPnÎFL ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h

CL»FL ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ¬¸Íj¥yGS¸ E~FL¥qOqë ÏÍOqô¥q^æWnÎ¥qP|Cy CLkfH¸¼FL 26¼ ¥q+¸¾Ó _OqjMLl$qÓ
¬GHð^MnjÎFL _¸$cO~Âï ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKnÎNqkOqj ÿGSëMLjjFL¸Íj °¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ¥cÂ µGHð¸Í¸ öGH¥cOq¸
¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ÂOqø¿ë¸ÔL<¸PoÍÂ ÔofSFL ÄFLïGH¸ Ô~+j¥hÚ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLO§ ¬FLj MLjOx¥q sHOqj$qÓ
NqkÍMLO~NqjO§ ÍßfRæ¥h(No.384-G.T.) À£fS¥xÂO~_¨¸Á. ¯ ÄGRNqjMnjÎ ÀOqj¥qÚ*êGHðEéMLF| ÀOqj¥cÚML*¸Py,
MLksUQZøOqjÓj, TdìFLC~ëOqj (_ÿjQZ ¯NqjFL ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂ ¬+»NqjrHOqjMLkW| EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL
TdìFLC~ëOqj ¬tj°¸=e<j), NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj GSMLkMoQZMnjÎ °FLï F~õNqjGSbKZPy ÀGHðPeÏÁ£QZøOqO§ EéM~ÓNqj
TdìFLC~ëOqj, NqkÍMLO~NqjŠ CLFL M~ÍFLFLj ÄÂfHGSkë, ÇPeQ~GSFL¸Py Ôn¥qÚ_¨FL MnFLj¥q=h µGHð¸Í¸
öGH¥cOq¸ ¬GHlð<j ¬¥qÚ< °FLï öGHEéQZGHl GSbKnÎNqkOqj _¸$cO~Âï ö$qfU¸¼ °bKZNqkÂï ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h
µGHlð¥xÂ ¥qOqëM~õÂï ÂOqøfU¸ÔL<¸PoÍÂ ÔnJdð<j. ¯ ÄGRNqj¸ CLFLŠ ²¸CLMLköCL¸ CnÆNqjÍÂ C~FLj
ÂOyífRFLÂ GSbKnÎNqkõOqj öGHÀM~ÍFLÔoQ~<j. M~ÍöGHÀM~E~ÓFLj ÄFLïCLOqjM~CL, öJd¸CL GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL
NqkÍMLO~NqjO§ ÇPeQ~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ó ÏE~Oq¸$c, EéM~ÓNqjGHXq M~E~Â¥o Mnjj$qjÜÔLkfH, GSbKnÎNqkõOqj
26¼ ¥q+¸¾Ó _¸$cO~Âï ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h(EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL)ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~Æû¸Á$c À£Oqjð ÔnsHð<j.
öGH¥cOq¸ _¸$cOq¸ ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸ ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ GHm×eOqjPnÎFL QnÎMLöKeÿô*jÓj

µGHØ¥xFL$c ¬¸ÍjÓŠ‘‘±OqMLO§ ’’,‘‘GH¨¥cMLÓO§ ’’ MLj¿Nqjj ‘‘rH¿¥q±OqMLO§ ’’ ¥xCLëPoM~EéÄ£ÓŠ TdXqj
ÓNqkõOqj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c O~×eõÏÁ¥c¿, ÄM~E~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL M~Á, öGHÀM~ÍjÓFLj, ¯ ÄM~ÍÄGRNqj
GH¿×eåFL¸$qÓ MLõMLVOq ÄÏÍjÓFLj, CL$cE~Py °FLï EéM~ÓNqj öJd¸$q*MLj¸Eé GSMLkMoQZGHOq¼, M~Á,
öGHÀM~ÍjÓ M~E~ÓFLj ÄFLïÄ£jÍ^, öGHMoQZrH^æ_¨FL Æ[CLGHmOqø¥q TdXcõÂ¥h ²ŠÚML öJdÏE~FLõCLÂGSkë,
F~õNqjÄÔ~Oq*×¦¿fH CL$cE~FLj GH¿GRÚ¿¸Ô~<j. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^j÷, F~õNqjÄÔ~OqBcÏÁ¥cOq¸,
öJd¸À£Nqj GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOq¸ F~<j Ä¥o¸öÁ£¥qOq*¸ ¥cPoÍj. ¯ On¸<j ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Ój µ¥o MLõ¥hëÔo(öJd¸À£Nqj
¬ÏÁ¥c¿)ÂOqøfU¸GH_@éÄ.
TdìÂ¥qO~×¦¥iNqj GSbKZÓj :
¥cÓ¸Py TdìÂ¥qO~×¦¥iNqj GSbKeGSMLkMoQ~Ó ÂOqøÿ*, M~=h¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓFLj $qj¿¸¼,
MLjj[õ¸$c EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h bKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ ÔoNqjMLjÂ O~¾FLŠ MLjFLÄÔoNqj<¸Py GSbKZ ¬FLjGS¿¸Ôo
GHÍíîCLjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 19 ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj

EéM~ÓNqj¸Py MofSFL No.126-G.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjŠ<MLmO§F~<jŠ Ôn¸ÁFL rH¿NqjF~=eæOqj,
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py, ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøOqj Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. ¥cÂ ÂCLõ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸
×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoNqjPoÍj. ÅÇ¢ QZ>Oq¥yGHE~GSO§fHWnu÷, MLj¿ MLjj$qjÜOqj MLõŠëÓCy GS¸öGHÁ¸ÔLj¥xÂ,
¯ ÄGRNqkÂï ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj GSbKZNqkõOqj(ö$cMLjGSbKZ)Š ÄFLïÄ¸Ô~Oqj. GSbKZjõÓs¸ÍOqj ÓNqj Ô~ML¨Py
Ôo¿ À£O~ôFL¸Cy ‚¨FL Ä×eåGHFL GHöC~Âï O~¾Š GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL$c, O~¾ ¬¸ÍjÓŠ GSMLjôÀ¸¼ Mn¸^Fo
E~ÂÂ ¬MLjÓjGHOqÔLMLÓfS¸Á$c ×eåfH¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjŠ<MLmOqj F~=eæOqj, Mn¸^Fo O~×e×¦åFLj ¬MLjÓjGHOqjGSkë,
Ô~+j¥hÚ(Ô~Ój¥qõ F~O~Nqj*F| ¥qP| - ÀOqjGHÀPy F~<j M~<j¥qPy °FLï^jML¸=h ¥xÓMLkFL¸ -
¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.)¬Fo ¥xÓCLCy ¥xÆ¼FLGHl<j, GHl=hæ¥h ´ÍjCLkMLjjÓ ÏE~FLõ¸ ÔxGHØFL GH¸^ GH¸<$qÓ
Š<MLmOqjö$cMLkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¥x¸CL JvPeÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ®Ô~á<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c, ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj
WeøOqj Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸¼FL rH¿NqjF~=eæOqj, öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ¸ rH^æ=eÂ¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL VOqGHE~O~ìÓFLj
GSMLj‚Oqá@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmOqj ö$cMLjrHÍíÓ µGHð¸ÍÄ£jÍ ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸
ÔofSFL^j÷ rH¿NqjF~^jæMoÓF| GS¸CL¥q¸ ÔoNqj$c, M~Oq¸ÍOqk TdXh GS¸CL¥cÓFLj ÔoQ~Oqj. rH¿NqjF~=eæOqj
MnkÍ¸ CnÆJd<j.
TdìÂ¥q O~×¦¥iNqjGSbKZÓŠ GH¿ÄjCLMnjÎFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ :
EéM~ÓNqj öGHÀÂÏÍjÓj, CLMLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h G S¸_¸Ï Á ¸¼FL, ÄGRNqkÓCy ‚¨FL ÄFLÀ
GHöC~Âï, öJd¸CL¸rHÎ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï GSbKZŠ GSMLj¿ðTdëOqj. GSbKZM~Oqj ¬¸ÍjPyÂ ÄMLO~ÓFLj
‚Ó¸¥qGR¸$c ÔL¿á¸¼, CLMLj fSIJdOqGSjCy CLMLj rHÎ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ Po¥q ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGSbKZŠ GH¸fHTdëOqj. M~Oqj
E~ÂPyÂ ÄGRNqkÂï ÄÔ~¿¸¼, °¼CLMLjÂ Cy¼FL=nu÷Co O~¾ÍßfRæ¥h ¥xÂMLTdëOqj. TdìÂ¥q GSbKZÓŠ,
bKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h $cÂ, ¬^jML¸=h ³ tjCLOq MLõMLVO~ÓPy $cÂ GSøNqj¸$c ÂOqêNqj¸
À£GSj¥xFo ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸PoÍj. ¬¸Co¥cÂ M~Oqj Cy=hGSbKZjõÓCy ÔL¿á¸¼, CLMLj ÍßfRæ¥h ML¼áFL ÄMLO~ÓFLj
²Oqj¥q GHOqÔL@~Â¥h, O~¾$c¿ GSMLkPyÔLFL ÂÄjCLë¸ fSIJdOqGSj ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLjÀ °¸Á. ®^jML¸=h
¬ÏÁ¥cOq GH¿ÄjÀ °¸<<¸ MLQZõ¥qMoj, ²¸Íj¥q¸=o Ä£¿ ÍßfRæ TdìÂ¥qÄGRNqkÓrHÎFo °¸^j¸Á. ¥cÂ O~¾ÍßfRæ
ÄQ~ÓMnjÎFL EéQZ¥oúMLj¸ $qj¿¸¼ Py¼¸ÔL MLÓfS °¸^j¸Á. ÿÍjí, ¬ÍjGHlPoÂ ÄÔLXqBcÏÁ¥cOq¸ ®MLø<¸MLÓFL,
GSOqø×¦FLjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL FoÓFLj ¬F~õö¥çCL¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ ®MLø_¨FL^j÷ ¬MLlCLj¸Á ¥qE~ !
O~¾Š MnjjCL¸ë O~×¦õXoMLj¸ ¥cJd<<¸ öGHDÍMLj ¥qOqëMLõ¸.
lll Jd¸<jõÓj
1. MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j :
GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py öM~Nqj_¨FL öGHQZfSëPy µ¥o O~¾FLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ¥xÂï Q~GSF~Ój
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLÄ °F~ïtj. ¯ ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j CLFL
°CLëOq Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLPy Ôy+jÓ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï GHm¿ë$c ÂOqkôÆ¸¼, ¥c¥qÀ£NqjTdöMLk×¦õ GH¿ÏÁMLOqŠ
Jwtj CLFnïÁ¿¸¼FL M~¿Â ×¦tj¸¼, JdE~ö¥çCLjÓFLj $cÄ¸ÔLj¥xÂ Jd¸<jõÓ öGHÀbKZFLj ®FLjMLj¨¸GH
×oTd<j. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé On¸<ML MLkOqMLOqôF| GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j ÍXh* Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCL $cÄ¸¼ Ôy+jÓFLj
¶¨¸¼ ¥cMo¿¤öJd¸CL¸Py Jd¸<jõÓ KeMLl=e ²$qjOqMoQ~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c Ä£¿¥cÓ¸Py Jd¸<jõÓ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq
KeMLl=e °CLëO~FL $yE~ML¿¤À£Oq¸ FLj¸¨ ÍXhBcFL ¥cMo¿¤FLÁÀ£Oq¸ MLOqŠ OnGHOnGHPe¨¸Á.
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ öGHQZfSë :
II
No. 175-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ öGHQZfSë °FLïÁ. ¯ O~¾
TwMLjŠÓ ÀÓ¥q, MLjÏÍjO~GHl¿ MLkÏÍML, ¥oOq+ML¸QZ ÂOqkôÓFL, Ó¸¥cGHl¿ Ój>¸>OqFL ÁøÀ£NqjO~MLj, (Ó¸¥cGHl¿Â
F~QZFL¸ÔofSFL On¸<ML O~MLjj<j ML¸=hM~<j), Ôy+ŠÓQnÎÓŠÆQZ, (Ôy+ŠÓMLjFn¨ GHOqøC~Â¥h ŠÆQZ -
MLö×eNqjjÏÍ¸ ML¸=hM~<j), ¥qO~êÔ~×¦ ÄöE~ML*,(¥qO~ê^ O~¾FLj CL¿Äj¥x=hæ Jd¿JwMLlFL^j÷ ÔofSFLM~<j),
¥c>Oq¥q¥q¿ ‚^JdÓ(¥c>Oq¥q Po¥q ¥c<ML ¬Fo ³FLj$qjFLŠ ×¦øOq¸ ML¸=hM~<j), ÄÄÏÍ ¿GHl ÍjOqÜMLjOqíFL,
Ä£Oq$q¸< $yJdÓ ÄfHFL E~MLÍÿFL(Ä£Oq$q¸< $yJdÓj<Fn¨ ¬<Ä¥h ¥cOqj¼ÔLjá ML¸=hM~<j), ¥q¸¼
GHlOqMLO~ÏÁ£QZøOq, $q*GHÀ ÿ¿* Q~OqkíÓ($q*GHÀ ¬Fn¨ Po¨¥h rHÍíGHlÆ ML¸=hM~<j), öGH*CL O~×¦ öGHÀ
adçGH¥q,(CLFLŠ Px¸»JwtjFL O~¾ÓFLj À¿» M~¿O~×¦õMLjjÓ¸Íj öGHÀfRç¸¼FL M~<j), MLjVO~×eÏÁ
O~×¦O~×¦ GHOqMojQZøOq, öÀbKZjMLFL ÔLö¥qML¿ë, ¬Fo ¥cŠ¸@~ ¯ O~¾FLj “ÅÇ¢ GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<õEéMLrHOqjMLkW|” ¬Â
¥i¿ë¸ÔL_¨¸Á.
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ ÏEâÎOqõTdÿGS¥cO~õÓj :
¯ GS¸GIHj^FLÓj Ô~ÓMLOqŠ ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ®CLOq Q~GSF~ÓPy‚< ¥xÁí$qFy $xGHð$qFy
sHOxÚFL_¨F~tj. No.239-T.T; Q~GSFL¸Py 3 GS¸GSÚßCL Qy÷¥cÓj °F~ïtj. öGHDÍMLj Qy÷¥q¸ Q~OqkíÓ
MLßCLë¸Py GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ $xGHðCLF~Âï Jv$q<jCLk, ÍjGRæÇXq*¥h, ÇGRæOqXqBcÂ¥h ¯ O~¾ MnFLj¥c<<Â
CnÓjGHlCLk, Â£ÔLMnjÎFL FL<CL ¥qÆ»FL $q¸<$yJdÓjÂ, NqjMLjÏÍOqôO~¾ ÇXh¸ÔL@~Â¥h NqjMLjPy¥cÂ¥h GH¸Jd<Â£
CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. O~õMLßCLë¸Py °FLï^jML¸=h On¸<ML Qy÷¥q¸Py Ä£Oq$q¸< $yJdÓjÂ GHOqPy¥q¸Py ¬fSÏE~O~öMLC~Âï
¬FLjfRç¸ÔLMLjÂ O~¾ EéÇ¸¼FL^j÷ CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á. MLjk<ML Qy÷¥q¸FL¸ÍÆ ¬XqO~Ój Ô~PeMLOqŠ Ôn¨Jwtj
GSðGRæ¸$c CnÆNqjO~ŠFLïGHð=h¥i, ¥oOq+EéQ~Âï ×¦tj¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸ GSk¼¸ÔLjÔLjFLï=hæÁ$c °¸Á. ®¥q
No.241-T.T. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ GS¸GSÚßCLQy÷¥q¸ °GH×eÀ MLßCLë¸Py öM~Nqj_¨¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy ¸öÏEéQZøOqjÂ
SG ¸ŠÓGSMLjOq¸Py ²^j÷ ¶¨¸¼¸Á£, ¯NqjFL ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c QZöCLjO~¾ÓFLj ÍFLjMLk¨, M~+" Oq¥që¸Cy

[@~ÜÂï ¥q¨$c@y, ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c Ä£Oq$q¸< $yJdÓjÂ¥h ¬fSÏE~O~öMLCL¸ ÇXq ÄÏÁ¸¼¸Á£ ¬Fo ÄMLOq*ÓFLj
CnÆNqj×oGSjëFLïÁ.
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ¥h ¥q¸¼Py Ä£O~bÃsR¥q¸ :
¯ O~¾ ÏEâÎOqõTdÿGS¥cO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL Jv$q<ëÓj ¬ÀQZNnkŠëÓj MLköCL¸ ¥cMLl. Ôy+ML¸QZ¸
FLÇ¸¼¸Á, ¥oOq+jÓj JdE~ö¥çCLj PNqkõOqj. Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py sHOxÚFL_¨FL GHÓ÷ML ML¸QZMLjBhVOq¸
¬FLÍ»FL GSOqø×¦å[<ÜMLjÓ÷ ¬FLï ÃOqj ¥c>Oq¥q Po¥q ¥c<ML ¥y rHOqj¸½¸$q, GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂCy NqjjÍíî¸Py
¶¨Jwtj, Px¸»JwNqk<j. _ÿjQZ¹ FnÓk÷Oqj GH¿JdÓŠ<j, CnÓj$qj GHÓ÷ML Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
Ä£Oq$q¸< $yJdÓj<j ÔL¸GH_@~è<j. ¥c¥qÀ£Nqj $q*GHÀEéMLlÂ NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c
GSIGHÆ£¥qßCL MLjFyOqDÍj@âÎ GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j ¥q¸¼Py (Nos.231,240-T.T.) Ä£O~bÃsR¥q¸ Jv¸E~<j. ®¸CLŠ
MLjj¸Eé FnÓk÷OqjPy O~¾$c GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¥q¸¼Py ÔLö¥qML¿ë$c ¥h¿¤^ÏE~Oq*¸ $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¬¸Co¥cÍj,
CLFL Q{OqõöGHC~JdÂï öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥yML@~Â¥h _¸$cOqj Ä£Oq¥q¸¥qBcÂï(No.240-T.T.) ÏÍ¿¸Ô~<j. Q~GSFL¸
(No.231-T.T.)Py ‘ÿCLø - ¸öÏÍ¸ -°CLÚ’ ¬FLï GHÍ_¸ÏÍ¸ °^¸¥h¸ÔL_¨ °FLïÁ. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ
×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j ¸öÏÍO~¾FLj ¶¨¸ÔL<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ µ¿Tdû (°CLÚ+¸) O~×nÎFL $q×¦GHÀÂ
‚< ×¦tj¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõFLŠ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~Nqj<j :
No.164,165-T.T.¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ sHOqjCy Jd^j Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLlÂ
sHOqj‚< öGHGS¥qëMnjÎ¸Á. GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j GHÁ¿Mo<j ¬Fo µ¥qö$cMLkÂï GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j.
¯ E~FL¸ GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ 12ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸FLj¸¨ ¬MLjÓjPyÂ¥h ML¼á¸Á.
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ÔofS, ‘F~NqjF~O§’ (¬¸=o GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ@âÎ
°¸^j¸Á)Nnjj¥qÚ GH¿JdÓFLPyÂ 3ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ FLj¸¨ ¬MLjÓjPyÂ¥h MLÔoá^j÷ E~[Pe ÔoTd<j. ¯
ÄÏÍ¸$c MnjjÍ^ MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦ Ôy+jFLŠ TdMLj¸CLj<j$c °¸¨FL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj,
GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j Ôy+TdöMLk×eõÂï ×¦tj¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, GH¸DE~ MLk¿á, CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py Jd¸<jõÓ
GH¸ÔLFLÔo¿ M~¿¥h TdMLj¸CLj<j$c °¸¨ ÄQ~øGSJdöCLj<j ¥c$qÆ$c<j. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ Jd¸<jõÓ öGHCLõXq
GH¿JdÓFL ¥qÂ£GS¸ ®¸CLMLOqŠ M~õfH¸¼Nqjj¸@éÍÂ ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ÄÁCLMLjMLlCy¸Á.
ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfSFL GHFLjïÓ FLj¸¨ ÄMLjj¥hë :
JdÁ¿Mo<j ö$cMLkÂï GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c E~FLÄjMLø^¸MLÓFL, ®¸CLMLOqŠ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨
GSO~ÚOqjM~¿Ôo MLGSkÓj ÔoNqj_<jÔLj¸¨FL GH=hæJvðF|, JvF|ML¿, ŠÁOnÎML¿, ¥cBh¥nÎÚ, F~^jæML¿, FLPn÷OqjÍj,
FLOqðQZj, MLkML@âÎ, MLjOqML@âÎ, ¥q<MnjÎ - MnjjÍPnÎFL GHFLjïÓFLj¸¨ ÄMnkÔLFL¸ ¥qÆ»¸ÔLMLÓfSFL MLQZõ¥qCL
³Oqð¨¸Á. ¥xÂïGHFLjïÓj _¸$cOqjF~BcÓCy ÔnÆ÷¸GH_@éÄ. MnjjCLë¸$c Ä£=hÂ JvF~ïNqj¸ ¬FoM~Oqj. Äj»ÆFL

GHFLjïÓj ÏE~FLõOqkGH¸Py ÔnÆ÷¸GH _<jCLj¸Á. ¬=hæÄ FnPe÷Nqj¸ ¬FoM~Oqj. E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨FL ö$cMLj¸,
ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmO§F~<j C~Ók¥cPyÂ ¬QZjMLMLjj¥hÚPnÎF~<jPy °FLïÁ. ¬QZjMLMLjj¥hÚPnÎF~<j µ¥qOq¥qMnjÎFL
‘ŠY¦þ¸’. ¬¸=o ¥xÂï ö$cMLkÓ $qj¸GHl. ®^jML¸=h ¥xÂï $qj¸GHlÓj Ôo¿ rHÍíF~<j ¬MLlCLj¸Á.
E~FL ÄÏE~FL¸ :
O~¾ bKZkMLjjÓFLj¥cÂ, ö$cMLkÓFLj¥cÂ, E~FL¸ ®Ôoá ÄÏE~FL¸ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój No.165-
T.T. Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqj, ¬$qOqGHY¦jþPy$qÓ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ E~FL GHmOqø¥q¸$c
®fHð¸ÔLMLjÂ O~¾$c¿¥h µ¥q ÄFLÀGHöC~Âï GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. E~ÂÂ Š<MLmOqjF~<j MLj¿Nqjj
Cx¸<GHð¨GHY¦jþÓ F~^æMLO§ ÄÔ~Oq* $cÄ¸¼FLÄ£jÍ^, ‘‘M~¿Nqj ÄMLkFLC~ëF|’’ ÄFLÀ GHöCL¸rHÎ CLFL
GSMLjôÀÂ CnÆJd<j. O~¾ GSMLjj#eÂ¥h ML¼áFL ÄFLÀÂ NqjDE~CLDÍ¸$c MnkÁ¸¼ O~¾ M~ö$qkGH¸$c
®¼áFL ¬FLj×¦å, NqkÍMLO~NqjÓE~øO~ TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠ CnÆNqj×oNqj_¨¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ, Ôy+jÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, MLjj[õ¸$c MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾¥cÓ¸Py ®=hæ ÄGRNqkÓPy ¬FLjGS¿¸ÔL_<jÔLj¸¨FL
ÔLOq*ÄÏE~FL¸ (No.126-G.T. )CnÓjTwë¸Á.
IV Ôy+, Jd¸<õ TdMLj¸CLO~¾Ój
Ôy+TdöMLk×¦õ ÄF~QZ¸ :
Ôy+ÔLö¥qMLOqjëÓPy öGHfSÁíî$qÓ ¥q<GH=h ÔLö¥qML¿ëNqj$qj MLjk<ML ŠPyCLjë¸$qjÂ ¥cPeÂ¥h
CnÓj$qjÔy+Ój Ä×¦ß¸bÃ¸¼ Í¸@âÀë ¥q¸¼Â ö¥qÄj¸¼FLGHð=h¥i, ŠPyCLjë¸$qj<j M~¿Â CL¿Äj MoTd<j.
®CLÂ CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ ¬GSMLjOqjíî<j ¬ML<¸ MLÓFL ¬ÍFLj ÔLkfS Jd+Nqj$cOqjÓj,
CLMLj GSøöGHNnk×¦F~Oqì¸ ÀOq$q_¨ Ôy+TdöMLk×¦õ Ä¼óÀë¥h EyÿÍ¸ ÔofSFL M~OqNqkõOqj. MnjjÍ=h
MLkOqMLOqôF| GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<õ Ôy+TdöMLk×¦õ¸rHÎ Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿fHFL GS¸ÍO~óFL, GSøPebKesHXc GHOqjPnÎFL
ÀOqj$qjKe^j E~OqjÓŠ ÔL¥qÚÂ ¬ML¥cQZ¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j Ôy+O~×¦õ¸PyÂ
ÍXh* öJd¸C~ÓFLj ö¥qÄj¸¼ ö¥i.QZ.1220 GS¸. öJd¸CL¸Py CL¸×eMLmOqj, °YnÎNqjkO§ÓFLj EyÔLjŠÂ
Í$qíî¸ ÔoTd<j(Mad. Ep. Rep.for 1900 Para 12; and for 1926, Para 32).
V ¥c<ML O~NqjOqjÓj
1. rHOqj¸½¸$q MLj¿Nqjj ¬CLÂ CL¸ö¨ :
¥yrHOqj¸½¸$q Po¥q MLjVO~×¦fS¸ÿNnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj rHÍí¥c<MLO~Nqj ¬+»NqjÇ¢NqjF|
¬MLÂ Nqk+fHðOq¸E~F|(bKZkÄjÂ GH¿JdÆ¸ÔL@~Â¥nÎ ×¦Âô¸¼FLM~<j)rHOqj¸½¸$q‚< ¯ ¬ML¥cQ~Âï
°GHNnk»¸ÔLj¥xÂ, Ôy+O~¾FLŠ MLõÀOo¥q¸$c ÀOqj$qjKe^jÔofS CnWe"Y¦j, QoMLmO§, °Oq=hæ öJd¸C~ÓPy
×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸Py Ôy+jÓFLj ¶¨¸ÔL<Moj$c¥q, MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jBhê Qn¸ÍMLj¸$qÓ¸Py ÔnOqTdÓPy

_¸ÏÁ¸ÔL$c, GUytjGSÓ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j, MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jÂ _¸Á£FLj¸¨ Ä¨fH¸¼ MLjOqÓ
fS¸VGSFL¸rHÎ ‚Oqjá¸<Kn=eæ<j(Mad. Ep.Rep. for 1923, Paras 5,7 and 8). °Oq=hæ NqjjÍíîOq¸$cFL
MLjOqÓ NqkÍMLO~Nqj Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLŠFLj, rHÍí¥c<MLO~NqjŠFLj ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸Py, NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ
KeMLMLj¿Á ¬tjFL F~O~Nqj*fHWnu÷ ÔLÂJwtjFL^j÷ Nnk»MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ Q~GSFL¸ No.380-G.T. CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
GSjMLkOqj ö¥i.QZ. 1230 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q GSøNqj¸$c [@~ÜÂï ÍÏ ¿¸¼ MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jÂCy
NqjjÍíî¸ÔofS ¬CLÂÂ On¸<MLMLkOqj Qn¸ÍMLj¸$qÓ¸Py _¸ÏÁ¸ÔL$c MLjOqÓ GUytjGSÓ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ ML¼á
Ä¨fH¸ÔoMLOqŠ _¸Á£$c °¸¨JwNqk<j. MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ MLj¿Nqjj MLjk<ML O~×o¸öÍÔy+jÓ
¬¸CL¹¥qÓÿ¸Py ¥c<ML ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$qŠ TdøCL¸öCLõ¸ öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xÂ O~×¦¥i¿¤^¸ ÏÍ¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLj¸¼
¬ML¥cQZ¸ ¥qÆ»¸Á. ®CL<j Jd¸<jõÓCy sSïÿbKeML¸ FnOqGHlCLk MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j
°CLëOqEéQZ Í¸<NqköCLÓPy MLjjÂ»°FLï GS¸ÍOqó¸Py CLFL O~×eõÂï ÄGSë¿¸GH×oGSj¥xÂ CLFLFLj ÄQZøÄ×oCL$c
öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j(ÔLk<j<j - ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.97-98). Nos. 226 and 227-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPy
¥y rHOqj¸½¸$q GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓ÷, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj CLMLj öGHbKZjbKZ¥hë ÄQ~øTdÓFLj MnjjÍ=h
×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j Cx¸<MLj¸@~PeÂï ×¦tj¸ÔL$cFo Ôy+jÓFLj¸¨ Jd¸<jõÓŠ MLk¿áMoQ~Oqj.
VI NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓj
1. ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj :
HG ¿Ç¢ÓFLŠ ÓbÃ¸¼FL NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓPy Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=hM~<j ÀOqj¥c+Àë NqkÍMLO~NqjOqj.
®CL<j CLFL GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 19ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MofSFL No.170-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ E~øO~ GH¿ÔLNqjMnjÎFLM~<j.
®CLÂ ®CLOq Q~GSF~Ój MLjk<MLŠPyCLjë¸$qÔy+jÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 13ML GS¸.(No.87 of 1922 of
the Mad. Ep.Coll) ö¥i.QZ.1191 FLj¸¨ MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 30 ML GS¸. ¬¸=o(Q~.QZ.
1168 GS¸.)ö¥i.QZ.1246GS¸(No. 495of 1902)(“Nellore Inscriptions” Atmakur No.7)MLOqŠ ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj.
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj CLFL GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 19ML GS¸MLCLûO~FL Š<MLmOqj ö$cMLkÂï¢

Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ No.170-T.T.°FLïÁ. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÆfHFL¥cÓ¸ GSjMLkOqj$c ö¥i.QZ.
1210 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GS¿JwCy¸Á. No.170-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py E~FLÄMLO~Ój CnÓGH@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj$c ÀOqj¥c+Àë
NqkÍMLO~NqjOqj$qj¿¸¼FL öGHQZfSëPy “GS¥qÓ bKZjMLFL MLj¸<PnÎ¥cöQZNqj” (GS¥qÓ bKZkMLj¸<PeÂ¥h C~Fo

öQZNqjTdìFL¸Py °FLïM~<j), “GSMLjGSë ÄEyõE~õFL MLjCLë ¥qÓ¥q¸>Oq ”(GSMLjGSÄë ÍõÓŠ TdìFLMnjÎFL O~×yE~õFLMLFL¸Py
Äÿ¿¸Ôo MLjCLë¥y¥hÓ ML¸=hM~<j) “ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿgSëQZ ÔLOqBcOqÄ¸Í MLjÏÍj¥qOq”(ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿgSëQZøOqjÂ JdÍGHE~ôÓ
F~öQZtj¸¼FL MLjÏÍjGH¸ ML¸=hM~<j)“ÅÇ¢ M LjEéø¸¥q^»¿ GHlOqJdÓ¥q”, “Mo¸^¿ JdÓ¥q ”(Mo^$çö<jŠ

F~Nqj¥q<j) “Mo¸» MLjVF~Nqj¥q”(Mo¸»¤ MLj¸<PeÏÁGHÀ)“ fH>OqOqEéÄ Ó_íîMLOqöGHTdÍ ”(fH>OqOqEéÄ Po¥q fH@~¿EéÄ
Nnjj¥qÚ ¬FLjö$qVÂ¥h JdöCLj @âÎFLM~<j)“$yE~ML¿¤ MLÓ÷bKZ ” “¥qFLjJd¥q GHlOqMLO~ÏÁ£QZøOq ”, “ÄÍø×¦ãFyCLëMLj”,
“ GH¿bKZkCL O~×eöQZNqj”(¬MLMLkFL¸Jv¸ÁFL O~¾ÓŠ öQZNqj¸ÂÔLjáM~<j) “ÔL¸öÍŠÓ ÀÓ¥q”, “Ô~+j¥qõ
F~O~Nqj*”, “GS¥qÓ$qj* GS¸ö$cMLj”(GS¥qÓ$qjBcÓŠ TdìFLMnjÎFLM~<j) “MLjVO~×eÏÁO~×¦”, “NqkÍMLO~×¦”,
“ÅÇ¢ MLjÍjó×¦_Ó” °F~ïtj.
NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓŠ CnÓj$qjÔy+jÓŠ $qÓ GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ :
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLŠ Ô~+j¥qõF~O~NqjB ¬FoÃOqjÍ¸, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLŠ QZÇŠÓÔ~+j¥hÚ¬Fo
ÃOqjÍ¸ °¸<<¸ ÔLksSë, ¯ NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓŠ CLkOqjðÔ~+jŠõÓCy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ °FLï^k÷,
Mo¸»O~×¦õ¸PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$cÄï ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML ö¥qÄj¸¼ ¥nÎMLQZ¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ °¸¨°¸<MLÔLjáFLÂ£ bKeÄ¸Ô~Æ.
¥x¸CL¥cPeÂ¥h CLkOqjðÔ~+jŠõÓ QZ¥hë GSFLï»Æ÷, ¥qFLjMLjOqj$nÎJw$c, ¯ NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓj Mo¸»¤O~×eõÂï
CLMLj ÏÁGHCLõ¸PyÂ¥h CnÔLjá¥xÂ °¸=eOqj. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ O~NqjOqjÓj Ôy+jÓ TdOqøbKpMLjC~øÂ¥h
Py_¨FLGHð=h¥hÂ£, Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ °CLëOq, CLkOqjðbKe$cÓFLj CLMLj ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py °¸ÔLj¥xÂ, CnFLj$qj
Ôy+jÓFLj CLMLj ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Â¥h Py_¨ °¸@é Jd+Nqj$cOqjÓj$c ÔoGSj¥xF~ïOqÂ Nellore Inscriptions Py
Mn¸¥q^»¿ Q~GSF~Ój No.1,7,10,11MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. °E~ÿOqBcÂ¥h ¯ Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHØ<j
O~×¦MLjÓ÷EéMLNqkÍMLO~Nqj ¬FLj MLjOysHOqj$qÓ bKZj×¦_Ó fSÍíîOqGSNnjj¥qÚ bKeOqõ ¥qMLjÓMLjVEéÄ(¯MnjŠ
Kn×eãEéÄ ¬Â MLjOysHOqj) F~$qGHl@yÆPy ÔofSFL E~F~ÓFLj MLjÏÍO~¸CL¥q JvCLëfHÔy+ ²Y¦þfSÍíîOqGS
¬MLjÓjGHOqÔL@~Â¥h CL$qj³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ O~öGRæJdÓŠÓj$c NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓ
ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py CnÓj$qjÔy+jÓj ½Pe÷ÓŠ ¬¸ÍjPy MLjj[õ¸$c ÏÍjÂ¥q FnÓk÷Oqj, ¥q<GH ½Pe÷ÓPyÂ
¥x¸CLbKe$cÂ¥h - ¥cÓ¸Py Jd¥qF~<j Po¥q öJd×eå ï<j(CLkOqjðF~<j)¬Â fHÓjML_<j ÔLj¸¨FL
öGHEéQ~Â¥hÂ£ - MLjj[õ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c °F~ïOqÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ¥cOq*¸ ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLl<j MofSFL
Q~GSF~Ój FnÓk÷Oqj, ¼CLkëOqj, °CLëOq O~Ú<j½Pe÷Py ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ¯ O~¾ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGH¿ÏÁ
FnÎ_jjÀ ÁQZPy ÀOqjMLBcêMLjPnÎ (No.495 of 1902 of the Mad. Ep.Coll.)FLj¸¨ ¯Q~FLõÁQZPyÂ ¥c+ÿfSë
XoöCL¸ MLOqŠ (No. 87 of 1922 of the Mad. Ep.Coll.)M~õfH¸¼ °FLïÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓj
CLMLjö¥h¸Á °Eyõ$qGSjëPnÎFL CnÓj$qj Ôy+jÓFLj ${OqMLMLjO~õÍÓCy ÔLk<èMoj ¥cŠ¸@~ CLMLj ŠMLkOnëÓFLj
®¼á ÄM~ÿ¸ ÔoNqj<¸ M~¿ ŠMLkOnëÓFLj CLMLj bKeOqõÓFLj$c ÔoGSj¥x¸^k GS¸_¸ÏÍKe¸ÏÍM~õÓFLj
rH¸Jv¸Á¸ÔLj¥xF~ïOqj. Ä£¿ MnjÎöÀ£_¸ÏÍ¸MLÓFL CnÓj$qjÔy+O~×¦ ŠMLkOqjÓj CLMLj GUyE~FLj, GHÓjŠ_¨Â
rH¸Jv¸Á¸ÔLj¥xF~ïOqj. M~¿ TdìF~Ój _ÓGHOqÔLj¥xÂ FLÄjôFL _¸^jÓj$c öGHML¿ë¸Ô~Oqj. CLô‚Oqj
Q~GSFL¸ No.7Py ¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML MLjVO~¾ MLkMLj$cOnÎFL ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLl<j CnÓj$qjÔy+À¥qÚ¬Â

GS¸KyÏÁ¸GH_@~è<j. CnÓj$qjÔy+À¥qÚ O~*jÓPy µ¥q¿ë ¬tjFL Ó¥iôEéÄ No. 46 of 1893,and195 of
1903 Q~GSF~ÓPy, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOnë ¬Â CnÓjGH_¨¸Á. MLj¿ No.149 of 1922
Q~GSFL¸, µ¥cFx¥q NqkÍMLO~Nqj, JvCLëfHÔy+MLkO~GSO§ (MLjVO~×¦)Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL^j÷

CnÓjTwë¸Á.
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓj :
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ O~*jÓPy ®Íí¿Â $qj¿ë¸GHMLÔLjáFLj. M~¿Py GHl@yÆ
MLkEéÄNqkO§, ¥c+ÿfSëPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLjk<ML ŠPyCLjë¸$q GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 13 ML GS¸.Py
(No.87 of 1922) $yE~FL¸ ÔofS¸Á. On¸<MLO~Bh fS¸$qOqGSO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOnë. sHOqj Ô~+j¥hÚŠÓ MLkEéÄNqkO§.
¯Mnj MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 10ML GS¸.Py ¥c+ÿfSëPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h $xöOnÓFLj

E~FL¸ ÔorfSFL ÄGRNqj¸ No. 196 of 1892 Q~GSFL¸Py Í[ÓjGHOqÔL_¨¸Á.
2. Ä£OqO~XqGS NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj :
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Sf ¸$qfHWnu÷ ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ Ä£OqO~XqGSNqkÍMLO~NqjÓj, ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmO§
F~<jPyÂ C~FLj E~FL¸ÔofSFL (No.293, 362-T.T.) bKZkÄjFLj¸¼ MLÔoáO~_¨Cy ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
µ¥q ÀOqjMLj¸ÀOq ÀOqjKyòFL¥q FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ®CLÂ ¥c+ÿfSë Q~GSFL¸ (No.197 of
1892 of Mad.Ep.Coll.)MLjk<ML ŠPyCLjë¸$qjÂ 15ML GH¿JdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.1193) Motj¸¼FLÁ.
µ¥cFx¥q Ôy+EéMLlÂ 15ML GH¿JdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py rHÎ ÔnfHðFL No.293-T.T. Q~GSFL¸‚@~ MoNqj_¨FLÁ.

¯ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ‚@~ rHÎ MLjk<ML ŠPyCLjë¸$qÔy+O~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeFoï GSk¼Twë¸Á.
3. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj :
CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFLM~<j Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj. À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ,
¯ O~¾Š SG ¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój MoNqj_¨FL ¥cPeÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¯NqjFL HG ¿JdÓFLPyÂ HG Fnï¸<ML
SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ FLj¸¨ 51 ML SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ MLOqŠ$qÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cPeÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ FL=hÄæ $c °F~ïtj. ¯ O~¾öHG QZSf ë
¥qÆ»NqjjFLï MnjjÍ=hQ~GSFL¸ MLjk<MLŠPyCLjë¸$qjÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 31ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.1209)
MoNqj_¨FL(No.120 of 1922)Q~GSFL¸. MnjjÍ=h ×¦¦=eMLOqô SG j¸ÍOqJd¸<õNnjj¥qÚ GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓMLjjFL¸ÍÆ
12ML GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1262)MoNqj_¨FL No.164-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ ®CLÂ öGHGS¥hë$qÓ ¼ML¿Q~GSFL¸. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ¯ O~¾
HG ¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¥qÂ£SG ¸ 54 SG ¸MLCLûO~ÓÂ ö$qfU¸GHMLÔLjá. ®CLÂ ¥q<GH=h Q~GSFL¸PyÂ SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ O~XqGSF~MLj

SG ¸MLCLûOq¸¬Â£, ®CL<j 51SG ¸MLCLûO~Ój O~×¦õHG ¿JdÓFL $cÄ¸Ô~<Â No.125-G.T. Q~GSFL¸ öÍÏ jMLGHOqÔL<¸ rHMÎ Lk^FLj
_ÓGHOqjTwë¸Á. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ 50ML SG ¸. Äö¥qMLjF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûO~Â¥h SG ¿JwCLjFLïÍÂ No.143-

G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¥cÂ ®Á GS¿¥cÍj, CLGHØ$c °E~ÿ¿¸GH_¨¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o Äö¥qMLjF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ O~XqGSF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 35 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój MnFLj¥q$c °FLïÁ. ¬¸Co¥c¥q CLÄj+¸Py 50 GS¸[õ

¬XqOqOqkJdÂï JvOqJd^j$c 15 ¬Â ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °¸Á. O~XqGSF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ®CLÂ 51ML
GS¸MLCLûOq¸$cFLj, Äö¥qMLjF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ ®CLÂ 15ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸$c ö$qfU¸¼FLGHl<j ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFL öHG ÍD MLj
SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥yÏÍFLF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ (Q~.QZ.1127=ö¥i.QZ1205)¬MLlCy¸Á. ¥cÂ CnÆfSFL¸CLMLOqŠ ®CLÂ ¥q<GH=h
GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸. GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ 12ML GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1262 ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¥qFLj¥q
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML O~NqjÓ HG ¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 57 SG ¸MLCLûO~Ój °FLï^j÷$c CoÓjCy¸Á. µ¥q öGHMLjj[ TdMLj¸CLj@âÎFL
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~Nqj<j Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ Kb e$qMnjÎFL ¯F~=h ¼CLkëOqj, MnÓk÷Oqj, Ôn¸$qP|GH^jæ
½Pe÷Ó bKZkKb e$cÂ¥h HG ¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j. No.380-G.T. Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ¥y rHOqj¸½¸$q, ¬CLÂCL¸ö¨
Ôy+O~×¦õ¸rHÎ Í¸@âÀëFLGHl<j ®CL<j MLjk<MLO~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jÂ HG Xq¸ MLfU¸Ô~<j. Ôn¸$qP|GH^jæ½Pe÷ MLjÏÍjO~¸CL¥q¸
C~Ój¥cPyÂ HG mOqø¸ NqjjOq=hæ ¬Â fHÓjML_¨FL µOq=hæ ö$cMLj¸MLÍí ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍí¸î Py Ôy+jÂGHXcFL NqjjÍí¸î
ÔoQ~<j. NqkÍMLO~Nqj sHOo$c¥q QZÇŠÓÔ~+j¥hÚ ¬FLï ÃOqjÍ¸CyKe^j, CLÂÂFLjþMnFLþ (¬GSVNqjQZkOqj@âÎ
µ¸^¿$c QZöCLjMLlÓFLj Â¿ã¸¼FLM~<j)¬FLïÃOqjÍjFLj ‚< MLfU¸Ô~<j(NO371-T.T.); ®¸¥c O~×eöQZNqj
(O~¾ÓŠ öQZNqjTdìFL¸ ML¸=hM~<j)¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï^j÷ (No.659 of 1904)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ.
No.371 Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j NqjjÍíîbKZkÄjPy Ä£OqÄVOq¸ GSÆfH, QZöCLjMLlÓFLj
Â¿ã¸¼, Ä×¦NqjÓXhôÂ ML¿¸¼, ¬bKZjõÍNqjÅÇ¢ Ó FLj Jv¸E~<j. CLFL ¥i¿ëÂ bKZkMLj¸<Ó¸ Ä£jÍ, Á$q¸C~Ó
MLOqŠ M~õfH¸GH×oTd<j. MLjVO~×¦ ¼VïPnÎFL QoøCLÕÔLöCL¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL M~ÂÂ ö$qfU¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk ®CL<j
CLjPeOyÿ*¸ (_¸$cOq¸ Cy CLjPebKeOq¸) $cÄ¸¼, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py FL¸ÍÂÓNqj
ÄMLkFLMLj¸^JdÂ¥h _¸$cOqj Cx<j$qjFLj ¬MLjOqá=eÂ¥i, CLÁCLOq ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqì¸ _¸$cO~Âï E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j.
Á£Â IGHÆCL¸$c Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓGHOqøCL Ç[Oq¸ MLjVMojOqjQnÎÓ¸MLPn öGH¥cÇ¸¼¸Á. MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô
GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j (NO.172-T.T.)ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸ FL¸ÍÂÓNqj ÄMLkFL
MLj¸^GHÇ[Oq¸Ä£jÍ _¸$cOqj ¥qÓQZ¸ TdìfH¸¼FL Mn¸^Fo, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj FL¸ÍÂÓNqj
ÄMLkFLMLj¸^JdÂ¥h _¸$cOqj Cx<j$qjFLj ¬MLjOoá ¥cO~õÂï ×¦¿fH¸Ô~<j. µ¥q öJd¸À£Nqj GH¿JdÓŠ<j$q,
GSøCL¸öCL¸$c ¥xÂï GS¸ÍO~óÓPy E~F~ÓFLj ÔoTd<j. ®¸CLŠ MLjjFLjGHl ÔofSFL E~FL¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj GSö¥qMLj¸$c
¬MLjÓj GHOqÔL_¨FLM~ ¬Â ÄÔ~Oq*ÔofS GHOqõMoXhGSkë CL»FL °CLëOqjMLlÓFLj (Cf. No. 384-G.T.) ®GSjë¸@éM~<j.
¥c+ÿfSëPyÂ MLkBh¥nÚ¸$q¸<Nqjõ F~NqjF~O§ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLTdøÄj öGHÀMLjFLj öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j.
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸sUQZøOqMLjj@âÎNqj F~NqjF~Oqj Äö$qVÂï CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ, ÀY¦jMxYhþNqjkO§
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py öGHÏE~FL$qj¨ MLTdO~Py (No. 227 of 1912) öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. MLjOy Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q rHOqjMLkW|
Äö$qÿ¸ No.195-T.TQ~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ µ¥q öGHEéQZ¸Py öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨¸Á.
_ÿjQZ¹ ®Á Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj GSøNqj¸ GS¥hëCy öGHÀfRç¸GH×ofS °¸=e<j. ¯ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 40ML GS¸.Py ¯NqjFL ¬FLjMLjÀ Jv¸ÁFL µ¥cFx¥q EéQ~¸CL¿ ÀOqjGHØPe÷BhE~GSO§
ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj $qOqó$qj¨ GHlFL¿ïO~ô*¸ ÔoQ~<j. MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj GHm¿ë ¬tjFL
CLOqjM~CL, $qj¨ Š@~õÓÄ£jÍ MnjjÍ^°FLï Q~GSF~ÓFLj M~=hM~=h NqjDE~TdìF~ÓPy À¿»Ôn¥hÚ
GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸ÔL MLÓfS¸Á$c‚< O~¾ ×eåfH¸Ô~<j. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ¥q>¿FL¸$c
×eåfH¸¼FL¸ÍjFLFo No.17, 18, 19, 20-T.T.Q~GSF~Ój F~Ój$qjFLkï ÓNqj¸ °CLëOqŠ<õ¸ GHÇáMLjMLjkÓPy
À¿»Ôn¥qÚ_¨ Fo<j, MLjFLŠ ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ EéQ~¸CL¿ QoOqMLF| MLjVEéÄ -ÔLCLjOoøÁMLj¸$qÓ¸
Po¥q rROqôEéÄ ö$cMLjGSjì<$qj ÀOqjGHØPe÷BhE~GSO§ ¬tj°¸=e<j. ¯ E~GSOo, ö¥i.QZ. 1247 GS¸MLCLûOq öJd¸C~FL,
ÀFLïMnÆ÷ ½Pe÷PyÂ ¥i+ÔoáMLP| ö$cMLj¸FL¸ÍÆ ¥c*ÄÂNqj rHOqjMLkW| EéM~ÓNqkÂï öÀbKZjMLFLÔLö¥qML¿ëF|
¥xFo¿F| MnjÎ¥xÚ¸@~F| (On¸<ML MLkOqMLOqôF| GSj¸ÍOq Jd¸<jõ<j)Nnjj¥qÚ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ 9 ML GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
GHmOqøMoj Â¿ô¸Ô~<j.(Mad.Ep.Rep.for 1912, Page 64, Para 34). ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj
$qOqó$qj¨ GHlFL¿ïO~ô* ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸, On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój MLjj¸Íj$c, ¬¸=o Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ
40 ML GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1245 GS¸.Py ×¦¿»¸Á.
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLlÂ bKeOqõ, ŠMLkOnëÓj :

Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLlÂ O~BhNqj$qj NqkÍMLO~Nqj F~¼áNqkO§ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj GSÂïÏÁÂ,
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj GSÂïÏÁÂ, ÂCLõ¸ Á£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ¬MLGSOqMnjÎFL FoÀÂ GSMLj‚Oqá<¸¥yGS¸
$yMLlÓFLj, MLßGRbKeÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h(Nos.381-T.T; 113-G.T.)E~FL¸ÔofS¸Á. ¬¸Co ¥cŠ¸@~ ¯Mnj,
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ¥xCLë$c ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py MLjOx¥q ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ÂOqøfU¸GÔL@~Â¥h rHÎ¸¨GHÆ÷ ö$cMLj¸ ¬OqíîbKe$cÂï
¯ °CLûML [OqjáÓFLj bKZ¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofS¸Á. ¯Mnj Jd¸¨Nqj ÍOnÎNqjO§Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOnë ¬tj °¸^j¸Á. Jd¸¨NqjÍOnÎNqjO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ¬Ój÷<j(MLjOqjMLj$qF~O§) Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML ¬Â
No.380-G.T.Q~GS FL¸ CnÓjG H lCy¸Á. ¯ Jd¸¨NqjÍOnÎ N qjO§ ¸@~O§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ¯
Jd¸¨NqjÍOnÎNqjO§ ÀGHðPeÁ£QZøOq MLjj@âÎNqj F~NqjF~O§ EéM~ÓNqj MLõMLVO~ÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸Ôo^^jML¸=h
¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j. ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸ ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjFL¸ÍÆ GHÇáMLjöJd¸CL¸Py °¸Á. ¯ F~<j ¯
öJd¸CL¸, ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjFLj¸¨ MoOqjGH¨ Nnk»MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ ¬Â fHÓjML _<jCy¸Á. ®CL<j ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
Jv¥qÚF| Po¥q Jv¥cÚOqF| ¬Â fHÓjML_@é ¥yQ~ÏÁ¥c¿ °Eyõ$q¸Py °FLïM~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j, CLFL ¬Ój÷Â
¬ÏÁ¥cOqGH¿ÏÁPy ¯ °Eyõ$q¸ ÔoGSjëFLï^j÷¸Á. ®CLÂ¥h “GHOqGSMLjNqj¥y+¿” (öGHÀM~ÍjÓ CLOqÚfSE~íî¸C~ÓFLj
GHO~GSëMLjj ÔoNqj$qÓM~<j)¬Fo ÃOqjÍj °FLïÁ. ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~O~Nqj*fHWnu÷, °Oq=hæ NqjjÍíîOq¸$q¸Py
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q NqkÍMLO~NqjŠFLj, rHÍí¥c<MLO~Nqj ¬+»Nqj Ç¢NqjF|ŠFLj ×¦¿»FL GSMLjOq¸Py öJdBcÓFLj

¥yPyðNqk<j. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q EéMLŠ ®ÍíOqj ŠMLkOnëÓj. Ä£¿PyÂ ÓXiôEéÄ, CnFLj$qj Ôy+EéMLNnjj¥qÚ À¥qÚ
Po¥q ¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ O~*jÓPy µ¥q¿ë (No. 46 of 1893; 195 of 1903 of the Mad. Ep. Coll.);
¯ ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ ¼FLïCLMLjjô¨ sHOqj Qy+MLNqkõO§(No.156 of 1922 of the Mad. Ep. Coll.).
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLNqkÍMLO~NqjÓj Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓEéMLlÂ öQZNqj¸ :
CnFLj$qjGHÓ÷ML F~NqjŠ@âÎFL Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓEéMLlÂ ÏÁGHC~õÂ¥h Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéMLO~NqjÓj
Px¸»NqjjFLï M~<Â Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1905 Para 42 CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯ Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ MnjjÍ=h
×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸¼, ÔL¸fHFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qEéML
NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸MLOqŠ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1252 - 53 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ
3 ML GS¸.MLOqŠ MLköCLMoj Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ¥h Px¸» °¸<MLÓfS ML¼á¸Á. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨
GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï (No.165-T.T)¬¸»¤¥q¿¸¼ °F~ï<j.

4. ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj :
NqkÍMLO~NqjML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ®=iMLÆM~<j ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍj<j. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL
Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍjÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL No.189-T.T; 195-T.T; No.11-G.T; No.40-G.T. - ¯
F~Ój$qjQ~GSF~Ój ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 8ML, 12ML GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy MoNqj_¨F~tj. ÅÇ¢Â M~GSjÂ¥h
adA<MLkGS °CLûML ÂOqøÿBcOqì¸ MLjVöGHÏE~ÂNqj$qj OoÔLNqjÍBcêNqj¥q sHOqjÄ£jÍ ³O~ð^jÔofSFL fSCL¥qOq$qFLè
GS¸ÏÁÂ ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL ÏÍF~Âï GSMLj‚Oqá<¸¥yGS¸ sSF~F~NqjŠ@âÎFL fS¸$qNqjÍBcêNqjŠÂ
öJdOqìFLFLj MLjÂï¸¼ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~ÏDÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ®Ó÷CLkëOqjF~<jPyÂ Jv¸$qÓkOqjö$cMLj¸Py GS$qbKe$cÂï
GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ÂM~GSjÂ¥h E~FL¸(No.189-T.T)ÔoTd<j. ¯ E~FL¸ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ
NqkÍMLO~NqjÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ 8ML GS¸. ¬¸=o MnjjÍ=h ‘²ÁO~¸<j’Py 1 adA<MLkGS¸Py E~FL¸
ÔoNqj^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¬Á ¬CLÂ 9ML GH¿JdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸ adA< MLkGS¸FLj¸¨ ¬MLjÓjŠ MLÔoá^j÷$c
³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. fS¸$qNqj ÍBcêNqjŠÂ öJwÍòÓ¸MLÓFL Jv¸$qÓkOqjö$cMLj¸ E~FL¸ ÔofSFL¸ÍjFL ¯
ö$cMLkÂ¥h NqjFL ${OqM~Oqì¸ fS¸$q*FLÓk÷Oqj ¬FLjsHOqj (No.195-T.T) rH^æ_¨¸Á. fS¸$qNqjÍBcêNqj¥q
CL¸ö¨ sHOqj MLkÍGHðF|. ¬¸=o MLkÍGHð ÍBcêNqj¥q. GUytjGSÓ MLjk<ML Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿMLÍí MLj¸öÀ$c °FLï
[1.O~×eõÂï Po¥q ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï À¿» GS¸JdÁ¸¼FL MnjjÍ=h ³@~Á. ¯ ¬O~ìÂï MnjjÍ^ ÔnfHðFLM~Oqj ÅÇ¢ TdÏÍj GSjö_ÿô*õQ~föSë$cOqj -
¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j]
rHOqjMLkW|EéMLlÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLkÏÍML Í¸<F~NqjŠ<jFLk ¯ MLkÍGHð ÍBcêNqj¥q - ¯ ®OqjMLlOqjFLj

µ¥qOo. ¯ MLkÍGHð Po¥q MLkÏÍMLŠ $qÓ MLjOx¥q ŠMLkOqjÂ sHOqj Ä£Oq¼¥qÚ¥oCLNqj. ®CL<j MLjk<ML
Ä£OqMLPe÷+MLÍí µ¥q Jd+Nqj$c<j$c (Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1907 Para 49) °¸@éM~<j. MLkÍGHð, ŠMLkOqj<j
¥oCLNqj - Ä£Oqj ®OqjMLlOqj GHE~ïÓj$qj F~<jÓŠ O~×¦õJdÓjOqj$c °¸@éM~OqÂ, Ä£¿ GH¿JdÓF~¥o¸öÍ¸
MnjÎGSkOqj ½Pe÷PyÂ $qj¸<j÷sH=| C~Ój¥cPyÂ CnOq¥qBçÃPy °FLïÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥oCLNqj ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL
fS¸$qNqj ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ NqkÍMLO~Nqj MLÍíFLj, ÅÇ¢O q¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~Nqj MLÍíFLj, ®¸¥qFLk GUytjGSÓ
MLjk<ML Ä£Oq_Pe÷+ MLÍíFLj °Eyõ$q¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ÍBcêNqjŠÓj ÍBcêNqj¥q¥x=nuæ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c °F~ïOqj.
¯ ÍBcêNqj¥qF| ¥x^ ¥yNqj¸_CLkëOqj ½Pe÷PyÂ GSCLõMLj¸$q+¸ C~Ój¥cPy °FLïÁ. Ä£Oq¸ÍOqj‚@~
MLfU¸¼FL ®CLOq ÃOqjÍjÓCyKe^j fSCL¥qOq$q*èF| ¬Fo TdMLkFLõ ÃOqjÍj‚< ö$qfU¸¼ °F~ïOqj. OoÔLNqj
ÍBcêNqj¥q sHOqjÄ£jÍ fSCL¥qOq$q*èF|GS¸ÏÁ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨ °¸<^¸ ÔLksSë ¯ OoÔLNqj ÍBcêNqj¥q
¬FLjM~<j ÍBcêNqj¥q¥x=nuæ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨FL¸ÍjFL ¯ ÃOqjÍ¸ ¥qÆ»°¸¨FL^j÷ ÄÁCLMLÙCy¸Á.
MLjk<MLÄ£OqMLPe÷+jÂ¥h ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍNqkÍMLO~NqjÓj TdMLjFLë CLCLëø¸ :
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~ÏDÍ NqkÍMLO~Nqj ‚<, F~O~Nqj*F|GS¸ÏÁ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸
¥yGS¸ ÀOqjGHÀ ö$cMLkÂï ÀOqjF~MLjCLjë ¥cBh¥nÎ$c E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ F~O~Nqj*F| GS¸ÏÁÂ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ
NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj CLFL GHm¿øŠ@âÎFL NqkÍMLF~O~Nqj* ×eåGH¥cOqì¸ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. GHmOqø¸ ¯
NqkÍMLF~O~Nqj*<j sHOqj Ä£jÍFo EâÎM~Âï F~$qGHl@yÆ ¬Fo ö$cMLj¸Py O~×¦MLjÓ÷EéML ¬Â MLjOysHOqj$qÓ
bKZj×¦bKZÓfSÍíîOqGS NqkÍMLF~O~Nqj* ÔoCL MLjk<MLŠPyCLjë¸$qjÂ ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸Py öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjGHÀ
ö$cMLkÂï ÀOqjF~MLjCLjë¥cÚBh¥q$c öGH¥q=h¸¼FL ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj CLFL JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ
12 GS¸.Py E~ÂÂ GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c öGH¥q=h¸ÔL<¸ÔoCL ¬Fo¥q Oq¥cÓ GHFLjïÓŠ ÄMnkÔLFL¸ ¥qÆ»¸Á. M~=hPy
µ¥q MLjj[õMnjÎFL MLPe÷+EéMLO§ GHFLjïFLj Äj$qC~ GHFLjïÓCy Ke^j ¥q^æMLÓfSFL ¬MLGSOq¸PoŠ¸@~ Jwtj¸Á.
MLjk<ML Ä£OqMLPe÷+jÂ¥h NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ÔnÆ÷¸ÔL MLÓfSFL ¥qJdðÂ¥h$cFLj _ÿjQZ¹ MLPe÷+EéML sHOqjÄ£jÍ ¯
GHFLjï ÄÏÁ¸GH_¨ °¸^j¸Á. GSjMLkOqj ö¥i.QZ. 1310 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL ×¦¿»FL MLjÆ¥cGIHO§ Í¥hú*EéQZ
Í¸<NqköCLÓMLÓFL Jd¸<õ, NqkÍML O~×eõÓj ¼À¥h ¼F~ïbÃFLï¸¥c$c ³Oqð¨FL O~×¦¥iNqj ¬Ó÷¥qPy÷PeÂï
GSO~$c À£GSj¥xÂ MLjk<ML Ä£OqMLPe÷+j<j GHmOqøGHl Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï ¥q_È¸¼ ¼FLï¼FLï
JdWn$cOqjÓFLj CLFL ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Â¥h Py_OqjÔLj¥xF~ï<j. ¬^jML¸=hM~¿Py ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~ÏDÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj
‚< °¸¨FL^j÷, ®CLÂ O~öGRæ¸Py MLPe÷+EéMLO§ GHFLjï ÄÏÁ¸ÔL_¨ °¸<^Moj ¬¸ÍjŠ ÂÍOqùFL¸. ®CLÂ
CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ‚ ¯ ¬MLGSì CLGHðPoÍj.
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjjÂ sSF~F~NqjŠ<j fS¸$qNqj :

¯ NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓj, ÍBcNqj¥qF|¥x=nuæ öGHMLjj[jÓFLj CLMLjŠ MLj¸öCLjÓj$cFLj, sSF~F~Nqj
ŠÓj$cFLj ÂNqjÄj¸ÔLj¥xÂ, MLjk<ML GUytjGSÓ Ä£Oq_Pe÷+¥h TdMLj¸CLO~¾Ój$c, CLMLj MLkF~õÓFLj
GH¿JdÆ¸ÔLj¥x¸^j °¸@éM~Oqj. ¯ ¥cOq*¸MLÓFL fS¸$qNqj ÍBcêNqjŠ<j ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ
¥xÓjMLlPy sSF~F~NqjŠ<j$qFLk, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓMLÍí MLjVöGHÏE~Â$qFLj GHÂ ÔoTd<j. O~ÔLNqj
ÍBcêNqj¥q, ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍjÂMLÍí öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ$c °F~ï<j. ®CL<j ÔLÂJw$c fS¸$qNqj, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ
NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py O~ÔLNqj ÍBcNqjŠÂ TdìFL¸ Jv¸Á 3 Po¥q 4 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GHÂÔoQ~<j
(No.354-T.T.); ¯ fS¸$qNqj, MLjk<ML Ä£Oq_Pe÷+ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ ¼ML¿ ÍQZPy ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸ ¯NqjFLMLÍí
GHÂÔofS, ö¥i.QZ. 1342-43 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL GUytjGS+ _Pe÷+j<j ÔLÂJw$c, TdøCL¸öC~õÂï öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xÂ
ö¥i.QZ. 1348 GS¸. öJd¸CL¸ MLOqŠ GSøCL¸öCL¸$c O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j.
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjjÂ ¥cÓ¸ :
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~Nqj MLjk<ML Ä£Oq_Pe÷+Š GSMLj¥cÆŠ<j, rHÍíM~<j. ®CL<j
14ML QZC~_í¸ MLjk<j, F~Ój$qj ÍQ~KeíÓ MLjÏÍõöJd¸C~FL GSjMLkOqj 15 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ
NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ö¥i.QZ. 1336 - 37 GS¸.FL fS¸VGSFL¸ ²¥oÚMLOqŠ O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. Mo¸¥q^F~DÍj<j,

MLjk<ML Ä£Oq_Pe÷+¥qFLï MLjj¸Íj$qFo ÔLÂJw$c Ä£Oq_Pe÷+j<j, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ¥qFLï MLjj¸Íj$cFo, ¬¸=o
Q~.QZ. 1265 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL, ¼öCLbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 1342-43) MLjOqBh¸¼ °¸=e<j. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o
GUytjGSÓjÂ $qj¿¸¼ CnÆNqjML¼áFL ¥q<GH=h CoÁ£ ö¥i.QZ. 1342-43 GS¸. (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1907, Para
51). ®CLÂ¥h, NqkÍMLO~Nqj Š^j¸_¸PyÂ rHÍíM~+"Cy$cÂ, ®CLÂ CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qF~DÍNqkÍML
O~NqjÓCy$cÂ ²^jML¸=h GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ °FLïÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ GSðGRæ¸$c CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~ÏDÍ
NqkÍMLO~Nqj, ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<Â MLköCL¸ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjáFLj.
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ NqkÍMLO~NqjÂ¥cÓ¸Py GHFLjïÓ ÄÏE~FL¸ :
ÅÇ ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÀOqjGHÀ ö$cMLj¸ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfSFL ¬Fo¥qOq¥cÓ GHFLjïÓPy E~E~GHl
40 Oq¥cÓ GHFLjïÓj ÔnÆ÷¸GH_@éMLÂ£, ML¿¤Ü¥q¿¸GH_¨FL GHFLjïÓ GH=hæ¥qFLj µ¥qQ~GSFL¸(No.11-G.T.) CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
JvF|ML¿ MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ _¸$cO~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL GHFLjïÓj, ¥q<MnjÎNqkNqj¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL ÏE~FLõOqkGH¸PyÂ

GHFLjï, ¬MLj¸½ML$nÎ ML¸=h GSøÔLó¸Í sSMLÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL GHFLjïÓj, F~=eæO§GSbKZ (F~<jPyÂ GH¿JdÓF~
GSbKZ)ÄÏÁ¸Ôo GHFLjïÓj, O~×eõ¸$qGSbKZ ÄÏÁ¸Ôo^^jML¸=h ö¥xCLë, JdCL GHFLjïÓj, Nos.189-T.T, 11-G.T.
Q~GSF~ÓPy ®MLø_¨FL ¥xÂïGHFLjïÓj, ×¦¸CLjMLlÓrHÎ ÄÏÁ¸GH_<j =yP|$o^j GHFLjïÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæÄ.
OqÿE~¿ ¥qGHð¸, MLßÀëHG FLjï, M~õJdOqGSjìÓŠ ÄÏÁ¸GH_@éGHFLjï, FLkFnMLOqëŠÓÄ£jÍ, TdPnM~¸ö<Ä£jÍ ®^jML¸=h

®CLOq MLßCLjëÓj ÔoGH=oæM~¿Ä£jÍ, ¥q^jæKe^j Po¥q ÄÔLáÓÄ¨$c À¿$o GHQZjMLlÓ¥cGHOqjÓŠ ÄÏÁ¸Ôo HG FLjï MnjjÍPnÎFLÄ.
¯ GHFLjïÓ ÄÏÁ¸GHl ÄÏE~F~Âï $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ¯ ÄÏE~FL¸ GS¿$c MLjÏÍõNqjj$q¸Py NqjkOq}HEéQ~ÓPy
¬FLjGS¿¸¼FL HIG mõ<P| MLõMLGSFì Lj CLÓfHTwë¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ MLj¿ On¸<jGHFLjïÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
öJd¼£F~Ô~Oq¸ ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ÀOqjMLj$qF~O§ ¥cBh¥nÎÚ - ®Á Sf ¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁRf ¸ç ÔLKyNoj °CLOë q M~OqGSjÂ öHG Nnk×¦F~Oqì¸
öHG ×¦ÓFLj¸¨ ¥cFLj¥qÓ sHOqjCy MLGSkÓj ÔoNqj_@é GHFLjï. ÀOqjC~ëNqkO§ ¥cBh¥nÎÚ - ®Á O~×¦MLkCL öHG Nnk×¦F~Oqì¸
¥cFLj¥qÓ sHOqjCy öGH×¦ÓFLj¸¨ MLGSkÓj ÔoNqj_@é GHFLjï. ¯ On¸<j ¥c¥q MLjk<MLÁ MLjOx¥q=h °¸Á. QZöCLjMLlÓj
O~¾FLj ÔnOqGH=hæ ÂOqò¸ÏÁ¸¼FLGHØ<j ¬CLÂÂ Ä¨fH¸ÔL@~Â¥yGS¸ QZöCLjMLlFLŠ ®Ôoá^^jML¸=h TvMLjjô HG FLjïOqkJdFL
GSMLj‚Oqá _@éÁ. MLjk<ML GUytjGSÓ _Pe÷+j<j, Mn¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓjFLj NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼,
ÔnOqGH=hæ _¸ÏÁ¸ÔL$c ¬CL<j Ä<jÍÓ TvMLjjô ÔnÆ÷¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸¼ “MLPe÷+EéMLO§ ML¿” ¬Fo GHFLjïFLj CLFL
öGH×¦ÓrHÎ ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j.
5. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj :
ÅÇ¢ O q¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj _ÿjQZ ¹ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ M~OqGSj<j$c
fS¸VGSF~Âï ²¥hÚFLM~<j. ¯ O~¾Š GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj ¬Oq<×¦FLj MLOqŠ ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj.
®Ä ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFL¥cÓ¸PyÂ MLjk<ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸FLj¸¨ GH¸CxÄjôÍML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py
MoNqj_¨FLÁ$c °F~ïtj. MLjöE~GSjŠ GSÄ£jGHöJd¸CL¸Py °FLï ÀOqjMxYhþNqjkO§Py ÓbÃ¸¼FL No.242 of
1912 of Mad. Ep. Coll. Q~GSFL¸ ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFLPyÂ 16ML GS¸. [OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨¸ÍÂ
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy ®MLø_¨FL [$y+Q~öGSë ÄMLO~ÓFLj $qjBh¸ÔL$c (Q~.QZ.1273GS¸.) ö¥i.QZ. 1351ML

GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Moj FnÓ 24ML CoÁ MLj¸$q+M~Oq¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¥qFLj¥q Á£ÂöGH¥cOq¸ ¯ O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸
öGHDÍMLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1258 ÏE~CLj F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1336 - 37 GS¸. ¥qFLj¥q
®Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjŠ M~OqGSj<j$c ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~Nqj<j
fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸¼ °¸=e<j. ¯ CoÁ£ÓFLj GHO~õPy¥h¸¼ ÔLkfSFL^÷tjCo MLjk<ML GUytjGSÓ
Ä£Oq_Pe÷Ój<j ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjjÂ ¥qF~ï MLNqjGSjûPy ×oõGRjç<j, GSMLj¥cÆŠ<Â ÂQZáNqj¸$c
ÔnGHðMLÔLjá. Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ GH¿JdÓFL öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL MnjjÍ=h ³<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój MLjk<ML GUytjGSÓjÂ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ ¥q<GH=h ³<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ¬MLlCy¸Á. ÅÇ¢ O q¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ ®OqMnÎ
GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1355-56ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (Q~.QZ. 1277-78) öJd¸CL¸MLOqŠ O~×eõÂï
GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. ¼ML¿ ÍQZ¥q¸Py ¥xCLë$c fSìOqGH¨ _PeÂï GHl¸¾¥x¸^jFLï Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õ¸
Ä×¦ß¸bÃGSkë GHmOqøGHl Cx¸<MLj¸<ÓöJd¸C~Âï CLMLj ¬ÏÁ£FL¸Py¥h CnÔLjá¥yML<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ GS¸bKZjMLO~NqjÂ

NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸¼, Py_OqÔLjŠF~ï<j. ŠMLkOq ¥q¸GHFL sSF~ÏÁGHC~õFL öKeÿô* rSÎF~õÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL
$yGHF~Oqjõ<j, Td+jMLMLj¸»EéML MLjVO~¾ GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy MLjÿôÁ£NqjjÓj ö¥qÄj¸¼FL MLjÏÍjOqÄ£jÁ¥h
Í¸@âÀë, E~ÂÂ MLQZGHOqjÔLj ¥xF~ï<j. ®CLOq ¼FLïO~¾Ój, Jd+Nqj$cOqjÓj, ¥x¸CLÃ¸¥cÂï ÔLkfH¸¼FLGHð=h¥h
GSjÓbKZ¸$cFo Px¸»JwNqkOqj. Ä£¿CyKe^j ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍNqkÍMLO~Nqj‚< Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×eõÏÁGHC~õÂ¥h
CLÓML¸¼ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾ TdMLj¸CLO~¾$c CLFL½¡ÄCL QoadÂï $q¨Jd<j.
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL :
No.181-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py, µ¥cFx¥q O~¾FLj, NqjjÍíîOq¸$q¸Py ¥yÍ¸<O~MLjj<Â, ÔL¸öÍML¸QZ
NqjQybKZkGR*j<Â£ Jv$q<jCLk, Ô~+j¥qõF~O~Nqj* ¬Â GSjëÀ¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py CoÁ£ Q~.QZ.
1281 Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.1359 - 60). rHÎ ÄQoGRBcÓj NqkÍMLO~Nqj Š^j¸_¸PyÂ öGHMLjj[jÓŠ
Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á. MLj¿ ¯ Q~GSFLGSì ¥cPeÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ®Á ÅÇ¢ O q¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjŠ Ôn¸ÁFLÁ$c

bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h TdÚOq¸°¸Á. ¬Eé Â×¦MnjÎFLGHXq¸Py ¯ CoÁ£, ®CLÂ 24ML O~×¦õJdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸
¬MLlCLj¸Á. ÓbÃ¸¼FL¸CL MLOqŠ, ®ÁNoj ¬CLÂ $q¿GRç GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j
®CL<j ö¥i.QZ. 1336 - 37 GS¸. FLj¸¨ ö¥i.QZ. 1359 - 60 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLOqŠ O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸¼ °¸=e<j.
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj ÔofSFL NqjjE~íîÓj :
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj CLFL MLk^FLj ¥cÍÂ ÏÁ¥qÚ¿¸¼FL O~¾ÓFLj NqjjÍíî¸Py
¶¨¸¼, M~Oqj CLMLj GH^æBcÓFLj MLÍÆ Jd¿Jwtj, ¥x¸<$qj^æÓPy CLÓE~ÔLj¥xFo^j÷ ÔosSë¥cÂ ¬CLÂ
¥yGH¸ ÔLPe÷OoÁ¥cÍÂ No.380-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. NqjjE~íîÓPy Ä×¦NqjÓ¥húô CLFLjï ML¿¸¼FL¸ÍjŠ
¼ÿï¸$c, $cNqkÓj CL»Æ Oq¥qëfS¥qëMnjÎ °¸@é^^jML¸=h CLFL MLXq¹GSìPeÂï GHlGRðMLkÓÓCy ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸ÔLj
¥xFL<¸Py ¬bÃPeGR¥qÓM~<j. Mo¸¥q=»¿(ÀOqjMLjÓ)Py µ¥q rHÍí O~×¦bKZML¸ÀÂ ¥q=hæ¸Ô~<j. Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ 1
O~×¦¥iNqj ½¡ÄCL¸Py, GUytjGS+ ML¸QZ¸Py ¼ML¿O~×¦$qj MLjk<ML Ä£OqMLPe÷+jÂCyFLj, GS¸$qMLjML¸Q~Â¥h

Ôn¸ÁFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó$qj MnjjÍ=h ÿ¿ÿOq, MnjjÍ=h _j¥qÚÓCy MLõMLÿ¿¸ÔL MLÓfSFL GH¿fSìÀ ³Oqð¨¸Á.
¯ ¥cÓ¸Py EéQZ¸ ¬¸CL=e O~×¦¥iNqj ¬Ó÷¥qPy÷PeÓCy‚¨, ²<Cn$qÂ NqjjÍí îM~C~MLOq*¸ ¬Q~¸À,
¬ÂÇáCLGH¿fSìÀ FnÓ¥xÂ °¸Á. ®^jML¸=h CLOqj*¸Py, CLFL GSøPebKesHXqCyFo ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i, GUytjGSPeÁ
fU¸ÍkO~×eõÓj µ¥q=x¥q=h$c ¼À¥h ¬ÍßQZõMnjÎJwNoj CLOqj*¸Py rUÎ¸ÍMLÏÍO~ôÂï ÂÓKn^æ@~Â¥h ¥q¸¥q*¸
1. ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥x¸<rHÎFL O~×¦bKZML¸ÀÂ Mo OnMLøOqk Â¿ô¸¼FL E~[Pe PoÍj. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj Â¿ô¸¼FL bKZML¸À ÔLk¥i
®GHl<j ExOq¥qÍj. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
¥q^jæ¥xFLï Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ój ÔoGSjëFLï NqjjE~íîÓPy ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj CLFL ML¸CLj GSÿ¥cO~Âï
¬¸Á¸Ô~<j. rHÎ Q~GSFL¸Py NqjjE~íîÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL öGHGS¥hë¥h ®Eé ¥cOq*¸.
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj Â£=hMLGSÀ¥yGS¸ öGHÀIGHÓ¸ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLj^ :
ÀOqjGHÀ ö$cMLkÂï ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c, ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj
E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ rH¿Noj¿(rHÍíÔnY¦jMLl)Nnjj¥qÚ °CLëOqÁŠÚFL CLkMLjjFLŠ GSÄ£jJdFL °FLïbKZkÄj
ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj¾Ó(²¸rHOqjMLkF~Oqj)ÂCLõGHm×eÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqì¸, ÏE~OqöÍMLõ¸ GSMLj‚Oqá=eÂ¥h E~FL¸
ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ bKZkÄjÂ $qj¿¸¼ CL$qjöQZÍíî MLfU¸ÔL¥q JwML<¸MLÓFL, ¯ FoÓ ¬¸C~ MLjj¸<÷CLjGHðÓCy
Â¸¨Jwtj¸Á. ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qF~DÍ NqkÍMLO~Nqj GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLjk<ML GS¸MLCLûO~FL ®¥qÚ¨ GHl^æÓFLj,
CLjGHðÓFLj, CxÓ»¸¼ sSE~õÂ¥h ¬FLj‚Ó¸$c ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¥cÂ Â£=hMLGSÀ öGHQ~ïOqì¥q¸$c MLk¿¸Á.
²¸Íj¥q¸=o ÀOqjGHÀö$cMLj¸Cy Ke^j rH¿Noj¿‚< Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL fSë ¬ML<¸
MLÓFL CL»FL FLGRæGH¿VOq¸$c öGHÀIGHÓ¸ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLŠ¸@~ ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj¾ÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL bKZkMLjjÓŠ
rHÍíÔnOqjMLlFLj¸¨ Â£=hÂ ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h OnÎCLjÓŠ ÿŠÚPoÍj. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL 200 GHBcÓFLj Mn¸¥q=oQZøOqjFLŠ
GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL CLOqjM~CLFo ¬¥qÚÖnÎCLjÓ FLM~tjÀ£ GHÍíîCLjÓFLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ CL$qj GSMLjNqj¸Py
rH¿Noj¿FLj¸¨ °CLëOq CLkMLjj$qj¸@~ Â£=hÂ ö$qfU¸¼ OnÎCLjÓj Ãª<j bKZkMLjjÓFLj Td$qjÔoNqj ( No.115-
G.T.) Oq¸bÃ¸Ô~Oqj.
6. GUy_+ NqkÍMLl<j :
Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL CnÆNqjML¼áFL ¼ML¿ NqkÍMLO~Nqj öGHMLjj[j<j GUy_+NqkÍMLl<j.
®CL<j Mn¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj MLOqÍÿGSë MLjjöE~¸¼CLMnjÎFL MnÎŠ¸>OqÿTdëÂ¥h _¸$cOqj Cx<j$qjFLj GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL^j÷
No.56-T.T.Q~GSFL¸PyÂ GS¸GSÚßCL Qy÷¥cÓj, CLÄj+GHE~õÓj CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ¶_+F~DÍj<j CL¸×nÎ FL$qO~Â¥h
O~¾ ¬Â£ ÄE~õML¸CLj<Â£ CLÄj+GHE~õÓPy öGHQZ¸fS¸GH_@~è<j. ¬¸Co ¥cŠ¸@~ ÀOqjMLjÓFLj ML<
Mo¸¥q^¸(°CLëOq Mo¸¥q^QnÎÓ¸)¬Â£, ¬Fo¥q GSjM~GSFLÓCy ‚¨FL ¬Fo¥q Oq¥cÓ ÖGRÏÍGHl Ôn^÷Š, ¬Fo¥qOq¥cÓ
MLjkÆ¥qÓŠ ¥qOqTdìFLMLjFo öGHQZ¸QZ ¥qÂfHGSjë¸Á.
VII CnÓj$qj Ôy+jÓj
¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML Po¥q À¥qÚ :
µ¥qFx¥q O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 5ML GS¸.FL MoNqj_¨FL Q~GSFL¸ No. 430-T.T.
Py öÀbKZjMLFLÔLö¥qML¿ë$qW| MLjÏÍjO~¸CL¥q(JvCLëfHÔy+)¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéMLlÂ öGHQZ¸GS°¸Á. ®CL<j FnÓk÷Oqj
CnFLj$qjÔy+jÓ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL µ¥q Jd+Nqj$cOqj. Ä£Oqj ¥q¿¥cÓÔy+jÂ ML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~OqMLjÂ
ÔnGHØ¥x¸=eOqj. ¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML Po¥q À¥qÚ, MLjk<MLŠPyCLjë¸$qjÂ ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸Py µ¥q TdMLj¸CLO~¾$c
°¸@éM~<FLï ÄGRNqj¸, ®CL<j CLFLCL¸ö¨ MLjFLjMLjfSÍíîOqGSF| MLj¿Nqjj FLÓ÷fSÍíîOqGSF| GHlBcõÂ¥nÎ ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ

FL¸ÍÓkOqjö$cMLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Á£JdÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoGSkë, ŠPyCLjë¸$qjÂ 31ML GH¿JdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸ QZj¥q÷
F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.1209GS¸.)MofSFL Q~GSFL¸ (No.582 of 1907 of Mad. Ep. Coll.) MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MLjk<ML O~×¦O~×¦Ôy+jÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML ¬*»MLj*»Nqjj¸¨ CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL
MLjk<ML O~×o¸öÍÔy+jÂ ¥cÓ¸Py GHm¿ëTdøCL¸öC~õÂï öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. Ôy+jÓŠ TdMLj¸CLj<j$c
°FLï¥cÓ¸Py ®CL<j Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂ¥h JdÓŠ<j$c °FLïGHð=h¥hÂ£, ö$cMLkÓFLj bKZkMLjjÓFLj
EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ E~FL¸ÔosS ÄGRNqj¸Py GHm¿ëTdøCL¸öCLõ¸, ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ ¥qÆ»FL GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c MLõMLÿ¿¸Ô~<j.
®CL<j, MLjj[õ¸$c MLjk<MLO~×¦O~×¦ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ 15ML GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ1230GS¸.)(No.432, 434
of 1919 of Mad. Ep. Coll.) ÀOqjMLÀëNqjkO§ ¬¸=o ¼FLï ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸Py ¬OqjWe+rHOqjMLkW| EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
$q¸<$yJdÓF| GS¸ÏÁ FnÎMoÍõ¸ ¬Fo sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ®CL<j GSøCL¸öCL¸$c
GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL¥cÓ¸ SG jMLkOqj ³<jGS¸MLCLûO~Ój MLköCLMoj ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ No.46 of 1893 from Conjeevaram
and No.201 of 1903 from Kalahasthi Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j CLFL GSøCL¸öCL GH¿JdÓFLFLj
Q~.QZ. 1250 GS¸.FL öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ °¸=e<j(Mad. Ep.Rep for 1920 Page 92, App.F; and for 1922, Para
59). ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No.430-T.T.Q~GSFL¸, ®CL<j QnOqjMLFLkO§ ö$cMLj¸Py
¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ, CLFL 5ML GH¿JdÓF~ GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.

_ÿjQZ¹ ¯ QnOqjMLFLkOqj ö$cMLj¸, ¯ CnFLj$qjÔy+ öGHMLjj[jÂ GSøö$cMLjMnjÎ °¸^j¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.
1255 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ F~=hÁ ¥cMLÔLjáFLj.
¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéMLlÂ CLÆ÷Í¸ö<jÓj, ¬CLÂ rSÎÂ¥q TdÿTdÓj :

ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéMLl<j MLjFLjMLjfSÍjíîÂ ŠMLkOqj<j, ²Y¦þfSÍjíîÂ MLjFLjMLj<j. ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqjÂ
sHOqj ‚< MLjFLjMLjfSÍíî. ¯ MLjFLjMLjfSÍíî CLFL E~NqkÍjÓÔo, O~×¦õ¸FLj¸¨ CL¿ÄjMoNqj_<$q, MLj¸öÀNqj$qj
À¥qÚFL TwMLjNqk½ öJdOqìFLFLj MLjÂï¸¼, ¥c¥qÀ $q*GHÀEéMLl<j ×y¥qõ¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ, À¿» MLjFLjMLjfSÁíî
Nnjj¥qÚ E~NqkÍjÓFLj CL¿ÄjMofS O~×eõÂï MLjFLjMLjfSÁíî¥h ¬GHð»¸Ô~<j (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1900,
Paras 48 and 50). Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML ¬¸=o À¥qÚFLßGHÀ Po¥q Ôy<À¥qÚ ¼FLïCLFL¸PyFo
NqjjÍíî¥cO~õÓPy FnÎGHl*õ¸ GS¸JdÁ¸¼FL Ä£Oqj<Â£, NqjjÍí¸î Py HG ßDÁÄ£QZøOqjÂ ÇOqGSjûFLj _¸ÀMLPn ²$qjOq$x=næFLÂ£;

¥qO~ê^ TwMojQZøOqj<j, QZ¸bKZjO~×¦, MnjjÍPnÎFL QZöCLjMLlÓFLj NqjjÍí¸î Py ¬MLÆ£Ó$c ¶¨¸¼, Ôy+TdìGHF~Ô~Oqõ
¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj MLfU¸Ô~<Fo ÄMLO~Ój CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CL<j Ô~PeMLj¸Á O~×¦ŠMLkOnëÓFLj ÄM~ÿMLk@~<j.
Ä£¿Py ®ÍíOqj O~×¦ŠMLkOnëÓj rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷ NqkÍMLO~Nqj Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~Oqj. ®CLÂ¥h
$q¸<$yJdÓ ¬Fo ÃOqjÍ¸ °¸Á. ¯ sHOqj Ä£jÍFo ®CL<j, ¬OqjWe+rHOqjMLk+÷Š ¬Fo¥q ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj
³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoGSkë MLÔ~á<j. ¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj
$q¸<$yJdÓF|GS¸ÏÁ ¬Fo sHOqjÄ£jÍ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼áF~tj. ®CL<j GSøCL¸öCL¸$c GH¿JdÓFLTd»¸¼¸Á
¥xÁí¥cÓ¸ MLköCLMoj ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i, öÀbKZjMLFLÔLö¥qML¿ë ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj MLfU¸Ô~<j. ö¥i.QZ. 1250 GS¸. FLj¸¨,
ö¥i.QZ. 1285 GS¸. MLOqŠ GSjMLkOqj 35 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL, bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<j, CnÓj$qjÔy+
Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓj¨Cy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ PoÂM~<j ®CL<j.
VIII CnÓj$qj GHÓ÷MLlÓj
1. Ä×¦Nqj $q¸<$yJdÓEéML :
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py CnFLj$qjGHÓ÷ML öGHMLjj[j@âÎFL Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<
$yJdÓjFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój °F~ïtj. ¥cÂ M~=hPy Ô~PeMLOqŠ ÇDÁÓMnjÎ ¬GS¸GHm¿ë$c °¸<<¸
MLÓFL, ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓMLjjFL¸ÍÆ F~ÓÜML, ´ÍML, MLj¿Nqjj CxÄjôÍML GS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFL
M~=h¥h MLköCL¸ ÄMLO~Ój ÓbKZõMLÙCLjF~ïtj. ®CLÂ GHl^jæGHmOyøCLëO~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój GSðGRæ¸$c
CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ ®CL<j bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL GHÓ÷ML Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<FLj ÄGRNqj¸
No.272 of 1905 of the Mad. Ep. Coll. from Tripurantakam, No. 196 of 1923 from Uttara merur and
Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL GSðGRæ¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ Q~GSF~ÓPy

Atmakur No.25 of the “Nellore Inscriptions.” -
(No.27,35 and 36 of 1890 of the Mad.Ep. Coll.) MLOqjGS$c ÄML¿¸¼FL^j÷ ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ
15ML 16ML GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy Q~.QZ. 1187 ÔnGHð_<è^jæ ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFL Q~.QZ. 1172 GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1250)Py
öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH_¨ °¸@~Æ. (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1920 para 57). ®CL<j 35 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój O~×¦õJdÓFL
ÔoQ~<Â rHÎFL ®MLø_¨FL CLô‚Oqj Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®CLÂ ¬Fo¥q Q~GSF~Ój Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ ½Pe÷Š
Ôn¸ÁFLÄ$c °F~ïtj. ¸ÍjPyFLj MLjk[õ¸$c ÅÇ¢ rHOqj¸_jÍkOqj, ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ C~Ók¥cÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFLÄ.
®CLÂ Q~GSF~ÓPy GSMLj¥cÆŠÓ öGHTdëMLFL Po¥qJwMLl^ :
®CLÂ Q~GSF~ÓPy GSMLj¥cÆŠÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL öGHTdëMLFL ¥cFLO~Íj. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL Nqk
CoÁ£ÓŠ CLjÓõ¸$c ²MLOnÎ °¸=eOy ±fU¸ÔLMLÓfS °¸Á. MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqôGSj¸ÍOq Jd¸<õ, ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q
Po¥q, ¬Ój÷F|À¥qÚ Po¥q Ä£O qFLOqfS¸ÿNqkÍMLO~Nqj ML¸=h NqjjÍíîÄ£OqjÓ GH=e=yG H¸Cy‚¨FL
GH¿JdÓFLMLPn$c¥q, ¯ Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ GH¿JdÓFL ÔLGHð$c, TdE~gSE~$c, ²=hæ NqjjÍíîGHl ¬Ó×¦<jÓjFLk
Po¥q Td»JwtjFL^j÷ °¸Á. ¬¸Co¥c¥q ®CLÂ GSMLj¥cÆŠPnMLøOqk ®CLÂCy FoOqj$c NqjjE~íîÓjÔofS ×¦tj¸¼
Py_OqjÔLj¥x¸=hMLjÂ ÔnGHØ¥xFLï^j÷ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj.
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸< $yJdÓEéMLlÂ GSMLj¥cÆŠÓj :

®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFL, ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<õ, ¥y rHOqj¸½¸$q, MLjÏÍjO~¸CL¥q JvCLëfHÔy+,
¬Ój÷F| À¥qÚ, ®¸¥qFLk MLjFLjMLjfSÍíî, ¥c¥qÀ£Nqj $q*GHÀ MLjjFLï$qjM~¿ GH¿JdÓFLÓCy GSMLj¥cÆ£FL¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á.
Ä£¿Py ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j, C~FLj $q¸<$yJdÓjÂ NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸¼ ÔL¸JdFLÂ ÔnGHØ¥xF~ï<j.
¥cÂ, À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py No. 239 and 241-T.T.Q~GSF~Ó öGH¥cOq¸ ¯ $q¸<$yJdÓj<j,
Ä£Oq$q¸< $yJdÓj<j ¥cÍj ¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. MnjjÍ=h GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<õ, Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ NqjjÍíî¸Py
×¦tj¸Ô~<j. Á£ÂÂ ÏE~Oq¸$c ÔoGSj¥xÂ ¥xrHðOqj¸½¸$q ¬ÀQZNqj $qOqø¸Cy C~Fo Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ,
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ ‚< ×¦tj¸Ô~FLÂ öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xÂ(No.226-T.T.) GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ ¥i¿ëÂ ¯
CLÄj+ GHÓ÷MLl<j Jv¸Í@~Â¥h öGHNqjÀï¸Ô~<j. CnÓj$qj Ôy+O~×nÎFL MLjFLjMLjfSÍíî $q¸<$yJdÓj<j Ä×¦Nqj
¬Fo O~¾FLj NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸Ô~FLÂ GS$qOqø¸$c (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1908 para 75) ÔnGHØ¥xF~ï<j. ¯
Ä×¦NqjFLj Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ$c MLjFLjMLjfSÁíî bKeÄ¸Ô~<Â ±fU¸ÔL@~Â¥h TdÚOq¸PoÍj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL
®CLÂ ¥qDÍFL¸Ä£jÍ ÄQ~øGS¸ ¥qÓ$q<¸PoÍj. ¯ MLjFLjMLjfSÁíî CL¸ö¨ ¬tjFL ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML Po¥q ¬Ój÷F|À¥qÚ
‚< ®=o ÷¬ÀQZNnkŠëÓj GHÆ¥c<j ¥qE~ ! M~OqGSCLø¸$c CLFLŠ Í¥qÚMLÓfSFL fS¸VGSFL¸ CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸¼FL
CLOqjM~CL CLFLjï ÏÁ¥qÚ¿¸¼FL, Px¸$qÂ O~¾Ó¸Í¿Â£ ÔL¸fHMofS ¥q¸¼Â ö¥qÄj¸¼ E~ÂÂ CLFL MLjj[õFL$qOq¸$c
(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1920 para 55) ÔoGSj¥xÂ GH¿JdÓFLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL^j÷ GS$qOqø¸$c ÔnGHØ¥xF~ï<j.
®CLÂ ÔoGRæÓj‚< GS¸EéVÂ¥h C~MLlÂGSjëF~ïtj. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ¬Ój÷F| À¥qÚ GSøCL¸öCL¸$c GH¿JdÓFL

Td»¸¼FLÁ ³<j GS¸OqCLûO~Ój MLköCLMoj. ¥cÂ CLFLÁ$c ¬Ój÷F| À¥qÚÔnGHØ¥xFLï ¥q¸¼Py ¯ ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸PyFo
¥xrHðOqj½¸$q, Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓML¸=h öGHMLjj[O~¾ÓÔo MoNqj_¨FL Q~GSF~Ój ‚@~ ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj.
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓj<j, TwÍOqj<$qj Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂCy Ôo¿ O~×eõÂï ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ JdÆ¸ÔL<¸ :
MnjjÍ=h GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j NqjjÍíî¸Py $q¸<$yJdÓjÂ ÔL¸GH$c, CLFL JdE~ÓrHÎ GH¨ XqÄj¸GHlMLjÂ
Mo<j¥xÂFL $q¸<$yJdÓjÂ TwÍOqjÓFLj XqÄj¸¼ M~¿O~×eõÂï M~¿¥h À¿» ®¼á MorSFLÂ ®¸CLŠ
MLjj¸Eé ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂÔo Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓj<j ÔL¸GH_<$c, ¬CLÂ TwÍOqjÓPy µ¥q<j
O~×eõÂ¥h MLÔLjá^ Â×¦Moj ¬tj°¸^j¸Á. ¯ TwÍOqj<j, ö¥i.QZ. 1250 GS¸.FL fS¸VGSFL¸ ²¥hÚFL
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓj@é ¬FLj^ CLDÍõ¸. ¯ ö¥i.QZ. 1250 GS¸. PyFo ×¦=eMLOqôGSj¸ÍOq Jd¸<jõ<j Jd¸<õ
fS¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁOyfU¸Ô~<j. ¬¸CLMLMLOqŠ Ä£Oq$q¸<, Ä×¦Nqj $q¸<TwÍOqjÓj, GSjMLkOqj F~Ój$nÎÍj
GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ¬¸=o GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j Ä£Oq$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ NqjjÍíî¸Py ÔL¸sH¸CLMLOqŠ _ÿjQZ¹ O~×eõÂï
®ÍíOqkÔo¿ GH¿JdÆ¸¼ °¸=eOqj. TwÍOqj<j ÔLÂJw$c, GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ XqMLkbÃXq FL¿ì¸¼

Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓj<j TdMLj¸CL O~×¦Nqkõ<j.
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ GHÓ÷MLML¸QZ GHOq¸GHOq MLjj¥qÚ¸=h ¥c<jMn=hæFLj¸¨ öJdOq¸bKZ¸ :
®CLÂ Š^j¸_MLõMLVO~Ój ²Pe °FLïGHð=h¥i ¯ Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓj<j, MLjj¥qÚ¸=h ¥c<jMn=hæ
MLjkÓGHlOqjGRj<j$c ¥qÆ»FL GHÓ÷MLML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j, bKZOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<j. ®CL<j [=eø¸$q
ÏÍø¾<j (ÇMLlÂ$qÍ ¼ÿï¸ ¥qÆ»FL KeMLl=e)MLj¿Nqjj MLßGRbKZ Pe¸ÕÔLFLj<j. ¥q¸¼ GH^æBcÂ¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ.
¥q¸¼ ¥cMLkXiEéÄ ¬FLjö$qVÂï Jv¸ÁFL=hæM~<j. ×¦$qE§ $yJdÓ ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj Jv¸ÁFLM~<j. (Atmakur
No.25 of the ‘’Nellore Inscriptions’ ’) ¯ ÃOqjE~ÓÂï ‚@~, C~MLjj bKZOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£ŠPnÎFL GHÓ÷ML
ML¸QZGSjìÓMLjÂ£, ÅÇ¢ GHOqøC~Â(ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ¸)¥h CLkOqjðFL ³<jML¸ÍÓ ¬ö$qVO~ÓFLj Â¿ô¸¼FL MLjj¥qÚ¸=h
¥c<jMn=hæ ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓMLjÂ£ ÔnGHØ¥x¸^k, ÄÄÏÍ ¥cPeÓPy°FLï ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á öGHMLjj[jÓj CLMLj öGHQZfSëPy
GS$qOqø¸$c öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥x¸^k °¸@éM~Oqj (D. 69 and Kg. 24 of the ‘’ Nellore Inscriptions’’).
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ CnFLj$qjÔy+ ¬Ój÷F| À¥qÚ$c JvOqJd^jFL µ¥oMLõ¥hë$c bKeÄ¸ÔL_<j^ :
MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 15 GS¸.Py ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸PyÂ ¬OqjWe+rHOqjMLkW|Š
$q¸<$yJdÓF| GS¸ÏÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h(Mad. Ep.Rep. for 1916, para 81; for 1920, paras 53 to
57; and for 1922 para 59) CL$qj ³O~ð^jÔofSFL $q¸<$yJdÓ ¬Fo OqkA<F~MLj¸$qÓ CnÓj$qjÔy+ ¬Ój÷F|
ÀOqj¥c+ÀëEéML MLj¿Nqjj CnÓj$qjGHÓ÷ML Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓ ¯ ®OqjMLlOqj µ¥oMLõ¥hë$c Ô~Pe¥cÓ¸$c

bKeÄ¸GH_<jCLk MLÔ~áOqj. sHOqjPy ¥x¸CLTdMLjõ¸ °¸<<¸MLÓ÷ ¯ öbKZMLjŠ ¥cOq*MnjÎ¸Á. CnÓj$qjÔy+
$q¸<$yJdÓ ÍXhBcFL CLÄj+EéQZ¸PyÂ MLjÏÍõ½Pe÷Š GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸<$c, ®CLÂ¥h GSjMLkOqj$c
GSMLj¥cÆŠ@âÎF L CnÓj$qjGHÓ÷ML $q¸<$yJdÓj<j °CLëO ~FL MLjöE~GSjöGHf S@âÂ£ûPyÂ CnÓj$qj½Pe÷Š
JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL ÄGRNqj¸ $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j Ä£¿Íí¿Â GSjÓbKZ¸$c $qj¿ë¸ÔL Ä£ÓMLlCLj¸Á ¬Â µ¥q
GSkÔLFL ÔoNqj_¨¸Á(Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1920, para 57). ¥cÂ Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ TdXqõ¸ rHÎ bKeM~Âï
_ÓGHOqÔL<¸ PoÍj. ¯ ®ÍíOqj GöHMLjj[jÓj GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL öGHEéQ~Ój ¬GSðGRæMnjÎFL GS¿ÿÍjíÓj$qÓ ¥xÂï
½Pe÷Ó¥o GH¿ÄjCLMnjÎ FL=hæÄ. µ¥q<j °C~ëO~FL GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸<$c, On¸<MLM~<j Í¥húBcFL
GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °F~ï<j. rHÎ ÄGRNqkÂï ÍßfRæPy °¸ÔLj¥xFLïGHl<j ¯ ®ÍíOqj Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ CLkOqjð
bKe$cFL Ôn¸$qP|GH^jæ½Pe÷FLj¸¨ FnÓk÷Oqj½Pe÷ MLOqŠFLj, ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ MnÓk÷Oqj, ¼CLkëOqj, ¥q<GH
½Pe÷PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKZkbKe$q¸Ä£jÍ CLMLj GH¿ÏÁPy ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï FnOqJdOqj. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé ÔnfHðFL^j÷ CnÓj$qj
GHÓ÷MLl<j, MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõFLŠ sHOqjŠ MLköCL¸ Jd+Nqj$cOqj$c °¸¨ MLjÏÍõCLkOqjð
öJd¸C~Âï GSjMLkOqj 35 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ö¥i.QZ. 1250 FLj¸¨ 1285 GS¸. MLOqŠ GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. CnÓj$qj
Ôy+j<j MnjjÍ^ MLjk<ML ŠPyCLjë¸$qÔy+jÂ¥h, MLjk<ML O~×¦O~¾¥h Px¸»°¸¨ CLOqjM~CL MLjk<ML

S j MLk Oqj ö¥i.QZ. 1250 GS¸. FL¸Íj GSøCL¸öC~õÂï öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xÂ CLkOqjðÀ£OqGSì
O~ ×o̧ öÍ j Â ¥cÓ¸ Py ¬ ¸ = o G
öGHEéQ~Âï GSjMLkOqj ³<jGS¸MLCLûO~Ój GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j.

Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓjÂ O~Bh MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓj :
Q~G SFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸(ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGH À EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸)PyÂ Q~GSF~ÓFLj
GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j O~×¦ŠMLkOnëNnjÎFL EéMLOqfSNqkO§ Ä×¦Nqj$q¸< $yJdÓjFLŠ O~BhNqjÂ£, ¯Mnj,
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjEéM~ÓNqj¸Py MLjk<j Á£JdÓj MnÆ»¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ$cFLj CL$qj ³O~ð^jÔofS ¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj
$yMLlÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ No.73, 431-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. No.173-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷ Ä×¦Nqj$q¸< $yJdÓjÂ O~×¦öJdTdÍ¸Py °Eyõ$q¸Py °FLï ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy µ¥q@âÎFL
¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š<j ¬MnjÎôNqjGHðF| ¬Â MLjOysHOqj $qÓ ¬*êF| rHOqjMLkW|öfHNqjF| EéM~ÓNqj¸Py µ¥q Á£JdÂï
MnÆ»¸ÔL=eÂ¥h CL$qj ³O~ð^jÔofS ¬¸ÍjÓŠ ¥cMLÓfSFL FoÀÂ GSMLj‚Oqá@~Â¥h 32 $yMLlÓFLj, µ¥q
MLßGRbKeÂï E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. ¬Pe$o F~O~Nqj*GHlOq¸ ÂM~fSNnjÎFL ¥c=eæ¿ ¬FLj sHOqj$qÓ µ¥q MLBhNqjF|
(M~õJd¿)ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬MLjOq¥yF| ¬Fo µ¥q<j, µ¥q Á£JdÂï, Á£GHGSì¸bKeÂ¥h$cFLj 3 MLk<ÓjFLj,
VOqÀ¥qOqkðOq¸ ¥yGS¸ (No.111 - T.T) 12 MLk<Ój MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¥c¥qÀ£Nqj $q*GHÀ
MLj¸öCLjÓPy µ¥q<jFLj, ÓGHmðOqj ÂM~fS ¬tjFL EéMLQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj<j ö_ÿôQn=hæ $yMLlÓFLj MLßGRbKeÓFLj
¥q¸½¡MLOq¸FL¸ÍÆ ¬OqjWe+rHOqjMLk+jFLŠ Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 7ML GS¸MLCLûO~FL
E~FL¸(No. 47 of 1893 of the Mad. Ep.Coll.)ÔoTd<j. ®CL@é ®¥qÚ< ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL
Q~GSF~ÓPy E~FL¥qOqë$c, ö_ÿôMLkO~NqjF| MLj¿Nqjj TdìÂ¥q MnÎGRêMLlÓE~øO~ µ¥q E~FL¸ÔofS (No.296 -T.T)
CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGUyÍ F~MLj¸ Jv¥cÚF| ¬¸=o ¥yQ~ÏÁ¥c¿. _ÿjQZ¹
$q*GHÀEéML ÔLö¥qML¿ëMLÍí ¯ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸Py °¸¨°¸=e<j.
2. öÀGHlO~¸CL¥qEéMLl<j :
No.128-T.T.Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL MLjFLÍßfRæ¥h ML¼áFL MLjOy¥q CnÓj$qj GHÓ÷MLöGHMLjj[j<j MLjV MLj¸<PoQZøOq
öÀGHlO~¸CL¥qEéMLl<j. ®CL<j MLjÏÍjGSkÍFLEéMLŠ CL¸ö¨. ¯ MLjÏÍjGSkÍFLEéML Ä×¦Nqj$q¸< $yJdÓjÂ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ 3ML, 24ML GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy, CL¥yÚÓ¸ FL¸ÍjFLk(Nos. 264, and 267 of 1921 of
the Mad.Ep.Coll.); 18ML GH¿JdÓF~GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(S.I.I. Vol V, No.878) ÀOqjM~Ó¸$c<j FL¸ÍjFLk
E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. öÀGHlO~¸CL¥qEéMLl<j, CnÓj$qjÔy+O~×nÎFL ¬Ój÷F| Ôy+À¥qÚMLÍí MLj¸öÀ$c °F~ï<j (No. 34

of 1893 the Mad. Ep.Coll. dated in saka 1156 = ö¥i.QZ. 1234). ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL
GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No.128 Q~GSFL¸PyÂ µ¥q GS¸GSÚßCLQy÷¥q¸Py öÀGHlO~¸CLŠÂ µ¥q O~¾$c CnÓjGHlCLk,

®CLÂ ŠMLkOqjÂ(®CLÂsHOqj FLGRæMnjÎ¸Á) Ä£OqöGHC~JdÂï ML¿êGSkë ®CL<j ¥q¸¼£Ä£jÍ Ke*¸ $qj¿rH=hæ

QZöCLjMLlÓ ³FLj$qjÓFLj ÔnÍOq$x=hæFL^j÷ ML¿ê¸ÔL_¨ °¸Á. ¯ ŠMLkOqj<j _ÿjQZ¹ MLjÏÍjGSkÍFL EéMLl@âÎ
°¸=e<j. ®¸¥qFLk ®CL<j, Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<Nnjj¥qÚ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<Â CnÓjGHlCy¸Á (No.487 of 1902 of the
Mad. Ep.Coll.). ¥q¸¼¥h MLõÀOo¥q¸$c CLFL ÄÓj÷FLj ²ŠÚrH=hæFL^j÷$c sHOxÚFLï^jML¸=h ¯ NqjjE~íîÂï $qj¿¸¼
CnÆsH ®CLOq ÏE~O~Ój PoMLl.

3. O~×¦$q¸<$yJdÓ :
Q~GSFL¸FL¸ÍÆ CLÄj+bKeGRPy °FLï µ¥q GHÍõ¸Py, µ¥cFx¥q O~×¦$q¸<$yJdÓ
No.72-T.T
Nnjj¥qÚ ÏE~CLßC~øÂï $qj¿¸¼ MLjjPy÷¥cÓj Jv$q<jÔLjFLïMLÂ öGHQZ¸fS¸¼¸Á. ¥cÂ ®CL<j ³ EéQ~Âï

GH¿JdÆ¸¼¸Á£, ®CLÂ ŠÓ$yöC~ÓjFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. _ÿjQZ Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓŠ
GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL CnÓj$qj GHÓ÷MLöGHMLjj[j@âÎ °¸=e<j.
MLjCLGHOqMnjÎFL E~F~Ój :
¯ ¥cÓ¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ MLjCLSG ¸_¸ÏÍ¸$c Á£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h CL$qj ³O~ð^÷FLj ÔoNqj<¸PyFo
²ŠÚML$c E~F~Ój ÔoNqj<¸ ¥qÂfHGSjë¸Á. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py EâÎM~Â¥h ¬¸$qOq¸$q MnÎbKZM~ÓFLj ³O~ð^j
ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ÄÄÏÍ °CLûM~Ój, sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj, VOqFnÎMoE~õÓj ³O~ð^jŠ bKZŠëÓj GHmFLj¥xF~ïOqj.
ö¥qMojgH Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó ¥cÓ¸F~=h¥h, ¯ °CLûM~Á ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj ¬CLõ¸CL MnÎbKZML¸$c ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h
bKZŠëÓj E~F~Ó OqkGH¸Py ÏÍFL¸ GSMLj‚OoáM~Oqj. ¯ ö¥h¸Á Q~GSF~Ój ¥xÂï ÄMLO~Ój CnÓjðC~tj.
¬Ä-No.111,121, 134, 139,141, 285 and 433 -T.T; 127 - G.T. ÏE~FLõ¸ ¥xÓML@~Â¥h °GHNnk»¸Ôo ¼FLï
¥xÓMLkFL¸ CLk¸_j, rHÍí¥xÓCL ML=hæ ¬¸=eOqj.(CnÓj$qjPy GHl=hæ ¬¸=eOqj.) ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÏE~FLõ¸ ¥xÓML@~Â¥h Ô~+j¥hÚ Po¥q Ô~+j¥qõ F~O~Nqj*F| ¥qP| ¬Fo ¥xÓCL ÄÂNnk$q¸Py
°FLï^j÷(No.127-G.T.)CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLj¿ ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¥xÓMLkF~Â¥h °¼átjP|ÂFLþ F~O~Nqj*F|
(MLjOq¥cÚP|)(No.137-T.T.)¬ÂsHOqj. Á£ÂFo TdÏE~Oq*¸$c MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂF~þF| ¥qP| ¬Â CLOqjM~À¥cÓGHl
Q~GSF~Ój sHOxÚF~ïtj. ¯ CLOqjM~À ¥xÓCL, MLjj¸Í¿ ¥xÓCLŠ On¸¨¸CLÓj rHÍíÁ. MLO~ÿGH*¸
MLj¿Nqjj MLk@âÎ ¬FLj F~BoÓj MLõMLVOq¸Py °¸@éÁ. MLk@âÎ ¬Fo _¸$cOqjF~Bn¸ CnÓj$qjGHÓ÷MLO~×nÎFL
Ä×¦Nqj$q¸<$yJdÓj<j MLõMLVOq¸Py¥h CnÔ~á<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCLFo ¯ MLk< ¬FoF~Bn¸ $q¸<$yJdÓF| MLk@âÎ
¬Â ‚<(No.143-T.T.) MLõMLÿ¿¸GH_@éÁ. MLj¿¥x¸CL¥cPeÂ¥h ¯O~¾ ¥xCLëMLk<ÓFLj MLõMLVOq¸PyÂ¥h
À£GSj¥xÂMLÔ~á<j. ®Ä $q¸<$yJdÓF| GHlÍjMLk@âÎ (GHlÍj=¥xCLë ¬Â ¬Oqì¸ - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j)¬Â
MLõMLÿ¿¸GH_¨¸Á. ¯ On¸<j MLk<ÓPyFLj, JdCLMLk<Py “GH+¸ GHlÈ MLk@âÎ” ¬Fo $qjOqjëÓj °¸@éÁ.
¯ MLk<ÄÓjML(No.126-T.T.)_ÿjQZ 7½ MLO~ÿ GHBcÂ¥h GSMLkFL¸. _¸$cOqj F~Bn¸ MLk<, ¬GHð^MnjÎFL
_¸$cOq¸ ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸¨ ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸<Ôy+MLj¸<Ó MLj¸CL^FLk MLõMLVOq¸Py °¸@éÁ (No.129-T.T.).
Q~ÆNqj ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj :
ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓPyÂ µ¥q Cn$qM~Oqj Q~ÆNqjÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj$q fHÓjML_@éM~Oqj. Ä£Oqj _ÿjQZ¹, MLöTdëÓFLj
FosSTdPnM~¸ö< ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~OnÎ °¸=eOqj. Ä£Oqj C~MLjj TzO~öGRæ öKeÿô*jÓMLjÂ ÔnGHØ¥x¸=eOqj.
Ä£¿Py ¥x¸ÍOqj C~MLjj ÄGRjê$yöC~Â¥h (No.125-T.T.)Ôn¸ÁFLM~OqMLjÂ öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj ¥xF~ïOqj. MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj
¥cQZõGH $yöÀŠÓMLjÂ£ (No.129-T.T.), ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj öCoNqjGS $yöÀŠÓMLjÂ£(No.141-T.T.)
ÔnGHØ¥xF~ïOqj. Ä£¿PyÂ öCoNqjGS $yöÀŠÓMLjÂ£ ÔnGHØ¥xFo^^jML¸=h Q~ÆNqj ÅÇ¢ MnÎ G R ê M LlÓj Äö¥qMLkEéÄGHlOq¸
¥cGHlOqGSjëÓj ¬ML<¸ÔoCL rHÎ MnjjÍ=h ®ÍíOqj $yöÀ£ŠÓj ‚< öJd¸CL¸FLj¸@é ML¼á °¸=eOqj.
IX Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ój
GS¸$qMLj ML¸QZ¸
ÀOqjGHÀ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾ÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Po
¬ÏÁ¥qGS¸[õPy °F~ïtj. Ä£=hPy ÁøÀ£NqjO~×¦ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓŠ(Td+jML ML¸QZ¸)Ôn¸ÁFLÄ ¬CLõÏÁ¥q¸$cFLj,
öGHDÍMLj, CLßÀ£Nqj(GS¸$qMLj, CLj+j) O~×¦ML¸Q~ÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFLÄ Q~GSF~Ój ¥xÂïMLköCLMoj °F~ïtj.
1. MnjjÍ=h _j¥qÚ :
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Q~ÓPyÂ öGHDÍMLjML¸QZMnjÎFL GS¸$qMLjML¸QZ GH¿JdÓŠ<j ¯ Q~GSF~ÓPy On¸<ML
ÿ¿ÿOqj<j GSjÓbKZ¸$c $qj¿ë¸GH_<$qÓ MnjjÍ=hO~¾. ®CLÂ $qj¿¸¼ öGHbKZMLF~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ. 1309 GS¸.FL
MoNqj_¨FL(No.103-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¥cÂ ®¸CLŠGHmOqø¸ MoNqj_¨FL(No.487, 237, 238, 485-
T.T)MnjjÍ=h _j¥qÚO~¾ GH¿JdÓFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLÄ MLjk<jQ~GSF~Ój ÓbKZõMnjÎF~tj. ¥cÂ ³Q~GSFL¸PyFLj
O~¾sHOqj CnÓjGHPoÍj. HG »ÆJwtj, ¥cÓ¸ CnÓjGHÂ No.487-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSG jÂ¥h ÁF~Â¥h On¸<jMLkOqj÷
(GS¸ÏÁÂ) ÂMoÍFL ÔoNqj@~Â¥h$cFLj _j¥qÚO~NqjÓsHOqjÄ£jÍ µ¥qö$cMLj¸ E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ °FLïÁ. ¯ _j¥qÚO~NqjF|
GS¸ÏÁÂ $qj¿¸¼FL öGHQZ¸GS MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ.1379 GS¸.FL MoNqj_¨FL Q~GSFL¸Py ¥qÂfHTwë¸Á.
Td+jML MLj¸»EéML :
CnÓj$qjPyFLj, CLÄj+¸PyFLj MoNqj_¨FL No.237,238-T.T. Q~GSF~Ój ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
ÓNqj¸Py (Td+jML)MLj¸»EéML MLjVO~¾ ³O~ð^jÔofSFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj.
¯ MLjVO~¾ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj ÄMLkFL MLj¸^GH¸Ä£jÍ Q~.QZ.1281GS¸. Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
ö¥i.QZ.1359 ¾ePnÎ OqML C~¿¤[j _¸$cOqj ¥qÓQ~Âï TdìHf ¸¼FL MLßC~ë¸C~Âï CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py
MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq, MojÁÂ£ Ä£jGSOq$q¸< ¬FoÄ CLGHð ®CLOq ÃOqjE~Ój öGHNnk»¸ÔLPoÍj. MnjjÍ^ ÃOqjÍj
sHOqj$c °¸¨ CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ®¸=hsHOqj$c MLk¿FL Td+jML ¬FoÁ‚< ¥cFLO~Íj. Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
O~×eõÂ¥h GH¥qÚPy _Pn÷¸$c °FLï QZöCLjO~¾ QZ¸bKZjMLO~NqjÓFLj, MLjÍjOqPyÂ MLjjfS÷¸ÓFLj, ®CLOq QZöCLjMLlÓFLj
NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼FL CLOqjM~CLFo ¯ Td+jML ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj ö$qfU¸¼FL^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCLj¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹
Q~.QZ. GS¸.1283 Py MoNqj_¨FL ¥q¸¼Q~GSFL¸(No.573 of 1919 and Mad.Ep.Rep.for 1919-20 Para
59), Q~.QZ.1285 GS¸MLCLûO~FL MoNqj_¨FL Í+MLFLkO§(Í¥hú* O~Ú=| ½Pe÷)(Mad.Ep.Rep for 1905
para 29) Q~GSFL¸ - ¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój‚@~ MLj¸»EéMLFLj, Td+jMLMLj¸»EéMLMLjVO~×¦ ¬Â
GS¸KyÏÁ¸Ô~tj. MLjFL Q~GSF~Ó(ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~Ó)PyÂ MLj¸»EéMLMLjVO~×o rHÎ

On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ Td+jMLMLj¸» MLjVO~¾ ¬Â $qj¿ë¸ÔL<¸Py ²^jML¸=h GS¸Eéÿ¸PoÍj. ®CL<j
ŠMLkOq¥q¸GHFL ¬¸=o On¸<ML¥q¸GHFLMLÍí µ¥q rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ$c °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ŠMLkOq¥q¸GHFL
QZ¸bKZjMLO~NqjjÂ Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸@âÀëFLGHl<jFLj, MLjÏÍjOq MLjjfS÷¸ÓFLj ²ÍjOxÚFLïGHl<jFLj ¯ MLj¸»EéML GSVNqj¸
ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ®CL<j QZ¸bKZjMLO~NqjTdìGHF~Ô~Oqõ ¬FLïÃOqjÍjCy GSCLÚ¿¸GH_@~è<j. µ¥qE~Â CLOqjM~CL
MLjOx¥q=h$c MofSFL ¯ MLjk<j Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ÄGRNqkÓFLk, M~=hCyKe^j ®CL<j ÍXhBcÂ¥h ¥qÁÆMnÈ÷
Í¸<NqköCLPy MLjÿôÁ£NqjjÓFLj ×¦tj¸Ô~<Fo ÄGRNqkÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j öGHöGHDÍMLj¸$c ÍXh*EéQZ¸Py
MLjÏÍõöGHEéQZ¸Py ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï FnOqGHlCLk °¸@éM~<Â bKeÄ¸ÔL MLÔLjáFLj. öJdNqjQZ¹ ®CL<j CLOqjM~À
¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ Td+jML öGHMLjj[jÓŠ ÂM~GSTdìFLMnjÎFL ÔL¸öÍ»¿öJd¸C~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~@âÎ °¸<FyGHlFLj. ¯
ÔL¸öÍ»¿ öJd¸CLMLjjFL¸Eé Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j Í¸<NqköCLÓŠ JwMLlFLGHl<j CLFL MLjkÓ_PeÂï ÂÆfH
°¸ÔnFLj.(ÔLk<j - Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj¸) rHÎ MLjk<j Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj MnjjÍ=hÁ Q~.QZ. 1281 ML GS¸.FL
MoNqj_¨FLÁ ¥c$c Äj»ÆFL On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓFLj Q~.QZ. 1283 GS¸.PyFLj, Q~.QZ. 1285 ML GS¸.PyFLj
MoNqj_¨FL=hæÄ$c °¸<^¸ MLÓFLFLk, ®¸CL¥qFLï MnFLj¥q=h CoÁ£Py MoNqj_¨FL Q~GSF~Ój$cÂ, ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h
°CLëOq¸$c°FLï MLjOx¥q öGHEéQ~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój ÓbKZõ¸ ¥c¥qJwML<¸ MLÓFL öJdNqjQZ¹
MLjÏÍõöJd¸CL¸Py ²¥qÚ@y µ¥qÔy^ - ¬Á _ÿjQZ¹ ÔL¸öÍ»Oo ®CLÂ öGHÏE~FL ÂM~GSTdìFLMLjÂ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
¥q¸GHFL Nnjj¥qÚ MLj¸öÀ :
rHÎ MLjk<j Q~GSF~ÓPy - MLjk<MLEâÎFL ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨FL (Q~.QZ. 1290
GS¸.) No.485-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py “ÅÇ¢ Ä£OqŠMLkOq ¥q¸GH* °<NqkO§ rH$q@âÎ” ¬Â °FLïÁ. rH$q@âÎ ¬¸=o örH$qÜ<
¬Â, ¯ GHE~Â¥h µ¥q O~×¦ŠMLkOqj<j Po¥q µ¥q MLj¸öÀ ¬Â ¬Oqì¸ °FLïÁ. ¥c_=hæ ®Á MLj¸öÀNnjÎFL
ŠMLkOq ¥q¸GH*(On¸<ML ¥q¸GH*)FLj GSk¼Twë¸Á. ®Á GS¿ ¬tjFL^÷tjCo ®CL<jNqkÍMLF~O~Nqj*
TwMLjGHð(TwMLGHð$q+j) (E.p. Ind. Vol.V1. No.33, p. 324; and Ar.Sur. Rep. for 1907-08, p. 241)¬tj
°¸@~Æ. Po¥qJwtjFL^÷tjCo ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1293 GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨FL, Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ Q~GSFL¸Py

öGHQZ¸fS¸GH_¨FL öKeÿô* sSF~F~NqjŠ@âÎFL $yGH* ¬tjF~ ¥cMLÔLjá. ¯ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.
1293 GS¸. F~=hÁ (published in Ep. Ind. Vol V1 pages 322 - 330). ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL
öGH¥cOq¸, $yGH* ¬+»Nqj MLjFLM~+rHOqjMLkW| Äö$qVÂï ÀOqjMLjÓ(ÀOqjGHÀ)FLj¸¨ À¿» À£GSj¥xÂ
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔoO~á<j. MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓj ÀOqj¼F~GHÆ÷Â ö¥qÄj¸ÔL$c, Ä£¿MLÓFL ÅÇ¢Oq¸$q¸
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLjjGHØO~$qÓÍÂ bKeÄ¸¼FL ¬¥qÚ¨ GHm×eOqjÓj, OqÿGSõ¸$c ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+ rHOqjMLkW|
Äö$qVÂï ¬¥qÚ<FLj¸¨ CLOqÆ¸¼, ÀOqjMLjÓ(ÀOqjGHÀ)¥h À£GSj¥xÂML¼á ÂCLõGHm×eÁ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓŠ
Py^j¥qÓj$qŠ¸< bKZöÍ¸$c ¥cJd<j¥x¸^k MLÔ~áOqj. ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ CLOqjM~CL $yGH* Äö$qVÂï
ÀOqjMLjÓ(ÀOqjGHÀ)FLj¸¨ Qn¸½(½¸½)¥h CLOqÆ¸¼, CL»FL CLOqj*¸Py ¬¥qÚ<FLj¸¨ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$cÂ¥h ÔoO~á<j.
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸EéM~ÓNqj¸ À¿» GHlFL¿ï¿ô¸ÔL_¨, ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+rHOqjMLkW| Äö$qÿ¸ Q~.QZ. 1293 GS¸. Py
À¿» $yGH*Ôo TdìfH¸GH_¨¸Á. On¸<ML¥q¸GH* rS¸½ O~öadæÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c $yGH*FLj ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j.
¬GHØ<j $yGH* ÀOqjMLjÓŠ EâÎMLÍOqùF~OqìMnjÎ ML¼áFLGHl<j, ¬¥qÚ< ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ Äö$qÿ¸Cy
®¸¥x¥q ¥q¸ÔLjÄö$qÿ¸‚@~ GHm½¸GH_<jCLk °¸<=eÂï ÔLkfS, Äö$qÿ¸ ¬¥qÚ< ÄÏÍ¸$c
GHm½¸GH_<jCLk °¸<@~Â¥h ¥cOq*¸ ³Äj^Â ¬¥qÚ¨ GHm×eOqjÓFLj ¬¨$c<j. ¬Á ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ
Äö$qÿMLjÂ£, MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓ Íj¸<$cÓFLj¸¨ CLfHð¸ÔL@~Â¥nÎ, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸FLj¸¨ ®¥qÚ¨¥h À£fS¥xÂ
O~_¨¸ÍÂ£ $yGH*Š ÄML¿¸Ô~Oqj. ÄGRjêbKZŠë@âÎFL $yGHFLï ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ NqjDE~TdìF~Â¥h À£GSj¥xÂ
JwM~ÓÂ bKeÄ¸Ô~<j. ¥cÂ ¬GHð=h¥h ®¸¥c ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓ ö¥qMLj*PyFo °¸¨FL¸ÍjFL,
MLjj¸Íj$c Äö$qVÂï CLFL MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL rS¸½¥h(ÍXh*O~Ú^j½Pe÷)À£GSjŠÂMnÈ", CLFL OqXq*Py
MLj¿Nqjj öGHCLõXqGHOqõMoXq*Py, GHm×e¥nÎ¸¥qO~õ ÍjÓŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoTd<j. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$cÂï QZöCLjMLlÓ
öGHMLkÍ¸FLj¸¨ CLfHð¸¼FL, CLOqjM~CL CL»FL CLOqj*¸Py TdøÄjÂ C~FLj ÅÇ ¢Oq¸$qEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
À£GSj¥xÂMnÈ" öGHÀfRçTdëFLÂ ÔnfHð, ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqj GHm×eOqjÓŠ FLÔLáÔnfHðM~¿ ¬FLjMLjÀCy Äö$qVÂï
CLFL MLjj[õGH^æ*¸ rS¸½¥h À£GSj¥xÂMnÈ" ¬¥qÚ¨¥h GSÄ£jJdFL °FLï fS¸$qMLOq¸¥x¸<Ä£jÍ °FLï^jML¸=h
Oq¸$qF~DÍEéM~ÓNqj¸Py Q~öTwë¥që¸$c TdìfH¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c Q~.QZ.
1293 GS¸MLCLûOq¸MLOqŠ Äö$qÿ¸ ¬¥qÚ< °¸¨¸Á. ¬GHð=h¥h ÅÇ¢O q¸$qXoöCL¸ QZjbKZöGHÍMnjÎFL GSjXoöCLMnjÎ
CL»FL M~C~MLOq*¸ ³Oqð¨FL¸ÍjFL $yGH*, ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ ¬¸>=o ¬+»Nqj MLjFLM~+rHOqjMLk+jFLj, ÅÇ¢
Oq¸$qEéM~ÓNqj¸Py $qMLjQ~öTwë¥që¸$c GHlFL¹ öGHÀfRæ¸Ô~<j (¥i¿ëQoGRjÓj =h.².$ygHF~DÍO~MLl O~fSFL
°GHö¥qMLjBh¥q, $q¸$cEéÄ Oq¼¸¼FL “MLjÏÍjO~ Ä×¦Nqj¸” Po¥q “Ä£Oq¥q¸GHO~Nqj ÔL¿CLMLjj” Py GHl^. 26).
QZ¸_jMLO~NqjFLj NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼, Q~.QZ. 1283 GS¸.FLCLûOq¸Py ¥q¸¼Â ö¥qÄj¸¼FL
CLOqjM~CL MLjÍjOq ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ öJd¸C~ÓFLj¸©, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ FLj¸© MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓFLj CL¿ÄjMoNqj@~Â¥h
10 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GH=hæ¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCLFo, Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ À¿» rS¸½FLj¸¨ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ ÔoOqá=eÂ¥h, $yGH*Š
Q~.QZ. 1293 GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo TdÏÍõGH¨¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓFLj¸¨ CL¿Æ¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL Äö$qÿ¸ On¸<j MLjk<j
GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸, Qn¸½PyFo bKZöÍ¸$q °¸¨°¸^j¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1290 ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸Py
À¿» öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨FL Q~.QZ. 1293ML GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GSÄ£jGHGSì ¥cÓMLjML<¸ÔoCL, örH$qÜ< ÀOqjMLjÓŠ
O~ML<¸PyÂ ¸CLOqõ¸ Äö$qVÂï CLOqÆ¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸ ¬FL<¸ GSjGSðGRæ¸. ¯ örH$qÜ<, rQn¸½ O~×¦õJdÓŠ<j$c
On¸<ML ¥q¸GH*Nnjj¥qÚ öKeÿô* sSF~F~NqjŠ<jFLj ¬tjFL $yGH*Noj ¬FL<¸Py ÄöGHÀGHÀë PoÍj.
$yGH* ÀOqjGHÀNqköCLPy, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸¼FLGHl@é, ¬+»Nqj MLjFLM~+rHOqjMLkW| ¥q¸ÔLj
Äö$qVÂï OqÿGSõ¸$c, ÀOqjMLjÓŠ CLOqÆ¸¼ ¬¥qÚ< Mn¸¥qFLïCyKe^j GHm×¦Ó¸Íj ¥x¸^jFLïÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸,
CnÆfS¥xFnFLÂ bKeÄ¸GH ×eÓMLjj. ¬Ex¥q ¬MLGSO~Oqì¸ ÔoNqj_¨FL ÄjGR MLköCLMoj ¬FLMLÔLjá. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o
GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL ¬CL<j $qkA<Ô~OqjÓ MLjkPeFL ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï Ô~Ó¥cÓ¸ ö¥hCLMoj CnÆfS¥xÂ
°FLï¸ÍjMLÓFLFo GS¿NnjÎFL ¬ÍFLjPy ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ GSøGSìPeÂï ÔoOqjá^Š MLjj¸Íj$qFo À£O~ôÂ¸ÔLj¥xÂ
°¸=e<j. ¬¸ÍjŠ ¬FLj$qj*õ¸$c CL»FLGSMLjNqj¸ ³Oqð<$cFo ÀOqjMLjÓFLj¸¨ rS¸½¥h Äö$qVÂï
¥xÂJwML<¸¥yGS¸ ¬CL<j ÀOqjGHÀNqköCLŠ ÂOqêtj¸ÔLj¥xÂ °¸=e<j. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ Äö$qVÂ¥h
GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ ÀOqjGHÀPy $qjOqjGHOq¸GHOq$c ÔnGHØ¥x¸^k°FLï ´Àÿõ¸ No.33 of Ep. Ind. Vol V1Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄMLO~ÓCy ®Á Ô~PeMLOqŠ ³¥ibKZÄTwë¸Á. MLjFLGSjûFLj ¥qÍÆáMosS MLjOx¥qÄGRNqj¸ ‚<
ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. ®ÀVGS¸Py CLMLjŠ ¬GHð×nGHð_¨FL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍjÂ Äö$qVÂï ÀOqjMLjÓŠ À£fS¥xÂJwCLk
°¸<$c, E~¿Py CLMLjjô MnF~ï<jCLjFLï MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓj CLMLjrHÂïÏÁÂ ¬GHÄöCLGHOqÔLŠ¸@~ ¥cJd<^¸Py
µ¥qCL¸ö¨, ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j QZöCLjMLlÓFLj¸¨ CLfHð¸ÔLj¥xÂ ÔL¸öÍ»¿öJd¸CL¸ ¥x¸<¥yFLÓPy Oqj
FnÓÓ ¥cÓ¸ ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¥qGRæGH¨¸Á£ ÄML¿¸GH_¨¸Á. rHÎQ~GSFL¸, ÀOqjMLjÓ FLj¸¨ ÍXh*¸$c Í¥qÚFLj
gH>OqbKZkÄjPy On¸<ML¥q¸GHFLNnjj¥qÚ GH¿JdÓF~ÍXqCLFLj, ¬ÏÁ¥cOq GH¿ÏÁÂ, TdMLjO~íõÂï ÄQZÁ£¥q¿Twë¸Á.
Nos.18,19-T.T. Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjFLï, ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍ GHF~ôO§Nnjj¥qÚ 14ML GH¿JdÓF~
¥cÓ¸Py TdMLjMnÎO~Bh GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸¼ öGHÀfRç¸¼FL MLj*M~+rHOqjMLkW| Mn¸¨Äö$qÿ¸ MoOqj ; ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸
ÀOqjMLjÓPy bKZöÍ¸$c °¸<jFL^j÷ OqXh¸GH_¨FL CLOqjM~CL $yGH* Po¥q $yGHF~OqjõÂÔo ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸PyÂ
NqjDE~TdìF~Â¥h À¿»ÔoOqá_¨FL ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+ rHOqjMLkW| ¥q¸ÔLj Äö$qÿ¸ MoOqj. ¥cÂ ¼öCLMojÄj^¸=o
Ô~Pe ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=o GSjMLkOqj ¬Oqíî QZC~_í¥cÓ¸ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÀOqjMLjPoQZjÂCyKe^j GHm×¦
Ó¸Íj¥x¸^k bKZöÍ¸$c EéM~ÓNqj OqXq*Py °¸¨FLGHð=h¥i Q~.QZ. 1290 GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1368 GS¸.)MLOqŠ
Q~GSFLGSì¸$c¥cÂ, ¬XqOqGSì¸$c $cÂ ²¥qÚ@~ ¯ ÄGRNqj¸ (µ¥q ´ÀÿõOqkJdFL Fy^ Fy^
ÔnGHð<Moj CLGHð) CnÆNqj<¸ PoÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ QZáOqõ¸$c °¸Á. $yGH* ¬OqáŠÓFLj öGHÇï¸ÔL$c M~Oqj
ÄML¿¸Ôo MLOqŠ, ®¸CL¥cÓ¸$c ²ML¿¥q¸= GH<PoFL^j÷¸Á.
2. On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqj<j :
On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqO~NqjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL No.103-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c
öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLkGIHjMLkGS¸Py ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h CLFLsHOqjÄ£jÍj$c °CLûM~Âï ÂOqøfU¸ÔL MLÓfS¸Á$c
ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêML MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀÂ EéÇ¸Ô~<j. ¯ °CLûML ÂOqøÿBcOqíî¸ O~NqjÓj, GHm¸$y<j ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨
MLGSkÓNojõ ÇGSjëPy ML¸ÍGHBcÓFLj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h öGHÀNoj<j ÔnÆ÷¸Ôo^j÷ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. _ÿjQZ¹
CLFL¥xOq¥nÎ ¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï ÔofSrH=hæFL¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, O~NqjÓj ¯ ö$cMLkÂï, ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêML MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀ¥h
ÍCLë¸ ÔofS °¸=e<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c MnÎGRêMLMLj>O~ÏÁGHÀ E~øO~ ×¦¿fH¸ÔLj ¥yML@~Âï_=hæ ÔLkGSjë¸=o,
MnÎGRêMLMLjCLöGHML¥qëPnÎFL MLj>O~ÏÁGHCLjÓj, öGHDÍMLj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓFLj, ö¥qMojgH MnÎGRêMLMLjCL öGHÄGRjçÓFLj$c
ÔoGSkë ML¼áFL MnÎFL¸ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqj¸Py MoÍJdO~Nqj* ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ö¥qMojgH ÓjGHëMnjÎ
ÄGSô¿¸GH_<$c, On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLjjÍÆNqkO§ ÀOqj¥qÚÆ ¥qÂþE~GSO§ ¬+$qfHðOqF~O§
ÔofSFL öGHNqjCLï¸ MLÓ÷Fo MoÍJdO~Nqj* ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ À¿» öGHMoQZ rH^æ_¨¸Á. ¬Fo¥q MLj¸^JdÓj
$yGHlO~Ój Â¿ô¸GH_@~ètj, O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓj °¼CL bKy×¦FLQ~ÓÓj, GHlawðE~õF~Ój MnÓfSQ~tj,
¬Fo¥q °CLûM~Ój sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj FnÓ¥xÓð_@~ètj. Ä£=h ÂOqøÿ*Š [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj bKZŠëÓj ¬Fo¥q
ö$cMLkÓj, bKZkMLjjÓj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~Oqj. ÔL¸öÍC~O~OqÚ¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j$c¥q ¬Â CnÓjGHlCLk Q~GSF~Ój
Motj¸Ô~Oqj. ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ öJwC~ûÿ¸Cy Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓ ÂOqøÿ*
[OqjáÓŠ$cFLj ¬Fo¥q ö$cMLkÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j.
On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqj<j ¬Fo¥q GHl*õXoöC~ÓPyFLj EéM~ÓNqkÓPyFLj E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj ÔofSFL^j÷
CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLjj[õ¸$c ¥qFL¥qGSbKZ(¼Í¸_Oq¸), ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿfSë, Mo¸¥q=eöÁ(ÀOqjMLjÓ), ¥q¸¼, ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ¸,
Qy*QnÎÓ(ÀOqjMLBcêMLjPnÎ), ¬GUy_Ó¸, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ MLj¿Nqjj Š¸bKZ¥y*¸ GHl*õXoöC~ÓPy ¬Fo¥q E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj
ÔoQ~<j(Ep. Ind. Vol.III, page 116); ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ aw<QZ MLjVE~F~ÓFLj ‚< ÔofS ÏÍFLjõ<Nqkõ<Â
CnÓjTwë¸Á (Ep. Ind. Vol III, page 122, Verse 17; and Vol XV, page 9, and Verses 10 and 11 on
page 20). ÀOqjMLjÓPy °CLûML¸ ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥yGS¸ GSk=h$c ¥cŠ¸@~ MoOqjÄÏÍ¸$c ÔoNqj_¨FL ¯
GHm¸$y<jö$cMLj E~FL¸ $qj¿¸¼ ®¸CL¥qFLï ²ŠÚML ÄMLO~Ój, Q~GSF~ÓPy ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸ PoÍj. rHÎFL
ÔnGHð_¨FL^j÷, ÄÄÏÍ GHl*õXoöC~ÓPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ ÔofSFL E~FL ÏÍO~ôÓPy ¯ E~FL¸ ³O~ð^j ‚<
µ¥q Kb e$qMnjÎ °¸^j¸Á.
On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqjÂ HG ¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :
¯ ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ®ÍíOqj GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój CnÓjGSjëF~ïtj. Q~.QZ.
1326 C~OqBF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 18-12-1404) MoNqj_¨FL No. 340-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÆfHFL ÄÏÍ¸$c,
öCoNqjGS $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL TdNqj*ê$qW| ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, Td¸CLGHðF~$qGHðBF| Nnjj¥qÚ TwÍOqj<jFLj ¬tjFL »¿EéMLGHð$qW|
¥xÂï ÂMoÍFLÓFLj EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h CL»FL ³O~ð^j÷ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. öGH#eõCL MoÍGH¸¨CLj@âÎFL
TdNqj* Po¥q TdNqjBcÔ~Oqõ, ¬EâÎ øCL MoE~¸CL öGHÀadçHG F~Ô~Oqjõ@âÎFL MLkÏÍM~Ô~Oqõ ÄE~õOq*jõÂ TwÍOqj<$qj^Ôo,
®CL<j Kb eOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<j, KyÏE~NqjFLGSköCLMLjj ¬FLjGS¿¸ÔoM~<j ¬FLïÄGRNqj¸ GSjÄÏÁCLMoj(Ep.Ind. Vol.III,
pages 118-119). ¥c_=hæ rHÎ Q~GSFL¸PyÂ TdNqj*ê$qW| MoOx¥q MLõ¥hëNnjÎ °¸=e<j. ¯ TdNqj*ê$qW|FLk,
TdÍÆNqj O~×eõÂ¥h, Q~.QZ.1293ML GS¸.Py(Ar.Sur.Rep.for 1907-08, page 242)O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c °¸¨,

Q~.QZ.1300 GS¸. FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ. 1306 GS¸. MLOqŠ, CLFL ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL EéMLBê µ@âNqjŠ, CLFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOq TdìF~Âï
¬GHð»¸¼FL F~$q*ê µ@âNqj ¯ ®OqjMLlOqk µ¥oMLõ¥hë ¬MLlC~Oqj. Po¥qJwCo ¯ MLõ¥hë F~$qGHðÍBcêNqj¥q ¬tjF~
¥cMLÔLjá. ¯ F~$qGHð ÍBcêNqj¥q, On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÓ GH=eæbÃsR¥q GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¥cOqõÂO~øÿ¥q ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy
µ¥q@âÎ °¸¨ ¬^j CLOqjM~CL MLjVöGHÏE~Â TdìF~Â¥h °À£ëOqjê@âÎ MLjj+jM~tj O~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c Q~.QZ.
1339 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (Ar.Sur.Rep.for 1907-08, page 245)ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@~è<j.
3. On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj :
On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj ¬Oq<×¦FLj E~¥q ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj.
TzMLjõF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1351(ö¥i.QZ. 5-12-1429)Py ®CL<j MLjk<j ö$cMLkÓFLj, 1200 GHBcÓFLj
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofS, TdøÄjM~¿¥h öGHÀÁFL¸ ÂMoÍFLÓj ÔoNqj@~Â¥h(No.188-T.T.)³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
fSÍíîŠ=nuæ ¬Fo OqkA<F~MLj¸$qÓ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSGHlOq¸PyÂ GS$qbKe$q¸ EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢b KZ¸@~O~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÁ, ¥c$c
O~×¦bKZ¸@~O~Â¥hÔn¸ÁFL GSjMLkOqj 200 GHBcÓ TdÓjGS¿ E~Nqj¸MLÔoá Äj»ÆFL GS$qbKe$cÂï °<NqkO§
EéML*ê°<NqkOqj ÔofSFL fSIJdOqGSjFLj MLjÂï¸¼, Q~.QZ.1355ML GS¸. öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 22-
11- 1433)Py EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ®¼áMoQ~<j. C~C~ÚÆ¥q¸$c ¬MLjÓj¥cŠ¸@~ ÂÆfHMoNqj_¨FL
MoÍJdO~Nqj* ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸ÔL$y¿ ¬¸ÍjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ®OqMnÎFLÓj$qjOqj öKeÿô*jÓFLj

ÂNqjÄj¸¼ M~¿ ½¡MLFLbKZßÀ¥yGS¸ (Nos.89,149-T.T.)E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. MnÎŠ¸>Oq MLÓF~<jPyÂ µ¥q MLj¸<
ÓMnjÎFL^jML¸=h ¥x=eæ+ GSìÓ¸Py ¯ ö$cMLj¸ °FLïÁ. ¥cÂ ®Á ³ ¥x^æ¸ (½Pe÷)Py °FLïÁ£ CnÓjGHPoÍj.
¥cÂ MnÎŠ ¸>OqMLÓF~<j, MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmOqjF~<j, ¯ On¸<jFLk ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×¦õ¸PyÂ
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^¥x^æ¸Py bKe$cPo.
On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :
i) EéML*ê °<NqkO§ : rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL fSÍíîŠ=nuæ ö$cMLj¸ FL¸ÍÆ Äj»ÆFL ¬OqíîbKe$cÂï E~FL¸
ÔoNqjMLjÂ O~¾FLj EéML*ê °<NqkOqj öJwCLûfU¸¼FL GS¸MLCLûOq¸FL¸Eé ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1355ML GS¸.PyFo
ÀOqjGHÀ ÂM~fSNnjÎFL QZ>Oq¥yGHFL¸Ã $yÄ¸ÍF| CLFL ®¸=hÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬ÄjôFL GS¸ÍO~óFL ¥x¸CL
ÏÍF~Âï ¥cFLj¥q$c ®MLø$c, E~ÂÂ EéML*ê°<NqkOqj, _ÿjQZ¹ O~×¦bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔoOqá@~Â¥yGS¸ ö$qfU¸¼
°¸=e<j. ¯ EéML*ê °<NqkOqj, On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjMLÍí MLj¸öÀNnjÎ °¸=e<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ EéML*ê

°<NqkOqjFLkï, MnjjÍ=h _j¥qÚO~NqjÓMLÍí O~×¦JdÓŠ¨$c °¸¨, Q~.QZ.1300GS¸. FLj¸¨ 1306GS¸.
MLOqŠ TdÍÆ O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL F~$q*êµ@âNqj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL EéML*ê µ@âNqjFLk µ¥o MLõ¥hëNnjÎ
°¸<MLÔLjá(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.135). Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ¯ EéML*ê °<NqkOqj On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqjÂ FLj¸¨
On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjMLOqŠ MLOqjGS$q Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq ÔLö¥qMLOqjëÓ¸Í¿ MLÍí, Q~.QZ. 1300GS¸. FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1355GS¸.
MLOqŠ, GSjMLkOqj ¬Oqíî QZC~_í¥cÓ¸ °Eyõ$q ÏÍO~ôÂï FnOqMoO~á<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸CL=h Á£OqÝ¥cÓ¸ µ¥qMLõ¥hë
ÄÄÏÍ O~¾ÓFLj sSÄ¸ÔL$qÓj$q<¸ ¬GHlOqkGHMnjÎFL ÄGRNqj¸¥cÍj, ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ¯ ¥cPeÂ¥o Ôn¸ÁFL MLjÓ÷FL
¬Fo MLj¸öÀ‚< ®Eé FLÓj$qjOqj ÔLö¥qMLOqjëÓŠ Q~.QZ. 1309 GS¸. FLj¸¨ 1376 GS¸.MLOqŠ MLj¸öÀ$c °F~ï<j
¥qE~ ! (Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1907-1908, page 243 and note 10 on page 248; Ep. Ind.Vol. 2 page117 ;
and No.64-T.T. of our Collection).
ii) MLjÓ÷* : On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjMLÍí GHÂÔofSFL MLjOx¥q MLj¸öÀ sHOqj MLjÓ÷* Po¥q MLjÓ÷¸<NqkõO§.
MLkÏÍMLE~GSO§ ¬Â‚< fHÓjTdëOqj. ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL MnjjÍ=h Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ. 1330 GSOqøÏE~¿
F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ.13-3-1409 ¬¸=o MnjjÍ=h EéMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeFL MoNqj_¨¸Á. ¥cÂ,
O~¾sHOqj MLköCL¸ ¯ (No.93-T.T.)Q~GSFL¸Py PoÍj. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷ ®CLÂÂ $qj¿¸¼
CnÆNqjML¼áFL Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=hÁ Q~.QZ. 1309 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL, On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOq ÏÁGHC~õÂï GUxF~ïGHlOq
(GUyF~ïMLO§) MLjj[õ ¥cOqõTdìFL¸$c “GUyMn” O~öadæÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. ¬Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py °FLïCL
GHÍÄÂ Jv¸Á “KeOq‚Oqj” MLjj[õ ¥cOqõTdìFL¸$c, CLj+j, GUxMn, MLj¿Nqjj ¥x¸¥q* O~öadæÓŠ GH¿JdÓŠ
<Nqkõ<j. Q~.QZ. 1312 GS¸.Py °FLïCL GHÍÄÂ Jv¸Á, MLjVöGHÏE~FL MLjÓ÷GHð µ<Nqj ¬FLï ÃOqjÍjFLj
Jv¸ÁFLM~@âÎ “Oq$q” EéQ~Â¥h GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL^j÷ CLOqjM~CL CnÆfS¸Á. MnjÎGSkOqjöJd¸CL¸ FLj¸¨ ®CL<j
ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h $qMLOqïOqj$c ²GHØ<j ML¼á¸Á£ GSðGRæ¸$c CnÆNqj<¸ PoÍj. ¥cÂ ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py ®CLÂ °Â¥hÂ
$qj¿¸¼ CnÆfSFL Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h CoÁ£ Q~.QZ. 1330 GS¸. GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo ®CL<j ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×¦õ
GH¿JdÓFL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c ML¼á°¸=e<j. GS¸ÍOqó¸PyFo ®CL<j ÀOqjMLjÓ NqköCLÔofS, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
ÂCLõÁ£GH, FnÎMoÍõ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔofS °¸=e<j. ®CLÂÂ $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGH$qÓ
CLOqjM~À Q~GSFL¸(No. 88-T.T.), Q~.QZ. 1339 sUÄ+¸Ã F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 25-8-1417 F~=hÁ.
¯ GSMLjNqkÂ¥h, EéM~ÓNqj $qOqó$qßVÂ¥h ²ÍjOqj$c°¸@é ÀOqjMLkMLjBh MLj¸<GH¸ O~ÀGHlF~Á MLj^æ¸FLj¸¨
rHÎ¥qGHØ MLOqŠ Â¿ô¸GH_¨ GHm¿ë ¥cML¼á¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ®Eé GSMLjNqkÂ¥h $qOqó$qßÿ¸ Ä£jÁ FL¸ÍÄMLkFL
MLj¸^GH¸ Nnjj¥qÚ GHlFL¿ïO~ô*¸ (No.235-T.T.) GHm¿ëNnjÎ °¸^j¸Á. ®CLÂÂ $qj¿¸¼ MLjFLŠ CnÆfSFL
(No.64-T.T.) ¥q^æ¥q<GH=h CoÁ£ Oq¥cëXh F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1366SG ¸(ö¥i.QZ. 2-10-1444). ®Á On¸<MLEéMLO~Nqj
GH¿JdÓFLŠ ¼ML¿Oy¾ÓŠ É~Oqj GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLjj¸Íj ¬MLlCy¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ Q~.QZ. 1367GS¸.Py ®CL<j
®Oqj$qGHð µ@âNqj TdìFL¸Py ÔL¸öÍ$qjÀë, $yMn HG ¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c ÂNqjÄjCLj@âÎ GH¸GH_¨ °¸=e<j(Ar. Sur.
Rep. for 1907-08, page 248, Foot Note10).
No.92-T.T. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ Q~OqkíÓÄö¥i¨CL MLßCLë¸Py öM~Nqj_¨FL GS¸GSÚßCL Qy÷¥q¸Py ®CL<j
“¬MLkCLõQo[Oq” ¬Â GS¸KyÏÁ¸GH_@~è<j. ¯ GUyE~, “MLjVöGHÏE~FL” GUyE~Cy GSMLkFL¸. ®Á Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
TdöMLk×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLj¸öCLjÓj, $qMLOqïOqjÓj, O~×¦öGHMLjj[jÓj MLköCLMoj Jv¸Í@~Â¥h ¬OqjüÓj. ÔLk<$c

MLjÓ÷* On¸<ML ÿ¿ÿOqjÂ ¥cPeFL Q~.QZ.1309GS¸.F~=h¥o ¯ ${OqML ÃOqjÍjFLj Jv¸ÁFL^j÷ °F~ï<j.
MLOqjGS$c ¯ MLjk<j Q~GSF~ÓMLÓ÷ MLjÓ÷* ÔL¸öÍ»¿PyFo ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLj¸¨FL^j÷ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ
®CL<j ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×eõÂï Q~.QZ. 1330GS¸. FLj¸¨ 1366GS¸.MLOqŠ GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ
EéML*ê°<NqkOqj Q~.QZ. 1355ML GS¸.Py ³ fSìÀPy °¸@âFy - ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×¦õ GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °F~ï@~
Po¥q TdÍÆ O~×¦õ GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °F~ï@~ ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ ÂO~íîOq* ¥cPoÍj.
EéMLOqGSO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j MLjÓ÷FL. ®DÍ<j $ygHF~DÍNqjõF|Nnjj¥qÚ ÇGRjõ<j. ®CL<j
MLjCLÂadç$q¿GRjç<j, bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓj $qÓM~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
iii) Td+jML rH¿ MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ : On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ ¼ML¿ÍQZPy Td+jML
ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓj ö¥qMojgH _ÓGH<Td$cOqj. Q~.QZ.1368 XqNqjF~MLj GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨FL (ö¥i.QZ.10-10-1446)
No.13-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL, ²Y¦þ ¥q¸GHNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Td+jML rH¿MLjÓ÷NqjEéML
MLjVO~¾FLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój MLjFLÍßfRæ¥h ML¼á¸Á. ®CL<j MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOqj<j ¬¸=o µ¥q O~öadæÂ¥h
GH¿JdÓŠ<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j, MLjÓ÷* MLÁÆrH=hæFL CLOqjM~CL, ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂ¥h GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c ML¼á
°¸=e<j. ®CL<j, _ÿjQZ¹, Td+jMLMLj¸»EéML MLjVO~¾ ´Íj$qjOqj TwÍOqjÓPy µ¥q öGHMLjj[jÂ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFLM~@âÎ °¸=e<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ®CL<j Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ¥h _¸ÏÍMLlFLj E~NqkÁNnjÎ °¸=e<j.
®CLÂ TwÍOqj@âÎFL MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ E~NqkÍjÓj MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL, ÄOqkJdXqO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~
¥cÓ¸Py öGHMLjj[TdìF~ÓPy ¬ÏÁ¥cOq GHÍMLlÓPy ¥qÂfHTdëOqj.
iV) ÀGHðÍ F~$nNqjF~Nqj¥qO§ : Íj¸ÍjbÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1364Py MofSFL No.100-T.T.
Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, MLjjÁíNqjF~NqjOq ¬Fo(Í+GHÀ)F~Nqj¥qO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀGHðÍ F~$nNqj
F~Nqj¥qO§. ®CL<j TdøÄjM~¿¥h ¥cFLj¥q$c 3000 GUxFLjïÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j
On¸<MLEéMLO~Nqj sSF~F~NqjŠ<jFLj, ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py ÂÓjGH_¨Nqjj¸¨FL rSÎF~õÂ¥h ¬ÏÁHG À ¬tj °¸=e<j.
V) ÅÇ¢ »¿¤QZøOq : TdÏE~Oq* F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ÔLŠú(2), Ke*MLjjÓj(5), O~MLj(3),ÔL¸öÍ(1)
2531 = Q~.QZ. 1352) ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ..1-7-1430Py µ¥q _¸$cOqj GH=eæÂï ÀOqjMLjPoQZøOqjÂ¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼
Q~GSF~Âï (No.99-T.T.) MoNqjj¸¼FL ÅÇ¢ »¿ ¬FLjFLCL<j ÅÇ¢ »¿ bKZkJdÓj@é ¬MLlC~<j. ÅÇ¢ »¿ bKZkJdÓjFLŠ
öGHC~GHEéMLO~Nqj ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj °FLïÁ. ®CL<j Ä×¦Nqj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j, ³FLj$qjÓ Mo^Nqj¸Íj
MLjŠÚML $qÓ On¸<MLEéMLO~NqjÓ TwÍOqj<j (Ep.Ind Vol V111, page 306 and Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1905
- 06, page 82). ®CL<j °CLëOq O~Ú<j½Pe÷PyÂ MLjOq¥qCLFL$qOq öJd¸C~Âï Q~.QZ. 1346 GS¸.Py (Ar. Sur.
Rep. for 1907-08 page 248 foot note.5)GH¿JdÆGSjë °¸@éM~<Â ÔnGHð_¨F~<j. ¥cÂ On¸<MLEéMLO~Nqj
MLjöE~GSj MLjkõ½Nqj¸ sH÷^j÷ ÅÇ¢ »¿Â, On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ ¼FLï TwÍOqj<Â CnÓjGHlCLj¸<$c, rHÎ
Q~GSFL¸ ÅÇ¢ »¿Â EéMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqjÂ$c CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~GSFL¸Py “ÄGSû* EéMLO~Nqj CLFLNqj¹
ÅÇ¢ »¿ Nqj¸CoQZøOq¹” ÄOqkJdXqO~NqjÓj CLFL ×oõGRçTwÍOqjÂ MLjOqBcFL¸CLOq¸, GSÿ×¦¸$c M~OqGSCLø¸$c
CLFLŠ Í¥cÚÆûFL fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁ¥q öQZMLjCy _PeC~ÚOq¸$c ö¥qÄj¸ÔLj¥yMLÓfS O~ML<¸, rHÎ Q~GSFL¸Py
On¸<MLEéMLO~Nqj ÅÇ¢ »¿Ó Ä£jÍ CL¸ö¨ ¥x<jŠÓ _¸ÏE~Âï _ÓGHOqjGSjë¸Á. ¯ “×oõGRçTwÍOqj<j” CLGHð¥q
ÅÇ¢ »¿ ¬tj °¸@~Æ. ®CL<j ¬FL$q ÅÇ ¢»¿ “$q¸$cE~GS öGHC~GHÄPeGS” ¥cMLõ¸Py On¸<j GS¸ÍO~óÓPy
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLŠ CL¸¨öNqjÂ sHOxÚFL_¨FL öGHC~GHEéMLO~NqjÓj ¬tj °¸@~Æ (Sources of Vijayanagar
History page70).
‘¥cÆ¥q^jæ’Py C~C~ÚÆ¥q¸$c ÂMLfSGSjëFLï ¬_jíP|Oq×e¥§, ¬CLõ¸CL ¬TdÏE~Oq*MnjÎFL, öGHCoõ¥q¸$c

$qj¿ë¸GH Í»FL=hæÁ, Ã@~ãFL$qO§ GH^æ*¸Py ö¥i.QZ.1442 - 43 GS¸MLCLûO~FL ×¦¿»FL Ä¸CL GS¸GIHj^FLFLj
$qj¿¸¼, C~FLj ÄFLïÄGRNqkÂï öM~GSkë, On¸<MLEéMLO~NqjFLj ÿCLõÔoNqjj^Š, “O~¾ TwÍOqj<j” ÄIGHÓöHG NqjCLï¸
ÔorSFLÂ ÔnJdð<j. On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ TwÍOqj<j$c bKeÄ¸GH_¨FL ÅÇ¢»¿Noj ¯ ¬¥cO~õÂï
ÔoNqjöGHNqjÀï¸¼FL^j÷$c CnÓjTwë¸Á(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1905 - 06, page 64, para 46). Â×¦¸$c
ÿC~õöGHNqjCLï¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h fSÍíîGH¨FL M~<j On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj ¼FLïTwÍOqj<tjFL GHOqøCLO~¾ ¬Â
bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸Py ¬GS¸bKeMLõCL ³MLköCL¸ PoÍj.
On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÓj¥qF~ï MLjj¸Eé ÅÇ¢ »¿ (ÅÇ¢ »¿ EéMLO~NqjÓj) XqNqjF~MLj GS¸. ¬¸=o
Q~.QZ. 1368 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÔLÂJwtj FL¸ÍjFL, ÅÇ¢ »¿ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, M~OqGSj<jFLj ¬tjFL MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL
O~NqjÓj C~CL$c¿ fS¸VGSF~Â¥h O~ML<¸, On¸<ML EéMLO~NqjÂ On¸<MLŠMLkOqj<j On¸<ML ÄOqkJdXqŠ
¥yGH¥cOq* MLjtj¸Á. CLFL TwÍOqjÂ ŠMLkOqjFLŠ O~×¦õ¸ ÓbÃ¸¼FLÍFLï ¥yGH¸Cy, ®^jML¸=h ¬ÍFLj¥xOq¥o
Mo¼ °FLï $q×¦GHCLjÓFLj ¥qÆfS, MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓ rSÎÂ¥qGSÿ¥cOq¸Cy, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õ¸rHÎ ÀOqj$qKe^j
ÔoQ~<j(Gangadasa pratapa Vilasa in the “Sources of Vijayanagar History’’). ¥cÂ MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓj
ÀOqj$qjKe^jFLj ÂO~íXq*õ¸$c ¬*¼MofS, EéQZ¸Py Q~¸ÀÂ FnÓ¥xPeð<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL On¸<ML ÄOqjJdXq
CL»FL GSMLjNqj¸ ¥yGS¸ ²ÍjOqjÔLkGSkë µ¥q ÍQ~_í¸¥cÓ¸ ¬*»MLj*» °F~ï<j. Q~.QZ. 1387 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓj ÔLÂJw$c, On¸<ML ÄOqkJdXq O~×eõÂï ö¥qÄj¸Ô~<j. ®CLÂ M~OqGSC~øÂ¥h ®GRæGH<¥q
¥x¸ÍOqj ÀOqj$qj Ke^jÔofSFL M~¿Â MLj^jæKn=hæ CLFL MLkO~ÜÂï GSjÓbKZ¸ÔofS¥xFL $qÆ$c<j (Ep. I nd. Vol.
XV page 17).
4. MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL :
ÀOqjGHÀ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, QZj¥q÷F~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1371GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (4-3-1450)(No.199-G.T.)µ¥q Q~GSFL¸ MLköCLMoj ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¯
Q~GSFL¸ ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ On¸<ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. ÔL¸öÍ»¿ ¥cGHlOqGSjë<jFLj,
ÂNnk» öKeÿô*ŠÓGSjë<jFLj ¬tjFL O~×¦MLkÆ¥q¸ ÔnFLïGHð °<NqkOqjFLŠ, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ®ÍíOqj
ÅÇ¢ M nÎGRêMLlÓj, µ¥q ÂM~GS$qßÿ¸, E~ÂCy Ôo¿FL µ¥q ÂMoQZFL GSìPeÂï Äö¥qtj¸¼FL^j÷ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ ÄQZÁ£¥q
¿Twë¸Á. _ÿjQZ ¯ ÔnFLïGHð °@âÎNqkOqj, O~¾ÓŠ, °FLïC~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓŠ GH¸<j$qÓPyFLj, QZjbKZGSMLjNqkÓPyFLj,
GHlGRðMLkÆ¥qÓFLj GSMLj‚Ooá¥cOqõ¸Py ÂNqjjŠë@âÎFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGHlOqjGRj<j(“O~×¦MLkÆ¥q¸”).
ÔL¸öÍ»¿, ÀOqjGHÀ GH^æBcÂ¥h FnÎ_jjÀ ÁQZ$q ³<j MnjÎ+÷ÍkOq¸Py °FLïÁ. ¯On¸<j GH^æBcÓj,
ÀOqjMn¸¥q^¥x^æ¸PyÂ On¸<j MoOqjMoOqj ½Pe÷ÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFLÄ. ÀOqjGHÀ ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmOqjF~<jPy °¸<$c,
ÔL¸öÍ»¿ MnÎŠ¸>OqMLÓF~<jFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFLÁ$c °¸¨¸Á.
Td+jML öGHMLjj[jÓj :
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸PyFo Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ¸ Nnjj¥qÚ MnjjÍ=h ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓ
öJdbKZM~Â¥h Xi*ÍQZ MnjjÍÓtjõ¸Á(Mad.Ep.Rep for1912, para 52). ÄOqkJdXqO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py ×eåCLjPnÎFL
¬Fo¥q MLj¸Á Td+jML öGHMLjj[jÓj O~×eõÏÁ¥cO~Â¥nÎ öGHNqjÀï¸Ô~Oqj. fU¸ÍkO~×¦õ¸ GS¸XqjbÃCL GH¿fSìCLjÓ
FLj¸¼ ¥cJd<@~Â¥h Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j O~×eõÂï ¬ÏÁ>fRç¸Ô~<j. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py Td+jML¸Q~Â¥hÔn¸ÁFL
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂCyKe^j MLj¿ ®ÍíOqj öGHMLjj[MLõŠëÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLjÓ$q¸$qNqjEéML
MLjVO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Td+jML ÇOqj MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ Q~.QZ.1372GS¸.Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
ÂMoÍFLÓ¥nÎ, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h(No.23-T.T.)¥x¸CLÏÍF~Âï GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ²Y¦þ¥q¸GHNqjEéML MLjVO~¾
ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, rH¿MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ TwÍOqj<jFLj ¬tjFL Td+jMLMLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾
Q~.QZ. 1385ML GS¸.Py ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ³Ó¸Ke¥qÚ¸ ö$cMLkÂï ¬¥qÚ< GH¸@é^^jML¸=h GSMLjGSë
ÏE~FLõGHl »¸×¦Ój, ÏÍFLOqkGHMLj$qj GHFLjïÓCyGSÿ, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoNqj<Moj¥c¥q (No.157-T.T)EéMLE~FL
ö$cMLkÓPy On¸<j GH¸^ ¥cÓjMLÓFLj öCLÄø¸¼, ×¦ÓMLGSÀÂ ¥qÆ»¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c Td+jML MLjÓ÷Nqj
EéML MLjVO~¾ E~FL¸ ÔoNqj@~Âï_=hæ, ®CL<j ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂ¥h Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq ÔLö¥qML¿ëÔo ÂNqjÄjCLj@âÎFL
O~×¦õJdÓŠ<j$c °FLïGHð=h¥hÂ£, ÔLö¥qML¿ë ¬FLjMLjÀÂ Jv¸ÍFLMLGSOq¸ PoFL¸CL=h TdøCL¸öCLõ¸$qÓ GH¿JdÓŠ<Â

CnÓjTwë¸Á. Td+jML ML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLjOx¥q öGHMLjj[j<j ¯ MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Td+jML
O~MLjÔL¸öÍO~¾. ®Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1385 PyFo ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSjÂ¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h
(No.154-T.T.) ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ¯ MLjÓ÷NqjEéMLNnjj¥qÚ MLj¿ ®ÍíOqjŠMLkOqjÓj CLÍjGH¿ O~¾ ¥cÓ¸Py
öGHfSÁíî ¥n¥cÚOqj. Ä£¿PyÂ Td+jML$yGHNqjõ Q~.QZ. 1391GS¸.PyFLk(No.155-T.T.); On¸<MLM~@âÎFL Td+jML
ÀMLjôO~Nqj<j Q~.QZ.1403GS¸.PyFLj(No.196-T.T.)E~FLQ~GSF~ÓFLj ÔoQ~Oqj. Td+jML öGHMLjj[jÓPy ¼FLïM~@âÎFL
ÀMLjôO~Nqj<j, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 7800 GHBcÓFLj, E~FL¸ÔofS ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, ÅÇ¢ MLO~ÿTdøÄj¥h
¥xÂï ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj<¸Py ¬CLÂ ÏE~CLßCLø¸ MnÓ÷@{Cy¸Á. ¯ Td+jML
öGHMLjj[jÓ¸ÍOqk µ¥o Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL GSbKZjõPnÎFL CL¸ö¨, ¬CLÂ ®ÍíOqjŠMLkOqjÓj, MLj¿Nqjj MLjj$qjÜOqj
MLjFLjMLjÓj ¬tjFL Ä£Oq¸ÍOqk ‚< MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq MLjVO~¾Ój. ¯ Š^j¸_ GSbKZjõÓ¸ÍOqk
³¥qM~¥qõCLCy ¥qÓfSMnjÓfS °¸<<¸MLÓFL ´¥qMLjCLõMoj _ÓMLjFLï MLk^FLj _jj¾MLl GHOqÔL<Moj$c¥q CLÓ¼FL^÷tjCo
O~×eõÂ¥o MLjjGHØFLj ¥qÆ»¸ÔL$qÓ¸CL=h TdMLjOqìõ ML¸CLjPnÎ MnjÆ$cOqj.
Td+jMLML¸QZ¸PyÂ MLjOx¥qQ~[ Td+jML $qj¸<O~×¦ µ<Nqj PoE~ $qj¸<NqjEéML MLjVO~¾
(No. 69-T.T. of Saka 1385)Nqk×¦MLkFLõ¸Py NqjFL ®ÍíOqjŠMLkOqjÓj - Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿ, ¬CLÂ
×oõGRç TwÍOqj<$qj Td+jML ÀMLjôO~×¦ µ<NqjOqj ¥qFL_<C~Oqj. Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ öGHDÍMLj ×eåÀ (No.
53-T.T.) Td+jML GHOqøCLO~¾. ®CL<j Td+jMLO~×¦ ŠMLkOqj<j.¯ GHOqøCLO~¾ On¸<ML${CLŠ °FLï^jML¸=h
FLÓj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓPy [ FLÓj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓÂ JvOqKe^jFL ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. On¸<ML ${CLŠ MLjj$qjÜOqj

Ã<èÓj. ÔLk<j - Table 19 of page 18 of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Inscriptions Vol.7 Glos-
sary - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ] ¯ Td+jML$qj¸<O~¾ Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ CL¸ö¨ ¬tjFL MLjk<ML $qj¸<O~¾
TwÍOqj<j. ¼MLOqŠ öÀGHlO~¸CL¥qO~¾ Š^j¸_¸Py ¼FLïM~@âÎFL FLOqfS¸ÿŠ On¸<ML E~NqkÁ. Ä£<j

MLjk<ML $qj¸<O~¾Š TwÍOqj@âÎFL ÀGHðÂ ŠMLkOqj<j. ¯ ÀGHð On¸<MLEéMLO~NqjÂ¥h KeMLMLjOqÁ.
öÀGHlO~¸CLŠÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj $yGH Po¥q $yGHð. Ä£Oqj MLköCLMoj¥c¥q ®¸¥c MLj¿ ¥x¸CLMLj¸Á Td+jML öGHMLjj[j
Ój MLj¿¥xÂï E~[PeÓPy ¥qFL_<C~Oqj. ÀMLjô Po¥q $yGHÀMLjô Po¥q ÀOqjMLjÓEéML MLjVO~¾ ¬Fo M~<j
öÀGHlO~¸CLŠÂ TwÍOqj<j(Mad. Ep. Rep.for 1923 para 77). ÍXhBEéQZ¸Py ²¥qÚ@y GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL
GS¸$qMLjEéML MLjVO~¾(Ar.Sur. Rep.for 1908-09, page 167)Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ¥h ®¸¥x¥q E~NqkÁ.
®CLOq öGHMLjj[jÓj :
¯ Td+jML Š^j¸KeÓPyÂ öGHMLjj[jPo$c¥q, ®¸CL=h öGH#eõÀ$qÓ öGHMLjj[jÓj$qÓ Š^j¸KeÓj
MLj¿¥xÂï ‚@~ °F~ïtj. ¥cÂ Td+jML Š^j¸_¸Pe$q GS¸GHmOqê ´¥qMLjCLõ¸Cy MnjÓ»FL GSbKZjõÓj$qÓ
Š^j¸KeÓj Ô~Ó CLŠÚML. Td+jMLŠ^j¸KeÓj °FLï¸CL GSMLjfRæ$c Po¥qJwML<¸ MLÓFL Ä£Oqj öGHNnk×¦F~Âï
Jv¸ÍPo¥q JwNqkOqj. Td+jMLPMLPn¥c¥q MnÎNqj¥hë¥q _Ó¸Cy öGH#eõÀ$ç¼FL M~¿Py MLjj¸Íj$c sHOxÚFLÍ»FLM~<j
¬V_+O~Nqj ¥q¸GHNqjEéML MLjVO~¾. ®CL<j Q~QZ. 1381 GS¸.(No. 10-T.T.) ¥cÓGHlM~<j. CLOqjM~ÀM~<j
Ô~+j¥qõ F~O~Nqj*Ôoá¿(_ÿjQZ¹ ®Á ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿfSë ¬tj °¸^j¸Á)¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¬ÀëMLjÓ÷ ¬Æ÷ bÃªMLj
ÀMLjôO~¾ ŠMLkOqj<j MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq Td+jML ²Y¦þMLjO~¾. ®CLÂ Q~GSFL¸(No.153-T.T.) Q~QZ. 1385
GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ ²Y¦þMLjO~¾ Â×¦¸$c Td+jML ML¸Ç¢Nqjj@éF~ Po¥q Td+jMLöGHMLjj[jÓCy¨ GSÿM~GS¸ÔoCL
Td+jML ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj CL»Æ¸ÔLj¥xF~ï@~ ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÓjGSj¥yML@~Â¥h ÏE~Oq¸ ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj. ®CLÂ
CL¸ö¨ ÀMLjôO~×¦ ÃOqjÍjÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ®CL<j Td+jML ML¸Ç¢Nqjj@âÎ °¸<^¸ GS¸bKZML¸$c ¥qFLGH<Íj.
QZ¸bKZjMLO~NqkÍjÓCy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ ¥qÓM~<ÂfHTwë¸Á. MLjk<ML öGHMLjj[j<j ŠMLÓ$qj¸^Š Ôn¸ÁFL FLPe÷F|
ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢M LkF| MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq CLMLjôNqjEéML Ôy+MLjVO~¾. ®CL<j GH@âÎÄ£<j
O~×¦õ¸PyÂ CnGHðÀëF~$qF| Ô~ML¨ MLj¿Nqjj MLjOx¥q ö$cMLkÂï Q~.QZ.1386 GS¸.Py (No.158-T.T.) E~FL¸ÔoTd<j.
®CL<j CnÓj$qjÔy< Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j. ®CL<j F~<j GH@âÎÄ£<jO~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆGSkë °¸@éM~<j.
GSkOqõML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL öGHMLjj[j<j MLjOx¥q MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq CLMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾¥h ‘GUxGSÃOqjÍOq
$q¸<’¬Fo ÃOqjÍj °FLïÁ. ®CL<j(No.7-T.T.)$q¸<¸ O~×¦MLÓ÷bKZO~Nqj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j, CLFL
E~FLQ~GSFL¸PyÂ MLjj¥cëtj¸GHl bKe$q¸Py, C~FLj Kn×¦M~<ŠÔn¸ÁFL GSkOqõML¸Ç¢Nqjj<$qj Jd¨FoÂ fHFLï
MLkÏÍML MLOqôF|Nnjj¥qÚ ML¸Ç¢Nqjj<FLÂ ÔnGHØ¥xF~ï<j(Cf. Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1904 para 29; and Mad. Ep.
Rep. for 1907; para73). MLjOx¥q öGHMLjj[j<j ¬¸Cn¸_Oq$q¸< ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj ¥qÆ»FL^jML¸=h MLÓ÷bKZNqjEéML
MLjVO~¾. Q~.QZ. 1390 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ °ÍNqj»¿ O~×¦õ¸PyÂ JvCLëfH F~<jPyÂ CLFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ®F~MLjj
bKZkÄjNnjÎFL GHO~¸<ÓkOqj(No.159-T.T.) ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®CL<j ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py °ÍNqj»¿O~×eõÂ¥h
GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL^j÷FLïÁ. Ó¥qÚTdÂ ¬MLjôF| ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, “ÍjOqÜMnÎ¿ O~¾ML¸QZ¸ MnÎ¿¥qÚOqGGSj” ¬Â
fHÓML_<jÔLj¸¨FL ÁO~×¦ ¬FLjFLCL<j MLj¸ÍÓGHÆ÷¥h(_ÿjQZ¹ ¯ ¥cÓ¸ F~=h ¼CLkëOqj ½Pe÷PyÂ
MLjÍFLGHÆ÷ C~Ók¥c ¬tj°¸^j¸Á)öGHÏE~FL GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j. ®CL<j (No.52-T.T. Q~.QZ. 1391
SG ¸.)Kn×¦OqøNqj ŠÓGSjë<j, GHGSë¸_GSköCLj<j MLÙÍÜÓõ $yöÀ£Š<j. ML<O~×¦õ¸PyÂ ÏEyFL¥x¸¨¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
fS¸$qMLjj F~Nqj¥qO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j, _ÿjQZ¹ sHOqjFLj _=hæ µ¥q sSF~F~NqjŠ<j (F~Nqj¥q)(No.28-T.T.)
¬tj°¸=e<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ÏEyFL¥x¸¨, ÏÍjÂ¥qö$cMLjMnjÎFL ExFL¥x¸< ¬tj°¸^j¸Á. ®Á ¥qOqkïÓj ½Pe÷PyÂ
¥q¸_¸ C~Ój¥cPy °¸Á. ®Á F~=h ML<O~×¦õ¸PyÂ bKe$q¸$c °¸@éÁ. ¬¸=o O~×¦õ¸Py °CLëOqöJd¸CL¸
¬¸=o °Ítj»¿O~×¦õ¸. ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ CLOqjM~CL (Q~.QZ. 1397 GS¸.) sHOxÚFL_¨FL ÅÇ¢ M LjF| ‘$ctj$yM~+’
¬Fo sHOqj$qÓ FLßfS¸ÿöGHbKZj Jd¸<õO~¾FLj ×¦tj¸¼FL^j÷FLj, ¥c¥qÀ£Nqj O~×eõÂï TdìfH¸¼FL^j÷ CnÆsH
¬ÀQZNnk¥hë$qÓ ÃOqjÍjÓj Jv¸ÁFL^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á. [<ÜF~O~Nqj*, GSOqø×¦å, O~×¦TdMLj×¦ fS¸ÿ, MnjjÍPnÎFL
ÃOqjÍjÓFLj ¥qÆ»FLM~@é$c¥q, ®CL<j ¬GRæÁ¥cðÓjOqCy GSMLkFLj<j, öÀMLjkOqjëÓCy GSMLkFLj<j, O~MLlfHFLï
KZkJdÓML¸QZ GSMLjjöE~Â¥h ÔL¸öÍj<j - ML¸=h ÃOqjE~Ój Jv¸ÁFLM~<j. CLFL Q~GSFL¸(No.347-T.T.)¼MLOqPy
C~FLj fHFLïbKZkJdÓjÂ ŠMLkOqj<FLÂ CnÓjGHl¥xF~ï<j. No.347 Q~GSFL¸ MoNqj_¨FL CoÁ£F~@é MofSFL MLjOy
No.574-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py ®CLÂ TwÍOqj@âÎFL ¥oQZNqjF~NqjŠÂ öGHGS¥hë °FLïÁ. ¬¸ÍjPy FLßfS¸ÿöGHbKZj
Nnjj¥qÚ ÃOqjÍjÓÂ£ï °¸<<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c öÀbKZjMLFLO~×¦ ¬Fo bKeML¸$qÓ ÃOqjÍj‚< °FLïÁ.
QZ>OqMLjOqú* $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, GHGSì¸_ GSköCLj<jFLk ¬tjFL Qx=nuæÀOqjMn¸¥q^ C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j
¬tjFL, ÀOqjGHÀ¥hÔn¸ÁFL ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿¥h, Ä£¿OqjMLlOqj ÇGRjõÓj. öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj Q~.QZ. 1415
GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨FL No.369-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py µ¥cFx¥q ¥yFo¿O~¾ öGHGS¥hë ¥qÂfHGSjë¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬tjFL ²¸KnOqjMLkF~O§ ½¡NqjOqj, CLFLŠ ®¸CLŠMLjjFLjGHl ¥yFo¿O~×eÔo
_ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL_¨FL MLjOqjCLjëMLŠÚ¨ ö$cMLkÂï ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ¯
ö$cMLj¸, ¥cMo¿¤FLÁ¥h ÍXh*¸$c Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸Py °Nqjõ¥x¸< Qy+ MLÓF~<jPyÂ MojOqkÚOqj ÀOqjMLjj¥nÎÔLkáOqj
GHY¦jþ FL¸ÍÆ ÀOqjM~OqkO§ °Q~ML¨PyÂ µ¥q bKe$q¸$c °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCLFo, ¥qÂ£GS¸
Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¯ ö$cMLj¸ °FLï^jML¸=h bKe$cÂ¥nÎF~, ¯ ¥yFo¿O~¾ GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨ °¸=e<Â
bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
¯ ¥cÓ¸PyFo MLjk<jCLO~ÓŠ GSjöGHfSÍjíîPnÎFL öGHMLjj[jÓFLj ¬¸Á¸¼FL=hæ Š^j¸_¸ µ¥q=h
°FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h rHÍí ¬tjFL ¥xMLjôO~×¦ °<NqkOqj, ®CLÂ ®ÍíOqj ŠMLkOqjPnÎFL
rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôO~×¦ °<NqkOqj(Nos.82-G.T; No.585-T.T.), ÇY¦jÀMLjôO~×¦ °<NqkOqj(No.563, 564-
T.T; No.68-G.T.); MLj¿Nqjj ÇY¦jÀMLjôO~¾¥x<j¥nÎFL FLOqGSO~×¦ °<NqkOqj(No.105-G.T.)- ¬FLj ¯
FLÓj$qjOqj öGHMLjj[jÓj‚< “ÅÇ¢ MLjF| MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq, °CLëMLj$qFLè , °bKZNqjOq $qFLè, $q¸<Oq$q¸<, $q¸<
bKoOqj¸<, GSOqGSøÀ£ MLjFybKZ¸@~Oq ÔyOq¥cOq Po¥q Ô{Oqõ¥cOq ” ¬Fo ÃOqjE~ÓFLj Jv¸ÁNqjjF~ïOqj. ¯
ÃOqjÍjÓÂ£ï $x_kò¿ Š^j¸_ GSbKZjõÓj‚< ¥qÆ»°FLï^j÷ CnÓj$qj ¥cM~õPnÎFL ¬NqjõÓO~¾ O~MLjbKZöÍ¥qÄ
Oq¼¸¼FL O~MLkbKZjõÍNqj¥cMLõ¸, MLjk¿ë¥qÄ ¥qßCLMnjÎFL FLOqGSbKZkJdÆ£Nqj¸ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. Ä£¿ ¼ML¿
ÃOqjÍjFLj_=hæ, Ä£Oq¸ÍOqj ÔLÍjMLl¥xFLï M~OqÂ£, TdfUCLõ öGHÀbKeML¸CLjÓÂ£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ Td+jMLöGHMLjj[jÓ
×n¸@~¼ÿï¸ QoõFL(@é$q)GHXh ¬ML<¸ÔoCL, $q¸<bKoOqj¸< GHXh ¼ÿï¸(On¸<jCLÓÓ O~_¸Íj Po¥q ö$qÍí)

CLMLj ×n¸@~ ¼ÿï¸$c $x_kò¿, FL¸E~õÓ öGHMLjj[jÓj ö$qfU¸¼ °¸=eOqj. rH¿NqjÀMLjôO~×¦ °@âÎNqkO§
Q~.QZ.1416 FL¸ÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 5-6-1494)Py CLMLjŠ ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c ¬FLjbKZML¸Py
°FLï^jML¸=h MLkFLõGHlbKZkÄj Mo^jæMLŠ+CLkëOqj FL¸ÍÆ µ¥q ö$cMLjMnjÎFL GHlÍjÔoá¿Â(GH+Nqj F~Nqj¥qCLëFL¸
FL Ç¢OnÎô) EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. rH¿NqjÀMLjôO~×¦, CLMLj ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c MLGSkë °FLï
®F~MLjj bKZkMLjjÓFLj GH¿JdÆGSjë¸<$c, ®CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<j ÇOqjÀMLjôO~×¦ Mo¸»EéQ~Âï GH¿JdÆGSkë
°¸@éM~<j. ®CL<j CLFLŠ ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠÂ$q (¥cOqõCLjëŠÚ ¥qÚ<ML)¬¸Cn¸_Oq $q¸< - ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj
sHOqj$qÓ KnÎÔLO~×¦ ÀMLjôO~¾FLj, ÂNqjÄj¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. ¯ ÀMLjôO~¾ MLOq¸$qP|Š ¬ÏÁGHÀ(°Oq$xÓ
GSjOqöC~*)¬Â (No.68 and 69-G.T and 250-T.T.)ÔnGHð_@éM~<j. No.304, 613-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ
ÄMLO~ÓöGH¥cOq¸, ¥xMLjôO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀMLjôO~×¦ °<NqkOqj TwÍ¿(°<F| fHOq¸Í) ÓXiô¬MLjôF|
¬FLjF~Mnj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓFLj ³O~ð^jÔofS¸Á. rH¿Nqj FLOqGSMLjôF|, rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ
bKeOqõ, Q~.QZ. 1415 öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸. EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 1400 GHBcÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔofS¸Á.
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ¸ Q~.QZ. 1400 GS¸. F~=h O~×¦¥iNqj GH¿fSìÀ :
rHÎ sHOxÚFLï^jML¸=h ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ ¥qÆ», ¬ÏÁ¥q TdMLjOqìõ¸ ¥qÆ»FL Jd+Nqj$cOqj÷, öGHMLjj[jÓj,
$qMLOqïOqjÓj, O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÍjÓj, TdMLj¸CLO~¾ÓCy ‚¨FL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqTdöMLk×¦õ¸, Q~.QZ. 14ML QZC~_í
¬¸CLõ¥cPeÂ¥h MLÔoá^GHð=h¥h GH¿fSìÀ, GS¿$c NqjkOq}H[¸<¸PyÂ ¥{ÓjE~¿¤ GHÍíîÀCy‚¨FL MLjÏÍõNqjj$q
O~×¦¥iNqj MLõMLGSìFLj JwÆ °¸Á. M~OqGSCLøGHl NqjjE~íîÓj, GSðOqíîÓCy ‚¨FL MLOqÜJwO~=eÓj FnMLjôÁ$c
O~ÔLj¥x¸^j¸<$c ÄjÀÄ£j¿FL bKy$qPeÓGSCLø¸ ¥cOq*¸$c ¥qÆ$o ¬ÏÁ¥q ÏÍF~sHXq, ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¥çXqŠ E~¿À£Nqj$c,
_ÓgUFLjÓFLj ¬*¼MoNqj<¸Py ¥qOqÚQZCLø¸$c, JdQZÄ¥q¸$c CLMLj ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï, rSÎÂ¥qJd^M~Âï öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xFo
¬ÿ¸¥cOq¸ ¥qÆ»FL F~Nqj¥q$q*¸ öGHMLOqíîMLkFL MLjtj¸Á. Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqTdöMLk×¦õ¸ öGHDÍMLjML¸QZGHl [¿O~¾
¬tjFL ÄOqkJdXqjÂ ¥cÓ¸F~=h rUÎ¸ÍML TdöMLk×¦õ¸Nnjj¥qÚ O~×¦¥iNqj GH¿fSìÀ ®Á.
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×eõÂ¥h ÔofSFL ÄÇGRæsSML :
¥cÓGHl O~×¦¥iNqj M~C~MLOq*¸, ÔLkÔ~Nqj$c ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c °¸@éEy, bKeMLF~_Ó¸Cy ±fU¸ÔLj
¥yML<¸ GSjÓbKZMoj. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i Kb ZkCL¥cÓ¸Py ¥qFLjMLjOqj$qj$c ×¦¿»FL GS¸GHI j^FLÓFLj, ¬Ä ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c ²^jML¸=h
SG j+j÷ MLj+j÷ À¿»¸Á£ CnÓjGSj¥yML<¸ ¬¸CL SG jÓbKZTdÏÍõ¸ ¥cÍj. ¥cÂ ¬Eé 15ML QZC~_í öHG ÍD MLjÍQZ¥q¸ GHm¿ë
¬NojõPyGHPo, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¬ÂïÄÏE~PnÎFL ¬<è¸ŠÓFLk ¬ÏÁ$qÄj¸¼ ÔoGH=hæFL ¥cO~õÂï TdÏÁ¸¼,
ÀOqj$qjKe^jE~OqjÓ Šö^Ój, FLMLjô¥qöEyVÓj ¬Fo CLjIJdFLjPy ¼ŠÚ¥xÂFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õF{¥qŠ

ÄÏÍø¸GS¸ ¥qÆ»¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ öGHNqjÀïGSjëFLïM~¿ Ke¿FLj¸¨ CLfHð¸¼ FoOqjð$c GHNqjFL¸ Td»¸ÔL$qÆ$o^j÷ CL»FL
¥q^jæÁ^æ¸ ÔoTd<j. FLMLjô¥qGSjëPnÎFL sSF~F~NqjŠÓ, ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓ, GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀC~øÂï Jv¸Á
O~ÔL¥cO~õÓFLj ÔL¥qÚKn=eæ<j. ÄQ~ÓMnjÎFL rHÍí GS¸TdìF~Â¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀNnjÎ rHÍírSÎF~õÂï ¥qÆ»°FLï¸ÍjMLÓFL
¥cÓ¸Py Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×eõÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj@é ¬ÏÁ¥q QZ¥hëMLj¸CLj<j$c °F~ï<j. GSGUyEyõ$qjÓCy
²GHØ<j MLj¸¼ GS¸_¸ÏE~ÓFLj ¥qÆ»°¸@éM~<j. O~×¦õ¸PyÂ GH¿fSìCLjÓFLj ÔL¥qÚÁÁí, GS¿ÿÍjíÓFLj rH¸¼
fSíî¿¤¥q¿¸Ô~<j. JdÓF~MLõMLVO~Ój GSMLõ¸$c ×¦¿$o^j÷ ¥q^jæÁ^æ¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®CLÂ sSF~F~NqjŠPnÎFL
CLj+jML FLOqGSF~NqjŠ<j, ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GHÍíîÀFo ¬MLÓ¸Ã¸Ô~Oqj.
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ŠMLkOqjÓFLj ¬¸CLMnjj¸Á¸¼ GSjÓbKZ¸$c fS¸VGSF~Âï ö¥qÄj¸¼ CLj+jML ML¸Q~Âï
CLj+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j TdìfH¸Ô~<j. F~<j Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj@é fS¸VGSF~Âï ö¥qÄj¸ÔL¥qJwtjFL=nu÷Co
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ¸ 16ML QZC~Ãí Oq¸bKeÂ¥o FLÇ¸¼Jwtj °¸@éÁ. ¥c_=hæ µ¥q ÄÏÍ¸$c Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j
ÔofSFL GIHjFL¥cOqõ¸MLÓFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqTdöMLk×¦õ¸ ÅÇ¢ ¥ qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ Ôo¿¸Á. MLjkÓ¥q¸$c MLj¿¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸
°×¦øÓ¸$c On¸<jCLO~Ój MnÓj$x¸Á¸Á.
X Td+jML ML¸QZ¸
1. Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j :
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j ÍXhBcÁÂ ¬ÏÁ£FLj<j$c µ¥q
JdWnNqkÂ¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ$c °¸@éM~<j(Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1907 para58). ö¥qMojgH _PeÂï ‚<Á£GSj¥xÂ,
CLFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOq GH¿ÏÁÂ ÄGSë¿¸GH×oGSj¥xÂ, ¥cÓ¸F~=h °CLëOqO~Ú<j(¼CLkëOqj, MnÓk÷Oqj), Ôn¸$qP|GH=|
MLj¿Nqjj ÍXhB O~Ú<j½Pe÷ÓŠ ¬ÏÁGHÀ ¬Nqkõ<j(Mad.Ep.Rep.for 1910; para 54), CLOqjM~CL
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j, öGHDÍMLjÄ×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ML¸QZGHl ¥q<GH=hÔLö¥qML¿ë¥h öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀNnjÎ sSF~F~Nqj
Š<j$q‚< MLõMLÿ¿¸Ô~<j. NqjDE~O~ìÂ¥h ®CL@é GH¿JdÓŠ<j$q MLõMLÿ¿¸Ô~<j. Q~.QZ. 1378 GS¸.
FLj¸¨ 1411GS¸. MLOqŠ ®CLÂ öGHTdëMLFL$qÓ 14 Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj, ®CLÂ¥h MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj
MLköCLMoj °FLïÁ. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ ®CL<j µ¥q MLj¸<PeÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿NqjÂ MLköCLMoj CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ¥h $qÓ
MojÁÂ£ Ä £ j G S Oq$q¸<, ¥q> O ~¿Td+jML ¬FLïÃOqjÍjÓj TdÏ E ~Oq*¸$c Td+jML Ó¸ÍOqk CLMLj
F~MLjÏEéNqkÓŠ(No.197-T.T.) CL»Æ¸ÔLj ¥xFLï=hæMo. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨ Td+jML $qj¸<EéML MLjÿO~¾, CLÆ÷
MLjPe÷¸Ã¥q. ®CLÂ ×oõGRçTwÍOqjÂsHOqj Td+jML ÀÄjôO~×¦EéML MLjVO~×¦ °<NqkO§( No.69-T.T.).
®CLÂ O~Bh ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qEéÄ¬MLjôF|(No.341-T.T.). ®CLÂ¥h MLjj$qjÜOqjŠMLkOqjÓj, ŠMLkOqFLOqGSNqjõF|,
rH¿NqjGS¸$qMLj, ¼¥qÚGS¸$qMLj ¬FLjM~Oqj.
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ŠMLkOqjÓj :

®CL<j (No.197-T.T.)E~FLQ~GSF~Âï O~tj¸¼, ¬¸Íj C~FLj, CLFLCLÆ÷, CLFLMLjj$qjÜOqj
ŠMLkOqjÓ sHOq÷Ä£jÍ ÔoNqj_¨FL E~F~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ öGHTdëÄ¸Ô~<j. Q~.QZ. 1395 GS¸. ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
C~FLj FLkCLFL¸$c öGHMoQZrH=hæFL @yPyCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH<¸CyKe^j, ¯ °CLûML GS¸ÍOqó¸Py CLFL CLÆ÷ MLjPe÷NqjMLjôF|
sHOqjÄ£jÍ GS¸ÏÁ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥i, ¥cÓ¸Py ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦OqjGH_<jÔLj¸¨FL ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy
7 ML Oy¾FL C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL F~Ój$qjMLj¸^JdÓ MLÍíŠ TdøÄj ±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFLGHl<j, CLFL F~MLjÏEéNqj¸
Ä£jÍFLj, CLFL MLjj$qjÜOqjŠMLkOqjPnÎFL ŠMLkOq FLOqGSNqjõF|, ¼¥qÚGS¸$qMLjF|, MLj¿Nqjj rH¿NqjGS¸$qMLjF|

sHOq÷Ä£jÍ MnjjCLë¸ F~Ój$qj ¬GHðGH<jÓFLj ÂMoÁ¸ÔLj^Š ³O~ð^jÔoTd<j. ¯ ¥cO~õÓj ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h,
GH<Ä£<j O~×¦õ¸PyÂ ¥qÓMnÎGHY¦jþ C~Ój¥cPyÂ ExMLjôOq¦GH=hæ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofS Q~GSFL¸ öM~tj¸Ô~<j.
GSøNqj¸$c CLFLsHOqjÄ£jÍ, CLFLCLÆ÷ sHOqjÄ£jÍ, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h °CLûML¸ FnÎMoE~õÓj ³O~ð^jÔofS
Q~GSFL¸ öM~tj¸Ôo GS¸ÍOqó¸Py MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj GSbKZjõÓFLj‚< sHOxÚF~ï<j. ¬Pe sHOxÚFL<¸Py, Oq¥qëGS¸_¸ÏÍ¸
¥qÆ»FL CLFL Š^j¸_GSbKZjõÓj ¥cÂM~¿ sHOq÷FLj, ¬¸ÍjPyFLk MLjj[õ¸$c CLFL ¬¸CLGSjëŠ CL$qÜ^jæ CLFLCy
GSMLkFL ${OqML MLjO~õÍÓFLj Jv¸Í$qÓGUyE~ Po¥qJwtjFL^÷tjCo, CLMLjsHOqj÷Cy ×y¨¸¼ CnÓjGHlC~<Â
bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸ ¬GS¸bKeMLõ¸. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ MLjj$qjÜOqj MLõŠëÓk‚<, ®CLÂ Š^j¸_ GSbKZjõPo ¬tj
°¸=eOqj. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j ¯ MLjj$qjÜOqj MLõŠëÓk Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ŠMLkOqjPo ¬tj °¸=eOqj.
Ä£¿Py ŠMLkOq FLOqGSNqjõF| ¬FLjMLõ¥hë ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿCy ¬bÃFLjï<j. ¬FL$c ŠMLkOq FLOqGSNqjõF|
MLjOysHOqj ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿ ¬MLlCLj¸Á. ®¥qÚ< ®CLÂ sHOqjFLŠ MLjj¸Íj ŠMLkOq ¬Fo GHÍ¸ O~×¦ŠMLkOq
¬FLj GHE~Â¥h _ÍjÓj$c °GHNnk»¸GH_¨ °¸^j¸Á. Q~GSFL¸ Ôn¥oÚ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, O~×¦ŠMLkOqj<j CLFL
ŠMLkOqj@é ¬ML<¸ÔoCL Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c GS¸KyÏÁ¸¼ °¸=e<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ Q~GSFL¸
öM~tj¸¼FL ¥cÓ¸F~=h¥h ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1395ML GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj CLFLŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ®MLjô¨FLOqfS¸ÿFLj,
CLFL O~×¦¥iNqjM~OqGSjÂ$q, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j ÂOqêtj¸¼, CLFL CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ O~×eõÂ¥h O~Í»FL ŠMLkOqO~¾$c
öGH¥q=h¸¼ °¸=e<j. FLOqGSNqjõF|FLj O~¾ ŠMLkOq FLOqGSNqjõF|$c GS¸KyÏÁ¸ÔL @~Âï_=hæ, Äj»ÆFL MLõŠëÓj
®ÍíOqk ¬¸=o ¼¥qÚGS¸$qMLj, MLj¿Nqjj rH¿NqjGS¸$qMLj ‚< Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ŠMLkOqjPo ¬tj
°¸=eOqÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸Py ÄöGHÀGHÀë PoÍj. Td+jML ML¸QZ¸PyÂ MLjk<j Q~[ÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFL MLjj$qjÜOqj
MLjÓ÷NqjEéML sHOqjCy °FLï^j÷$cFo CLOqjM~À CLOq¸PyÂ MLjj$qjÜOqj ‘ GS¸$qMLj ‘ sHOqjCy °¸<@~Âï ÔLk<$qÓ¸.
Ä£¿Py ®ÍíOqj FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GHlöCLjPnÎCo MLjk<MLM~<j ÍXh*¸Py ²¥qÚ@y µ¥q Ôy^ ³ÓjCLk °FLï
FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ E~NqkÁ(Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908-09, page 167).
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ °Eyõ$qjÓj :
MLjj[Jdð+¸ F~$qMLjF~Nqj¥q Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ sSF~F~NqjŠ<j.(No. 243-T.T.). ®CL<j
Q~.QZ.1409 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h µ¥q GHlGRðMLkÆ¥qFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h, TdøÄjGSÂïÏÁFL
On¸<jÁ£JdÓFLj MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h CLFL öGHbKZjMnÎFL Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjOqj ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸
³O~ð^j ÔoTd<j. ¬¸ÍjÓ¥nÎ ¥q¼árH^jæÇ¢MLjŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ÀOq<¸Jd¨ ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸
ÔoTd<j. ¯ ö$cMLj¸ FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjÓj CLFLŠ ‘F~Nqj¥q^æFL¸’ (MLkFLõGHl bKZkÄj, Mnjj#eTd bKZkÄj)$c
®¼á °¸<^¸ÔoCL ¬CLÂ ÿŠÚbKZj¥që¸Py °FLï^jML¸=h ö$cMLj¸. Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ FLMLjô¥qMnjÎFL _¸^jÓPy
¬ö$q$q*jõ<Â sHOqjJv¸ÁFL F~$qMLjF~NqjŠ<jFLj rHÎ E~FL Q~GSFL¥qOqë, F~$qMLjF~NqjŠ<jFLj µ¥qOo. ¯
F~$qMLjF~NqjŠ<j MLjÍjOqF~Nqj¥q ML¸Q~Â¥h MLjkÓGHlOqjGRj@âÎFL ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠÂ¥h CL¸ö¨NqjÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á
(Ar. Sur.Rep. for 1908-09, page165). ×eMLjÍ$qïõMLCLû $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, bKyGSÓ GSköCLj<jtjFL GHÍjMLjPnÎ
EéMLGHð ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL fSÍíî*NqjO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cOqõÂO~øÿjŠ<j (¥cOqõCLjëŠÚ<ML)(No.
160-T.T.). Q~.QZ. 1382 GS¸.FL MoNqj_¨FL No.366-T.T. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ öGHCoõ¥q ÄGRNqjMojMLj¸=o - FLOqfS¸$qEéML
MLjVO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ bKZMLF~Â¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c µ¥q F~^¥qQ~Ó °¸@éÍÂ£, ¬¸ÍjPy ÀMLjôF~Nqj¥qÚO§
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀGHØF~Nqj¥qOqj µ¥q FL^j<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. Ôy+jÓ ¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c
Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL F~^õQ~ÓPy ×¦FLOq¸×¦¥q¸$c(Mad. Ep.Rep. for1924-25 page 82 para13.)FLßCLõ, F~^õ
öGHÍOqùFLÓj ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼áF~tj. ¯ GHÍíîÀ¥h EéQZ¸, bKeOqÀ£NqjjÓ GH¿JdÓFLPy °¸¨FL¸CL¥cÓ¸
ÄQoGR öJwC~ûÿ¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. bKeOqÀ£NqjCLŠ GH^jæ$xMLjô$c ÂÆ¼FL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õöJdbKZML¸
FLÇ¸¼, ¼À¥hJwtjFL ¼^æ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸ MLOqŠ ¬FLjGS¿¸GH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. ¯ ÄÏE~FLMoj ®¸¥c
¥xFL±fH¿Cy FLkCLFLMLkOqjðÓFLj GS¸CL¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ ¬MLjÓjPy °¸Á. ¥cÂ rHÎ Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÆNqjML¼áFL
F~^¥qQ~Ó, O~¾FLŠ, O~×¦Š^j¸ÃªŠÓŠ ÄFyÍ¸ ¥qÆ»¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸ öGHCoõ¥q¸$c O~×¦öJdTdE~Â¥h
¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL=hæÁ. ®Á _ÿjQZ¹ O~×eõÂ¥h MLjj[õGGH^æ*MnjÎFL^j ML¸=h ÔL¸öÍ»¿ ¥y^Py
°¸¨°¸^j¸Á.
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓFL :
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j Q~.QZ.1378ML GS¸.Py ÆGHlOq¸ ö$cMLkÂï GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷
CnÓjGHlÔLjFLï No. 3-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ ¬CL¨Â $qj¿¸¼ öGHöGHDÍMLj¸$c GH¿ÔLNqj¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. °CLëOqMojOqkOqjFLŠ
Ôn¸ÁFL ¥qY¦Mn=hæGHØÆ WeøO§ MLjF~ïO§ fHWnu÷ ¬FLjFLCL<j Mnj^j÷¥qÆ»FL µ¥q rHÍíÁ$qj<j KeÄÂ öCLÄø¸¼
E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï No.27-G.T.¯ Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ. 1411ML GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. ®Á
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓFLPyÂ ¼^æ¼ML¿ Q~GSFL¸. ®CLOqöCL ÓbÃ¸¼FL Q~GSF~ÓPy Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=hMLkOqj$c
®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ®MLjô¨FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLï Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.1414 GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨¸Á.
(Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1907-08, page 254). ®¸ÍjMLÓFL Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j Q~.QZ. 1414 GS¸. MLOq‚
O~×¦õ¸ GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjáFLj. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j Q~.QZ. 1378 GS¸. FLj¸¨ 36
GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ, Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j 44 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ O~×eõÂï
GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ FLkÂ×|(“Forgotten Empire” page 307) CnÓjGHlCLjF~ï<j. FLOqfS¸ÿj<j M~GSëML¸$c
GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL¥cÓ¸ 44 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ¬Â ÔnfHðFLGHl<j, 8 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój Co@~°¸Á. ¬GHl<j Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ Q~.QZ. 1378 GS¸.Š ®¸¥c MnFLj¥qŠ Jv¨»¸¼ ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1370 GS¸. Py GH¿JdÓFLFLj
öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼, 44 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1414 MLOqŠ O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸¼ °¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj¸PyÂ ¥qDÍ :
GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py Oq¼¸GH_¨FL “Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj”¥cMLõ¸ öGHDÍMLjGSOqÜPy ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ML¿ê¸GH_¨¸Á
- Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GHm¿¤øŠ@âÎFL MnjjÍ=h $qj¸<EéML ¥qPeõ*GHlO~Âï MLjj[õGH^æ*¸$c ÔofS¥xÂ ×¦FLOq¸×¦¥q¸$c
O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ Td+jML MLj¸»EéML, ¬CLÂ TwÍOqj@âÎFL ${CLNqj fHöC~¿ãCL¸$cML¼áFL
O~×eõÂï MLOqjGS$c CLMLj ML¸CLjFLŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j, GH¿JdÓFL ÔoTdOqj. On¸<ML GSOqÜPy ${CLNqj ŠMLkOqj<jFLj,
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ CL¸ö¨ MLjk<ML $qj¸<EéML, fHöC~¿ãCLMnjÎFL O~×eõÂï ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL Ä£jÍ^,
Nqjj¥qëMLNqjGSjÚ@âÎ GH¿JdÓF~ GH$cÜÓFLj ÔoCL_=hæ O~×eõÂï FL<GH$qÓ TdMLjOqìõ¸$qÓ ŠMLkOqj<j FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ¥h
O~×eõÂï ¬GHð»¸¼, C~FLj CLFL bKeOqõ MLjPe÷¸Ã¥qCy M~FLöGHGSìöQZMLj¸ gSø¥q¿¸¼, ÏE~õÀô¥q CLCLëø¼¸CLF~GHOqj@âÎ
¬<ÄPy öGHQ~¸CL M~C~MLOq*¸MLjÏÍõ bKZ$qMLC| ÏE~õFL¸Py ½¡ÄCLQoGR¸ ÂÇá¸CL$q $q¨Jd<j. CLßÀ£Nqj
GSOqÜ¸Py CLÆ÷Í¸ö<jÓj CLFLjï MLÍÆrH=hæ ¬<Ä¥hMnÈ÷FL¸ÍjÓŠ FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ÄÓfH¸Ôo GIHj^æ¸Cy MnjjÍÆ<j
CLj¸Á. ®¸CL¥cÓ¸ CL¸ö¨Ô~^jÃ<è$c MLõMLÿ¿¸¼FL C~FLj ®¥qFLj¸© O~×¦õGH¿JdÓF~bKeO~Âï ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c
MnkNqkPy ¬Â GH¿GH¿ÄÏE~Ó ÄÔ~¿¸Ô~<j. MLj¸öCLjÓ Td¸CLøFL M~¥cõÓMLÓFL ±Oq¨Æ÷, ÏEâÎOqõ¸ CnÔLjá¥xÂ
CLFL ÍßfRæÂ, GH¿JdÓF~MLõMLVO~ÓrHÎ¥h MLjÈW¸Ô~<j. EâÎFL¸ÁFL JdÓF~bKeO~Âï MLj¸öÀrHÎ rH=hæ,
Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLŠ GSF~ïVÓj öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<j. MLj¸öÀ GSÓVFLj ¬GS¿¸¼, CLFL O~×¦ÏE~ÂÂ, Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¥h
GSÄ£jJdFL, ¥x¸<ÓFL<jMLj ÍjOoóÍõMnjÎFL ¥y^$qÓ ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h MLkO~á<j. CLFL MLjkÓ_PeÂï ¬¥qÚ<ÂÆfH,
¥x¸CLrSÎFLõ¸Cy Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLŠ _NqjÓjEéOq@~Â¥h GSF~ïÿ¸ GHm¿ëÔoGSjŠF~ï<j. MLjj¸Íj$c
Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¥qÈ¸$q¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸@âC~ë<j. ¥qÈ¸$cÂï ×¦tj¸¼ ÍXh*¸MnÎGHlŠ MnWe"<j. E~ÂÂ
‚@~ GSjF~NqkGS¸$q JdE~ö¥çCL¸ $cÄ¸ÔLjŠF~ï<j. 1
rHÎ ¥qDÍF~Âï_=hæ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj¨¥h ö¥qMLkFLj$qCL¸$c CLMLj GHm¿¤øŠÓFLj¸¨ M~OqGSCLø¸$c

ÓbÃ¸¼FL O~×¦õMLjÂ, MLjj[õGH^æ*¸ ¥qWeõ*GHlOqMLjÂ, GHlOq¸ Í$qíî¸¥c$c ÂM~GSNnk$qõ¸¥cÂ
(Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj¸ Q~ø. 3. GH. 4) GHlO~Âï MLÍÆrH=hæ MLjj[õGH^æBcÂï ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h MLk¿áFL^j÷$c
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥c_=hæ, ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ Q~.QZ. 1378 GS¸. Py No.3-T.T. MoNqj_¨FL
1 . MLjöE~GSj ÄQZøÄE~õÓNqj¸Py fU¸ÍkEéQZÔL¿öCL, GHlO~CLFL MLGSjë CLCLëøQ~öGSë ÄbKe$q¸Py Ô~Oqjõ@âÎFL Dr. S.¥qßGRêTdøÄj ¬Nqjõ¸$cO§.
M.A., Ph.D., F~Š ÍNqjCy ¬GHØ$c µGS»FL öM~CLöGHÀ Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj¥cMLõ¸ FLj¸¨ rHÎ ÄMLO~Ój ö$qfU¸GH_¨FLÄ.
Q~GSFLMoj Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j, MLjj[õGH^æBcÂï ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥hMLk¿áFL ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸PyFo MofSFL, ¬CLÂ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h

Q~GSFL¸$c MLjFL¸ ö$qfU¸ÔLMLÔLjá. Q~.QZ. 1378 SG ¸MLCLûO~Â¥h HG mOqø¸ SG jMLkOqj 8 SG ¸MLCLûO~Ój ¥qWeõ*GHlOq¸FLj¸@é
GH¿JdÓFLTd»¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j 44 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ FLkÂ×| ÔnfHðFL
M~Oqë GS¿NnjÎFLÍÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. EéMLlÓGHÆ÷ Q~GSFLGHlOoŠÓj, ÇPeQ~GSF~ÓMLÓFL ÂOqkfH¸GH_¨FL
HG ¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸$qj¿¸¼ _ÿjQZ¹ FLkÂ×| HG ¿$q*FLPyÂ¥h À£Sf ¥xÂ °¸<¥qJwMLÔLjáFLÂ ÔnfHðFL ¥i.Qo. O~MLl_ÿÍíO§
rUÔ|. ¥qßGRêQ~öfSë$c¿ bKeML¸Cy MLjFL¸ ³¥ibKZÄ¸ÔLFL¥qÚOq PoÍj. (Ar, Sur. Rep. for 1907-08, page 254,
Note 13) ¯ bKeM~Âï _ÓGHOqÔo MLjOx¥q GS¸GIHj^FLFLj GH¿$q*FLPyÂ¥h À£fS¥xFLMLÓfS °FLïÁ. On¸<MLMLkOqj,
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ Sf ¸VGSFL¸, CLj+jML FLOqGSFLF~NqjŠ<j ö¥qÄj¸ÔLj¥xÂFL GS¸GIHj^FL Q~.QZ. 1422 GS¸.Py

×¦¿»¸Á. ®¸¥qFLj, Q~.QZ. 1378 GS¸. FLj¸¨ 44 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó¥cÓ¸ O~×¦õJdÓFL ÔofSFL Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ ¥q<GH=h GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1422 GS¸.FL ¬MLlCy¸ÍÂ FLkÂ×| Pn¥qÚÓj¥q=hæ CoÆá
ÔnGHlëF~ï<j(Ar, Sur. Rep. for 1907-08, page 254, Note 13). M~GSëML¸$c Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ CLOqjM~CL,
MLj¿ 5 GS¸CLûO~Ój ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1427 GS¸. MLOqŠ ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿj<j GH¿JdÆ¸¼ °¸<j^¸ MLÓFL,
_ÓML¸CLGHl ¬F~õNqj ö¥qMLj*$c bKeÄ¸GH_¨FL On¸<ML ö¥qMLj* Â×eÂ¥h ¬F~õNqj ö¥qMLj* ¥cFo¥cÍj.
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c 44 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó Á£OqÝ¥cÓ¸O~×¦õ GH¿JdÓFLÔofSFL Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j NqÙMLFL ¥cÓ¸PyFo CLFL
CL¸ö¨FLj¸¨ M~OqGSCLø¸$c ML¼áFL O~×eõÂï öGHDÍMLj¸$c ¥qWeõ*GHlO~Âï öGHÏE~FL FL$qOq¸$c Q~.QZ.1370 öJd¸C~FL
JdÆ¸ÔL<¸ öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<j. ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ®MLjô¨FLOqfS¸ÿj<j MofSFL MnjjÍ=h E~FLQ~GSFL¥cÓ¸ Q~.QZ. 1414
MLOqŠ (GSjMLkOqj$c) O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j.
Td+jML FLOqÂfS¸ÿjÂ ÍjO~ö¥qMLj* OyGH* :
®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÄÏE~F~Âï $qj¿¸¼ ÄÄÏÍOq¥cÓj$c MLjÁ¸GHl MoNqj_¨¸Á. ¬¿Ä£Oq Kb ZNqj¸¥qOqj@âÎFL
®CL<j [<ÜMLköCL SG VNqjj@âÎ, QZöCLjMLlÓFL¸Í¿Â£ ×¦tj¸¼ ÔLö¥qML¿ë ¬tjFL^j÷, EéMLlÓGHÆ÷ Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ¥qDÍFL¸.
®CL<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq SfG ¸VGSF~Âï _PeC~ÚOq¸$c ö$qfU¸Ô~<Â CnÆsH _ÓMnjÎFL TdXcõÏE~Oq¸ °¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~
®CL<j MLU f ¸¼FL, MLjVO~×eÏÁO~×¦ MnjjÍPnÎFL, ÔLö¥qML¿ëCLëø¸ SG k¼¸Ôo ÃOqjE~MLÈ, Q~.QZ. 1408 SG ¸. Py MoNqj_¨FL
Q~GSFL¸Py °¸<=eÂï_=h,æ ¯ Q~.QZ. 1408ML SG ¸MLCLûO~FL (Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1907-1908, pages 253-54)
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq Sf ¸VGSFL¸ ö¥qÄj¸¼FL^j÷ Kb eÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h TdÚOq MojOqð<jCy¸Á. À.À.EéMLTdìFL
Q~GSFL SG ¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ, ®CLÂ¥h SG ¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj ®OqMnÎE~¥c °F~ïtj. ¥cÂ Ä£ÂPy µ¥qÚ
MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjCLGHð ®CLOq ÃOqjÍjPoÄ O~Nqj_¨ °¸<PoÍj. ‘MLjVO~×¦,’ MLj¿Nqjj ‘°<NqkO§’
¬FLïHG E~Ój sHOqjFLŠ ¼MLOq ¬¥qÚOqCy ¥cŠ¸@~, ¥xÂïMLkOqjÓj, Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj °<NqkO§ ¬Â£,
MLj¿¥xÂÔy^÷ Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿEéML MLjVO~Nqj °@âÎNqkO§ ¬Â öGHNnk»¸GH_¨F~tj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL,
®CLÂÔo MoNqj_¨FL Q~.QZ. 1408 GS¸.GHl Q~GSFL¸Py “MLjVO~×¦” ¬Fo $qj*M~ÔL¥q¸ öGHNnk»¸GH_<j^Py
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239; and Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1921 para 49 ). Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×eõÂ¥h
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2. ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿj<j :
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ö¥i.QZ.1498ML GS¸.(Q~.QZ.1420)MLOqŠ GH¿JdÆ¸¼ °F~ï<Â bKeÄ¸¼
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FLOqGSF~NqjŠ<j, 5 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLOqŠ O~×¦õbKeO~Âï MLfU¸¼ °¸@~Æ (“Forgotten Empire”, page110.).
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CL¸ö¨ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq${OqML¸, TdìFL_PeÂ¥hCy<j, O~×¦õ¸FL¸Íj ¬ÏÁ¥q QZ¥hëML¸CLj<jFLj,
sSF~F~NqjŠ<jFLk ¬tjFL CLj+jML FLOqTdF~NqjŠÂ öJdGHl ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. À.À. EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL
GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ®CLÂÂ $qj¿¸¼FL Q~GSFL¸ No.271-T.T µ¥qÚ=h MLköCL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¬Á ®CLÂ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py [¿ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj Q~.QZ. 1426 GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. EéM~ÓNqj¸Py µ¥qsSM~
¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï FLOqfS¸$qO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸$qO~NqjjÂ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸
ÀOqjMn¸¥q^¼áOqj¥qÚF| ÀOqjGHðBh fHWnu÷ ²¸KnOqjMLkF~O§ ³O~ð^j ÔoTd<j(®CL<j EéM~ÓNqjÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL
öGH×eGS¸_¸ÏÍ¥cO~õÓrHÎ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï GSO~ÚOqj °Eyõ$qGSjë<j).
®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :

®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py rH¿Nqj ¶_+ F~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j öGHÏE~FL
rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ$c °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ®CL<j, Q~.QZ. 1426 Oq¥cë¥hú F~MLjGS¸MLCLûO~FL
(ö¥i.QZ. 4-9-1504)MofSFL Q~GSFL¸, ®CLÂ¥h, öÇ¢ MLjF| MLjVF~Nqj¸¥cÔ~Oqõ’ ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj öGHE~FL¸ ÔoNqj
_¨FL^j÷, CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á(No. 305-T.T). GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL O~¾(O~¾sHOqj CnÓjGH_<PoÍj)Nnjj¥qÚ
¬FLjMLjÀCy(O~NqjO§ O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<jML¸Íj - O~¾ ¬FLjMLjÀ CnÔLjá¥xÂ) ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmOqjF~<jPyÂ
¥q<ÓkO§ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLj¿ On¸<jE~F~ÓFLj
ÔoTd<j. ¬¸ÍjÔo _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ sSF~ÏÍõXqj@âÎFL O~MLkF~Nqj¥qÚO§, CLj+jML Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjÓFLj ¬CLÂ
CLMLjjô<$qj ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓFLj ‚< sSÄ¸¼ °¸=e<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ F~MLjÏEéNqj¸ On¸<jsHOqj÷
¥qÆfSFL Íø¸ÍøGSMLkGS¸$c °FLïÁ. ®¸ÍjPyÂ rH¿Nqj ¶_+(¶ÃÓ)F~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§ ¬Â
°¸<=eÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ®CLÂ ¬GSÓjsHOqj O~MLjF~Nqj¥qÚO§ ¬Â£, ®CL<j rH¿Nqj¶_+ F~Nqj¥qO§
ŠMLkOqj<Â£ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¯ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ MLjOx¥q sSF~F~NqjŠ<j ÀMLjô* ÍBcêNqj¥qO§. ®CL<j
¥qOqBh¥qÚ ¬FLïE~CL EéML$qW|Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j(No.308-T.T)¯ Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.1415 GS¸.Py MoNqj^¸
×¦¿»¸Á. ®CL<j ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLj¸@éM~<Â£ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ ®CL<j
ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py ÂÓ¥q<$c °¸ÔL_¨FL rSÎF~õÂ¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ (ÍBcêNqj¥qO§)NqjÂ CnÆfS¥xFL$qÓ¸. ®CL<j
¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköÀ£Š<j, ÿ¿CL$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ÂNnk» öKeÿô*j<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ ¬FLïE~CL EéML$qW|FLk,
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL öJzA<EéMLO~NqjÓ ¥xÓjMLlPy °FLï MLjVöGHÏE~ÂNqj$qj ¬FLïE~CL ÍBcêNqj¥qOqj ®OqjMLlOqk
µ¥qOo(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1911 para 52,and No.335of 1921 of the Madras Ep. Coll.). ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j
ÀMLjô*ê ÍBcêNqj¥qOqj, ¬FLïE~CL ÍBcêNqj¥qOqjNnjj¥qÚ MLjFLjMLj<jFLk, EéMLGHð$qW| Po¥q EéML$qW| Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj
¬tj°¸@~Æ. ÀOqjMLjÓPy ®CL<j ³O~ð^jÔofSFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦OqGH<¸Py ¬¸ÍjF~ MLjj[õ¸$c Td+jML
MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ ³Oqð^jÔofSFL HG ÄöCyCLûML SG ¸ÍOqó¸Py (No.157-T.T) °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ ±Oo»¸Ôo SG MLjNqj¸Py
FnÎMoE~õÓj SG MLjOqð*Š, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j ³O~ð^jÔoSf FL @yPeMLjGUyCLûML SG ¸ÍO~óFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦OqHG @~Â¥i
(No.197-T.T) CL$qj öQZÍíî À£GSj¥xF~ï<j. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥xÓMLlPy ‚<
°Eyõ$q¸ ÔofS °¸=e<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCLFo ®CL<j Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ${OqM~Oqì¸ rHÎ CnÓjGH_¨FL ³O~ð^j÷
ÔofSNqjj¸<^¸. ŠMLkOq ŠÓQo[Oq MojÁÂO~MLl ÀMLjôF~Nqj¥qÚO§ No.307-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py C~FLj, ŠMLkOq
C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ÇGRjõ<Â CnÓjGHl¥xF~ï<j. ¯ ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj, “$ctj$yM~+ ”(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸
HG l^. 142)¬Â fHÓjML_<j^Š ¬OqüCLFLj Jv¸ÁFL FLßfS¸ÿöGHKb ZjNnjj¥qÚ $qjOqjMLl. ¯ $qjOqjMLl Q~.QZ. 1415
GS¸.FL CLFL ÇGRjõÂ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ µ¥qO~×eFLï ÀOqjKyðFL¥q¸ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ

³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj, O~×eõÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL µ¥q °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿ ¬tj
°¸=e<j. Íø¸ÍøGSMLkGS¸$c °FLï F~MLjÏEéNqj¸PyÂ ®CLÂ ¬GSÓjsHOqj ÀMLkôF~Nqj¥qÚO§ ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj,
ŠMLkOq ŠÓQo[Oq ¬FoÃOqjÍjFLj Jv¸ÁFL MojÁÂ£O~MLl. Ä£¿ Q~GSF~Ój MoNqj_¨FL CoÁ£ÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j,
¥xMLjôO~¾ rH¿NqjÀMLjôO~×¦, ®CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<$qj ÇOqjÀMLjôO~×¦, MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<$qj FLOqGSO~×¦,
®¸¥qFLk ¥yFo=hO~×¦ (MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL sHOqj¥h¸Í ÔnGHð_¨FLÁ. GHl^. 142-143) ¬Fo Ä£Oq¸ÍOqk ‚<
®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥xÓjMLlPyÂ °FLïCL °Eyõ$qGSjìÓj$c °¸@éM~OqÂ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjáFLj.
Xl CLj+jML ML¸QZ¸
1. Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸ÿj<j :
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj ÂÄjCLëMnjÎ °CLëOq MojOqkOqjŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ¥qOqML=hæGHØÆ
NqkWeøO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬JdðfHWnÎ ¬FoMLõ¥hë, Q~.QZ. 1430 ÄbKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.18-7-1508)Py
ÀOqjGHÀ $yÄ¸Í O~×¦WTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¬F~ï°¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~+j÷ ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<Â(No.255-
G.T.)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¯ °¸×¦P|
°CLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔofSFLGHð=hFLj¸©(No.197-T.T) ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py

¯ °CLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH<¸Py °C~ûÿ¸ GSFLï»Æ÷Jwtj¸Á. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé
¬JdðfHWnu÷, Q~.QZ.1428 ¬XqNqjF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 30-11-1506)µ¥q E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j, ®Á Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿»¸Á. CLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py, ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1433 öGH×eGHÀ£F~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 7-4-1511) (No.604-T.T) ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸, OqBhgSMLjPyÂ ¥q¸GHFLÓk÷Oqj
ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ®CL<j ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸PyFLj, ¼Í¸_Oq¸PyFLj Q~.QZ.1431
QZj¥q÷F~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.11-3-1510)FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1432 öGHMnkÍkCLF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 30-12-1510)MLOqŠ
MLOqjGS$c E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj ÔofSFL^j÷ No.411 of 1919 MLj¿Nqjj No.323 of 1913 Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
®CL<j MLj¿ ®CLÂTwÍOqj<j - ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥x¸<JdÍCLPeFL$qÓ ÓXiôFLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj ÓNqkÂ¥i, Td+jML
FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ¥q=hæ¸¼FL rHÍí $yGHlO~Â¥i, ÍXh*öGHEéQZ¸Py µ¥q KeÄÂ öCLÄø¸¼FL E~FL¥qOqë(No.271-G.T.),
MLj¿Nqjj MLjF~ïO§fHWnu÷ -O~×¦¥iNnkEyõ$cÓPy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ ¥qÓM~OnÎ °¸=eOqj. _ÿjQZ¹ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ
¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸ MLOqŠ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqMLO~ÜÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~OnÎ °¸=eOqj. O~¾FLj $qj¿¸¼
öGHTdëÄ¸¼FL No. 255-G.T. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.1430 GS¸.Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ¬CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸
¥q<GH=h GS¸MLCLûOqMLjtj °¸^j¸Á(Mad. Ep. Rep. for1916, para 65). Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ fS¸VGSF~Â¥h
MnjjÍ=hMLkOqj ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿj<j ÍjO~ö¥qMLj* ÔoTd@y ¬Pe$o On¸<MLCL<ML Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j

¬ö¥qMLjMLkO~ÜFL _PeC~ÚOq¸$c ö$qfU¸Ô~<j. Ä£¿ÍíOqk fS¸VGSFLGHl M~OqGSCLøÿŠÚÓFLj ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸<PoÍj.
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j Mo¸¥q=eöÁPy ¬¸=o ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEâÎM~Â¥h F~F~ÄÏÍ MLjVE~F~ÓFLj ÔoTd<Â
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬Pe$o ¥qFL¥qGSÍ}S(¼Í¸_Oq¸)PyFLj, ÿ¸fH ÄOqkJdXq EéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLj, ¥c+ÿfSëPyÂ
ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿgSëQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸PyFLj, ¥q¸¼, ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ¸, Qy*QnÎÓ(ÀOqjMLBcêMLjPnÎ), ÿ¿ÿOq, ¬GUy_+,
GS¸$qMLj, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸, Š¸bKZ¥y*¸, MLjVFL¸ÁÀ£Oqíî¸, ÂMLßÀë, $y¥qOq¸ê, O~MLjsSCLj (O~MojQZøOq¸)MnjjÍPnÎFL
GHl*õXoöC~ÓPy E~F~ÓFLj ÔoTd<j. MLjj[õ¸$c Qy<GRMLjVE~F~ÓFLj ¬¸=o ö_Vô¸<, ÄQZøÔLö¥q, GIHj^,
MLjVbKZkCL¥q, OqCLïÏEéFLj, GSJdë¸KyÏÁ, ¥qÓðXhÀOqjÿÓÀ¥q, ¥çÔLFL¥cMLjÏEéFLjMLl, GSøOqêXqMLk, fUOqBcõQZøOqDÍ,
CLjPeGHlOqjGR, $yGSÿöGS, sUMLkQZø, sUMLj$qOqó, ¥qFL¥q¥q¿OqDÍ MLj¿Nqjj GHýáPe¸$qÆ£ E~F~Ój Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿjÂÔo
ÔoNqj_¨FL^j÷(Š¨NqkF| CL¸<P| E~FLGHöCL¸- Ep.Ind. Vol XlV, pages 231-140); ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
ÿ¸fHQ~GSFL¸(Ep.Ind. Vol l, pages 361); MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ
No. 459-T.TQ~GSF~ÏE~O~ÓMLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¯ E~F~Ój ÔofSFL^j÷ fSìOqGHOqÔL$qÆ»FL
Q~GSF~ÏE~Oq¸ ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj.
2. ¥qßGRê O~NqjÓj
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ öÀbKeadQ~GSF~Ój :
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓŠ MLj¿Nqjj ¬CLÂ ®ÍíOqj
bKeOqõÓj ¼F~ï½¡EéÄ, ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj 50 E~¥c °F~ïtj.
Q~GSF~Ój MoNqj_¨FL CoÁ£ÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo ®Ä Q~.QZ. 1434 GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1513)FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.
1445 GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 1524)$qÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py MoNqj_¨FLÄ °F~ïtj. O~NqjÓj CLFL ®ÓMoÓjGHl ¬tjFL
1
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj ÍOqùF~OqìMnjÎ ¬ÀCLOqÔLj$c ÀOqjMLjÓŠ MLGSjë°¸@éM~<j. ¬^jML¸=h CLOqj*¸Py

Ä£Oqj ÔofSFL ÄÄÏÍ E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj, GSMLjOqð*Ój, ®¸¥qFLk MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸FLj¸¨ ÔofSFL
E~FLQ~GSF~Ój, ®¸Íj FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_@~ètj. ®CLOqXoöC~ÓPy ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj, ¥cFLj¥qÓj M~=h
ÄMLO~ÓFLj öGH¥q=h¸¼FL ÄÏÍ¸$cFo, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ¯NqjFL ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÁ
ÄMLO~ÓFLj, CnFLj$qj, CLÄj+ ML¿Nqjj ¥qFLï< bKeGRÓj MLk^Pe<j ×¦FLjÓj$qÓ ÍXh*bKeOqCL EéQZ¸Py ¯
MLjk<j bKeGRÓPyFLj Q~GSF~ÓFLj Ôn¥hÚ¸¼ öGH¥q=h¸Ô~<j.
ÔLk<j. MLjFLjÔL¿öCLMLjj Q~ø.1. HG .47 MLj¿Nqjj Q~ø.3 HG .1 ; Jd¿×eC~GHÿOqBMLjj Q~ø. 4 HG .1 ¥qßGREê éMLO~NqjÓj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h
1.
¬¸¥hCL Äj¼áFL MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ (Q~ø.1 GH. 46-49.)

¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj öGHDÍMLj GHO~õNqj¸ ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ :
Q~.QZ. 1434 ¸»¤OqGSF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq IJdÓjÜ* _ÿj+ GH¸ÔLÄ£jÀDÁF~<j(ö¥i.QZ. 10-2-
1513)¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, CLFL ®ÍíOqjO~*jÓCy MnjjÍ=h GHO~õNqj¸, EâÎMLÍOqùF~Oqì¸ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
ML¼áFLGHl<j, TdøÄj¥h FLMLOqCLï[¼CL GSøOqê¥i¿¤^¸, 25 Oq×¦CL VOqÀGHWe"ÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄGRNqj¸
ÄML¿¸Ôo Q~GSF~ÓPy On¸<jQ~GSF~ÓFLj CnFLj$qjÆfHPyFLj(Nos.2 and 582-T.T.); MLjk<jQ~GSF~Ój
CLÄj+bKeGRPyFLj(Nos.84, 356 and 696-T.T.); MLj¿ On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój ¥qFLï<bKeGRPy ¥qFLï<ÆfHPyFLj(Nos.31
and 40-T.T.); ®Ä¥c¥q MLjOx¥qQ~GSFL¸ ¥qFLï<bKeGRPy FL¸ÁF~$qOq ÆfHPyFLj(No.550-T.T.) ¬FL$q MnjjCLë¸ 8
Q~GSF~ÓFLj Motj¸Ô~<j. ®EéÄÏÍ¸$c, O~*jÓj ¼F~ï½¡EéÄ, ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, TdøÄjM~¿¥h JdÓj GSMLjOqð*Š
ÔnOx¥q _¸$cOqj »FnïFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xF~ïOqj. ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓjGHlCLk, bKeGRŠ On¸@éfS $qjCLjëÓjÔxGHØFL,
¥qFLï<ÆfHPy $qjÀë¥h 3Q~GSF~Ój °¸@é^j÷ MnjjCLë¸ 6 Q~GSF~ÓFLj(Nos.8,39 and 483-T.T.,Nos.9,34 and
484-T.T.), CLÄj+ÆfHPy $qjÀë¥h 3 ÔxGHØFL MnjjCLë¸ 6 Q~GSF~ÓFLj(Nos.85, 359 and 694-T.T.,Nos.86,355
and 695-T.T)CnFLj$qjÆfHPy $qjÀëPy 2 Q~GSF~Ój °¸@é^j÷ MnjjCLë¸ 4Q~GSF~Ój (Nos.12 and 699-T.T.,11
and 700-T.T.), ®¸¥qFLk ¥qFLï<bKeGRPy FL¸ÁF~$q¿ÆfHPy $qjÀëPy 2 Q~GSF~Ój °¸@é^j÷ MnjjCLë¸
4Q~GSF~Ój(Nos.635 and 638-T.T., Nos.636 and 637-T.T.) MnOqfS 20 Q~GSF~Ój MoNqj_¨F~tj.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ :
MLj¿ MLjk<jFnÓÓj ÀOq$qŠ¸@~Fo, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj bKeOqõÓCy ¥cŠ¸@~ µ¸^¿$cFo
Q~.QZ.1435GS¸. ÅÇ¢ MLjj[F~MLj GS¸. MnÎQ~[ ¥qßGRêE~øÍÇ TwMLjM~Oq¸F~<j (ö¥i.QZ.2-5-1513) ÀOqjMLjÓŠML¼á
EâÎMLÍOqùFL¸ ÔofS¥xÂ, TdøÄj¥h bKZOqBcÓj, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq, ÅÇ¢ EéÄ, bKZkEéÄ °CLûML Äö$qVÓŠ 3
¼FLï¥h¿¤=eÓFLj GSMLj‚O~á<j. ¯ E~FLÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÆNqj×oGSkë MLjk<jbKeGRÓPyFLj, ¬¸=o CnFLj$qjPy,
No.1-T.T.FLj, CLÄj+¸Py No. 41-T.T.FLj, ¥qFLï<¸Py Nos.95, 96-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓFLj Motj¸Ô~<j.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MLjk<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ :
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ
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(ÔLk<j - FnÓk÷Oqj Q~GSF~Ój Vol 1 pages 80-86: PyÂ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ JwPoGHÆ÷ E~FLQ~GSFL¸., MLj¿Nqjj Ep.Ind., Vol 111 pages
151-153 PyÂ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ±FLMLk¸×o¿ Q~GSFLOoŠÓj.), ®¸¥qFLk ¬^jML¸=h ‚Oqjð ÔoOqjðÓCy GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥xOqŠ
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MLkFLMLCLø¸$qÓ GSCLjðOqjGRj<j( Swell’s “Forgotten Empire,” page 247) ¬Â ¬F~ï<j.
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Ä¨fH¸¼, M~¿Py ×oõGRjçÂ fS¸VGSFL¸rHÎ ‚Oqjá¸<Kn=næFLÂ ÔnGHð_<jCy¸Á.(Swelle’s “Forgotten Empire,” page 157) ¬¸ÍjÔoCL
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PyÂ $q¸¨¥y^Ä£jÍj$c FnÓk÷Oqj½Pe÷PyÂ °ÍNqj»¿Â ÔoO~<j(Sources of Vijayanagara History, p.122).
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°¸¼ ¥q^jæÁ^æ¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¬¥qÚ<FLj¸¨ $yPxÚ¸<ÍjOqÜ¸rHÎ Í¸<NqköCL ÔoNqj@~Â¥h GSFLïÍí îMLjMLlCLj¸<$c ¯ M~Oqë CnÓjGSjŠFLï
¬ÿMLjE§FL$qO§(¬MLjjE~FL$q¿),Ä×eGHl¿, $yPxÚ¸< öGH×¦Ój bKZNqj¸Cy ML*¥hJwNqkOqj. ¬MLGSO~Oqì¸ CLjOq¥q(^¿Ú}R)GSjPeëFLjÓj MLjj$qjÜOqj
³¥qMnjÎ, fU¸ÍkO~¾FLj ²ÍjOyÚ@~Â¥h, ¥qßadêFLÁÂ E~=h Í¥hú*GHl=x<jèFL rHÍírSÎFLõ¸Cy ²ÍjOx¨è fSÍíî¸$c °F~ïOqj. ¯ MnÎFL¸ CnÆfS
¥xFLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, NqjjÍíîMLõMLVO~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÔL¿á¸ÔL@~Â¥nÎ NqjjÍíîCL¸öCL ÂGHl*jÓ$qj ¬MLjOqF~NqjŠÓFLj, MLjÂ£ïÓFLj GS¸öGHÁ¸Ô~<j.
¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj, CLFL Í¸<NqköCLFLj ×¦NqjöGHÍ¸$c MLjj»¸ÔLj¥xÂ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿»MLÔoá GS¸ÍOqó¸Py
¬ML¥cQZ¸ ¥qÆ»¸ÔLj¥xÂ F~Ój$qMLMLkOqj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ ÍOqùF~Â¥nÎ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ MLÔ~á<j. ¯ MLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ
ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍjFLŠ 30,000 MLOqVÓCy ¥qFL¥cbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦¿fH¸¼, ¥xÂï bKZOqBcÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. öGHÀÁFL¸
FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š NojO~ð^jÔofS, ¬¸Íj¥yGS¸ JvCLëfHF~=h gSMLjPyÂ C~+÷Jd¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
öGHÀÁFL¸ CLFLsHOqjÄ£jÍ EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_@é, öGHTdE~ÓPy E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥hMLÔoá öGHTdÍ¸Py
(No. 201, 254, 256-T.T.)F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj bKe$q¸, µ<¸_¨¥q öGH¥cOq¸, µ¥qbKe$cÂï Oq¸$cÁ£¥húCLjÓŠ,
ÇMLÁ£¥húCLjÓŠ, ÀOqjGHðBh Hf WnÎ"ÓŠ ®MLø$c Äj$qC~bKe$q¸ ¬FLïE~FLGSöCL¸Py, öKeÿô*jÓŠ bKy×¦F~Oqì¸ ÄÂNnk
»¸ÔLMLÓfS¸ÍÂ Q~GSFL¸ Motj¸Ô~<j. O~¾FLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ML¼áFL ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓPyÂ, ¼F~ïEéÄ µ¥q
HG Í¥cÂï, µ¥q ¥q¸>OqMLkÓFLj, EâÎM~Â¥h SG MLj¿ð¸¼¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk öHG ÀÁFL¸ EâÎM~Â¥h CLFLsHOq, FnÎMoÍõ¸ SG MLj¿ð¸ÔL<¸
¥yGS¸, Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ MLjj¨NqjkO§ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofS¸Á. rHÎ ÄÏÍ¸$cFo E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá^^j
ML¸=h (Nos.202,257,262-T.T)F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj öHG TdÍ bKe$cÂï ÀOqjGHðBh fHWnÎ"¥hÂ, Äj»ÆFL MLjjJdðÀ¥qbKe$q¸
¬Eé GSöCL¸Py CnÎ¿ìŠÓŠ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔLMLÓfS¸Á$c RG OqCLj ÄÏÁ¸¼¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ TdøÄjM~¿¥h µ¥q GHCL¥cÂï
GSbKZPy ÏEâÎOqõTdÿTdÓj $qÓM~<jFLj, ¬¿Ä£Oq bKZNqj¸¥qOqj<jFLj, ÄQ~øGSJdöCLj<jFLj, rHÍí_¸ÏÍj_Ó$q¸ $qÆ»FL=hæ rHMLjôTdÂ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h
ÔL¸öÍj@âÎFL O~MLjÆ¸$qFLßJdÓj<j, CLjOqjGRjÚÓFnÁ¿¸¼ NqjjÍíî¸ÔoNqj@~Â¥h CLFLŠ ¬FLjMLjÀÂMLjôÂ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ öJd¿ì¸Ô~<j. ¬GHØ<j
¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á NqjjMLŠÓj ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c MLjj¸ÍjFLŠ MLÔ~áOqj. ¬¸CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj M~Oq¸Í¿¥h C~¸_kPeÓFLj ®fHð¸Ô~<j. ¬¸ÍOqj
GSMLjOyC~ûÿ¸Cy GS¸fSÍjíîÓNqkõOqj. NqjjÍíîIGHÆCL¸ $qj¿¸¼ Py¼¸ÔLMLÍíÂ Ä×¦Nqj¸ ML¿GSjë¸ÍÂ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj M~¿¥h ÔnJdð<j.
Ä£OqjÓ GSMLjOyC~ûVÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼ MLjj$qjÜOqj ML½¡OqjÓj bKZNqjGH¨FLM~OnÎ Cx¸ÍOqGH¨ FLÁÂ E~=hML¼áFL¸ÍjÓŠ CLMLjjô C~MLjj
Â¸Á¸ÔLj¥xF~ïOqj.
®OqjsSFLÓj A©¥xFLïÄ. Nqj×¦å¸Py rHMLjôTdÂ O~MLjÆ¸$qO~¾ ¥xÍMLjfS¸ÿ¸MLPn MLjj¸ÍjŠ ÍjÄj¥h CLjOq¥qÓFLj ¼£Æá
Ôn¸@~<j.. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MLj¿Nnjj¥qMnÎGHl FLj¸¨ $q×eOqkA<j@âÎ GSMLjNqj¸ ÔLk¼ NqjjÍíîOq¸$q¸ MLjÏÍõöGHMoÇ¸¼ CLFL rSÎÂŠÓFLj bKo¿¤F~Í¸
ÔoNqjMLjÂ EéÇ¸Ô~<j. bKo¿¤bKe¸¥cOq QZKeíÓŠ CLjOq¥qÓ MLjFyÏEâÎOqõ¸ ÔnÍ¿Jwtj¸Á. ¥qßadêFLÁ GHOq¦ML+j÷ öCxŠÚCy¸Á.
GSMLjNqkFL GSjPeëFLjÓj, M~¿ rSÎFLõ¸PyÂ MLjj[õrSÎÂ¥cÏÁ¥cOqjÓj, CLMLj ÍjGSjëÓFLj MLkOqjá¥xÂ, OqÿGSõ¸$c FLÁPyÍk¥h, ö_CLjŠ½¡MLl@~
¬Â Jd¿JwNqkOqj. M~Oqj Oq*Oq¸$cFL MLÁÆMofSFL ³FLj$qjÓj, $qjYcþÓj, NqjjÍíîTdMLjö», ÏÍFL¥qFL¥q MLGSjëM~ÿF~Ój Ä×¦tjNnjÎFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ
GHOqMLjtjõ¸Á. ¬Eé CLFL Ä×¦Nqj GHOq¸GHOqŠ öGHDÍMLj TwJdFLMLjML<¸ÔoCL, Äj¥hÚÆ GS¸CLfS¸¼FL O~NqjÓj QZöCLj GSÚ¸ÏE~M~Oq¸PyÂ
MLGSjëTdMLjö»Â TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥yML@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLjÀ¸Ô~<j. ¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, MLkÍNqjõ$c¿ MLjÓ÷F~Oqjõ<j, ¬Ó÷TdÂ rHE~íOqõMLOqõ,
MLjjŠÚÀMLjôFL MnjjÍPnÎFL öGHMLjj[ ¥qMLlÓj, ¥qßGRê O~NqjÓ Q{OqõÏEâÎOqõ GHO~ö¥qMLkÓFLj Q~÷fIHj¸Ô~Oqj. ¥qßGRïO~NqjÓj ¥qÄÇ#eMLj*jÓFLj
bKZk¿Í¥hú*ÓCy GSCLÚ¿¸Ô~<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¥çÁÇ¢ŠPnÎFL CLjOq¥qrSÎFLõ¸ Mn¸^_¨ CLOqMLkÓÂ Ç¸Ô~<j. ¥cÂ, MLj¸öÀ ¬Jdð½¡(Td+jML
ÀMLjô), ¬NqjõMLjOqGSj, ¥x¸<MLjOqGSj, KeÔLOqGSj, ¬Pe¸=h öGHNqjCLï¸ ÄOqÄj¸ÔL<¸ MLj¸¼ÍÂ£ [<ÜÔ~ÓF~Âï $q×¦GHÀMnÎGHlFLŠ öÀGHØMLjÂ
GSÓVÔnJdðOqj. GSjPeëFLjÓFLj CLOqjMLjjCLk JwtjFL^÷tjCo, MnFLj¥q FLj¸¨ MnFLjïJw^j Jv<ML@~Â¥h fSÍíî¸$c°FLï $q×¦GHÀ, NqjjÍíîTdMLjö»
¬¸ÍŠ¸@~ ¬<jè¥xFL$qÓ<j, ¥c_=hæ ¬^j ML¸=h CLôÿC~õGSÍßQZ ¥cO~õÂ¥h TdÿfS¸ÔLMLÓÍÂ ÔnJdðOqj. ¬¸CL O~NqjÓj,
SG MLj¿ðGSkë, TdøÄj FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð* ÂÄjCLë¸, awÈ¸$qMLOqGH^jæPyÂ fHO~=hŠ+CLkëO§ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÏÍFL,
ÏE~FLõOqkGH¸Py ÓbÃ¸Ôo O~_¨Â ÄÂNnk»¸ÔLMLÓfSFLÁ$c(Nos. 203,255,261-T.T) Q~GSFL¸ öM~tj¸¼¸Á.
E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥hMLÔoá öGHTdÍ ÄÂNnk$qÄÏE~FL¸ rHÎÄÏÍ¸$qFo ÂOqêtj¸¼¸Á. rHÎ E~FLö$qgUCLÓPyÂ
Oq¸$cÁ£¥húCLjÓj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GHlOyfUCLj@âÎFL Nqj×¦åF~O~Nqj* Á£XhCLjÂ CL¸ö¨. O~×¦GH¿M~Oq¸Cy Nqj×¦å
F~O~Nqj* Á£XhCLj<j ÀOqjGHÀNqköCL $cÄ¸¼, F~Ój$qjOy¾Ó CLOqjM~CL ¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ.10-7-1514 F~<j
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 10,000 ÔLö¥qMLjjÓ ÏÍF~Âï ¥xÂïsSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓŠ (No.192, 254-T.T) $cFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j.
Nqj×¦åF~O~Nqj*jÂ CL¸ö¨‚<, O~¾FLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ÀOqjMLjÓŠML¼á CLFLŠ E~FL¸ÔoNqj_¨FL EâÎML
öGHTdE~Âï ö$qfU¸¼ °¸=e<j.
TdÏÁ¸¼FL Ä×¦NqjGHOq¸GHOqFLj $qj¿¸¼FL, öGHbKeMLÆ E~FLQ~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ój :
MLOqjGS$c CnFLj$qj, ¥qFLï<, CLÄj+, GS¸GSÚßCLbKeGRÓPy MofSFL^jML¸=h (No.579, 580, 619
and 620 -T.T.)F~Ój$qj Q~GSF~Ój, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸Py, NqjjMLF~MLj GS¸.Q~.QZ. 1437 ¥c¿¤ë¥q
¥qßGRêGHXq CLÁNqj $qjOqjM~Oq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 25-10-1515 )MLj½Æ£ ÔofSFL^j÷, FLMLOqCLï öGHbKeMLÈ Po¥q MLj¥qOq CyOq*¸
¬Fo bKZOqBcÂï ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼FL^j÷ CnÆNqj ×oGSjëF~ïtj. MnjjÍ=h MLjk<j
Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ °JwE~ÝCL¸ µ¥oÄÏÍ¸$c °¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀÂ ×¦tj¸¼FL ÄÏE~F~Âï
1
GSÄMLOq¸$c CnÓjGHlCLk, CLkOqjð ×nÎöCLNqköCL öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FLÁ MnjjÍÓj, ×nÎöCLOqDE~Âï Ä×¦NqjGHDE~FL FL¨fHGSkë

À¿» Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h MLGSkë, E~¿Py ÏÍOqBh¥y^Py », O~*jPnÎFL ¼F~ï½¡ EéMLMLjô, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéMLMLjôÓCy
‚¨ ¬MLjOoQZøOqjÂ¥h CLjPeGHlOqjGR MLjVE~FL¸ ÔofS, MLj¿¥xÂï MLjVE~F~ÓFLj CLFL O~*jÓÔo Ôotj¸¼
FL^j÷ °FLïÁ. ¯ °JwE~ÝCL¸PyÂ ¥qDÍFL¸ ®¸¥c ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c CnÓjGHlCy¸Á - ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj GHmOqø
Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ FL^jML¸=hM~@âÎ, °ÍNqj»¿ ¥y^FLj MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xÂ, ÀOqjMLjÓ O{CLO~Nqj
2
GSÿßÍNqjjÓ$qj M~¿ GSÓVPyÂ ¬¸CLO~O~ìÂï ö$qfU¸¼ FL¸ÍjFL, MLkOqÜ¸ MLk¿á °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂï MLjj^æ¨¸ÔL@~Â¥h GSFLïÍjíî<Nqkõ<j.
1.¯ °JwE~ÝCL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ój, ¬Â£ï‚< GS¿$c ÀOqjMLBcêMLjÓ Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~ÓCy GS¿JwCLjF~ïtj. ¯ (No. 572 of 1902)
Q~GSFL¸ Nnjj¥qÚ GHlFL¿øMLjOqù Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1903 PyÂ 16 ML sHO~Py °FLïÁ.
2. ŠMLkOq ÏÍkOqã=h CLFL “¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj” ¥cMLõ¸ 3 Q~ø. Qy÷ 58-69ÓPy O~NqjÓ °ÍNqj»¿ MLjj^æ¨Â $qj¿¸¼ ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c
ÄML¿¸Ô~<j - QZöCLjÍjOoòóÍõMLjÂ öGHfSÁíî$ç¼FL °ÍNqj»¿ÍjO~ÜÂï O~NqjÓj MLjj^æ¨¸Ô~<j. O~NqjÓrSÎFLõ¸PyÂ, ¬¿Ä£Oq bKZNqj¸¥qOqjÓÂ

sHO~Ü¸¼FL OqÄ£<j, CxOq$qÓj÷, $x_kòOqj, F~Eâ¸<÷, ÖŠ - Ä£OqŠMLkOqjPo$c¥q MnÓj$y=h, O~MnÓ,CLj+jML Š^j¸KeÓŠÔn¸ÁFL
F~NqjŠÓFLk MLj¿Nqjj KyNqjÓj, O~öÀ¸_$q+j÷ ²¸CL$c öGHNqjÀï¸¼FLGHð=h¥i, ÍjO~ÜÂï bKoÁ¸ÔLPo¥qJwNqkOqj. Oy¾Ój $q¨Ôo¥xÁ£í
O~NqjÓŠ ¶¿Äj CL»ÜJwTd»¸Á. µ¥qF~<j Ä£O~MoQZ¸Cy, GSøNqj¸$c C~Fo MLjj¸ÍjFLŠ¿¥h, rSÎÂŠÓj CLFLïFLjGS¿¸¼ MLGSjë¸<$c
¥y^$y< rHÎ¥n¥qÚ@~Â¥h TdÿfS¸¼ CLß=hPy ¥y^PyGHÆ¥h °¿¥c<j. ¯ ÿ=eCLð¿BcMLkÂ¥h Áö$qòóóMLjÔn¸ÁFL ÍjOqÜOqXqŠÓj Px¸»Jw$c
M~¿ öJdBcÓŠ GHÍ ¥qÓ$qÍÂ ÔnfHð, ¥y^FLj MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xÂ, CLFLŠ FLMLjô¥qMnjÎFL sSMLŠÓŠ ¬GHð×nfHð ¥q¸Íj‚OqjÍjOqÜ¸ MnÎGHlŠ
MnWe"<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj rHÍí rSÎFLõ¸Cy MLGSjëF~ï<Â CnÆNqj$cFo, $q×¦GHÀ, bKZNqjGH¨ ¬<MLlÓŠ Jd¿JwNqk<j. ¬¸ÍjÔo ¬OqXhCL¸$c
°FLï ¥q¸Íj‚Oqj ÍjOqÜJdÓŠ<j O~NqjÓŠ Px¸»Jwtj ÍjO~ÜÂï ¬GHð»¸Ô~<j. ®EéÄÏÍ¸$c ¥x¸<Ä£<j, ¬^jCLOqjM~CL ¥x¸<GHÆ÷,
CLOqjM~CL ÄFLj¥x¸< MnjjÍPnÎFL ÍjO~ÜÓj µ¥q=x¥q=h$c, O~NqjÓŠ ²=hæöGHÀGIHj^FL PoŠ¸< GSjF~NqkGS¸$c Ôo½¥hÚ¸Á. CLFL Ôo½¥hÚFL
MLjVJdöCLFLj1 HG ^jæ¥xÂ _¸ÏÁ¸Ô~<j. MLj¿Nqjj, µ¥o Í¸<NqköCLPy, MLjj¸ÍjFLŠ Td»JwCLk ÄFLj¥x¸<,

ÍjO~ÜÓFLj, ¥y^ÓFLj _ÓGHOq¼ CL»FL ¥q^jæ Á^æ¸ÔofS, ¬MLjjE~FL$qOq¸FLj(ÃªÍO§)MLjj^æ¨¸ÔL@~Â¥h _NqjÓjEéO~<j. ¥y^FLj OqXhGSjëFLï GH¿úNqjF|
rSÎFLõ¸Cy NqjjÍíî¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. QZöCLjrSÎFLõ¸PyÂ öGHMLjj[ sSF~F~NqjŠÓj NqjjÍíîOq¸$q¸FLj¸¨ ¥çÁÇ¢ŠPnÎ Jd¿JwNqkOqj. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
¬¥qÚ< ×¦NqjÏÍø×¦¸ F~=h, ¬¥qÚ<FLj¸¨ $q×¦GHÀ ¬ÏÁ£FL¸PyÂ O~öadæÓFLj MLjj^æ¨¸ÔL@~Â¥nÎ _NqjÓjEé¿MnWe"<j.(Cf.“ Raya vacha
kamu,” in Sources of Vijayanagar History, pages 123-124)
¥qßGROê ~NqjÄ×¦Nqj¸, O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸PyÂ ¥qDÍFL¸ öHG ¥cOq¸, ®¸CLŠGHmOqø¸ $q×¦GHÀ ö¥qÄj¸¼FL öJd¸C~ÓFLj À¿» CLFLTdøÏÁF£ L¸PyÂ¥h
CnÔLjá¥xFLÍÓ¼FLM~@âÎ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Í¸<NqköCLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<j. MLjj¸Íj$c CLFLjï ÏÁ¥qÚ¿¸¼, ÀOqj$qjKe^j ÔofSFL °MLjôCLkëOqj
O~×¦$qj $q¸$qO~¾, GS¸ŠÓF~NqjŠ<j ML¸=h ÍXh*öJd¸CL ÍjO~ÜÏÁGHCLjÓFLj CLFL ¬ÍjGHlPyÂ¥h CnÔLjá¥xÂFL ¬FL¸CLOq¸, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
TdöMLk×¦õ¸ °CLëOq SG ¿ÿÍjíÓPyFLjFLï MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj O~öadæÓFLj¸¨ MLjjfS÷¸MLjk¥qÓj GS¿ÿÍjíFLj E~=h EéQZ¸PyÂ¥h ÔxOq_¨ Q~¸ÀbKZöÍCLÓŠ
MLjjGHØ$cÄ¸ÔLŠ¸<jÄÏÍ¸$c, GS¿ÿÍjí Jv<MLlF~ °¸@é ÍjO~ÜÓFLj _ÓGHOq¼ CL$qj ¥q^jæÁ^æ¸ $cÄ¸Ô~<j. NqjjÍíî ¬Q~øÓFLj,
MLj¸Íj$qj¸<j TdMLjö»Â CnfHð¸¼ rSÎÂ¥q_PeÂï rH¸Jv¸Á¸Ô~<j. ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, NqjjÍíîCL¸öCL¸FL¸Íj
¬FLjGS¿¸¼FL ÍOqùML¸CLMnjÎFL MLmõÿÄÏE~FL¸ GHmOqøÁ»ø×¦Nqj NqköCLPyFLj, ¥qÈ¸$qEéQZ Á»ø×¦Nqj¸PyFLj, öGHGSjñ^MLjMLlCLj¸Á. O~NqjÓj
Á£ÂÂ CLFL MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ¥cMLõ¸Py ¥qÈ¸$qEéQZ Í¸<NqköCL öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLjj¸Eé ¬MLjjE~FL$qOq¸ Po¥q ÃªÍO§ ¥y^FLjMLjj^æ¨¸¼
F~QZFL¸ $cÄ¸ÔL@~Âï ÔLk<$c MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj GSjPeëFLjÓCy¨ NqjjE~íîÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥q öJdÏE~FLõCLFLj ®MLøPoÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ ¬ML$qCL MLjMLlCy¸Á.
¥qÈ¸$q Ä½»GR¥o öJdÏE~FLõCLFLj ®Ô~á<j. ¥qÈ¸$q¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<Coë GS¸ÍOqòó¸Py ÔL¥qÚKn=hæ MLÓfSML¼áFL µ¥q ¼FLï¥cOqõ¸$c, ¥cMLõ¸Py
ÔnGHðMLÓfSFL¸CL=h GIHjFL¥cOqõ¸$c Á£ÂÂ bKeÄ¸¼ Nqjj¸<PoÍÂ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á.
°ÍNqj»¿¥y^FLj MLQZHG OqÔLj¥xFLï CLOqjM~CL, ¥qßGROæ ~NqjÓj ¥y^Š O~×¦öHG ÀÂÏÁ$c ¥q¸GHFLïFLj ÂNqjÄj¸¼FL^j÷ O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸ (Sources
of Vijayanagar History page 122) MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
1. ÀOqjMLjÓ O{öC~Nqj MLjVJdöCLj<j öH G C~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦HG À CL¸ö¨Nnj¥qÚ ¥qÂGRTç wÍOqj<j. ®CLÂ¥h ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥çCLO~Nqj ¬Â °ÍNqj»¿ Q~QZF~Ój
(Nos 38,40,41, Nellore Inscriptions), ÀOqjMLjÓ O~GHI jMLO~Nqj ¬Â No.37 Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓ ösHNqjCLO~Nqj MLjVTdöCL ¬Â ¬MLjO~MLÀ
Q~GSFLMLj¸ÍjFLj sHOxÚFL _¨¸Á. ÂQZáNqj¸$c ®CL<j GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO§ (ÀOqjMLjÓ O{CLjO~Nqj)¬Â, ®CLÂ ¯Oy@§ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
®CL<j MojP|F~<jFLj, öGH×eGHÀ F~MLj GS¸. ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1432 GS¸. ¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ.1510-11 GS¸MLCLûOq öJd¸C~FL (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1911,
para 53) öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀ CLOqjGHlFL H G ¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@âFLÂ ‚@~ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. rHÍ $q×¦HG À Kb ZkMLOqjÂ À£OqìNqköCLÓFLj $qj¿¸¼Nnj
$q×¦HG À SG k¼¸¼FL^j÷$q, ¥qßGRæO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj ¥cMLõ¸ 3 Q~ø. HG . 81-82Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄGRNqj¸ SG CLõ ÍkOq¸¥cÍj. öHG C~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦HG À¥hMLjj¸Íj
O~×eõÂïJdÆ¸¼ ×oõG Rç $q×¦GHÀO~¾ GHmOqø¸TdÿG S ¥qßC~õÓFLj ×¦OqG H<¸Py öG HfS Áí î$ç¼FL ^¿Ú(CLjOq¥q)rSÎ F Lõ¸ Mn¸^
O~$q sSCLjMLlFLj Í¿ù¸ÔLj^¥nÎ ÍXh*EéQZ NqköCLFLj ×¦¿fHNqjj¸@âFLj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ÍXh*EéQZMLj¸C~ CLFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL=hæÁNoj ¬Â bKeÄ¸Ô~<j.
¯ MojP|F~<j Po¥q MojP|¥qOnÎF~<j MLköCL¸ $c¥q ¥x¸$qj MLj¸<ÓF~<jCy GSV, $q×¦GHÀO~×¦õ¸PyÂ bKe$qMLjjPo ¬tj°¸^jÁ. ®CLÂ ÄQ~Ó
TdöMLk×¦õ¸ GSøGSìÓMnjÎFL µ¿TdûPyÂ O~×¦õbKe$cPo $c¥q °CLëO~FL ¥qÈ¸$q¸, °CLÚ+ O~öadæÓ FLj¸¨ ÍXh*¸$c ¯ F~=h FnÓk÷Oqj,
¥q<GH, °CLëOqO~Ú=|, sSÓ¸½Pe÷ÓCy Ke^j MnjÎGSkOqj O~öGRæ¸E~¥c M~øfH¸¼ Nqjj¸@âFLj. $q×¦GHÀ GSk¼¸¼FL^j÷ ®CLÂ¥h GHmOqø¸
°¸¨FL O~¾ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õ¸ Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿fH O~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ÍXh*O~öadæÓFLj MLQZGHOqÔLj ¥xF~ï<j.. ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï
CnÆGSj¥xFLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¬CLõ¸CL ¥yJdÄGRjæ@âÎ $q×¦GHÀ GSøEéQZ¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸@âÀëML¼á ¥qfSÁ£Oq E~ÂÂ F~QZFL¸ ÔoTd<j.. MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj
O~öadæÓCy EéQZ¸Nnj¥qÚ GS¿ÿÍjí öJd¸CL¸PyÂ O~NqjÔLkOqj, MLjjÍÜP|, EyÂ ¥y^ÓFLj Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ MLQZMLj$qj^
¥qßGRæO~NqjjÓŠ, GHmOqø Á»ø×¦Nqj NqköCLŠ ¥qÈ¸$qEéQZ Á»ø×¦Nqj NqköCLŠ öJwC~ûÿMLjjFLj ¥qÓj$q×ofS¸Á. CLFL XcöCL Co×eÂ¥h
¬Á »¤^jO~tj ¬Â ¬CL<j bKeÄ¸Ô~<j. O~¾ ¼C~ëÂï ö$qfU¸ÔLPoÂ MLj¸öCLjÓj rSÎF~õÏÁGHCLjÓj MLÓÍÂ ²¸CL$c M~¿¸¼, ÂOqjC~ûÿ
KnÓ÷¸¥x¸<, F~$cOqjãFL¥x¸<, CL¸$o<, ¥oCLMLOq¸, ¬Íí¸¥h (¥xÂï ¥x¸<ÓrHÎ Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL ÍjO~ÜPnÎ
1
GH¿¼F~ ( Raya vachakam in sources, page 124 and Krishnaraya Vijayamu Canto 2, verse 67) ÏEâÎOoõ TdÿsS Ó¥iô ¬FLï
F~FLj¨Â FLÄjôFL O~¾ HG ^jæÍÓCy ×¦NqjÓ¥hôÂ ¥nÎMLQZ¸ ( “krishnaraya Vijayamu canto II, verces 142, 143,) ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. QZöCLjO~¾
NqjjMLl GH^jæÓFLj, _ÓgUFLCLÓFLj ö$qfU¸¼FL ¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀ O~×¦õ¸ Nnj¥qÚÍXh* GS¿ÿÍjí öJd¸C~PnÎFL °MLjôCLkëOqj, ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸,
sSÓ¸, (®¥qÚ< GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO§ Nnjj¥qÚ Q~GSFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. No.169 of 1910) MnjjÍPnÎFL ÍjOqÜMLjjÓj, ®¥qÚ¨¥h Ô~PeÍkOq¸Py °FLï
GH¿JdÓF~¥o¸öÍ¸ FLj¸¨ CL»FL¸CL rSÎFLõGSÿ¥cOq¸ GSMLjNqkÂ¥h ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸ ¥qGRCæ LOq MnjÎFL¸ÍjFo, ¯ ÍjO~ÜÓj ¬OqXhCL¸$c °¸@âFLFLï ÄGRNqkÂï
ö$qfU¸¼FL¸ÍjFLFo, MLjj¸Íj$c $q×¦GHÀÂ ¯ ÍXh* öJd¸C~ÓPyFo ²ÍjOxÚÂ, ¥x¸$qj MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¯ ÍjO~ÜÓFLj MLjj^æ¨¸¼, GSjÓbKZ¸$c
MLQZ¸ÔoGSjŠF~ï<j. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL °CLëOqÁQZ$c GHNqjÂ¸¼ CLFL NqjjÍíîCL¸öC~Â¥h ¬FLj$qj*õ¸$c °FLï EyÂ, MLjjÍÜP|, O~NqjÔLkOqj ÍjO~ÜÓFLj
Ôo½¥hÚ¸ÔLjŠF~ï<j. CLOqjM~CL O~NqjÔLkOqj FLj¸¨ ÀFLï$c _NqjÓjEé¿ $qjÀë, $q¸¨¥y^Ó Ä£jÍj$c, ÿj=eÿj=hÂ MnÈW $q×¦GHÀ O~×¦õ¸PyÂ
°ÍNqj»¿ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL GHOqÔLjŠF~ï<j. ¬¸CL=hCy ±Oqj¥xFL¥q, Mnjj¸¨GH^jæÍÓCy Jd¿JwMLlÔLjïFLï öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀÂ Mn¸_¨¸¼
CLOqjMLjj¥x¸^j Jwtj, ¬CLÂ O~×eõÂ¥h MLjj[õGH^æBcPnÎFL fS¸VöÁÂ, ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â, TdøÏÁF£ L¸ ÔofS¥xÂ °CLÚ+O~¾FLj CLFL JdE~ö¥çCLj<$qjFL^j÷
ÔoTd<j. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ Q~.QZ. 1432 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL $q×¦GHÀ¥h TdMLj¸CLj<j$c GHOqøCLO~Nqj O~ÿjCLëO§ MojP|¥qOnÎ F~<jFLj MLköCLMoj$c¥q, _ÿjQZ¹,
³¥qMnjjCLë¸$c ¥x¸$qjMLj¸<PeÂ¥o GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨°¸=e<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj O~×¦õGH¿JdÓFLFLj ÔoGH=hæFL öJdOq¸bKZ¥cPeFL, ®CL<j
¯Q~FLõÁQZPyFLjFLï °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨FL^j÷ °FLïÁ.(ö¥i.QZ.22-9-1512) (No. 180 of 1913 from
Bukkapatnam.) ¯ Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj µ¥cFx¥q O~×¦¥iNqjMLõMLVOq GH¿adÚO~Oqì¸, ÇMLGSMLjjöE~Â¥h ML¼áFL GS¸ÍO~òóÂï
HG lOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ, HG ÂPy HG Â$c, Q~.QZ. 1434 SG ¸.FL $q×¦HG À¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MnjÎSG kOqj O~öadæÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼ E~ÂÂ TdøÏÁF£ L¸ ÔoGSj¥xFnFLj. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL
°ÍNqj»¿ ÍjOqÜ¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸@âÀë ö¥i.QZ. 9-6-1514 CoÁ£FL ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. ¥y^Py E~»¥xÂFL ÍjOqÜJdÓŠ<$qj GHOqøCLO~Nqj
O~ÿjCLëO§FLj(®CLÂÂ EéÇ¢NqjjÓj O{CLO~Nqj ¬Â GS¸KyÏÁ¸¼¿.)GH=hæ _¸ÏÁ¸ÔnFLj. MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ¥cMLõ¸ Q~ø.1.GH. 89Py CnÓjGH_¨FL
öGH¥cOq¸ NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨Jwtj _¸Á£$cÄ¸GH_¨FL O{CLO~Nqj, _ÿjQZ¹ CLFL ÄFLNqj ÄÏEéNqjCLÓFLj öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥xFLj^¥nÎ O~$c ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
CLFL ÔLö¥qML¿ëCLø¸ O~×¦>¿¤Ä öGH¥q=MLj$qjFL^j÷, ÄFLÄjCL$cöCLj@âÎFL GHOqøCLO~NqjÂ ÇOqGSjûÄ£jÁ ¥h¿¤^¸ ¥cÆCy CLÂïFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ.
1.‘’Jd¿×eC~GHÿOq*¸’’ Q~ø 1.GH.23 Ä£=hCyKe^j MLj¿¥xÂï=hÂ ¥qÆfH µ¥qrHÍí GH=hæ¥qFo ®Ô~á<j. ¬¸ÍjPy °ÍNqköÁ, ÄFLj¥x¸<,
¥x¸<Ä£<j, KnÓ÷¸¥x¸< MnjjÍPnÎFLM~=hCyKe^j, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ¥qÈ¸$qÍ¸<NqköCLPy TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔoGSj¥xFLï ×¦Æ÷GHÆ÷,

¬FL¸CL»¿, ¥q¸_¸Mnj^jæ MLjjFLï$qj ÍjO~ÜÓsHOq÷FLj ‚@~ ®Ô~á<j. ¬¸Co¥cÍj, ¯GH=hæ¥q MLjÏÍõPy EéMLOq¥x¸<FLj ‚<ÔoO~á<j. _ÿjQZ¹
¯ EéMLOq¥x¸<,(Velupugonda in the “sources” page 140)rUÎÍO~KeÍj O~öGRæ¸PyÂ FLPxÜ¸<½Pe÷PyÂ ÏÍjÂ¥q EéMLOq¥x¸< ¥cMLÔLjáFLj.
Po¥q ¯ EéMLOq¥x¸<, Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ F~$cOqjãFL¥x¸<, µ¥q=o ¬tj°¸^j¸Á .¯ GH=hæ¥qFLj ×eö$qCLë$c $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
KnÓ÷¸¥x¸< EéMLOq¥x¸<ÓFLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥y@~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj ¥x¸<Ä£=hÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁF£ L¸ÔoGSj¥xFLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ÀMLjô¥qÄ ÍßfRæ
×¦¿»FL GS¸GIHj^FLÓ ÄGRNqj¸FL¸Eé$cÂ, GHmO~øGHO~Ó ÄGRNqjMnjÎ, öQZÍíîMLfU¸¼Nqjj¸<¥q JwMLÔLjáFLj. ®Pe¸=h ÄGRNqj¸Py ¥qÄ¥h ¥x¸CL
GSøCL¸öCLCL °¸^j¸Á.
¥qÄ ŠMLkOqÏÍkOqã=h CLFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÄ×¦Nqj ¥cMLõ¸ Q~ø.3, GH. 63 Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂ
FLGHð=hFLj¸¨, ¬MLjjE~FL$qOq¸ NqjjÍíî¸Py, MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj rSFÎ ~õÂï ¶¨¸ÔL<¸ MLOqŠ$qÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py ¥q¸Íj‚Oqj, ¥x¸<Ä£<j, ¥x¸<GHÆ÷
¬^jCLOqjM~CL ÄFLj¥x¸< MnjjÍPnÎFL ÍjO~ÜÓFLj ¥cÓö¥qMLkFLj TdOq¸$c µ¥q=h CLOqjM~CL MLjOx¥q=h$c TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSjŠFLï^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLj¸<$c
Q~GSF~Ój MLjOx¥q ÄÏÍ¸$c CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. Ä£=h öGH¥cOq¸ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLFL On¸<ML Í¸<NqköCLPy MLjj¸Íj$c °ÍNqj»¿ ¬Íí¸¥hÍjO~ÜÓFLj
°¸<$c ¥xÂïMnjEÎ ~F~ÓPy °F~ïtj)MnjjÍPnFÎ L ¥y^ÓFLj MLQZHG OqÔLj¥xFLï CLOqjM~CL, ¥x¸<Ä£=hÍjOqÜ¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL
1
Td»¸¼ ¥y^FLj ÔLj^jæMLjj=h,æ SG Ú¸ÏE~M~O~ÓFLj FnÓ¥xPeð<j. ¥y^öJd¥cOq$y<ÓFLj HG <$x=hæ PyÂ¥h öHG MoÇ¸¼,
öJdTdÍ¸Py°FLï öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOqj<j Ä£OqbKZöÍO~NqjÓFLj , ŠMLkOqÿ¸Ä£OqjÂ ŠMLkOq2
ÿ¸Ä£OqJdöCLjÂ ŠMLkOqj<j FLOqÿ¿EéML, O~ÔLk¿ MLjÓj÷#eF|, °Íí¸<#eF|, ×¦F~õÓ ¥qGSMLJdöCL, GHmGSJd=h 3
O~¼O~¾, ÅÇ¢ F~DÍO~×¦, ÓXiôGHÀO~¾, GHÇáMLj KeÓÔL¸öÍ MLjVJdöCL, MLj¿Nqjj ®CLOq JdöCL TdMLj¸CLjÓj,
4 5
TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂFL CLOqjM~CL ÄFLj¥x¸<FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. ®¸¥qFLk ®CL<j MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xFLï ÍjO~ÜÓPy ¥q^æ¥q<GH=hÁ ¥x¸<Ä£=h
ÍjOqÜ¸. MLj¿¥xÂï FnÓÓ CLOqjM~CL MLjk<ML Í¸<NqköCLFLj GöJdOq¸bKZ¸¼ ¥qÈ¸$q¸ Ä£jÁ¥h _NqjÓjEé¿ ¥x¸<GHÆ÷ ÍjO~ÜÂï GH^jæ¥xF~ï<j. ¥cÂ
¥q¸Íj‚OqjFLj $qj¿¸¼FL öGHQZ¸GS ÇPeQ~GSF~ÓPy ¥qFLGH<<¸PoÍj. O~NqjÓ NqjjE~íîÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj sS¥q¿¸ÔL<¸Py ŠMLkOq
ÏÍkOqã=h, _ÿjQZ O~NqjM~ÔL¥cÂï ¬FLjGS¿¸¼FL^j÷$c ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á. ¬tjF~ NqjjÍíîÄMLO~ÓPy ¥x¸<GHÆ÷Â $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLk KnÓ÷¸¥x¸<,
F~$cOqjãFL ¥x¸<ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHPoÍj. ¬¸Co¥cÍj, O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL GS¸GIHj^FLÓ MLOqjGS ö¥qMLj¸Py‚< ®¥qÚ< ¥xÁí
MLkOqjðÓj °F~ïtj. ¯ ÍjO~ÜÓPy ¬Íí¸¥h ¥y^, °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h, Í$qÜOq$c, ¬FL$c 100 MnjÎ+÷ PyGHlFo °¸<$c, ¥oCLMLOqGHl¥y^ Ô~Ó
ÍkOq¸$c ¬FL$c 170 MnjÎ+÷ ÍkOq¸Py °FLïÁ.
1.O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸PyÂ ¥qDÍFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, C~FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLï ¥y^Ó GH¿JdÓFLŠ, CLFLŠ FLMLjô¥q¸$qÓ GH¿JdÓŠÓFLj
ÂNqjÄj¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. ¥x¸<Ä£=h ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h ¥x¸<NqjõFLj, ÄFLj¥x¸<Š bKeGSÚOqNqjõFLj, KnÓ÷¸¥x¸<Š Ä£OqbKZöÍNqjõFLj, F~$cOqjãFL¥x¸<Š
¬NqjõÓNqjõFLj, ¬ÏÁGHCLjÓj$c ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j. O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸ ®¸¥c ®Pe CnÓjGHlCy¸Á - ¬^jCLOqjM~CL O~NqjÓj ¬ÿMLjE~FL$qOq¸
¥y^FLj MLjj^æ¨¸Ô~<j. NqjjÍíî¸Py CLjOq¥q rSÎFLõ¸ ¶¨Jwtj¸Á. ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï ö$qfU¸¼ ¥y^PyÂ CLjOq¥q SG O~íOqjÓj, öJd*OqXq* ¥yGS¸,
OqÿGSõ¸$c ¥y^FLj Ä¨¼ Jd¿JwNqkOqj. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj On=hæ¸¼FL Ä£O~MoQZ¸Cy ¥y^FLj GH<$x=hæ, FoÓFLj ÍjÂï¸¼ MLjjÍGHl ÄCLëF~ÓFLj,
½Po÷<j ÄCLëF~ÓFLj F~=h¸Ô~<j. CLOqjM~CL $q×¦GHÀ EéQZ¸ Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCLFLj Td»¸Ô~<j( “sources” page 124).
¥x¸<Ä£=h ÍjO~ÜÏÁGHCLõ¸ Jv¸ÁFL ¥x¸<Nqjõ ²MLOy¥cÍj ®CL<j, ÅÇ¢ GHC~õÔ~Oqõ MLjFLjMLj<jFLk, ÀMLjôOqGSj MLj¸öÀ ŠMLkOqj<j
O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ. ¯ Ä£O~ÏÁÄ£Oqj@é fS¸VöÁPyFLj, ÅÇ¢ ‚Oqô¸PyFLj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ Á»ø×¦Nqj GSkÔL¥q¸$c, ¥i¿ëGSë¸bKeÓFLj FnÓ
¥xPeð<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ °FLïC~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓjPy bKeGSÚOqNqjõFLj, O~MLjNqjõ MLj¸öÀ bKeGSÚOqjÂ$c, @~ ¥qßGRêTdøÄj ¬Nqjõ¸$cOqj $qj¿ë¸Ô~Oqj.
II
(Sources,page114).¬Á GSOqtjFL^÷tjCo, ®CL<j bKZNqj¥cÚOq O~MLjGHðNqjõO§Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨¥h TwÍOqj@âÎ Nqjj¸<jFLj.(ÔLk<j. ¬ÔLjõCL

O~NqjÓ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy Ä£OqbKZöÍNqjõ, _ÿjQZ, ŠMLkOqÄ£OqNqjõ Po¥q ŠMLkOq Ä£OqQ~õMLjO~Nqj ¬tj °¸=e<j. ®CL<j ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ
fHÓ÷Â¼áFL MLkMLj ¬tj °¸=e<j(Swell’s Forgotten Empire, page 336). ¬NqjõÓNqjõ, ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ Nnjj¥qÚ ¥cOqõÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿
¬tjFL O~NqjGS¸ ¬NqjõGHðOqGSNoj ¥cÂ MoOqj¥cÍj(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1913, para 57; and Nos. 97 of 1913 and 209 of 1894).
2. Jd¿×eC~GHÿOq*¸ Q~ø. 1, GH.20 Py ÔnGHð_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjOqÜ¸ ¥xOqŠ ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼FL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj,
ÖE~Oqõ¸Cy, ¶¨JwtjFL Ä£OqbKZöÍO~NqjÓFLj XqÄj¸¼ Ä¨¼rH=næFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
3. MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø.1 GH. 37 ML Py ÔnGHð_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ¥x¸<Ä£<j ÍjO~ÜÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼ CLFnïÍjOxÚÂFL ¥qGSMLJdöCLj<Fo
O~¾FLj ¶¨¸¼ GH=hæ _¸ÏÁ¸Ô~<j.
4. GHmGSJd=h O~¼O~¾, öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀ¥h ¬Ój÷<j ¬Â£, ¥oCLMLOq¸ ¥y^Š ¬ÏÁGHÀNqjÂ£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. (“½¡Oqê ¥qO~ê^¥q O~×¦õ ÔL¿CL¸”
page 110)®CL<j CLMLjôO~¾ ŠMLkOqj<j.
5. Q~GSF~Ój Nos.576, 578, 580-T.T. ®CLÂ sHOqjFLj ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c sHOxÚFLjÔLjFLïÄ. ¥cÂ No.579 Q~GSFL¸ ÅÇ¢ F~DÍO~MLjO~¾ ÓXiôGHÀ
O~¾ ¬Â£, No. 619 Q~GSFL¸ ÅÇ¢ F~DÍO~MLjO~×eÄF| ÓXiôGHÀ O~×¦ ¬Â£ sHOxÚ¸=o, ½¡Oqê ¥qO~ê^¥qO~×¦õ ÔL¿öCLMLjj GHl.109Py ÓXiôGHÀO~×¦FLj
¬CL<j, ÅÇ¢ F~DÍO~¾ O~MLjO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬Â CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯ GSMLkGS GHE~Â¥h , O~MLjO~¾, ÅÇ¢ F~ÏÍO~¾ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬Â
Äö$qÿM~¥cõÂï ÔnGHðMLÔLjá.
MLj¿Nqjj MLjFoïM~Oqj, MLjjFLï$qj M~¿FL¸Í¿Â GH=hæ _¸ÏÁ¸¼ ¥y^FLj ö¥qÄj¸ÔLjŠF~ï<j. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL
M~Oq¸Í¿Â ÔL¸GH¥q Ä¨¼rH=eæ<j. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¬¥qÚ¨FLj¸¨ _NqjÓjEé¿ ÏÍOqBh¥y^
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Q~.QZ. 1438 ÏE~CLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ GHlGRõÍQZÄ£j QZjö¥qM~Oq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 2-1-1517)F~<j ÀOqjGHÀ¥h ML¼á
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLjŠF~ï<j(No.578-T.T). ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, Í¸<NqköCLÓFLj
×¦NqjöGHÍ¸$c MLjj»¸ÔLj¥xÂ, O~×¦¥iNqj MLõMLVO~ÓFLj GH¿GRÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ, À¿»MLGSkë ¬MLjOoQZøOq¸Py
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GS¸GIHj^FLÓj ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ÄML¿¸GH_¨F~tj. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ ®¸¥c ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ÄML¿GSjëFLïÁ - ¥qßGRê
O~NqjÓj O~×¦õGH¿JdÓFL MLõMLVO~ÓPy MLjjÂ» °FLïGHð=h¥i, ¥qÈ¸$q Ä½»¤GR öGH_Ó¸ ¬ML$c, MLjOqÓ 1
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1 .O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸, (Sources, page124) MLj¿Nqjj ¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj¸ (3ML Q~ø. GH. 70, 71)ÓPy ÔnGHð_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj,
rSÎFLõ¸Cy ¬MLjjE~FL$qOq¸FLj¸¨ $q×¦GHÀ O~×¦õ¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h Mn+jCLk, E~¿Py µ¥q ¥x¸<¥yFLPyÂ ®OqjŠ MLkOqÜ¸$qj¸@~
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ÄÓj¥çö<FLj MLj^ærH=eæ<j, Äj»ÆFLM~Oqj ¥çÁÇ¢ŠPnÎ ÔnÍ¿ JwtkOqj. ¬¸CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MLQZõ¥qMnjÎFL ¥iÓ¥qöGHEéQ~ÓPy CLFL MLjFLjGRjõÓFLj
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2.®¥qÚ< ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, µ¿TdûO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ µ¥q bKeOqõFLj, O~×¦ŠMLkOqjÂ£ _¸ÏÁ¸¼FL^j÷, rSøP|(Swell)ÔL¿öCL¥cOqj<j ÔnGHlëF~ï<j.
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ÍjOqÜ¸Py _¸Á£$c GH^jæ_¨FL^j÷FLk CnÆfS¸Á. MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø. 3. HG .142 Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj GHÓjTdOqj÷ ¥qÈ¸$qO~×¦õ ögSëÓFLj ÔnOq_^jæ^¥nÎ
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1
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µ¥q ¥q¸>O~MLkÓFLj, GHCL¥cÂï TdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ®¸CLMLköCLMoj ¥cŠ¸@~ C~FLj _¸$cOq¸Cy
CLjÓÍk$q$c ML¼áFL 30,000 MLOqVÓ ÄÓjML$qÓ _¸$cO~Âï FL¸Í ÁMLõÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjCx<j$qj
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GHlÈ¥cGHØ °CLûML¸ ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h CL$qj ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ®¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ $x<$qO§F~<jFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ÀOqjGHÀ
FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo ÂCLõMLjkÓ ÄGSF~ï<j GHFLjïOqkGH¸PyFLj, CLPe¿¥qMLkôE~¿¥q¸ GHFLjïOqkGH¸Py ÓbÃ¸Ôo
500 MLOqVÓ ÏÍF~Âï, EâÎM~Â¥h öJdCL¹¥cÓ FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL@~Â¥yGS¸ ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j.
¯ ¥cO~õö¥qMLkÓÂ£ï GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦¿$o ³O~ð^j÷ ÔofSFL CLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h À¿»ML¼á,
ÂCLõGH¿JdÓF~ MLõMLVO~ÓPy öQZÍíîMLfU¸Ô~<j.
O~NqjÓj ¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköC~ GH¿GHm¿ë :
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¥qÈ¸$qÍ¸<NqköCL ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸, ö¥i.QZ. 2-1-1517 CoÁ£¥h GHmOqøMoj MLjj»fS¸Á. ¯ CoÁ£F~<j ®CL<j ÀOqjGHÀ¥h
ML¼áNqjF~ï<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjO~ÜÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼FLGHl<j $y<ÓrHÎ¥h ²$qöKe¥h PyÂ¥h öGHMoÇ¸¼
¥y^FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xF~ï<Â MLköCLMoj ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸ Á. ÏÍOqBh¥y^PyÂ ¬MLjOoQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓÔo ÂOqøfU¸¼FL CLjPeGHlOqjGR MLjVE~FL¸ $qj¿¸¼ ‚< CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cÂ
¬CLÂ ®ÍíOqjO~*jÓj ÔofSFL MLjVE~F~Á¥q¸ $qj¿¸¼(No.579) Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄMLO~Ój, ¯
Q~GSFL¸Py ÄGSôßCLMnjÎF~tj. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¬MLjOoQZøOq¸ FLj¸¨ Ä×¦Nqj FL$qO~Â¥h À¿»ML¼á
GH¿JdÓFL MLõMLVO~ÓPy öQZÍíîMLfU¸¼FL^j÷ GSðGRæ¸$c °FLïÁ. MLjOqÓ ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸PyFo, ¥qÈ¸$q¸Ä£jÁ¥h
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CnÓj$qjEéQZ¸PyÂ ÍjO~ÜÓFLj, ¥y^ÓFLj µ¥q=h CLOqjM~CL MLj¿Nnjj¥q=h$c TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂ, fS¸VöÁ
1. ¯ ÍjO~ÜÓÂ£ï µ¥q$qj¸GHl$c °F~ïtj. ¯ $qj¸GHlPyÂ °¸ö<¥x¸<, ¬FL¸CL»¿ ÍjO~ÜÓj ¯ $qj¸GHlFLŠ ÍXh*ÁQZPy °F~ïtj.(®Ä ¥oCLMLOq¸
ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h MLOqjGS$c FnÎ_jjÀÁQZPyFLj, HG ÇáMLjÁQZPyFLj GSjMLkOqj GHÁMnjÎ+÷ÍkOq¸Py °F~ïtj.)FLÓ÷$x¸< FnÎ_jjÀÁQZPyFLj, ×¦Æ÷ HG Æ÷, ¥qGHðÓjM~tj,
¥q¸Á¥x¸< °CLëOqÁQZPy °¸<$c, ¬OqjMLGHÆ÷ CLkOqjðÁQZPy $yE~ML¿¤FLÁ¥h GSÄ£jJdFL °¸Á. ¥q¸bKZMnjô^jæ, °Oq÷$x¸< ¥y^Ój ¯$qj¸GHlPy MLjÏÍõ$c
°F~ïtj. Ä£=hTdìFL¸ Í¥húBcFL °¸ö<¥x¸<FLj¸¨ °CLëO~FL °FLï ¥q¸Á¥x¸<MLOqŠ$qÓ ÍkOq¸ 55MnjÎ+÷ PyGHl PyFo °¸^j¸Á. FnÎ_jjÀÁQZPy°FLï
FLÓ÷$x¸<FLj¸¨ ¯Q~FLõÁQZPy °FLï ¬OqjMLGHÆ÷¥h GSjMLkOqj 140 MnjÎ+÷ ¥qFLï ²ŠÚMLÍkOq¸ °¸<Íj.
- Jv^kïOqjPy Ä×¦NqjGSë¸bKeÂï F~=h¸¼, ÀOqj$qj öGHNqk*¸Py fS¸VöÁFLj¸¨ O~×¦MLjsU¸öÍMLOq¸

ÔoOqj¥xF~ï<j. ¬¥qÚ< ¥xÂï MLjVE~FL ¥cO~õÓFLj CLFL O~*jÓÔo ÂOqø¿ë¸GH×ofS, Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h
À¿»MLÔ~á<j.
FL¸Í ÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmtj¸ÔLj^ :
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No.576-T.T.Q~.QZ.1440 _ÿjÏE~FLõF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~FL CLÄj+ ¥qF~õMLkGS¸(bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸)Py QZj¥q÷GHXq
TdøÀ£FLXqöCLNqjj¥që GH¸ÔLÄ£j $qjOqjM~Oq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 9-9-1518)Æº¸GH_¨¸Á. Á£Â öGH¥cOq¸ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj,

O~×¦MLjsU¸öÍMLOq¸ FLj¸¨ Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h À¿»ML¼áFL CLOqjM~CL, ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSjÂ ÓNqj ÁMLõ
ÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmtj¸Ôo ³O~ð^j ÔoTd<j. ¯ No.576-T.T. CLÄj+ Q~GSFL¸Py öJdOq¸bKeFL
1
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¯ GS¸XoGH ¥qDÍFL¸ No.578 Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ¥qDÍFL¸Cy GS¿CLk$qjCy¸Á. ö¥i.QZ. 2-1-1517 GS¸.Py ÔoNqj_¨FL
EéM~ÓNqj GS¸ÍOqùFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ÁMLõÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL MoNqj@~Â¥h 30,000 MLOqVÓFLj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL$c ¥cOqõ¸ ö¥i.QZ. 9-9-1518 F~=h¥h GHm¿ë ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. No.576-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CLÄj+¸ ¥c$c
No.577-T.T CnÓj$qj Q~GSFL¸Py ®EéÄGRNqj¸ GS¸¥húGHë¸$c ÔnGHð_¨¸Á.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj OqMLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ :

_We÷¿ ½¡Ód ÷, ¥qMLjPeGHlOq¸ FL¸Íj No.697 of 1922 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, Q~.QZ.
1440 _ÿjÏE~FLõF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~FL, ÁMLõÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmNqj_¨FL 5 M~O~Ó PyGHlFLFo,
¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 16-10-1518 FL, ¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj, CLFL HG ^æHG lO~Bh ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄCy ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ ÓNqkÂ¥h
ML¼á, ¬EéGS¸MLCLûOq¸ ×¦Âô¸¼FL CLMLj ML¸Q~¸ŠOq¸, O~×¦ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ
¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ÔoTd<j (Mad. Ep.Rep. for 1923, para 79, page119). CLFL ML¸Q~Âï
ÂÓKn^æ$qÓ ML¸Q~¸ŠO~Âï öGHTdÁ¸¼ CLFLjï ¥qßC~OqjìÂ $cÄ¸¼FL CLFL ®ÓjMoÓjð ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍjÂ Í¿ù¸¼,
CLFL GHlöCLjFLŠ Á£O~ÝNqjjO~Oy$qõ ´QZøO~õbÃMLßÁíîÂ öGHTdÁ¸GHlMLjÂ öJd¿ì¸Ô~<j. ¥cÂ, ÍjOqÍßGRæMLQ~CLjë
1. ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ FL¸ÍÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmNqj<¸ ¬Fo ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦Oq$q<¸ ®Á F~Ój$qML
GS¸ÍOqòó¸. ®¸CLŠ GHmOqø¸ MnjjÍ=h ×¦=eMLOqô GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂÔoCLFLj(No.172-T.T.), Td+jML MLj¸»EéML MLjVO~¾ÔoCLFLj (Nos.237,238-
T.T.), ¬MLkCLõQo[Oq MLjÓ÷*ê (No.235-T.T.)ÔoCLFLj ¯¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ×¦OqjGH _¨¸Á. CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ b¥cOqõ¸ On¸<jMLkOqj÷ ×¦¿»¸Á.
µ¥qMLkOqj MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥qÔ~¾ GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸Py ¥q¸¼PyÂ ¥y=h¥qF~õE~FL¸ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓÔoCLFLj (No.354 of 1919), On¸<MLMLkOqj,
EéMLTdìFLMLjjÓ ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| öGHNqk$qE~}S½¡ M~¿ TwÍOqÇGRjõ<jFLj ¬tjFL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ O~MLjÓXqô*E~}S KeM~½¡ M~¿
ÿNqk¸Py ¯ ¥cOqõ¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1909 GS¸MLCLûO~FL ×¦OqjGH_¨¸Á (No.242-T.T.).
KeÓj<j 6 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój MLköCLMoj ½¡Ä¸¼, GSøOqÜGSjì@âÎ CLÆÍ¸ö<jÓFLj Á£OqÝQy¥qCLGHlëÓFLj $cÄ¸Ô~<j.

(Forgotten Empire pages 359 and S.I.I.Vol V p. 383, No.1004).
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ³<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿Â Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ :
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MLjOqÓ, Q~.QZ. 1442 GS¸. Äö¥qMLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq IJdÓjÜ* QZjÍíî ³¥cÍÇ¢
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ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼á, CLFL tjGRæEâÎMLMnjÎFL Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ ÍOqùFL¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ TdøÄj¥h FLMLOqCLï[¼CL gHC~¸_Oq¸,
MLjjC~õÓj, OqC~ïÓj, ¥n¸GHlÓj, GHÔLáÓj, MnÎ<kO~õÓCy C~GH^¸ ÔofSFL µ¥q ÇOybKZkGR*¸ (ŠPe÷MLl), 1
FLMLOqC~ïÓCy JvÍ$q_¨FL On¸<jÔ~MLjO~ÓFLj, µ¥qGHCL¥cÂï, ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ GHÁMoÓ MLOqVÓFLj C~Fo

GSøNqj¸$c EâÎM~Â¥h ¬¿ð¸Ô~<j. MLj¿Nqjj bKeOqõ ÀOqjMLjÓEéMLMLjôE~øO~ µ¥q FLMLOqCLï GHCL¥cÂï‚@~
GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, NqjFL O~Bi ÔofSFL ¯ E~F~Ó ÄMLO~ÓFLj, ®Ä ¥c¥q ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj
FL¸ÍÂÓNqjÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjC~GH^¸ ÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸ MLjjGHðÁMoÓMLOqVÓ ÔofSFL E~FL¸ $qj¿¸¼
No.578-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py GSÄMLOq¸$c Æº¸GH_¨ °FLïÁ. ®¸¥c 4 Q~GSF~ÓPy‚< ¯ E~FLÄMLO~Ój
Æº¸GH_¨ NqjjFLïÄ. No.301,594-T.T. Q~GSF~Ój ¥qFLï< bKeGRPyFLj, No.302-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CLÄj+bKeGRPyFLj,
No.586-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓj$qjbKeGRPy FL¸ÁF~$q¿ÆfHPyFLj öM~Nqj_¨F~tj. ¯ F~Ój$qj Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj,
$q×¦GHÀCy ×¦¿»FL NqjjE~íîÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FLÄMLO~ÓFLj No. 578-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py °FLï^j÷ ÄMLOq¸$c ®MLøPoÍj.
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MLjFLŠ CnÆSf FL¸CLMLOqŠ, Q~.QZ. 1445 SG øbKeFLjF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOq(CLÄj+)MLkSG ¸, ¬ÇøÂ£ FLXqCLOqNqjj¥që
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ÇOybKZkGRBcÂï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÏÍ¿Tdë<Â£, sHNqj}S CnÓjGHlÔLjF~ï<j. (Forgotten Empire page 252) ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ Äö$qÿ¸Py ¯ Jv<j$nÎFL =ygH Po¥q ÇOybKZkGR*¸ ÏÍ¿¸¼NqjjFLï^j÷ CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_¨ °FLïÁ.
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MLQZ¸ÔoGSj¥xÂ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ¬GHð×nJdð<j. rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL ö$cMLkÓPy, E~OqCLkëOqj,
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CnÓjTwë¸Á(Nos.330,459-T.T). C~+÷Jd¥q ö$cMLkÂï ö¥i.QZ. 6-7-1514 CoÁ£ PyFLj (Nos.201, 254,256-
T.T.)E~FL¸ ÔoNqj$c, MLjj¨NqjkO§ ö$cMLj¸ CLOqjM~À CoÁ£Py ¼F~ï½¡EéÄ ÔoCLFLj (Nos.202, 257,262-T.T.)
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255, 261-T.T). ¥q@âÎ‚^æF| Jd¨Â$qj¿¸¼ ¯ Q~GSFL¸FL¸Eé CLGHð, MoOo ³ Q~GSFL¸PyFLj öGHTdëM~Â¥h O~PoÍj.
¥cÂ, ¥qOq¥q¸sHM~=h Po¥q ¥qOq¥qFL¸Ke<j ö$cMLj¸Nnjj¥qÚ öGHGS¥hë No.330, 459-T.TQ~GSF~ÓPy ML¼áFLGHð=h¥i,

No.246-T.T.Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ö$cMLkÓ GH=hæ¥qPy ¯ ö$cMLj¸Nnjj¥qÚ öGHGS¥hëO~PoÍj. _ÿjQZ¹ No.246-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py
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CLOqjM~CL öGHDÍMLj GHO~õNqj¸ 1513, fIHö_ML¿FnÓ 10ML CoÁ£ F~<j EâÎMLÍOqùF~Â¥nÎ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ÄÔoáTd<j.
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ öGHGS¥hë$qÓ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFL¸ ®Eé.
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ÿ¸gHQ~GSF~Ó ¥cÓ¸ Q~.QZ. 1430 QZj¥q÷F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLkGIHjQZjÍíî ÔLCLjOqíÇ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 23-1-1510 ML
C~¿¤[jFL‚, MLjÏÍõ ¬OqíîGS¸MLCLûOq¸ Co@~ °¸Á. ÿ¸gH No.29 and 30 of 1889, S.I.I.,Vol.1V, No.259
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Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, Q~.QZ. 1431 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ QZj¥q÷F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq MnÎQ~[QZjÍíî 15(JzOqêÄj)QZjö¥qM~Oq¸ ¬¸=o
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1450 GSO~øÏE~¿ (³öfHP|, ö¥i.QZ. 1528)(No.27-G.T.)Â, MoOqj Q~GSF~Ó CoÁ£ÓCy JwÆáFLGHl<j, ®Á GSjMLkOqj
On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GHmOqø¸$c °FLïÁ. ¬^jML¸=h CoÁ£ µ¥q=h Q~.QZ.1451 ÄOyÏÁF~MLj GS¸. MLkGIHjQZjÍíî
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page 158)PyÂ ¥qDÍFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓŠ ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé µ¥qMLkOqj Mo¸¥q=eöÁ (ÀOqjMLjÓPy)
GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦¿»FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥c+ÿfSë Q~GSFL¸ No.157 of 1924 öGH¥cOq¸ 1529 GS¸. ¬¥yæ_Oqj FnÓ
21ML CoÁ£F~<j ¥c+ÿfSëPyFLj, MLjOqÓ CLÍjGH¿FnÓPy ¬¸=o 1529 GS¸. FLML¸_Oqj FnÓ, 20ML
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Q~GSFL¸ µ¥q=h. Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ½Pe÷Š Ôn¸ÁFL MLjÂMLj¸$qÓ¸ Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.1449 GS¸. (®ÁCLGHØ, GS¿NnjÎFL
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®¥qÚ< MojFnÓ 11ML CoÁ£FL °¸¨FL^j÷(No.161 of 1924)Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦Nqj
FL$qOq¸Py ¾eF| 8 ML CoÁ£Py(No.714 of 1922)®CLÂ CLOqjM~À MLj½Æ£. ®¥qÚ¨FLj¸¨ MLjOqÓ(Nos.330,459-
T.T.)ÀOqjGHÀ¥h, ¥c+ÿfSë¥h(Nos.151,1162 of1924), MLjk<MLMLkOqj ¾eF| 13ML CoÁ£FL öGHNqk*¸ÔofS,
¥cO~õFL¸CLOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 20-9-1513 CoÁ£FL O~×¦ÏE~Â Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h ÀOq»MLÔ~á<j(No. 398 of 1896). ö¥i.QZ.
1514 GS¸. MojFnÓ 31ML CoÁ£F~<j(Q~.QZ.1436)MLjOqÓ ¥q¸½¡MLO~Â¥h öGHNqk*¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ (Nos. 478, 510,
513 and 569 of 1919)CnÓjTwë¸Á.
O~NqjÓ ÍXh* Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCL :

®¸CL MLOqŠ ³ Q~GSFL¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀCy CLÓGH¨ NqjjÍíî¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ $cÂ
°ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLï^j÷$cÂ GSkÔLFL$cFnÎFLFLk CnÓGHPoÍj. ö¥i.QZ. 1512, rSrHæ¸_Oqj
22 (Q~.QZ.1434, ¸»¤OqGS GS¸MLCLûOq¸)F~<j öGH¥q=h¸¼FL _j¥qÚGH^æ*¸ (No.180 of 1913)Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py O~×eõ¸$qMLõMLVO~ÓPy MLjjÂ» ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸MLÍí °FLï^j÷

CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLj¿Nqjj ö¥i.QZ. 1513 GS¸. rSrHæ¸_Oqj 20 ML CoÁ£F~<j(Q~.QZ.1435 ÅÇ¢ M Ljj[F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸)
öGH¥q=h¸¼FL GS¸¥qÓGHlOq¸ Q~GSFL¸(No.398 of 1896,published in Ep.Ind.,Vol.V1 as No.38)CnÓjGHlCLjFLï
öGH¥cOq¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¯ CoÁ£FL O~×¦ÏE~ÂPy °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ On¸<jQ~GSF~Ó CoÁ£Ó MLjÏÍõ GS¿$c
µ¥q GS¸MLCLûOq¥cÓ¸ $q<¼¸Á. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀÄ£jÍ ÔoNqjKyMLl Í¸<NqköCLŠ
¥cMLÓfSFL ³O~ð^j ÔoGSj¥yML<¸Py ÂMLj$qjï@âÎ °¸¨°¸=e<j. GSF~ïVÓFLj GHm¿ëÔoGSj¥xÂ O~×¦ÏE~ÂFLj¸¨
ö¥i.QZ.1513 ML GS¸. ¼MLOq $cÂ, 1514ML GS¸. öJdOq¸bKZ¸Py$cÂ ¯Q~FLõöJd¸CL Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLŠ ¬¸ŠO~Oqð*
$cÄ¸¼ °¸=e<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸ MLÍí O~×¦¥iNqjMLõMLVO~ÓPy CLÓMLjjFL¥qÓj$c °F~ï<Â
1
ÔnGHð@~Âï _=hæ Â×eÂ¥h GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO§ Po¥q ÀOqjMLjÓ O{CLO~NqjFLj, MojP|F~<jFLj¸¨ CL¿ÄjMoNqj<¸,
ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸MLÍí MLjj[õ GH^æBcÂï ¥qÆ»,“rHFLj$x¸< ÔLö¥oQZøOq” ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjMLfU¸¼ ¬ÿ¸¥cOq¸Cy ÄöOqÄ£$qjCLk,
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ rHÍíTwÍOqj<jFLj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ GHmOqø¸ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ fS¸VGSFL¸ FLÏÁfRç¸¼FL M~<jFLj
¬tjFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï ÏÁ¥qÚ¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h TdÿfS¸¼FL, °MLjôCLkëOqj F~NqjŠÓ Hg Ô~Âï ¬*ÔL<¸,
¬Fo ¥cO~õÓPy ÂMLj$qjï@âÎ Nqjj¸<jFLj(Mad.Ep.Rep.for 1914 para 30). ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
1. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl. 165 PyÂ 2ML ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q ÔLk<jMLjj. ÀMLjô¥qÄ CLFL “Jd¿×eC~GHÿOq*” ¥cMLõ¸Py, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj “°MLjôCLkëOqj,
ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ” ÍjO~ÜÓFLj (Q~ø 2 GHÍõ¸ 103)ÏÍø¸GS¸ ÔoNqj<Moj$c¥q, QZöCLjO~¾ÓFLj CLFL [@~ÜÂ¥h ²Oq$cÄ¸¼ ¥cMo¿¤FLÁPyÂ¥h
Oq¥qëGHl=oOqjÓFLj öGHMLfU¸GH×oQ~<Â CnÆNqj×oGSjëF~ï<j.
O~×¦õfS¸VGSFL¸ FLÏÁOyfU¸¼FL On¸<jFLïOq GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL ÍXh*Á»ø×¦NqköCLFLj ö¥i.QZ. 1513 GS¸.Py
öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼, MLjj¸Íj$c MojP|F~<j, ®¸¥qFLk ¥x¸$qjMLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ®CLOqF~<jÓPy ŠÍjOqj¥xÂ °FLï
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GS¸ŠÓ F~NqjŠÂ1 Px¸$qÁ£fS CLFL¬ÏÁ¥cO~Â¥h Py_<jFL^j÷ ÔoQ~<j. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL ®¸¥qFLk MLjj¸ÍjFLŠ
Td»FL Í¸<NqköCLPy, CLFLFLj ²Á¿¸¼FL M~¿Â ¬*$qExŠÚCLk, ÏÁ¥qÚ¿¸¼FL M~¿Â Px¸$qÁ£GSj¥x¸^k,
M~¿FLj¸¨ ¥qJdðÓFLj, ¥cFLj¥qÓFLj ö$qfUGSkë NqjjÍíî [OqjáÓFLj O~_^jæ¥x¸^k, Ãª×¦GHmOqj O~GöRæ GS¿ÿÍjíÓPyÂ
EyÂ, MLjjÍÜP|, O~NqjÔLkO§ MnjjÍPnÎFL ¥iÓ¥qTdìF~ÓFLj _ÓGHOq¼, ¬¥qÚ< OqXq*$c rSÎF~õÂï ÂÓKn^æ@~Â¥h
2
CL$qj³O~ð^jÓFLj $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ¥cO~õÓj GHm¿ë¬tjFL CLOqjM~CL, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, GS¸¥qÓGHlOq Q~GSF~Âï

öGH¥q=h¸¼FL ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸PyFo ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1513 GS¸.¼ML¿ ¥cÓ¸Py (9-10 FnÓPy)$q×¦GHÀÄ£jÁ¥h
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MLjk<jbKeGRÓPy Oq¼¸GH_¨FL ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ Q~GSF~Ój(No. 478, 510, 513, 569 of 1919)Q~.QZ.
1436 bKeMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ FL¸Íj (ö¥i.QZ. 31-5-1514) öGH¥q=h¸H
G _¨F~tj. ®GHð=h¥h, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀÄ£jÁ¥h
CLkOqðÍ¸<NqköCL öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ GSjMLkOqj 6 FnÓÓj $q<¼ FLGHð=h¥hÂ£, ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py, Í¸<NqköCLNnjj¥qÚ
NqjjÍíîÄQoadÓFLj CnÆsH öGHTdëMLFL PoÍj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ CoÁ£F~=h¥h, ®¸¥qFLk ®CLÂ °CLëOqEéQZ Í¸<NqköCL
GHm¿ë¥cPoÍÂ£, ®¸CLMLOq‚ Q~GSFL¸Py, TdÏÁ¸¼FL^j÷ sHOxÚFLÍ»FL¸CL=h rSÎÂ¥qÄ×¦NqkÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL NqjjÍíî
M~OqëÓj ³Ä£ PoMLÂ£ Kb eÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. Q~.QZ.1436 bKeMLF~MLj GS¸. ×oõGRçMLkGS ¥qßGRGHê Xq ÄÁNqj (ö¥i.QZ. 9-6-1514,
QZjö¥qM~Oq¸)F~<j öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.203 of 1892 °ÍNqj»¿ Q~GSFL¸, öHG C~GHOqjöÍjÂ NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼,
¥x¸<Ä£<jMLOqŠ CL¿Äj¥x=hæ °ÍNqj»¿ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂFL CLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
ÔofSFL E~FL¸ $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÄ. $q×¦GHÀCy ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Jv¸ÁFL öGHDÍMLjÄ×¦NqkÂï
$qj¿¸¼ CnÆNqjj×oGSjëFLïÁ. ¯ °ÍNqj»¿ Q~GSFL¸, ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ öÀbKeadQ~GSF~Ój öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL CoÁ£¥h CLOqjM~CL
9 ÁF~ÓPyFo, °ÍNqj»¿¥y^FLj O~NqjÓj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xFL$qÆ$c<j. ¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ. 1514 GS¸. ¾eF| FnÓ
9ML CoÁ£F~<j TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xF~ï<j. ®Á ÀOqjMLjÓ(ÀOqjGHÀ) öÀbKeadQ~GSF~Ó CoÁ£ ¬tjFL

1. ÔLk<jMLjj.. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^ 162 PyÂ 1ML ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q; ¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj¸ Q~ø. 3 GH. 6-9; MLj¿Nqjj CnÓj$qjPy “½¡Oqê ¥qO~ê^¥q
O~×¦õ ÔL¿öCL¸” FL¸ÍÆ GHl^Ój 102-103; ®¸¥qFLk @~¥qæO§. ¥qßGRêTdøÄj ¬Nqjõ¸$c¿ “¥qßGRêEéMLO~Nqj”Py GHl^Ój 5 MLj¿Nqjj 9.
2 ¯ ¥y^ÓPy ¬Íí¸¥h‚< Ôo¿NqjjFLï^j÷ . “O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸”- CnÓjGHlCy¸Á (Sources of Vijayanagara History page 118).
¥cÂ ¯ GS¸ÍOqòó¸PyFo ¬Íí¸¥h¥y^ Ä£jÍŠ‚< Í¸@âÀë TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xFnFLÂ ÔnGHØ^ GS¸bKeMLõ¸$c ¥qFL_<Íj. ®Pe ¬FL<¸Py
On¸<j ¥cOqBcÓj ¥qFL_<jCLjF~ïtj. ¬Íí¸¥h, ®¥qÚ¨¥h Ô~ÓÍkOq¸Py CLkOqjð ÁŠÚFL °FLïÁ. ®¥qÚ< °FLï GH¿fSìCLjÓPy, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
¯ GSMLjNqj¸PyFo rSÎFLõ¸Cy ¬Íí¸¥hÄ£jÁ¥h Í¸@âCLë@~Â¥h TdÿfS¸¼ °¸<¥q JwMLÔLjáFLj. °ÍNqj»¿ ¥y^FLj, TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLï
CLOqjM~CL ¬Íí¸¥hÂ MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xF~ï<Â bKeÄ¸ÔLj^Noj GS¸bKeÄCLMLjÂ CLÓ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
ö¥i.QZ. 9-7-1514 CoÁ£¥qF~ï GSjMLkOqj µ¥qFnÓ MLjj¸Íj. öGHGSjëCL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No. 201, 254, 256 -
T.T. GS¸[õÓj$qÓ ÀOqjMLjÓ (ÀOqjGHÀ)öÀbKeadQ~GSF~Ój, MLj¿ No.53, 54, 55 of 1889 Q~GSF~Ój ö¥i.QZ.
6-7-1514 (Q~.QZ.1436, bKeMLF~MLj GS¸.) CoÁ£F~<j öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨¸Á. ¯ Q~GSF~Ój GSÄMLOq¸$q, ³ ÄÏÍ¸$c
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀÄ£jÁ¥h Í¸@âÀë, NqjjÍíî¸Py $q×¦GHÀÂ ¶¨¸¼ ¥x¸<Ä£<j MLOqŠ CL¿Äj
¥x=hæ, °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xF~ï@y CnÓjGHlCLk À¿» Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿»MLGSkë,
E~¿Py ÀOqjMLjÓMLjj ¬ÏÁOyfU¸¼ TdøÄjM~¿Â Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<Â ÄML¿Tdëtj. ¬GHl<j 30,000 _¸$cOqj
MLOqVÓCy ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄjM~¿¥h ¥qFL¥cbÃsR¥q¸ $cÄ¸¼ (ÓNqj ÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOq¸Cy C~GH<¸
ÔoNqj<¸ ¥yGS¸ ®Ô~á<j.), MLjjsHð^Ó _¸$cOqj ¥q¸>OqVO~Âï MLjjC~õÓj, ¥n¸GHlÓj, GHÔLáÓj, MnÎA<kO~õÓj
JvÁ»FL _¸$cOqj MLjj¸×oÀ ¥q¸¥qBcÓFLj _ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<j(Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908 - 09 page176).
°ÍNqj»¿ MLjj^æ¨¥h GH=hæFL¥cÓ¸ :
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h
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CnÓjTwë¸Á. ³@âÂÄjÁ FnÓÓ CLOqjM~CL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, °ÍNqj»¿ Í¸<NqköCLPy Ä×¦Nqj¸ TdÏÁ¸¼FLGHl<j
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ö¥i.QZ. 16-2-1515ML CoÁ£F~<j, ÿ¸fHPyÂ ¥qßGRêEéM~ÓNqj¸Py öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. CLOqj*¸Py EâÎM~Â¥h ¬Fo¥q
ÄÓjMnÎFL bKZOqBcÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ¬¸Co ¥cŠ¸@~ 9 ö$cMLkÓFLj‚<(Nos. 25,26 of 1899 and No.
498 of 1907; Also Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908-09 page176)E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸
ÔoGSj¥yML<Moj öHG ÏE~FyEéíQZ¸$c ÔofSFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ MnjjÍ=h °CLëOqEéQZ Í¸<NqköCL; ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ öÀbKeadQ~GSF~Ó
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×¦¿»¸Á. ¬¸=o ¯ Í¸<NqköCL ö¥i.QZ.1514 GS¸. ¾eF| FnÓ 9ML CoÁ£FL GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ °¸^j¸Á.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj °ÍNqj»¿ÍjO~ÜÂï MLQZGHOqÔLj¥y@~Â¥i, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸ÔL@~Â¥i MLjÏÍõ 26
ÁF~Ój MLköCLMoj $q¨Ô~tj. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj °ÍNqj»¿ÍjO~ÜÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼ 18 FnÓÓj öQZÄj¸¼FL $cÂ
¬Á TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ¥cPoÍÂ, FLkÂ×|,(“Forgotten Fmpire” page 316)ÔnfHðFL ¥qDÍFL¸ - ÍjOoóÍõMnjÎFL ¯
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FL¨¼Jw$qÓ¸CL=h ®OqjŠ$c °¸@éÁ. rSÎFLõ¸ FLÓjMnÎGHlÓFLj¸© ÔLj^jæMLjj^æ@~Â¥h Ä£Ój$c, _¸<O~+÷FLj
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M~¿Â ¥qÆÍGHØÓŠ ¬ÓMLj=h¸ÔLjFL^j÷ ÔoNqj$c, ¥y^PyÂ rSÎFLõ¸ Px¸»Jwtj ¥y^FLj MLQZ¸ÔoGSjŠF~ï<Â
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MLjj¸Íj, ö¥i.QZ. 20-9-1513 CoÁ£ FLj¸¨ O~×¦ÏE~ÂPyFo °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÆfS¸Eé. ¯ CoÁ £FLj¸¨, °ÍNqj»¿
ÍjO~ÜÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xÂFL ö¥i.QZ. 9-6-1514 ML CoÁ£ MLOqŠ 9 FnÓÓŠ Äj¸ÔLÍj ¥qE~ !
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Q~GSF~ÓÂ£ï ‚<, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀÂ Mn¸=e¨ CL¿Äj¥x=hæFL^j÷FLj, °ÍNqj»¿¥y^FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸
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FLÁ£CL^¸ GSÄ£jGHMLjjFLFo ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓÔo FLYh¥h¸¼ MoNqj_¨FL ¬<MLlÓŠ Í$qÜOqPyFo °¸¨ °¸^j¸Á. ¯ ¥qÂ»¿, Q~GSF~ÓPy öGHTdëÄ¸GH
_¨FL ¥qFL¥q»¿Noj ¬tjNqjj¸< MLÔLjáFLj. (Cf. Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908-09 page 179 note 5)
3.¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj,¥qßadê ${CLÄ£j $yE~ML¿¤ FLÍjÓ FL¨Äj öGHEéQZ¸PyÂ °CLÚ+ O~¾FLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ¬Fo¥q GH^æBcÓFLj MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xFnFLÂ,
MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø.2. GH.79 CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ®Á ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓÔo TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLï^j÷ rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL ¥y^ÓFLj ¼ML¿ Í¸<NqköCLPy
GH^jæ¥xFL_¨FL ¬Íí¸¥h ÄFLj¥x¸< MLjjFLï$qj ÍjO~ÜÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ GSk¼¸ÔLjÔLjFLïÁ. ÍjO~ÜÓÂ£ï GSjMLkOqj$c ¯ On¸<jFLÍjÓ MLjÏÍõFLjFLï
°CLÚ+ Po¥q Mo¸»¤EéQZ¸Py °FLï=hæÄ.
4. ¯ Ä×¦NqjGSì¸bKZ¸ TdìfH¸GH_¨FL ÄGRNqkÂï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Oq¼¸¼FL MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ ¥cMLõ¸Py Q~ø.4 GH. 289 sHOxÚÂ NqjjF~ï<j.
MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø.1 GH.39 PyFLj ¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj¸ Q~ø.3 GH.112 MLj¿Nqjj O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸ ‚@~ ¯ ÄGRNqjMLjjFLj CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj.
(Sources of Vijayanagar History page 125).
Q~GSF~Ój(243 and 245 of 1899) GS¸¥oúGH¸$c TdÿGS Ä£Oy¼CL ¥cO~õÓFLj NqjjÍíîÄF~õTdÓFLj $qj¿¸¼
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$qj¿¸¼, CLFL O~*jÓj E~FL¸ ÔofSFL bKZOqBcÓ $qj¿¸¼, ®¸¥qFLk ÔofSFL ÄÄÏÍ E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj $qj¿¸¼
GSÄMLOq¸$c CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj.
¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCLŠ GH=hæFL ¥cÓ¸ :
¥x¸<GHÆ÷¥y^Ój, MLjj^æ¨ FnÍjOxÚÂFL ¬FLÀ¥cÓ¸PyFo O~NqjÓŠ MLQZMnjÎJwNqktj. ¬¸CL,
¯ ¥y^ GH¿GSOqöGHEéQ~Ój ¥x¸<Ä£<j O~öGRæ¸Py Ôo¿áMoNqj_¨F~tj. GH¿JdÓF~ÄÏE~FL¸ ¥q^jæÁ^æ¸
ÔoQ~<j. O~×e×¦å FLFLjGS¿¸¼ O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ öGHDÍMLj O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c GH¿JdÓFLFLj ÔoGH=eæ<j.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ×¦åöGH¥cOq¸ GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂFL ¯ On¸<j
O~öadæÓŠ1 GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL O~×¦Q~GSF~Âï öGH¥q=h¸Ô~<j. ¯ O~¾ öGH¥q^FLFLj$qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLï Kn×¦M~<
FLj¸¨ No.235 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸ ö¥i.QZ.1516 fIHö_ML¿ 7ML CoÁ£F~<j(Q~.QZ.1438 NqjjMLF~MLj GS¸.)
öGH¥q=h¸ GH_¨¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¥x¸<GHÆ÷ ¥y^FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFL<¸, O~öadæÂï Px¸$qÁ£fGSj¥yFL<¸,
O~×¦õGH¿JdÓF~MLõMLGSìFLj fSìOqGHOqÔLj^ ¬Fo ¯ ¥cO~õÓÂ£ï, ¯ CoÁ£¥h GHmOqøMoj GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ °¸@~Æ.
¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.1516 fIHö_ML¿ FnÓŠ GHmOqøMoj GHm¿ë ¬tj °¸@~Æ. ¥x¸<GHÆ÷ ¥y^FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥yML@~Â¥h
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ MLjk<jFnÓÓ¥cÓ¸ GH=hæ°¸^j¸ÍÂ rSøP| ÔL¿öCL¥cOqj<j CLFLö$q¸DÍ¸ “Forgotten Empire,
page 131”Py ÔnfHðFLÁ öbKZMLj, öGHMLkÍ×¦ÂCL¸. ²¸ÍjMLÓFL¸=o ×¦FLML¿ 15 ML CoÁ£F~<j O~NqjÓj ÅÇ¢ ¥ cŠ+¸Py
ÿ¿M~TwGH M~TdFL¸CLOq¸ MLjk<j M~O~ÓPyFo ®¥cÚOqõ¸ GHm¿ëNnjÎFL^j÷ ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé $qMLjÂ¸¼NqjjF~ï¸

¥qE~ ! (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ 180ML GHl^, ¬ÏÏEy×eåfH¥q 1.). $q×¦GHÀCy NqjjÍíî¸, rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷
ÍjO~ÜÓFLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥yML<MLjFo ¯ ¥cO~õÓj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ O~×¦Q~GSFL öGH¥q^FL CoÁ F~=h¥h MLjj¸Eé
¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1516 GS¸. fIHö_ML¿ 7ML CoÁ£¥h CL»FL¸CL MLjj¸Íj$cFo TdÏÁ¸GH_¨ °¸^j¸Á, ²Pe ¬tjF~,
MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ fS¸VÔLÓ Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL CoÁ£¥h MLjj¸Íj$c, CLGHð¥q GHm¿ë $cÄ¸GH_¨ Nqjj¸<j^
CLDÍõ¸. ¯ fS¸VÔLÓQ~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLkOqjð Á»ø×¦Nqj NqköCLPy,
°ÍNqj»¿, ¥x¸<Ä£<j, ¥x¸<GHÆ÷, O~×¦MLjsU¸öÍMLOq¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL ÍjO~ÜÓFLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xÂ MLõMLVO~ÓFLj
µ¥q ¥xÆ¥hÚ, À£fS¥xÂ ML¼áFL ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ö¥i.QZ.1516 GS¸. MLk¿áFnÓ 29ML CoÁ£ F~<j fS¸VÔLÓF~DÍ
TdøÄjÂ ÍOqùFL¸ ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. ×¦¿»FL GS¸GIHj^FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj ^k¥i$c CnÆsH ¯ Q~GSFL¸ öGHCoõ¥q¸$c
$qMLjÂ¸GHCL$qÜÁ. ¥qßG R êO~NqjÓj fS¸VÁö¥h Mn+"@~Â¥hMLjj¸Íj O~×¦MLjsU¸öÍMLO~Âï TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xÂFL
¬Ó÷TdÂ rHÍíFL MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø.3 GH.144 Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ GS¸KyÏÁGSkë, “¥x¸<GHÆ÷ ¥x¸<Ä£=h MLj¸<Pe ! ” ¬Â ¬FL<¸Py _ÿjQZ¹
1.
¯ On¸<j MLj¸<PeÓj ³¥q¸ ÔoNqj_¨ °¸<@~Âï GSk¼¸¼ °¸<MLÔLjáFLj.

ÄGRNqkÂï ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLj¸<$c ®CL<j fS¸VöÁ - Jv^kïOqjPy Ä×¦NqjGSë¸bKZ¸ F~=h, O~×¦MLj¸ö¨¥h

À¿»MLÔ~á<Â CLÁCLOq ÆºCL ÏE~O~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
MLjj¸Íj O~×¦MLj¸ö¨Â MLQZ¸ÔofS¥xÂ, ¬¥qÚ<FLj¸¨ fS¸VöÁ¥h MnÈ÷ ÀOqj$qj öGHNqk*¸Py O~×¦MLj¸ö¨Py
», CLFL ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓÔoCL, ¥xÂï MLjVE~F~ÓFLj Ôotj¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, CLFL O~×¦ÏE~Â FL$qOqMnjÎFL
Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h À¿» MLÔ~á<j. ®CLOq ÆºCL Q~GGSF~ÓPyÂ M~¥qõOqÔLFLPy öGHNnk»¸GH_¨FL, À¿»O~$c
¬FLïM~¥qõ¸, ®^j÷ On¸<jMLkOqjÓj O~×¦MLj¸ö¨Py MLj¥ç MofSFL^j÷ ÏÍøÂGSkë, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÀOqj$qjöGHNqk*¸Py
fS¸VÔLÓ¸FLj¸¨ O~×¦MLj¸ö¨¥h ML¼áFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj O~×¦MLj¸ö¨¥h ML¼áFLGHl<j
¬¥qÚ< 6 FnÓÓj MLj¥ç MofSFL^j÷ ÔnfHðFL rSøP| ÔL¿öCL¥cOqjÂ MLk^ GS¿¥cÍj. MLõMLÏÁ 3 FnÓÓŠ
Äj¸ÔL×eÓÍj. µ¥qMo+ MLjV °¸¨°¸=o ¾eF|FnP [OqjMLOqŠ °¸¨°¸=e<j. ¯ GSMLjNqj¸Py C~FLj
ö¥xCLë$c TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xFLï öGHEéQ~ÓPy O~×¦¥iNqj, GH¿JdÓF~MLõMLVO~ÓFLj ÔL¥qÚÁÁí fSì¿¤¥q¿¸ÔLj^Py
$q¨fH °¸=e<j. ¥cÂ ²Pe ¬tjF~ ö¥i.QZ. 1516 GS¸. ¾eF| 29ML CoÁ£¥h ¥xÁí Oy¾Ój MLjj¸Íj$cFo
O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h O~MLÓfSNqjjFLïÁ. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ¯ CoÁ£ F~<j ¥qFn¥qÚP|(_We÷¿)Q~GSFL¸ (No.457 of 1923)
öGH¥q=h¸¼Nqjj¸@âFLj. ¥qO~Ú^¥q GS¸ö¥çÀ GHl*õÁFL¸ ¬tjFL ¯ 29-6-1516 CoÁ£ F~<j CLj¸$qbKZöE~FLÁÀ£O~FL
°FLï^jML¸=h ¥xÂïEéM~E~Nqj, ö_VôE~Nqj bKZkMLjjÓFLj ÅÇ¢ ÄOqkJdXq EâÎML GSÂïÏE~FL¸Py E~FL¸ÔofS
NqjjF~ï<j. O~¾ O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿» O~ML@~Âï _=hæ, 1513 GS¸. ¼ML¿ FnÓÓPy öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ ö¥i.QZ.1516
MLk¿á FnÓMLOqŠ GSjMLkOqj On¸<jFLïOq GS¸MLCLûO~Ój$c(O~×¦MLj¸ö¨Py $q<fHFL 3 FnÓÓCy Ôo¿) $q×¦GHÀCy
×¦¿fHFLNqjjÍíî¸ MLjj»fSFLÍÂ bKeÄ¸GH MLÔLjá. ¯ NqjjÍíîGHOq¸$c ×¦¿fHFL MLjk<j Í¸<NqköCLÓPyFLj
¬[¸< GHO~ö¥qMLj ML¸CLj@âÎFL O~NqjÓj öGHC~GHOqjöÍjÂ ¼CLjëÔofS, CLFLŠ Px¸»JwMLlFL^j÷ ÔofS¥xÂ $q×¦GHÀNnjj¥qÚ
³<j O~×¦õCLø¼VïÓFLj Pe¥xÚÂ(“$q×¦GHÀ GSJdë¸$qÿOq*”) “$q×¦GHÀ ÄbKe<” ¬Fo ÃOqjE~Âï gSø¥q¿¸Ô~<j.
$q×¦GHÀNnjj¥qÚ O~×¦ÏE~Â ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â ÍfU¸ÔL<¸ :
$qj¸^kOqj½Pe÷ KeGH^÷C~Ój¥c ¥xMLjkôOqjPy No.824 of 1922 Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.1438 ÏE~CLjF~MLj
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1517, MLk¿á12)F~<j öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj °CLëOq Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCLFLj
¥qÈ¸$qEéQZ¸FL¸ÍÆ ¥q^¥q¸ (µ¿TdûPyÂ ¥q^¥§)E~¥c ÂO~GIHk^¸$c Td»¸ÔnFLÂ CnÓjGH_¨¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¥q^¥q¸Ä£jÍ Í¸@âCLjë^, ¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCLPyÂ bKe$q¸$c $cÂ, Po¥q E~Â IGHÆCL¸$c $cÂ,
rHÎFL CnÆfHFL CoÁ£¥h(ö¥i.QZ.1517, MLk¿á 12)Ô~Ó MLjj¸Íj$cFo GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ °¸ÍFL<¸Py ÄGöHÀGHÀë PoÍj.
¥cÂ CnÓj$qj¥cM~õÓPy MLj¿¥xÂï ÄMLO~Ój ÓbKZõMLÙCLjF~ïtj. °ÍNqj»¿Py ¬¸^j¥xÂFL O~NqjÓ öGHC~Jd»ï
Cy¥q¼ÔLjáMLPn ¥q^¥q¸MLOq‚ M~õfH¸ÔnFLÂ °öCoðXhGSkë, Jv^kïOqjPy ×¦NqjGSë¸bKeÂï F~=h¸ÔL<¸Cy $q¥q,
O~NqjÓj MLjj¸ÍjFLŠ Td», $q×¦GHÀO~×¦õ¸PyÂ¥h ÔxÔLjá¥xÂJwtj µ@~èÁ EéQ~Âï F~QZFL¸ÔofS MLjj[õ
GH^æ*MnjÎFL ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â(¥q^¥§) CL$qjÓKn=næFLÂ (Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1908, pages 179 -180)MLjFLjÔL¿öCLPy

1
rHÍíFL ¬¸^jF~ï<j. MLjjŠÚÀMLjôFL CLFL Jd¿×eC~GHÿOq*¥cMLõ¸Py O~NqjÓj °ÍNqj»¿, ÄFLj¥x¸<,

¥x¸<Ä£<j, KnÓ÷¸¥x¸<, MoÓjGHl¥x¸<, ×¦Æ÷GHÆ÷, ¬FL¸CL»¿, ¥q¸bKZ¸Mnj^jæ ÍjO~ÜÓFLj MLjj^æ¨¸¼, ¥y^ÓFLj
MLQZGHOqÔLj¥x¸^k, Ä£jÁÄ£jÁ¥h MLGSjë¸<<¸Cy, O~NqjÓ rSÎFLõ¸ ³ Xq*¸PyFnÎF~ ¥q^¥q¸ Ä£jÍGH¨ JdC~+¸PyÂ¥h
öCx¥hÚMoGSjë¸EéMnk ¬Â °CLÚ+O~¾ ¬¸=o $q×¦GHÀ bKZNqj¸Cy Xq*Mnjj¥q Nqjj$q¸$c $q<GHl CLjF~ï<Â
¬FL@~Âï _=hæ, fS¸VÔLPeÂï Í¿ù¸ÔL<¸, Jv^kïOqjPy Ä×¦NqjGSë¸bKZ¸ F~=h¸Ô~<Fo ¥cO~õÓCy
GH¿GHm¿ëNnjÎFL^jML¸=h ¯ ¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCLPyFo, ¥q^¥q¸Ä£jÁ¥h E~¨ÔofS, GH^æBcÂï ÍfU¸ÔLj^ ¬Fo
¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj ×¦¿» °¸@~Æ. µ¥qMo+ µ@~èÁFL$qO~Âï F~QZFL¸ ÔoNqj<¸ ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â ÍfU¸ÔL<¸ ¬Fo¥cO~õÓj
Äj»ÆJwtj °FLï^÷tjCo, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Í¸<NqköCLÓFLj ×¦NqjöGHÍ¸$c MLjj»¸ÔLj¥xÂ O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h ö¥i.QZ.
1516 GS¸. ¾eF|FnÓPy À¿» ML¼áFL ¬FL¸CLOq¸, ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj MLjOy NqjjÍíîGSF~ïÿ¸ öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<Â
bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸ ¬GS¸bKeMLõ¸. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé TdÏÁ¸GH_<Š¸@~ °¸¨FL^÷tjCo, ö¥i.QZ. 1516

GS¸. MLk¿áFnÓFLj¸¨ MLjk<jFnÓÓj O~×¦MLj¸ö¨Py MLj¥ç ÔofSFLGHl<j TdÏÁ¸¼ °¸¨°¸=e<j. ³MnjÎFLGHð=h¥i
O~NqjÓj, CLFL ÍXh*EéQZ À£OqìNqköCLÓFLj MLjj»¸ÔLj¥xÂ ö¥i.QZ. 1517 GS¸. O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿»ML¼áFL ¬FL¸CLOq¸
NqjjÍíîNqköCLÓj CLÓrH^æPoÍÂ MLköCL¸ ÂQZáNqj¸$c ÔnGHðMLÔLjáFLj. ¥c+ÿfSë, ¼Í¸_Oq¸, ÀOqjMLBcêMLjÓ
MnjjÍPnÎFL GHl*õXoöC~ÓPyFLj, MLjj[õ¸$c fS¸VÔLÓ¸ FL¸ÍjFLk öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ Q~GSF~ÓFLj
GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¬CL<j NqköC~ÔLOq*Ç¢ÆNnjÎ Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ÁMLõXoöC~ÓFLj Í¿ù¸Ô~<j; ¬Âï
öGHMLjj[ ÇM~ÓNqkÓPyFLj, ÄadêøÓNqkÓPyFLj EâÎM~ÓFLj Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥xÂ Ä¿Ä$c E~FL ÏÍO~ôÍjÓFLj
1 . Â×¦¸$c ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj µ@~èÁ EéQ~Âï F~QZFL¸ÔofS ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â CL$qjÓKn=hæ¸ÔnFLÂ ¬FLj^Py ¥x¸CL ¬ÀQZNnk¥hë °FLïÁ. ²¸ÍjMLÓFL ¬¸=o
®¥qÚ< ¥qÄ ¬Ó÷TdÂ rHÍíFL, CLFL JwGRŠ@âÎFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ $xGHðCLF~Âï öGHQZ¸fS¸Ôo^^jML¸=h GH^jæFL, O~NqjÓ öGHC~JdÂï ¬»ïCy JwÆá
Ó¸¥c¿¥q¸$c NqjjÍíî Ä×¦NqkÓFLj, OqkGH¥q °öCoXq Ó¸¥c¿¥q GH¿bKeGRPy ÄML¿GSjëF~ï<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ Ó¸¥c¿¥q GH¿bKeGRFLj
ÄGSô¿¸¼, ¬GSÓj ÄGRNqkÓFLj MoOqjGHOq¼ ö$qfU¸¼FL^÷tjCo, ÂGSû¸Eéÿ¸$c ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj µ¥qE~Â CLOqjM~CL MLjOx¥q=h$c °ÍNqj»¿,
¥x¸<Ä£<j ¥qGSMLJdöCLjÂCy Ke^j ×¦ÄjôPyNqj, Mo», ¥yFL, ¥x=eæMLjj, ¥qFL¥q»¿, ${CLÄj Po¥q $yE~ML¿, Jv^kïOqj, ®¸¥qFLk MLk@âMLjjÓFLj(Q~ø1
GH.37)×¦tj¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, µ@~èÁ GH^æBcÂï ¥q^¥qGHl¿Â GH^jæ¥xFnFLÂ ¬FL<¸Py ³MLköCL¸ GS¸Eéÿ¸PoÍj.
MLj¿ MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø.2 GH. 79 Py O~NqjÓj, “°CLÚ+O~=| GHl¿¤ÿOq*MLjj” $cÄ¸ÔnFLÂ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. $q×¦GHÀO~×¦õ¸
Nnjj¥qÚ MLjj[õGH^æ*¸ ¥q^¥q¸ ¬Â MLjFLjÔL¿öCL (Q~ø. 6 GH.123.) GSk¼GSjëFLïÁ. fS¸VöÁPy $q×¦GHÀ¥h O~×¦öGHTdÍ¸ °FLï^j÷,
“O~NqjM~ÔL¥qMLjj” (“Sources”, page 125); MLj¿Nqjj ¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦NqjMLjj ¥cMLõ¸ Q~ø.3 GH.113(Q~ø 4 GH.18,19, 25,
31,72, 74.) GSk¼GSjëF~ïtj. ¯ fS¸VöÁ Nqj¸ÍÆ CLFLO~×¦õ öJdTdÍ¸PyFo $q×¦GHÀ, CLFLŠMLkOnëFLj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¥h¼á ÄM~ÿ¸
$cÄ¸¼FL^j÷ ¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj ¥cMLõ¸ Q~ø 4 GH.113-137 CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ, MLjVFLÁ À£O~FL °FLï ¥q^¥qGHl¿ Po¥q ¥q^¥q¸
(¥q^¥§) °CLÚ+O~×eõÂ¥h öGHÏE~FL GH^æ*¸ ¥c$c, ¯ fS¸VöÁ On¸<ML Po¥q °GH öGHÏE~FL GH^æ*¸$c °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
$cÄ¸¼, GHlÂ£CLj@âÎ, O~¾ MLjOqÓ $q×¦GHÀÄ£jÁ¥h MLjOx¥qMLkOqj NqjjÍíî GS¸Oq¸bKeÂ¥h ®¸CLPyFo F~¸Á
GHÓ¥q@~Â¥h TdÿfS¸¼ °¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸ ¬GS¸bKeMLõ¸(Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908 - 09, page 180).
²¸Íj¥q¸=o ÍXh*EéQZ À£OqìNqköCLÓj ÔoGSjëFLï GS¸ÍO~óFL, öHG MLjj[ ÁMLõXoöC~ÓPy O~NqjÓjÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÍjÓFLj
$qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿GSkë öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ÄMLO~Ó MnÓjCLjOqjPy MLjOqÓ $q×¦GHÀrHÎ NqjjE~íîÂ¥h
MnWeW<Fo MLk^ ¬GS¸bKZML¸.
Q~.QZ.1439SG ¸. ¼MLOy÷ MLjVMLj[ °CLûML ÀOqjF~+÷Py EâÎMLÍOqùF~Oqì¸, O~NqjÓ Š¸bKZ¥y*NqköCL :
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRïEéMLO~NqjÓj Q~.QZ. 1439 GS¸. Š¸bKZ¥y*¸Py MLjVMLj[ °CLûM~Âï Í¿ù¸Ô~ÓFo
öGHÏE~FL °EéíQZ¸Cy ³O~ð^j ÔofSFLGHð=h¥i ¯ MLjVMLj[ °CLûMLNqköCL ¥oMLÓ¸ ¬¸Íj¥xOq¦Š MLköCLMoj
1
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2
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[2. F~$qPeGHlOq Q~GSF~Ój M~GSëML¸$c MLjk<j Q~GSF~Ój SII.Vol.xiii-684, 684A, 685 of 1904 S.I.I - Vol. Xiii ¯ MLjk<j Q~GSF~Ój
µ¥oOy¾ MoNqj_¨FLÄ.- ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]

(No.641 of 1919). ¬¥qÚ¨FLj¸¨ _ÿjQZ¹ ÀFLï$c O~×¦ÏE~Â FL$qO~Â¥h MnÈ" °¸=e<j. °CLûM~Âï
GS¸Í¿ù¸ÔL@~Â¥h Mn<ÆFLÁ MnjjÍÓj O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿» O~ML@~Â¥h ö¥i.QZ. 1517 GS¸. ×¦FLML¿ FLj¸¨ ³öfHP|
MLOqŠ 3, 4 FnÓÓ ¥cÓ¸ GH=hæ¸Á. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j ¥q^¥q¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL Td»¸ÔL<¸ TdÏÍõMLjNojõ
¥cOqõ¸¥cÍj. ö¥i.QZ. 1517 GS¸. MLk¿á 12ML CoÁ£F~<j öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL ¥xMLjkôOqj Q~GSFL¸, °CLëOq ÁŠÚFL
Ô~ÓÍkOq¸Py°FLï ¥q^¥q¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL Td»¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ÓbÃ¸¼FL TdXcõÏE~O~ÓFLj_=hæ
O~NqjÓj ¯ Í¸<NqköCLŠ GHmFLj¥xÂ öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ ¾eF| 1516 F~=h¥h ¥cÂ, ®¸¥qFLk MLjj¸Íj$qFo
MLk¿á ö¥i.QZ. 1516 F~=h¥h$cÂ MLjj»¸¼ °¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸ GSCLõÍkOq¸ ¥cÍj.
¥q^¥q¸ Po¥q ¥q^jtjO§ MLÍí ×¦¿»FL NqjjÍíî¸ ¥qÈ¸$qÍ¸<NqköCLPy bKe$qMoj :
FLkÂ×| ÔL¿öCL¥cOqj<j, CLFL ö$q¸DÍ¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÔofSFL NqjjE~íîÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿¸¼FL
CLOqjM~CL, MLjj¥cëtj¸GHl$c, “®Á£, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¥q^jtjO§(Forgotten Empire,pages 320-332)- ¥q^¥cÂï
GH^jæ¥y@~Â¥h ÔofSFL NqjjÍíî¸$qj¿¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸’’ ¬Â ÔnGHlëF~ï<j. ®CL<j ÔnfHðFLÍ¸CLNqjj PyGHbKZktjGRç¸,
¬GS¸GHmOqê¸, ¬×eåFL×¦ÂCL¸. TdìÂ¥qGH¿fSìCLjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, Td¸öGHE~NqkÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ Äj¨Äj¨ ×eåFL¸$qÓ
¯ JwOqjá»¤GSj NqköÀ£ŠÂ ÄMLOq* ¬GSðGRæ¸$q°¸¨ sHOqjFLj‚< GS¿$q °ÔLá¿¸ÔL Po¥qJwMLl^ CL^fSì¸¼¸ÍÂ,
@~¥qæO§.Nqj}S. ¥qßGRêTdøMLjNqjõ¸$cOqj, CLMLj “¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓj” ¬FLï ¼FLïGHlGSë¥q¸Py GSk¼¸Ô~Oqj. FLkÂ×|
ÔofSFL ¯ ÄMLOq*, µ¥q¥cÓ¸FL¸Íj ×¦¿»FL GS¸$qÀ¥h, JvOqJd^jFL MLjOx¥q GS¸$qÀÂ ¬FLøtj¸¼ ÔnrHðFLÂ
bKeÄ¸ÔLj^ GS¿¥cÍj, ²¸Íj¥q¸=o, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj O~×eõÂ¥h ML¼áFL öJdOq¸bKZ¥cÓ¸Py, ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸
ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓFLjFLï EéQZ¸Ä£jÍ ÏÁGHCLõ¸$qÓ ¥c<ML(GHÓ÷ML)O~¾ÓÄ£jÁ¥h Í¸@âÀë °¸=e<j. Q~GSF~Ój,
¥qÈ¸$qÍ¸<NqköCL ¼ML¿ÍQZPy µ¿TdûPyÂ $q×¦GHÀNnjj¥qÚ MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL ¥q^¥cÂï MLjj^æ¨¸ÔnFLÂ
FLkÂ×| ÔnfHðFL E~ÂÂ _ÓGHOqGSjëF~ïtj.
$q×¦GHÀ GHm¿ë Px¸$qjKe^j :
¥qÈ¸$qNqjjÍíî¸Py $q×¦GHÀÂ ¼CLjë$c ¶¨¸¼, MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL ¥q^¥cÂï F~QZFL¸ÔofS, ¯Q~FLõÁQZ
FLj¸¨ CLFL TdöMLk×eõÂ¥h, ²^jML¸=h GHÍÓj O~Š¸<jFL^j÷ ¥q^jæÁ^æ¸ ÔofSFL CLOqjM~CL MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj
_ÿMLjÂ£ O~öadæÓÄ£jÁ¥h CLFL ÍßfRæÂ Td¿¸Ô~<j. Ä£Oqj $q×¦GHÀCy GS¸ÏÁÔofS¥xÂ ÄjöCLC~øÂï Jd=hGSjë¸<<¸
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MLjj^æ¨¸¼FLGHl<j öGHC~GHOqjöÍjFLŠ GSVNqj¸$c ÍjOqÜOqXq*Š MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj rSÎF~õÏÁGHCLjPnÎFL MLjÓj÷#eF|,
1.NqjjÍíîMLõMLVO~Ój GHm¿ë ¬tjFL CLOqjM~CL, öGHC~GHOqjöÍjÂ ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨, $q×¦GHÀ O~×¦õ MLjj[õGH^æ*¸ FLj¸¨ _NqjÓjEé¿,
À£OqìNqköCLÓj ÔoGSkë, CLFL O~×¦õ¸FL¸ÍÆ öGHMLjj[ QnÎML, MnÎGRêML EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥x¸^k ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, MLkOqÜMLQ~CLjë ÓbÃ¸¼FL
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(ÔLk<j. ¬ÏEy×eåHf ¥q.1 ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ HG l.185)¯ ¥qÓ_¿» ÍjOqÜ ¬ÏÁGHÀ ¶¨JwtjFL ÄGRNqj¸ MLjFLjÔL¿öCL Q~ø. 2 GH.81 CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
®¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ Q~ø.1 GH. 41Py, ¥qÓò¿$n FL$qOq¸Nnjj¥qÚ, Td$qOq GHlOqMLOq (¬NnkÏÍõ ¬Â M~õ#eõCL)Nnjj¥qÚ
°Íí¸<#eF|, Ã½Æ#eF| MnjjÍPnÎFL rSÎF~õÏÁGHCLjÓFLj ¥qÆ»FL rHÍírSÎFLõ¸Cy GSÿ¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj.

¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Kn×¦M~<FLj¸¨ Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GHÁMoÓMLOqVÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoNqj<¸ :
Š¸bKZ¥y*¸FLj¸¨ À¿»O~$cFo ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj C~FLj ÔoNqjMLÓfSFL MLjj[õ¥qOqëMLõ¸Ä£jÍ ÍßfRæ
Td¿¸Ô~<j. ®¸CLMLOq‚ C~FLjÔofSFL ¬ÂïNqjjE~íîÓPy CLFLjï OqXhGSkë, Ä×¦NqjÓ¥húô CLFLjï ML¿¸Ôo^^j÷
Ç¢OqøÁ¸¼FL EâÎM~ÓŠ CLFL ¥qßCL×¦åC~GHmOqø¥q ML¸ÍF~Ój ¬¿ð¸ÔLj¥xÂ, bKZÄGRõCLjëPy‚< ®Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c
CLFLjï ¥cJd<jCLj, Ãª×¦GHmOqj GSjPeëFLjCy C~FLj ÔoNqjKyMLl NqjjE~íîÓ¸Íj‚< CLFLŠ ×¦Nqj¸ ¥qÆ»¸ÔLMLjÂ,
öJd¿ì¸ÔLMLÓfS °FLïÍÂ bKeÄ¸Ô~<j. MLjVMLj[¸ °CLûML¸¥yGS¸ Š¸bKZ¥yBcÂ¥h MnÈ÷ À¿»MLGSkë
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ÔoQ~<j. ¥cÂ ¬¸CLöGH#eõÀÂ, öGHfSÁíîÂ Jv¸ÍÂ Ô~Pe EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj GSøNqj¸$c Í¿ù¸ÔL@~Â¥h Ä£ÓjGH<PoÍj.
¯ EâÎM~ÓFLj‚< CLFLŠ GSjMLjj[¸$c °¸<jFL^j÷ öJd¿ì¸ÔL MLÓfSNqjjFLïÍÂ ¬FLj¥xFLï O~¾, Q~.QZ.
1439 ¯QZøOqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOqMLj¸Íj °¸<MLÆ÷PyÂ ¬FL¸CLQZNqjFL EéM~ÓNqj¸($qj¸^kOqj C~Ój¥c)MLj¿Nqjj
Kn×¦M~<PyÂ MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥i MLjÏÍõ, ¥qßGRêMoBi(¥qßadê)FLÁ À£O~FL Ä¨ÁÔofSFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py
×y¨, QZkÓML¿, fHOqML¿, ¬OqGSjsHY¦j ¬Fo M~¿ú¥q GHFLjïÓMLÓFL ÓbÃ¸Ôo GHÁMoÓMLOqVÓ O~_¨Â Ôy+
MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ÇML, ÄGRjê EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ Ôn¸Eé^j÷ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój Motj¸Ô~<j. ¯
E~FL¸MLÓFL ÓÃíîJv¸ÁFL ¬ÂïEéM~ÓNqkÓPyFLj ¯ E~F~Âï $qj¿¸¼ FLMnkÍjÔoNqjMLÓfSFLÍÂ ×eå
fH¸Ô~<j(Nos.74 of 1903 and No 80 of 1911; Mad.Ep.Rep. for1903, page5, para16). 50 ¥qFLï
¬ÏÁ¥q¸$cFo°FLï EéM~ÓNqkÓ ×eÃC~FLj No.125 of 1904, No.511 of 1905; No.406 of 1918 and
No.167 etc., of 1925 MnjjÍPnÎFL Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj(Vide Mad.Ep.Rep.for 1904, para 23;
and for 1925 para 32). ¥xÂï öGHEéQ~ÓFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸¼FL ¯ Q~GSF~Ój ³¥q¿¤À$c, Q~.QZ.1439, ¯QZøOq
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬Fo CoÁ£Â ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸<$c, ¥xÂïQ~GSFLÓPy ¬¸=o No 406 of 1918,No.210 and 235 of
1917, and No.184, 226 and 235 of 1925 Q~GSF~ÓPy ×yõÀQ~ùöGSë ÄMLO~Ój ®MLø_¨F~tj. Ä£=h
ÏE~Oq¸$c $qjBh¸¼FLGHl<j ö¥i.QZ.1517 ¨rS¸_Oqj 28ML CoÁ£ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¬¸=o ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¥qßadêFLÁ
À£O~FL ÂÆ¼FLGHl<j, ö¥i.QZ. 28-12-1517 CoÁ£F~<j E~FL¸ ÔorSFLÂ GSjñ^¸$c CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py
$qj¿ë¸ÔLMLÓfSFLÁ - $q×¦GHÀCy¨ NqjjÍíî¸ MLjj»fSFL On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL ¯ E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
¯ ×eÃC~ÓPy CnÓjGH_¨FL EéM~ÓNqkÓPy, ¥xÂïEéM~ÓNqkÓj sHOxÚFLPoÍj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ÓÃíîÂ
Jv¸ÍŠ¸@~ Ä¨¼rH^æ_¨Nqjj¸¨FL EéM~ÓNqkÓ ÄGRNqj¸Py PyGH¸ 4-6-1520 FL(Q~.QZ.1443,Äö¥qMLjF~MLj
rSFÎ Lõ¸FL¸ÍÆ Ô~ÓMLj¸Á NqjMLFLjÓj CLFL [@~ÜÂ¥h _Æ ¬NqkõOqÂ ÔnGHØÔLjF~ï<j. GS$qOq GHlOqMLOq ¬FLjFLÁ Td$qO§ ¬Fo GHlO~Âï GSk¼GSjëFLïÁ.
¯ Td$qO§ M~õ#eõCL GSk¼¸¼FL^j÷ ¬NnkÏÍõ ¥cÍj. Â×e¸ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOq¸ $qÓ O~×¦õ¸PyÂ $qjÓòOqÜŠ ÍXh*¸$c 50 MnjÎ+÷ ÍkOq¸Py
°FLï Td$qO§FLj GSk¼GSjëFLïÁ. ¥qO~ï^¥qPyÂ Td$qOq¸ ‚< ¥cÍj.
GS¸MLCLûOq¸)GS¿ÁÍí_¨¸Á. ¬^jML¸=h Íßadæ¸CL¸ µ¥q=h ÀOqj¥qÚ@âÎNqjkO§ (CL¸×eMLmOqj ½Pe÷)EéM~ÓNqj¸

ÄGRNqj¸Py ×¦¿»¸Á. MLjj$qjÜOqj TdìÂ¥q ÂM~GSjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h MnÈ", O~¾FLŠ ÄGRNqkÂï ÄML¿¸ÔL$c
PyGH¸ GS¿ÁÍí_¨¸Á(No.246 of 1925).
¯ E~FL¸ ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ¥q^jtjO§(¥q^¥q¸)Ä£jÍ¥h On¸<MLMLkOqj ¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCL ÔoNqjPoÍj :
ÍXhBcFL Ôy+MLj¸<Ó¸FL¸ÍÆ EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ ÔofSFL ¯ E~F~Á¥cÂï öGH¥q=h¸ÔL@~Â¥h
O~NqjÓj, ¥qßadêFLÁ À£Oq¸FL¸ÍÆ ¯ öGHCoõ¥q GSìPeÂï ²¸ÍjŠ ²FLjï¥xF~ï@y ®¸CL¥cÓ¸ $q<¼FL CLOqjM~CL
¯F~<j MLjFL¸ ö$qfU¸ÔL<¸ ¥qGRæ¸. ¬EéÄj^¸=o Q~.QZ. 1439 ¼ML¿FnÓÓPy ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj “¥q^jtjO§”
(¥q^¥q¸)FLj MLjj^æ¨¸ÔL@~Â¥h On¸<MLMLkOqj ¥qÈ¸$q¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL ÔofS °¸=e<j ¬Fo À£O~ôF~Â¥h
O~ML<¸ FLMLjôQZ¥qõ¸ ¥cÍj(Ar.Sur.Rep. for1908-09 page 182). rHÎFL MLjFL¸ $qMLjÂ¸¼FL ¥xMLjkôOqj
Q~GSFL¸(No.824of1922) MLjj¸Íj, ®Á ÂÓ_<Â MLk^ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o “¥q^jtjO§”(¥q^¥q¸)
MLjj^æ¨ ö¥i.QZ.1516 GS¸. MLk¿á Po¥q ¾eF| FnÓŠ MLjj¸Eé ×¦¿»NqjjFLï^j÷ $qMLjÂ¸Ô~¸. ¬¸=o ¯ E~FL¸
®MLø_¨FL ö¥i.QZ. 1517 GS¸. ¨rS¸_OqjFnÓ 28ML CoÁ£¥h GHmOqøMoj ×¦¿»Nqjj¸¨¸Á. ¥qFLj¥q ¥q^¥q¸ Ä£jÍ¥h
On¸<MLMLkOqj Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿»FLÍFL@~Â¥h ÏE~Oq¸ PoÍj.
O~NqjÔLkO§ À¿» TdøÏÁF£ L¸ ÔoGSj¥yML@~Â¥h ÁP|ad ÔofSFL öHG NqjCLï¸, O~NqjÔLkOqj NqjjE~íÂî ¥h F~¸Á :
O~NqjÓj ÀOqj¥qÚ<NqjkOqj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h CLFLÔo ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj ÔofSFL E~F~Âï ¬MLjÓj
ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLjÀÂGSkë Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸Py ö¥i.QZ. 4-6-1520 CoÁ£F~<j MnkÍMLjjöÍ MoTd<j. ¬¸=o
O~NqjÔLkOqj NqjjÍíîMLõMLVOq¸ MLjj»¸ÔLj¥xÂ O~NqjÓj O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿»ML¼á ¬GHð=h¥h 15 Oy¾Ój
MLköCLMoj ¬tj¸Á. rSøP| Pn¥qÚÓj¥q=hæ O~NqjÓj O~NqjÔLkOqj FLj¸¨ ö¥i.QZ. 19-5-1520 QZÂM~Oq¸F~<j
O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿»ML¼áFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ï<j. Á£Âï_=hæ O~NqjÔLkOqj¥y^ ®GHð=h¥o ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬ÏÁ£FL¸Py
°¸<$c, E~ÂÂ À¿» MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xFo °EéíQZ¸Cy MLjj^æ¨ÔofSFL ®rSÎôP|¬ÁP|ad öGHNqjC~ïÂï GSjF~NqkGS¸$c
öÀfHð¥x=hæ CL¿ÄjMoTd<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÄ×¦Nqj¸ Q~ø.3 GH.9, O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸
(“Sources,” page118)Oqj¾MLl GHOqjGSjëF~ïtj. Ä£=h ¥qDÍFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ O~NqjÓj O~×¦õ GH¿JdÓFLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL
ö¥xCLëPy, ¬¸CL¥q¸CLŠ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õMLõMLVO~ÓPy ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c ×y¥qõ¸ ¥qÓj$q×ofS¥x¸^k Šö^Ój
GHFLjïCLjFLï¸ÍjFL, CLGHðÂGS¿$c Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCL GS¸ÍO~óFL O~NqjÓj O~NqjÔLkOqj¥y^FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂ,
ö¥i.QZ. 1513 GS¸. ¥x¸CL OqXq*rSÎF~õÂï ¬¸Íj °¸Ô~<j. ¬GHð=y÷ Á£Âï GH¿GRÚ¿¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ¬ÁP|adŠ CLFL
O~×¦õ¸PyÂ GSMLjGSõPo ¬¸CLO~Nqj¸$c ÂÆÔ~tj(Swell’s, Fogotten Empire, page127). Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ÔLksSë,
×¦¿»FL ÄGRNqj¸, ³MLj¸=o rSøP| ÔnfHðFL^j÷(Forgotten Empire, page140) “Ä×¦NnkC~ûÿ¸Cy °Coë½CLj@âÎFL
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MnÈ÷ O~NqjÔLkOqj¥y^FLj MLjj^æ¨¸¼ ¬FLÀ¥cÓ¸PyFo MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xFnFLj” ¬FL<¸ GS¿¥cÍj.
²¸ÍjMLÓFL¸=o ®rSÎôP|ÁP|ad, ¬ÿMLjE§FL$qO§, $yPxÚ¸< GSjPeëFLjÓCyÔo¿ O~NqjÔLkOqj¥y^FLj MLjj^æ¨¸¼

À¿» GH^jæ¥y@~Â¥h öGHNqjÀï¸ÔL$q, O~NqjÓj M~¿Cy CLGHðÂGS¿$q NqjjE~íîÂ¥h CLÓGH¨, M~¿Â ¼CLjëÔofS
1 2
CL¿Äj¥x^æ$c, M~Oqj FLÁPyÍk¥h, MLÆ µ<jèFLŠ ¯Íj¥x¸^k Jd¿JwNqkOqj. ÁP|ad NqjjÍíîOq¸$q¸PyÂ

rSÎÂ¥qÇÃO~Âï MLÁÆrH=hæ Jd¿Jw$c ¬¥qÚ< °FLï^jML¸=h NqjjÍíî TdMLjö»Â, ÏÍF~Âï ¥xÓ÷$x=hæ O~NqjÓj
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Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h Ä×¦NnkC~ûÿ¸Cy À¿»MLÔ~á<j. 4
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O~NqjÓj O~×eõÂ¥h $qEâíFn¥hÚ¸Á MnjjÍÓj µ¥qMnÎGHl $q×¦GHCLjÓj, MLjOyMnÎGHl MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓj,
5
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O~NqjÓj, GSjMLkOqj GHlGRÚOq¥cÓ¸ NqjjÍíî MLõMLVO~ÓPyFo MLjjÂ»JwNqk<j. $q×¦GHÀÂ Px¸$qÁ£GSj¥yML@~Â¥h
ö¥i.QZ. 1512 FLj¸¨ 1516 GS¸.MLOqŠ GSjMLkOqj 5 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ Jd^jGH@~è<j. ¬<GH Í<GH, Šö^Ój,
Í¸<NqköCLÓj, MLjj^æ<jÓj Td»GSkë, Cx¸ÍOq¥qÆ»GSjëFLï MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjGSjPeëFLjÓ gHÔLMLj*Ô~<j. °CLÚ+
1. ¯ NqjjE~íîÂï $qj¿¸¼ rIH¿adæ ¥qDÍFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, MLjjÍÜP|, OnÎ×yO§ÓFLj, Ãª×¦FLj$nÜîO§ Nnjj¥qÚ O~N|j FLj¸¨ À¿» TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔoGSj¥xMo¸ÍjŠ,
®rSÎôP| ÁP|ad rSÎFLõ¸Cy _NqjÓjEéO~<j.(Sewell’s “Fogotten Empire”, page151)®¸¥qFLk ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓMLÍíŠ, ®rSÎôP|
ÁP|ad GH¸fHFL O~NqjKe¿ML¼á ÔnfHðFL ÄGRNqj¸ (Fogotten Empire page 352) “Â£MLl O~ÔxP| GH^æBcÂï MLjj^æ¨¸¼, ÔLj^jæ
öGH¥qÚÓ °FLï EéQ~Âï ¥xÓ÷$x=hæ GSOqøF~QZFL¸ ÔofSFL MnÎFL¸ CnÆNqjML¼áFLÁ. ¬=hæ ¥cO~õÂï Â£MLl ÔofSNqjj¸=hMLFLj^Py GS¸Eéÿ¸PoÍj.
¯ M~Oqë F~ MLjFLGSjFLj Äj¥hÚÆ ¥qÓ¼MofS¸Á.” ¬^jML¸=h, ¯ M~¥cõÓ bKeM~Âï_=hæ ¯ ¥y^ÓFLj O~NqjÓ TdøÏÁ£FL¸Py MLjj¸ÍjFLj¸©
°¸@âFLÂ£, TdMnkJdNqj¸Cy TdÏÁ¸ÔLPo¥q ÔLCLjOyì JdNqkÂï °GHNnk»¸¼ Á£ÂÂ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xFLj^Š öGHNqjÀï¸ÔoTd<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¥cÂ ¯ ÄGRNqj¸Py ®CLÂ öGHNqjCLï¸, GHm¿ë$c ÄIGHÓMnjÎ MLjj$qjÜOqj MLjÿôÁ£Nqj GSjPeëFLjÓŠ(ÍjFoE~Oqj÷) ¬MLMLkFL¸, CLÓML¸GHlÓFLj
Cn¼árH=hæ¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj fS¸VöÁFLj¸¨ À¿»ML¼áFLGHl<j ®GRæ¸ Po¥qJwtjFLGHð=h¥h rHÎ¥h Ä£Oqj CLMLj ÄÏEéNqjCLFLj öGH¥q=h¸ÔLMLÓfS
ML¼á¸Á.(ÔLk<j.¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl 185, ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q 1 ).
2. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ MLjj$qjÜOqj MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj GSjPeëFLjÓCy ¥qßadêFLÁ ÍXh*GHl=x<jèFL ×¦¿fHFL NqjjE~íîÂï $qj¿¸¼ ¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj¸(Q~ø.
3 GH.11MLj¿Nqjj GH. 40-47) Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ¥qDÍFL¸, GSðGRæ¸$c IGHPeF~NqjjÍíî¸ ¬Â CnÓjGH¥qJwtjFLGHð=h¥i ¬Á OnÎÔLkOqj NqjjE~íîÂ¥h
GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLÍFLj^ GSðGRæMoj. ¯ ¥cMLõ¸Py ÔnGHð_¨FL GS¸GIHj^FLÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FL^÷tjCo, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀÄ£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL

öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj$qFLj MLj¿Nqjj °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xÂFL ö¥i.QZ. 9-6-1514ML CoÁ£¥h GHmOqøMoj OnÎÔLkOqjNqjjÍíî¸
×¦¿»FLÍFLj^ GSðGRæ¸(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.164 ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q 2).
3. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLFL MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ ¥cMLõ¸Py (Q~ø.1. GH.42)Py CLFLÔo [¸¨¸GH_¨FL ³ÍjP|#eF| (¬ÁP| ad)MLjGSë¥cÂï
°CLëOqÁŠÚFL ÄQ~ÓMnjÎFL Ãª<jbKZkMLjjÓPy ÁfRæKxMLjô$c MoPe<Á£Q~FLÂ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ï<j.

4. GSjPeëFLjÓrHÎ CLFLj TdÏÁ¸¼FL Ä×¦NqkÓCy CLßfHëFx¸ÍÂ O~NqjÓj CLFL ¼ML¿Oy¾ÓPy ÃPeÜM|(KnPeÜ¸)FLj MLjj^æ¨¸ÔLj^Š
GSFLïÍíîMLjNnjõFLj. ¥cÂ ¬F~Oy$qõ¥cOq*¸$c ¥cO~õÂï ÄOqÄj¸Ô~<j(Forgotten Empire page.362)

5. rHÎFL CnÆfHFL ÄÏÍ¸$c (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.172) ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj _ÿjQZ¹ ö¥i.QZ. 26-7-1509 CoÁ£ F~<j O~×¦õGH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cO~Âï
ÔoGH=hæ °¸=e<j. ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï No.703 of 1919 $qjÓõQ~GSFL¸ GSk¼Twë¸Á. ®¥q Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ
O~×nÎFL $q×¦GHÀÂ Ô~MLlEâ_ò¥x=hæ O~NqjÓsHOqjFLj ÔnÃCo bKZNqj¸Cy $q<$q<Pe<j FL¸CL=h Sf ìÀ¥h À£GSjŠMLÔ~á<j.
O~NqjÓ ÔoÀEâ_ò Oqj¼ÔLkfSFL GSjPeëFLj, QZöCLjMnÎFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj _À¥h°FLï¸CL¥cÓ¸, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õ¸
rHÎ ¥qFnïÀë ÔLk@~èÂ¥h‚< TdÿfS¸ÔLPoÍj(Forgotten Empire page,139). ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c GH^jæÍÓCy,
¬ÄöQ~¸CL¸$c O~×¦õGSjfSìOqCLŠ, Q~¸ÀTdìGHFLŠ Jd^jGH@~è<j. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL ÍQ~_í¥cÓ¸ ÄöQ~¸À$q
¥cPeÂï $q¨Jd<j. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py [@~ÜÂ¥h ÄöQ~¸ÀÂ¼á, ¥qPeÂï ÔoCLGH=eæ<j. _jÁíî¥h GHÍjFLj rH=eæ<j.
²Ó÷Nnj<Ó Q~¸À¥yGS¸ Jd^jGH@~è<j. ÓÆCL¥q+ÓFLj öJwCLûfU¸Ô~<j. ¥qßÀ¥qOqëNnjÎ, ¥qßÀbKZOqëNnjÎ, ¥qMLlÓFLj
JwfRGSkë ¥qÄC~$yGRjçÓCy, ÄFyÍVGSõbKZ¿CL GS¸bKeGR*ÓCy ¥cPeÂï $q¨Jd<j. ¥cMLõF~^¥cÍjÓFLj
O~tj¸ÔL<¸, FLßCLõF~=eõÓFLj, ÇPeðÓFLj Ôn¥hÚ¸ÔL<¸, EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj Â¿ô¸ÔL<¸, MLõMLTdNqj¸, ¥q+ÓFLj
MLßCLjëÓFLj öJwCLûfUGSkë ×¦FLTdMLkF~õÂ¥h GSj[Tz#eõÓFLj ¥qÓj$q×osS ¥cO~õÓPy CLFL ÄöQ~¸À¥cPeÂï
ÄÂNnk»¸Ô~<j. MLjFLjÔL¿öCL, Jd¿×eC~GHÿOq*¸ ML¸=h öJzA<¥cM~õÓFLj, OqTd[¸<¥cM~õÓFLj ¬¸¥hCL¸
Jv¸Í<Moj$c¥q, C~FLj‚< GSøNqj¸$c CnÓj$qjPy MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ öJzA<¥cM~õÂï, GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py ×e¸_MLÀ£
¥qPeõ*¸ F~^¥q¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL M~=hÂ Oq¼¸¼¸Ô~<j. TdÏE~Oq*¸$c ÄÍøC|GSbKeO~Nqj ¬tjFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
¬ÏÍõXqCLFLj, GS¸»¤CLF~=eõÓPy Jd¸¨À£$q¿MLj$qÓ ÄE~ø¸GSjÓ GSbKZNqj¸Íj, öGHMLjj[ ÄE~ø¸GSjPnÎFL Oq¸×¦¥q¸
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦(No.87,300A -T.T.), ®CLÂ ŠMLkOnëNnjÎFL Oq¸×¦¥q¸ŠJdðtj(No.110-G.T.); ®¸¥qFLk FL^jæML
F~$qNqjõ(No 558 of 1915)MnjjÍPnÎFL sUMLksUÄ£jÓj CLMLj ÄE~õJd^M~ÓFLj öGHÍ¿ù¸¼ O~NqjÓFLj
Oq¸½¸GH×oGSkë öGHÍOqùFLÆGSjë¸@éM~Oqj. O~NqjÓj GSÿ¥cOqöJwC~ûVÓCy, GS¸»¤CL¥qWeÂÏÁNnjÎFL “ÓXqô*” ¬Fo
¬CL<j “GS¸»¤CLGSkOyõÍNqj ¬Fo ö$q¸DE~Âï Oq¼¸¼¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÓXqô*j<j, _ÿjQZ, TdOq¸$qEéMLlÂ GS¸»¤CL
1
OqC~ô¥qOqMLjFo GSjöGHfSÍíî M~#eõFL¥qOqëNnjÎFL ÔLCLjOq ¥qÆ÷F~DÍjÂ ML¸Ç¢Nqjj<Â bKeÄ¸GH_<jCy¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ

öJdGH¥q¸Py, ÀMLjô*ê¬Fo ¥qFLï<¥qÄ, MLjVbKeOqC~Âï GR^ðÁ£MLßCLë¸Py ¥qFLï<bKeGRPyÂ¥h ¬FLjMLÁ¸Ô~<j.
¼^æ¼ML¿ Q~GSFLMnjÎFL No.298 of 1915, Äö¥qML¸Á(ÄÓj÷GHlOq¸ C~Ók¥c, ÍXh* O~Ú=|½Pe÷)Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ. 1431, QZj¥q÷F~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qO~Ú^¥q QZjÍíî GH¸ÔLÄ£j QZjö¥qM~Oq¸ ? ÿGSëFL¥qúöCL Nqjj¥që ÀDÁF~<j ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 22-7-1509 CoÁ£Â GSk¼Twë¸Á. ¯
On¸<j CoÁ£PnÎFL 26-7-1509 FLŠFLj 22-7-1509 MLjÏÍõ 3 ÁF~Ó MLõC~õGS¸ MLköCLMoj °¸<<¸ MLÓFL, _ÿjQZ¹ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j
ÿ=eCLjë$c MLjOqBh¸ÔL$c, Mn¸^Fo ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj GH¿JdÓF~ KeÏÍõCLFLj gSø¥q¿¸¼ fS¸VGSFLMLjjFn¥hÚ °¸=e<j. ¬FL¸CLOq¸ 6 FnÓÓ
CLOqjM~CL ÿ¸fHQ~GSF~Ó öGH¥cOq¸ 1510 ×¦FLML¿ 23ML CoÁ£F~<j GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ NqjDE~ÄÏÁ$q ×¦¿» °¸^j¸Á.
1. GS¸»¤CL GSkOyõÍNqj ö$q¸DÍ¥qOqë °JwE~ÝCL¸Py CLFL JwGRŠ@âÎFL ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ Q{OqõöGHC~JdÓFLj$qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLk ®Pe
¬¸=e<j - O~NqjÓj NqÙMLFLöJdNqj¸PyFo, Oq*Oq¸$cFL $q¸$qO~¾FLj GH=hæ _¸ÏÁ¸¼ ÇMLFLGSMLjjöÍ¸¥y^FLj MLQZ¸ ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j.
$q×¦GHÀÂ ¶¨¸¼ ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨ ¬JdOqÏÍFL¸ ¬Oq*¸$c Jv¸E~<j. OnÎÔLkOqj¥y^ MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj GSOqE~OqjFLj,
$x_kòOqj rSÎÂ¥qÇÃOq¸FLj¸¨ CL¿ÄjMofS $qjöO~ÓFLj, ³FLj$qjÓFLj MLQZ¸ ÔoGSj¥yML<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~, O~NqjÔLkOqj¥y^FLj TdøÁ£FL¸
ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. CLOqjM~CL ¥qßadêFLÁÂ E~=h, NqjMLFLEéQ~Âï F~QZFL MnjjFLO~á<j. MLj¿Nqjj fIHOy×eKeÍ, GSj¸#eE§GSOqj(#efS¸KeE§
?)Td$qOq MnjjÍPnÎFL ¥y^ÓFLj ö¥qÄj¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. GH¿úNqjF|sSFLFLj ¶¨¸¼ JdOq¦öEyPe<j. ¥qÓj_¿$qGHl¿Â MLjj^æ¨¸¼ GSjPeëFLj
¯ ¬FLjM~Í¸‚< GS¸GSÚßCLbKeOqC~Âï$c¥q, À¥qÚFLMLjV¥qÄ Oq¼¸¼FL CnÓj$qjMLjVbKeOqC~Âï ¬FLjGS¿¸¼FLÁ.

À¥qÚFL QnÎÆ£ÄF~õGS¸, OqTdÍ¸¼CL MLOqêF~MnÎÄÏE~õÓCy ‚¨FL MLjVbKeOqCL¸ ¥qFLï< ¥qMLlÓFLj ¥q^jæ¥yML<¸Py 1
QZáOqõ¸PoÍj. NqkDE~O~×e CLDE~öGH×e ¬Fo F~FLj¨Â ÂOqkfHGSkë O~NqjÓ ¥xÓjMLlPyÂ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓPy

‚< ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á, Jd¸¨CLõöGH¥qOqú ¥qÆ»FL ÄE~ø¸GSjÓj ¥qÀë GH^æ<¸PyFLj, ¥qPeÂï GH^æ<¸PyFLj GSMLkFL
ÂadêCLjPnÎFL rSÎF~õÏÁGHCLjÓj, GH¿JdÓF~ÍŠúÓj ¬FoŠÓj °¸@éM~Oqj. ÇOq¹ öGHÏE~Â Td+øÀMLjôNqj Í¸<F~DÍÔo
Oq¼¸GH_¨FL ¬$qGSëõ Oq¼CL KeÓbKeOqCL¸Ä£jÍ M~õ[õ, ®CLÂ MojFLÓj÷@âÎFL F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHðMLj¸öÀ£, $yGHMLj¸öÀÓÔo
CnÓj$qjPyFLj GS¸GSÚßCLMLjjPyFLj Oq¼¸GH_¨FL ¥qßCLjÓj öGHfSE~íîÓj.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓj - ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, ¼F~ïEéÄ :
TdÏE~Oq*¸$c Q~GSF~ÓPy ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ®OqjMLlOqj O~*jPnÎFL ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, ¼F~ï½¡EéÄÓ
sHOqj÷ sHOxÚFL_<jCLj¸=etj. Ä£¿Íí¿Py ×oGRjçO~Ój ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ fS¸VGSF~Â¥h O~¥qMLjj¸Eé ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
ÄM~ÿMLk¨NqjjF~ï<j. ¯ ÄGRNqj¸ Ôy+GSMLjjöÍ¸ Q~GSFL¸ No.87 of 1912 (Mad.Ep. Rep. for1912,
para 55)MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£Â öGH¥cOq¸, ÔLö¥qML¿ë ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, CLFL O~Bh ¬tjFL “ÀOqjMLjPe¸Ã¥q”Cy,
¥qO~êÔ~×¦õ fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, O~×¦õfS¸VGSF~Âï ²¥hÚFL
CLOqjM~Co, ¼F~ï½¡EéÄÂ ÄM~ÿMLk¨ °¸=e<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL GH^æGHlO~Bh GUyE~FLj ¯Mnj Jv¸Á Nqjj¸<Íj. 2
F~=h CnÓj$qj ¥cM~õÓPy ¯ ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓjFLj, “EéMoOqjÓj”¬Â GS${OqML¸$c sHOxÚFL_@~èOqj. ÀOqjMLjÓ

ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj $qj¸GHl$c°FLï MLjk<j C~öMLj öGHÀÃ¸KeÓPy µ¥q=h ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
öGHÀMLj ¥c$c, Äj»ÆFL ¯ ®ÍíOqj O~*jÓ öGHÀMLjÓj °F~ïtj. ¼F~ïEéÄ öGHÀMLj Š¨MnÎGHlFL, ¥qßGRêO~Nqj
3
MLjVO~NqjOqj MLjÏÍõ öGHÀMLj$qFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ öGHÀMLj ²<MLjöGH¥qÚFL ¬MLjOqá_¨NqjjFLïÄ. M~¿ F~MLjÏEéNqkÓj

MLjj$qjÜOqj ŠMLkOqjÓFLj MLj¿Nqjj O~Bh M~TdÂï ÂOqò¸ÏÁ¸Ô~<j.
1. ¯ ÄMLO~Ój MLj¿Nqjj GS¸»¤CL GSkOyõÍNqj ö$q¸DÍ¸FL¸ÍÆ °JwE~ÝC~Âï ¬¸Á¸¼FL ÅÇ¢ MLkFLMLÆ÷ O~MLj¥qßGRê ¥qÄ, M.A ; $c¿¥h
¥qßCL¾å<FLj(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl. 192, ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q 2)

2. “¥qßGRêO~Nqj Ä×¦NqjMLjj” Q~ø. 2 GH. 148 CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Á$§×nÎöCLNqköC~OqìMnjÎ GS¸fSÍjíî@âÎFLGHl<j, GH^æGHlO~Bh$q
CLFL KeÏÍõCLFLj ÂOqø¿ë¸ÔLjÔLk, ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ O~NqjÓŠ QZjbKZQZŠFL¸$c ML¼á ¥qGHØOqGHl-Á£MnFL-Ä@âMLjj (C~¸_kÓMLjj)FLj ®ÔnáFLj.
3. O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸Py ÔnfHðFL^j÷ bKZ$qMLC| sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqì¸ C~MnjÓ÷GHØ<jFLj bKZ¥hë öGHGHCLjëÓCy Â¿¤XhGSjëF~ïMLjÂ CnÓjGHl¥xFo^j÷$c, ÔoCLjÓj
×y¨¸ÔLj¥xÂ ÄFLöMLjCL °=hæGH@é^^j÷ ÂÓ_¨NqjjFLï À£OqjPy, ¯ MLjk<j öGHÀMLjÓFLj O~» Pyÿ¸Cy CLNqkOqjÔotj¸¼, EéM~ÓNqj
MLjj[E~øO~Â¥h Í$qÜOq, PyGHÆbKe$q¸Py °CLëOqÁQZ$c MnWo"MLkOqÜ¸Py, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ ±Oo»¸GHl$c MLÔoá^GHl<j, Ä£¿Â
Ç¢OqøÁ¸¼ MLjj¸ÍjŠ Td$qj^Š ¬FLjMLl$c°FLï GSìÓ¸Py, O~NqjÓÔo TdìfH¸GH_¨F~NqjÂ O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á(‘’Sources’’
page 127). ¯ MLjk<j Äö$qVÓj, $q×¦GHÀCy NqjjE~íîÓj ×¦NqjöGHÍ¸$c MLjj»fSFL CLOqjM~CL, O~NqjÓj Í¥hú*EéQZ À£OqìNqköCLÓj ÔoGSkë
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓtkÂ¥h ML¼áFL GS¸ÍO~òóFL öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨FLÄ(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.185. ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q 1.) ¯ ¥cOqõ¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1517 GS¸.
×¦FLML¿ 2ML CoÁ£F~<j ×¦¿»¸ÍÂ MLjFLŠ CnÆfS¸Eé. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ öGHÀMLjÓj, ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ×¦FLML¿ 2ML CoÁ£F~<j
öGHÀMLjÓ bKZj×eÓrHÎ Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLïÄ. ¥cÂ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ TdìFL ¥qÄNqj$qj ¬Ó÷TdÂ rHÍíFL Oq¼¸¼FL
MLjFLjÔL¿öCL ¥cM~õÂï O~NqjÓŠ ¬¸¥hCLÄjÔ~á<j. ¬¸ÍjPyÂ öGHDÍMLkQ~øGS¸PyÂ 33ML GHÍõ¸Py “¼F~ïEéÄ,
1
ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ O~NqjÓŠ $qkOqjá EéMoOqjÓj”¬Â CnÆJd<j. ¯ GHE~õÂï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLFLj Oq¼¸¼FL

$cÂ Po¥q ¬¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj$c $cÂ, O~NqjÓ GSMLjXq¸Py öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨FLÄ. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ Äö$qVÓj, O~¾, O~*jÓNnjj¥qÚ NqjDE~OqìMnjÎFL
JwÆ¥qÓFLj ¥qÆ»FL öGHÀÃ¸KeÓj$cFLj, M~¿ MLõ¥hëC~øÓj öGHGSjð^MLjNojõ^j÷$cFLj CLNqkOqj ÔoNqj_¨F~NqjÂ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá. NqjjÍíÄî £OqjÂ
ÍjGSjëÓPy °FLï O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ öGHÀMLj, ÇÓð ¥qWeÄF~õTdÂï öGH¥q=h¸Ôo ¿¤ÀPy M~¿ MLõ¥hëCLø¸, $çbÃªOqõ¸, FLöMLjCL °=hæ GH@é^j÷ °F~ïtj.
O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ öGHÀMLjNqj¸ÍÆ OqkGHlOo[Ój, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj TdÏE~Oq*MnjÎFL ²CLjë¥qÆ» ÔL¥qÚÂ MLjj[MLOqáGSjû ¥cOq GHlfRæ, ¥qÆ»FL Äö$qÿj<Â
ÔnfHðFL sHNqj}S (Paes)MLOqêFLŠ CL»NqjjFLïÁ. (‘’Forgotten Empire,’’ pages 246-7)ÔLk<$c, öGHÀÁFLMLjjFLk O~NqjÓj VOq¸Py
FLjMLløÓFLkFnFLj M~<jÔLjFLïFLk, CL»FL¸CL M~õNqkMLj¸ ÔoGSjë¸<^¸MLÓFL, ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c ¥q¸<O~Ój rHOqj$qjCLj¸Eé CLGHð ¬¥qÚ<Fo ÔnfHØFL^j÷(GHl^.
249-50) ¥xMLlø ¥q¸<ÓFLj rH¸ÔLj¥xÂ PeMn¥hÚFL^j÷ ¥cFLO~Íj. ¥q¸<O~Ój, ¥i+j÷ _ÆadæPnÎ, ¥qMLjôÔLjáÁ£fSFL^j÷ ÍßA<MnjÎFL QZ¿¤Oq GHlfRæ
¥qÆ»NqjjF~ï<Â GSk¼GSkë ¬Ó÷TdÂrHÍíFL MLjFLjÔL¿öCLMLjj Q~ø.4 GH.124Py “M~õNqkMLjfSìOq GS¸ÏÁ _¸ÏÍ‘’>¬Â ¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ GS¿$cÜFo
GS¸KyÏÁ¸Ô~<j(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1904 part 1, para 9 pages 3-4).
1. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ O~*jÓsHOq÷FLj sHOxÚFLï MLjk<j ö$q¸DE~ÓPy - O~NqjÓ bKeOqõÓsHOq÷FLj, ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, ¼F~ïEéÄNqjÂ sHOxÚÂFL rHÍíFL
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Q~ø.4, HG .73-137 CnÓjGHlCLj¸<$c, C> Lj¥cÚ HG ¸ÔL¥q¸(‘’sources’’pages 143-4), O~NqjÓj ¯ ÄM~VÂ¥h SG jMLjj[CLëø¸ ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸<PoÍFo
bKeM~Âï MLõ¥që¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. CLj¥cÚ ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄ¥h MLjOysHOqj ¬tjFL^÷tjCo O~NqjÓj CLFL MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍPy ¼F~ï½¡EéÄ sHOqjŠ
_ÍjÓj$c ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄÂ sHOxÚFLj^¸MLÓFL, MnjNqj¸Íj CLFLŠ$qÓ ösHMLkbÃMLkF~Ój MLõ¥ië¥q¿¸¼ FL^÷MLlCLj¸Á. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j
CLj¥cÚGH¸ÔL¥qMLjjPyÂÁ ¥q^jæ¥qDÍ ¬Â, E~¸=y÷ Â×¦¸PoÍÂ£ ÔnfHð ÀOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ¬Pe ¥cŠ¸@~ CLj¥cÚ, ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄ, bÃFLïMLõŠëÓFL<¸
GSCLõMoj ¬tjFL^÷tjCo, O~×¦Í¸GHCLjÓMLjÏÍõ bKoE~bÃöJdNqkÓj FnÓ¥xÂNqjj¸¨, ¬FyõFLõCL PoÍFo ÄGRNqkÂï ¯ CLj¥cÚGH¸ÔL¥q¸ FL¸ÍÆ
FLÓj$qjOqj O~*jÓCy ÄM~ÿ¸ :
¯ “ ö¥h}SF~O~M|” FLÓj$qjOqj ögSëÓFLj ÄM~ÿMLk@~<Â£ ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ®¸¥c ¬Fo¥q MLj¸Á
°¸GHl<j ¥qCnëÓj ®CLÂ O~BhM~GS¸Py °F~ïOqÂ£, ÔnfHðFL FLkÂ×| ¥qDÍFL¸ (“Forgotten Empire” page
63)Py GSCLõ¸ °FLï=o÷ ¬ÂfHTwë¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk ¥cÓ¸Py MnÓjML¨FL ¥cM~õÓÂï=hÂ£ MnjjCLë¸ Ä£jÍ
×eö$qCLë$c GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, rHÎÔnGHð_¨FL ÄGRNqj¸ Â×¦Moj ¬Â Oqj¾MLMLlCy¸Á. Ä£¿Py GH^æGHlO~BhNqjj,
öGHDÍMLj bKeOqõ ¬tjFL ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ ö¥i.QZ.1509 GS¸MLCLûO~FL O~NqjÓj GH=eæbÃfRŠë <tjFLGHl<j O~NqjÓ
¬O~íî¸»$c ¯Mnj fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸¼¸Á. O~NqjÓj GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL On¸<j ÍQ~KeíÓ ¥cÓ¸Py NqjFL
¬O~ì¸»$c bKZOqëFLj ¬¸=hrH^jæ¥xÂ °¸¨ ¬CLÂÂ ½¡ÄC~¸CL¸ sSÄ¸¼¸Á. ¼F~ïEéÄ O~NqjÓ ¼FLïbKeOqõ.
O~NqjÓj fS¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁfRç¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL, ¯Mnj O~NqjÓFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨¸Á. ö¥i.QZ. 1517-18 GS¸.FL
Mnj ÔLÂJwNojMLOqŠ, 5 Po¥q 6 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój O~¾FLŠ ¼FLïO~BhNnjÎ ÄO~½Æ÷¸Á. CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ µ¥q=h Po¥q
On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL, ¯Mnj TdìFL¸Py ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄ ML¼á¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯Mnj, O~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¼ML¿MLOq‚ ½¡Ä¸¼ °¸^j¸Á. ¬^jCLOqjM~CL O~NqjÓj, öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀ ŠMLkOnëNnjÎFL
¥qDÍFL¸ CnÆNqj×oTwë¸ÍÂ ¬FLMLÔLjá. ¬¸Co¥cÍj, O~NqjÓj ¯ FLkCLFL bKeOqõNqj¸Íj ¥q>¿FL¸$c öGHML¿ë¸ÔLj^ °EéíQZGHmOqø¥qMoj ¬tj
°¸^j¸ÍÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h TdÚOqMLjj¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj O~×eõÂ¥h O~¥qMLjj¸Íj, $q×¦GHÀ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×eõÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL ÍXh* O~öadæÓFLj
¬ö¥qMLj¸$c ö¥qÄj¸¼ °F~ï<j. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL O~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀÂ EéøfR¸¼ GH$q À£Oqjá¥yML@~Â¥h Mo¼NqjjF~ï<j. O~×eõÂ¥h O~$cFo $q×¦GHÀÂ
NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨¸¼, ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨, °EéíQZGHmOqø¥q¸$cFo ¯ ¬ÍFLjFLj ÄÂNnk»¸ÔLj¥xÂ MnjNnj<Ó ¥q>¿FL¸$c
öGHML¿ë¸¼, Mnj CL¸ö¨ MLjFLGSjFLj FxfHð¸¼, ¬MLMLkÂ¸¼ $q×¦GHÀNnj< CLFL ¥qfSÂ À£Oqjá¥yML@~Â¥nÎ MnjFLj µ¥q JdMLl$c M~<j¥xÂ
°¸=e<j(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.165, ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q1.). ¥cÂ ¥x¸CL ÍkOqÍßfRæCy Py¼¸¼ CLFL O~×¦Â£À FnÎGHl*õCLFLj öGH¥q=MLj$qjFL^j÷,
öGHC~GHOqjöÍ$q×¦GHÀ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Ä£OqbKZöÍO~Nqj MLjO~õÍGHmOqø¥q¸$q fHÆ¼ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ GHÍÄÂ¼á ${OqÄ¸ÔL@~Âï _=hæ ÔLksSë, $q×¦GHÀ
ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL CLOqjM~CL MnjFLj ¬MLMLkÂ¸Ôo¸CL=h Â£ÔL¥cO~õÂ¥h µ¨$q=hæ °¸<<Â bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
ÅÇ¢ MLkFLMLÆ÷ O~MLj¥qßGRê ¥qÄ$cOqj, CLj#eÛ HG ¸ÔL¥qMLjj $qj¿¸¼ C~FLj öM~fS¥xFLï Fy^jûFLj F~Š HG ¸JdOqj. “CLj#eÛHG ¸ÔL¥qMLjj”FL¸ÍÆ
5 GHE~õÓPy ¬M~¸CLOq¸$c ÔofSFL GS¸KyÏÍFL öGHGS¸$qOqkJdFL, öfHNqjj<j, CLFL ösHNqjfSÂ ÂOq÷Xqõ¸ ÔoNqj<¸ ®¸ÍÆ ÄGRNqj¸. ®Á $q×¦GHÀ
ŠMLkOnëNnjÎFL CLj#eÛÔo Oq¼¸GH_¨FLÍÂ,‘’The Sources of Vijayanagar History’’ ¬FLj ö$q¸DÍ¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¯ 5 GHE~õÓPy, µ¥q=h
MLÓ÷bKZEéMLlÂ ‘’GSjbKefRC~MLÈ’’Py °FLïEé, ¯ GS¸¥qÓFL ¥qßÀ, ö¥i.QZ.1400 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj öM~Nqj_¨Nqjj¸@âFLj. ®¸¥x¥q GHÍõ¸,
MLjjŠ+bKZ^jæ ¬Fo ¥qÄÔo ö¥i.QZ.900 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL Oq¼¸GH_¨FL ‘¬bÃÏE~MLßÀëMLköÀ¥c’ ¬FLj ö$q¸DÍ¸Py °FLïÁ. ¥cÂ Äj»ÆFL MLjk<jGHE~õÓŠ
MLjkPeÏE~OqMLjjÓj ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj. ®¸ÍjMLÓFL, ¬GSÓj CLj#eÛ ¬FLj Mnj ¥qÄCLø¸ O~Nqj$qÓ TdMLjOqìõ¸ ¥qÓEéF~ ¬FLï ÄGRNqjMnjÎ GS¸Eéÿ¸.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL $q×¦GHÀŠMLkOnë sHOqj CLj#eÛ ¬FLj^ SG ¿NnjÎFLEéF~ ¬FLï SG ¸Eéÿ¸ ³Oqð<jCy¸Á. ²¸ÍjÔoCLFL¸=o öHG KyÏÍÔL¸öEyÍNqj
M~õ#õPyÂ ¯ ÄM~ÿ¸ $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ¯ GHÍõ¸, Qo÷adÓ¸¥cOq Nqjj¥që¸$c °¸¨, Mnj GSjbKZöÍNoj ¬Â GSk¼Twë¸Á. ×¦$qF~ïDÍ¸PyÂ
CLFL ®ÓMoÓjð sHOqjÄ£jÍ, $q×¦GHÀ, CLFL ŠMLkOnëŠ GSjbKZöÍ ¬Â sHOqjrH^jæ^Py ¬GS¸bKeMLõ MojÄj PoÍj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, GHÄöCLMnjÎFL
ÄM~ÿGS¸ÍO~òóFL ¬»ïGUyöCL¸ ²Íj^ ÔofSFL öGHMLk*MLjjÓFLj ÄGSô¿¸¼, CLFL O~×¦¥iNqj ÔLÍOq$q¸Py MnjFLj µ¥q JdMLl$c M~<j¥xÂ
°¸@âFLÂ CLj#eÛ GH¸ÔL¥qMLjj ÔofSFL Â¸ÍFLj, rHÎ ÔnGHð_¨FL ÄGRNqkÓj GHO~GS¸ë ÔoGSjëF~ïtj.
CLj#eÛ Po¥q ×¦$qFyôfUÂ ¬FLjF~MnjFLj ‚< ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯Mnj CLOqjM~À 6 Po¥q 7
GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ CLFL bKZOqë GH¿JdÓFL MLjj»¸GHlFLŠ MLÔLjáFL¸CL MLOqŠ °¸¨°¸^j¸ÍÂ ¬FLj¥yMLÓfS°¸Á.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj MnjjCLëMLjjÄ£jÍ FLÓj$qjOqj O~*jÓFLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL^j÷FLj, ¬¸ÍjPy µ¥cMnj ¬Oq<×¦FLj
GS¸MLCLûO~Ó PyGHlFLFo ÔLÂJwtjFL^j÷FLj, Äj»ÆFL MLjj$qjÜOqj O~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¼ML¿E~¥c
ö_À¥hNqjj¸¨FL^j÷FLj GSðGRæMLjMLlCy¸Á. Ä£¿Py, ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ, rS¿$qGH=pO~¾ ¬¸=o ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qGH^ï¸
GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL ŠMLkOq Ä£Oq Q~õMLjO~Nqj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOnë. ¯ Q~õMLjO~Nqj, O~NqjÔLkOqj
NqjjÍíî¸Py JdPxÚÂ Ä£Oy¼CL¸$c JwO~¨ O~NqjÓŠ CLFLML¸CLj GSÿ¥cO~Âï ¬¸Á¸¼FLM~<j (“Forgot-
ten Empire,”pages 327 and 336). CLj#eÛ Po¥q ×¦$qFyôfUÂ, $q×¦GHÀ O~¾ ŠMLkOnë ¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¥cÂ ¼F~ïEéÄ, ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄÓ CLÆ÷Í¸ö<j PnMLOqFLjFLÁ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy ¥x¸Í¿sHOqj÷ Q~GSF~ÓPy öGHGS¥qëMnjÎF~tj. ¬=hæ M~¿Py
¥x¸ÍOqj ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~ÏÍjÂ(ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj)Í¿ù¸ÔLj¥xÂ E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj, _ÿjMLjCLjÓFLj ¬¿ð¸¼
FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
öGHÏE~Â Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGS MLj¿Nqjj NqjFL Š^j¸_¸, _¸ÏÍj$q*¸ :
O~NqjÓ öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ Td+jMLÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ Q~.QZ.1433 öGH×eGHÀF~MLj GS¸(¥i.QZ.13-1-1512)
CoÁ£F~<j(No.277-T.T.)JvCLëfHF~<jPyÂ GHO~¸<ÓkOqj ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. MoMLjNqj
Po¥q MoMLjOqGSŠ MLjFLjMLj<j, O~¼O~×¦ Po¥q O~ÔLOqGSŠ ŠMLkOqj<j. ¥{¸¨FLõ $yöÀ£Š<j, GHGSë¸_
GSköCLj<j, Nqj¾Q~ù[Š Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j. ®CL<j, ¥{Ç¥q$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL F~Eâ¸<÷ÀMLjôO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ TwÍ¿Nqj$qj
ÓXiô¬MLjôFLj ÄM~ÿMLk@~<j(No.277, 334 -T.T.), MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ TwÍ¿NnjÎFL ¥qßadê¸_ Po¥q
¥qßGRêMLk¸_FLj, F~Eâ¸<÷ ÀMLjôNqj¥h¼á (Ep.Ind.,Vol.Vi, No.12, page111)ÄM~ÿ¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL
F~Eâ¸<÷ ÀMLjôNqj ŠMLkOqjPnÎFL ¥yFL, ¬GHð, $yGH, ¬Fo MLjj$qjÜOqj Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGSjŠ, MojFLÓj÷¸ö<MLl
CLjF~ïOqj. Td+jML ÀMLjô* MLj¸öÀ£¸öÍj<j, CLFL ®ÍíOqjŠMLkOnëÓFLj, F~Á¸<÷ ÀMLjôNqj ¼FLïŠMLkOqjPnÎFL
¬GHðNqj, $yGHNqjÓ¥h¼á ÄM~ÿMnjjFL¿á, M~¿Cy CLFL_¸ÏÍjC~øÂï $q=hæ GHOqÔLj¥xF~ï<j (Ep.Ind.,Vol.VI,
No.12,page 111). ¬GHðMLj¸öÀÂ ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL ÀOqjMLjPe¸_(Sources of Vijayanagar History pasge
148)Td+jMLÀMLjô MLj¸öÀ rHÍíŠMLkOnë. Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ ¼FLïTwÍOqjÂ sHOqj Td+jML$yÄ¸ÍO~¾.
¯ Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×eõÂ¥h MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c
°¸¨FL^j÷ rHNqj}S CnÓjGHlCLjF~ï<j(Swell’s “Forgotten Empire,” page 284). Q~GSFL¸ No.196 of
1918 of the Mad. Ep.Coll. Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, öGHÏE~Â Td+jMLÀMLjô, ¬FLjFLCL<j Td+jML
$yÄ¸ÍO~¾FLŠ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py No.278-
T.T. and No.102-G.T. Q~GSF~Ój $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ¸$cOqjŠ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<Â GSðGRæ¸ $c
CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. Td+jMLÀMLjô E~FL¸ÔofSFL ®OqMnÎ Oy¾ÓŠ MLjj¸Íj$c ®CLÂ bKeOqõNnjÎFL ÓXiô¬MLjôF|

ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h 1200 FLOqðBcÓj ÔnÆ÷¸¼ TdøÄj¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL=eÂ¥h ³O~ð^j ÔofS¸Á.
E~FL¥qOqë$c CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸Ôo F~ÓÜMLML¸CLj öGHTdE~Âï CLFL ¬Ój÷<j F~Á¸<÷ ÀMLjôO~¾ ŠMLkOqj<j
¬GHðNqjõF|Š ®MLøMLÓfS¸Á$c ¥q^æ¨ÔofS¸Á. ¯ ¬GHðNqjõF| Po¥q F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHð ¬FLjFLCL<j F~Á¸<÷
ÀMLjôNnjj¥qÚ On¸<ML ŠMLkOqj<j; F~Á¸<÷ $yGHŠ rHÍíTwÍOqj<j. rH ÎÔnfHðFL ¯ ÄMLO~Ój $qMLjÂ¸¼FL=nu÷Co
¯ F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHð GSøNqj¸$c ¥cÂ, Po¥q sSMLŠÂ E~øO~ ¥cÂ öGHTdE~Âï ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h Ä£Ó$qjFL¸CL
ÍkOq¸Py ÂM~GSTdìFL¸ -ÀOqjGHÀPyFy Po¥q ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ ö$cMLkPy÷Fy, öJdNqjQZ¹ ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py
O~¾¥xÓjMLlPy °Eyõ$qGSjì<j$c °¸¨ °¸=e<j. ®CLÂ ×oõGRçTwÍOqj@âÎFL ‘ ¥yFL ’ FLj $qj¿¸¼ ³Äj
CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ ¬GHð, $yGH ¬Fo ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓj µ¥q¿ CLOqjM~CL MLjOx¥q¿$c $q×¦GHÀO~¾FLj¸¨
TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLï Mn¸^Fo ¥x¸<Ä£<jŠ $qMLOqïOqj$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@~èOqj. (Ar. Sur. Rep., for 1908 -
09 page 183.,Ep.Ind.Vol vi page 112). $yGH, $qjÀë ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h $qMLOqïOqj÷$c °¸¨FL^j÷ ‘‘O~×¦Qo[Oq ÔL¿öCL’’
¥cMLõ¸MLÓFL CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. _ÿjQZ¹ ¥x¸<Ä£<jFLŠ $qMLOqïOqj$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_<j^Š GHmOqø¸ $qjÀëPy

°Eyõ$q¸ ÔoGSkë °¸¨°¸=e<j. Td+jML ÀMLjô Í¸<F~NqjŠ<j ÏEâÎOqõTdÿTdÓCy ÔofSFL NqjjE~íîÂ¥h
IGHÆCL¸$c ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjOqÜ¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1515 ¾eF| 23ML CoÁ£ F~<j O~NqjÓŠ TdøÏÁ£FLMnjÎ¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL
O~NqjÓj, ÀMLjô Í¸<F~DÍjFo ¥x¸<Ä£=h ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h GH¿JdÓŠÂ$c ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j. ¥cÂ $q×¦GHÀ
Cy¨NqjjÍíî¸ ®¸¥c ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸<^¸MLÓFL O~NqjÓFLj ¬FLj$qÄj¸ÔLMLÓfS °FLï¸ÍjFL, ¥x¸<Ä£=h ÍjOqÜ¸
C~C~ÚÆ¥q GH¿JdÓŠ<j$q ÀMLjôÍ¸<F~DÍjÂ rHÍíÓj÷@âÎFL ‘‘¬GHð’’ ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@~è<j. NqjjÍíî¥cO~õÓj
MLjj»¸GHlFLŠ ML¼á, GH¿JdÓFL fSì¿¤¥q¿¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL ‘‘¬GHð’’ Š ¼FLïTdÍOqj@âÎFL $yGHFLj, Q~.QZ.1442
GS¸. ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjO~ÜÂ¥h $qMLOqïOqj$c, ÀMLjô ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.‘‘¬GHð’’ ÄFLj¥x¸<, $qjÀë,
MLj¿Nqjj ¬MLjO~MLjÀ ÍjO~ÜÓŠ $qMLOqïOqj$c ÂNqkMLj¥q¸ Jv¸E~<j(Ar. Sur. Rep., for 1908 - 09 page
183., Ep. Ind. Vol VI, page 112). ¥cÂ Kn×¦M~<FLj¸¨, Q~.¥q. 1438 GS¸. NqjjMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ. 7-2-1516) öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL No. 325 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ¥x¸<Ä£<j MLj¿Nqjj ¥x¸<GHÆ÷
½Pe÷ÓFLj ³¥q¸ÔofS O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ ¬ÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨FL^j÷ MLjFLŠ CnÆfSFL ÄGRNqjMoj.
¬¸ÍjMLÓFL O~NqjÓj ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjO~ÜÂï ¾eF| 1515 GS¸. Py TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xFL$cFo, C~C~ÚÆ¥q O~×¦õ
JdÓŠ¨$c F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHðFLj ÂNqjÄj¸¼ °¸=e<j. CLOqjM~CL, ¥x¸<Ä£<j ÔLj^jæGH¥qÚÓ ÍjO~ÜÓFLj
‚@~ ×¦tj¸¼ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂ, ö¥i.QZ. 1516 GS¸.Py(Q~.QZ.1438) (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl .182)
GH¿JdÓF~TzÓbKZõ¸ ¥yGS¸ ¥x¸<Ä£<jCy ¥qÆfHMofS, ¯ rHÍíO~öadæÂ¥h ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõFLj GH¿JdÓŠÂ$c
ÔofS °¸<MLÔLjá. ¯ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ ¥x¸<Ä£<jO~öadæÂï, GSjMLkOqj$c Q~.QZ.1440 GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.1518)MLOqŠ
GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. F~Eâ¸<÷ $yGH , ¥x¸<Ä£<jFLŠ O~×¦õJdÓŠ¨$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨FLGHl<j ¥x¸<MLjOqGSj
°ÍNqj»¿ O~×¦õJdÓŠ¨$c Q~.QZ.1442 GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.1520)MLOqŠ ¬¥qÚ< °F~ï<j. ¯ PyGHlFL ¥x¸<Ä£<j
ÍjOqÜ¸Nnjj¥qÚ öGHDÍMLj GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHðFLj, ÄFLj¥x¸<Cy(1515 GS¸. ¾eF| FnÓPy ¥x¸<Ä£<jFLj
TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥y@~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj ö¥i.QZ. 1514 - 15 Py ×¦¿fHFL öGHDÍMLj Í¸<NqköCLPy ¯ ÄFLj¥x¸<¥y^
FoÓMLj^æ¸ ¬tj¸Á) $qjÀëÍjOqÜ¸, ¬MLjO~MLÀÂ ³¥q¸ÔoNqj$c ³Oqð¨FL ¯ FLkCLFL O~öadæÂ¥h
O~×¦õJdÓŠ¨$c _ÁÆ£ÔofS , ö¥i.QZ.1516 GS¸. fIHö_ML¿FnÓPy, ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõŠ ¥x¸<Ä£<jgSMLjŠ
O~öGRæ JdÓŠÂ$c GHEyFLïÀ ¬tj¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c F~Á¸<÷ TwÍOqjPnÎFL ¬GHð, $yGH, MLjVO~¾ ¥xÓjMLlPy
°FLïCL°Eyõ$cÓFLj Jv¸Á KeÏÍõC~NqjjCL GHÍMLlÓPy ÂNqjÄj¸GH _<@~Â¥h Ä£¿ MLkMLj MLj¿Nqjk
öGHÏE~Â ¬tjFL Td+jMLÀMLjôNoj ¥cOq*bKZkCLj<j.
ÀOqjMLjÓPy Td+jMLÀMLjôOqGS ÔofSFL E~F~ÍjÓj, ®CLOq MLõMLVO~Ój Õ:
¥qßGROê ~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ. 1446GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.1524-25)Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL No.80-G.T
Q~GSFL¸Py öGHÏE~Â ÀMLjôOqGS öGHTdëMLFL °FLïÁ. ®¸¥qFLk No.278, 270-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPy ‚@~ °FLïÁ. ¯
Q~GSF~Ój ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÄ. ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h
FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š Td+jML ÀMLjô* ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL Td+jML$yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h
MLÔoá F~ÓjÜMLML¸CLj öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj Jv¸Íj^Py CLFLTwÍOqjFLŠ $qÓÿŠÚFLj Td+jMLÀMLjô* C~+÷Jd¥q
¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h F~Ój$qjMoÓ OqjML¸ÍÓ GHBcÓŠ Äö¥qtj¸¼ ®¼áFL
E~FLQ~GSFL¸ No.278 Q~.QZ.1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.26-2-1535 )Py GöH¥q=h¸GH_¨¸Á. ¬Eé
ÄÏÍ¸$c Td+jMLÀMLjô* ¯ On¸<j EéM~ÓNqkÓPyFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL¸ÍjÓŠ
CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸Ôo öGHTdÍbKe$cÓrHÎ CLFLŠ$qÓ ÿŠÚFLj C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥o Äö¥qtj¸¼ öM~tj¸¼
®¼áFL No.270-T.T. Q~GSF~Âï Q~.QZ. 1458 GS¸. ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~FL(ö¥i.QZ.1535 ¨rS¸_Oqj
29ML CoÁ£FL)FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¥cÂ ®¸ÍjPy µ¥qGROqCLj ÄÏÁ¸ÔL_¨¸Á. Á£ÂöGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqjMLjÓ
Nqjõ¸$cOqj ÀOqjMLjÓPyFo fSìOqÂM~GS¸ ³OqðOqÔLj¥yM~Æ. ®Pe¸=h GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸ÔL<¸PyÂ °EéíQZ¸ _ÿjQZ¹

ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj öGHÀÁFL¸ öJdCL¹¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿sH GSjöGHbKeCLsSMLPyFLj, O~öÀ ×¦¿$o ³¥çCL sSMLPyFLj
JdPxÜÂ ¯ F~<j ¯ ¥cOqõ¸ ×¦Oqj$qjCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c Jd^Ój Jd<jÔLj¸<MLÓfS¸Á. MLjOx¥q Q~GSFL¸
No.102-G.T.(¯ Q~GSFL¸ ³ CoÁ£F~<j öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FLEy CnÆNqj<¸ PoÍj.) ®Á Td+jMLÀMLjô ¬CLÂ
¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ÓŠ Ôn¸ÁFL öGHTdE~Âï ¯ C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥o ´ÍjMoÓ

On¸<jML¸ÍÓMLjk<j GHBcÓ Ox¥cÚÂ¥h Äö¥qtj¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÓjGHlCLk öM~fSFL ö¥qNqjGHöCL¸. ®¸ÍjPy
®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj GHÁFnÓÓ MLõMLÏE~FL¸Py Ä¨Ä¨$q öM~tj¸¼ tj¼áFL ö¥qNqjGHöC~Ó TdO~¸Q~Âï‚<
No.59-G.T Q~GSFL¸Py Jv¸ÍjGHOq¼ CLOqjM~À CoÁ£ÓPy Á£ÂÂ FLMnkÍj ÔofSNqjj¸=eOqj. ¼MLOq$q, ®¸ÍjPy
öGHÏE~Â ÀMLjô*, µ¥q gHC~¸_O~Âï, µ¥q GHGSjGHlGHÔLáÂ ¬¸$qOo[FLj öGHGSFLï ÅÇ ¢ Â M~GSjFLŠ ¬¸=o Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
TdøÄj¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjGHlÔLk ¬FLjGRjæ}H ÕÔL¸ÍGSjûPy Oq¼¸GH_¨FL On¸<j Qy÷¥cÓj °F~ïtj.
Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ :
¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkÂï Ç¸¼, $q¸¨¥y^ gSMLjPyÂ MojPeð¨ ö$cMLkÂï ¯ EéM~Ó
NqkÂ¥h Q~.QZ.1445, ¼öCLbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 27-8-1522)Py Td+jML$yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ÔofSFL E~FL¸$qj¿¸¼
No.97-G.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ CLFL ŠMLkOnëNqj$qj ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô ¬bKZjõÍNqj GHOq¸GHOq
F~Ç¸¼, Q~.QZ.1446, C~Oq*F~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 20-11-1524), °OqML¥x¸< gSMLjPyÂ ÿFLjMLj$qj¸<¸

ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo E~Nqj¸Cy, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸Í
O~×¦TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š r H¸¨Æ¥x<jŠ ÔnFLïNqjõF|ÔoCL ³O~ð^j Ôotj¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ¯ ÔnFLïNqjõF|,
Nqj¾Q~ù[ŠÔn¸ÁFL GHGSë¸_GSköCLj<j, ÿ¿CLGS$yöÀ£Š<j. ®CL<j FLOqfS¸$qNqjõF| ŠMLkOqj<j. Td+jML
ÀMLjôNnjj¥qÚ rHÍíŠMLkOnë sHOqj‚< ÀOqjMLjÓMLjôNoj. ¯MnjFLj F~Á¸<÷¬GHðŠ ®¼á ÄM~ÿ¸ ÔoNqj<¸
×¦¿»¸Á. No.12-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, MLjk<MLMLkOqj Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾, Q~.QZ. 1463
GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 5-11-1541) ¬¸=o ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓGH¿JdÓFL ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸Py MLjOx¥qö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸
ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. $yÄ¸ÍO~¾Ój E~FL¸ÔofSFLö$cMLkÓj $q¸¨¥y^ Ç¢MLjPyFLj MLj¿Nqjj °Y¦ML¥x¸<
Ç¢MLjPy °¸<^¸ÔoCLFLk, ®¸¥qFLk Q~.QZ.1437 ÏE~öÀF~MLj GS¸.FL¸ÍjFLj, Q~.QZ.1440, _ÿjÏE~FLõF~MLj
GS¸.Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL No.342 and 343 of 1905 Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ EéML$qj¨¥h,
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, Td+jML$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ µ@âNqjÓj ¬Fo ¯ °bKZNqjjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqíî¸ ‘ÍQZML¸Í’ E~F~Ój 1
ÔoNqj<¸ÔoCLFLk, Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ¯ ½Pe÷Ój$qÓ öJd¸CL¸Py ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸, GSjMLkOqj$c Q~.QZ.1437

FLj¸¨ 1446 GS¸.MLOq‚ GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨°¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °FLïÁ. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~
°ÍNqj»¿ O~×eõÂ¥h‚< GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨°¸=e<j. $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ $qjÀëO~×eõÂï, ¥x<$qjF~<jFLj
[1. ÍQZML¸Í ¬¸=o ÔnOqjMLl ¥q=hæFLGHl<j ¥q=hæFLM~¨¥h ÔnOqjMLl Td$qjbKZkÄjPy 1/10 bKe$q¸ Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á. ÍQZML¸Í E~FL¸ ¬¸=o ¯ Td$qj
bKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ ÔoNqj< MLjFLïMLk^. ÔLk<j GSO~ÚO§ fH.fS. $c÷GS¿ }IH ®F| föSÚGSúF|û - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
MLj¿Nqjj MnjÎGSkOqj PyÂ CnOq¥qBçÃgSMLj MnjjÍPnÎFL öJd¸C~ÓFLj GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL ¬FL¸CLOq¸, MLjj[õ

GH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸Py µ¥q öGHMLjj[ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c GHÂÔoQ~<Â CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ (Sur. Rep. for 1908-
09, page 183).
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ HG ¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py‚@~ Td+jML ÀMLjô*, $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ®ÍíOqj JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c

°¸<<¸ :
ÇOq¹ öGHÏE~Â Td+jML ÀMLjô* Í¸<F~DÍj<j MLOqjGS$c CLj+jMLML¸QZ¸ MnjjÍ=h MLjj$qjÜOqj
O~¾PnÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j, (No.342 and 343 of 1892)¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ MLÍí öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ
GHÍÄPy °¸¨ GSjMLkOqj (Q~.QZ. 1458)ö¥i.QZ.1535-36 MLOqŠ ¬¸=o 30 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×eõÂï
sSÄ¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¼^æ¼ML¿ CoÁ£$qÓ
¿¥cOqjè Q~.QZ. 1458 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h Ôn¸Á¸Á. $q×¦GHÀO~¾CyFLj, Ãª×eGHmOqj GSjPeëFLjÓCyFLj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
ÔofSFL NqjjÍíî MLõMLVO~ÓPy ®CL<j öGHMLjj[JdöCL MLfU¸Ô~<j. ×¦FLOq¸×¦¥q¸$c O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸ÔL<¸Py
ÔoEy<jM~Ey<j$c °F~ï<j ‘ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRêEéMLO~Nqj TdöMLk×¦õbKeOq ÏÍjOq¸ÏÍOqj<j’ ¬tjFL Td+jMLÀMLjô (‘Sources’
page 150 PyÂ ‘Krishnarjuna samvadamu’) Q~.QZ.1437(ö¥i.QZ 1515)¾eF|FnÓ O~NqjÓj ¥x¸<Ä£<j
¥y^ÓFLj MLjj= æ¨¸¼FLGHl<j öGHÏE~Â ÀMLjô* Nnjj¥qÚÏEâÎOqõTdÿTdÓMLPnFLFo _ÆGRçMnjÎFL ÍjO~ÜÂï TdøÏÁ£FL¸

ÔoGSj¥xFL$qÆ$c<j. ¬¸ÍjÔo ÀMLjô* MLj¸öÀ MLkO~ë¸<j@é ¥c¥q ¥qÍFLOq¸$cFL TdÿGS Ä£Oqj<j$c GSjöGHfSÍjíî
<Nqkõ<j. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ¬$qGSjëõÂ ‘KeÓbKeOqC~’Â¥h M~õ[õFL¸ Oq¼¸¼ ¥qÄPy¥q¸Py ÔL¸öÍjÂMLPn
öGH¥cÇ¸Ô~<j(‘Sources’ page 143). FLkÂ×| ÔnfHðFL ¥qDÍFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸(Swell’s ‘Forgotten Empire’pages
359-361)Oqj GS¸MLCLûO~Ó KeÓj<j$c °FLï O~×¦ŠMLkOqj<$qj ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjŠ ÄGRöGHNnk$q¸
ÔofS CLFL O~¾FLŠ FLMLjô¥qöEyÿ¸ CLÓrH=hæFL¸ÍjFL ¬CL<j, ¬CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<$qj $yÄ¸ÍO~¾, MLj¿Nqjj
¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<$qj ‘ÀMLjÍFLNqjjõ’Ó Nnjj¥qÚ ¥q¸<j÷ rH¿¥h¸ÔL_¨ ÔnOqTdÓPy _¸ÏÁ¸GH_¨F~OqÂ
ÔnGHð_<jCy¸Á. ¥cÂ ¯ ´Àÿõ¸ FLMLjôQZ¥qõ¸ ¥cFL^jML¸=h CLGHØ<j GSMLkÔ~OqMLjÂ ¬ÂfHTwë¸Á.
²¸Íj¥q¸=o CLOqjM~À Q~GSF~Ój ÀMLjô* MLj¸öÀ£¸öÍj<j MLj¸öÀGHÍÄPy O~Bh¸ÔLjÔLj¸¨FL^j÷FLj, ®¸¥qFLk
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFLPy‚< ®CL<j MLj¸öÀGHÍÄPy MLõMLÿ¿¸ÔLjÔLj¸¨FL^j÷ ÄQZÁ£¥q¿GSjëF~ïtj.
µ¥qMo+ ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ŠMLkOqjÂ MLjOq*¸ GSCLõMoj ¬tjFL^÷tjCo ¬=hæ Â¥qßGRæ¥cOqõ¸ ÀMLjô ¬Fo sHOqj$qÓ
MLjOyMLõ¥hë ÔofS °¸=e<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j‚@~ µ¥q MLj¸öÀNnjÎ °¸<<Moj ¯ ¬GHöGHDÍŠ ¥cOq*MnjÎ
°¸^j¸Á. JwOqjá»¤GSj NqköÀ£Š<j ¯ MLj¸öÀ ÀMLjôNoj öGHÏE~Â Td+jMLÀMLjô ¬Â ¬JwÿGH¨ °¸=e<j.
Td+jMLÀMLjô ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ ‚< O~NqjÓ TdìFL¸Py ÄQoGR¬ÏÁ¥cO~Ój ¥qÆ»FL
O~×yEyõ»$c ‘MLjVöGHÏE~Â ’, ‘ÇOq¹ öGHÏE~Â ’ MnjÍPnÎFL ÃOqjE~ÓCy GSCLÚ¿¸GH_¨FL^j÷ ¥xÂï Q~GSF~Ój

CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj (Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908-09 page 183). ®CLÂ rHÍíTwÍOqjÂMLPnFo ®CL<j‚< MLj¸öÀ$cFLj
Í¸<F~NqjŠ<j $cFLj, r HÎ MLjj$qÜOqj O~¾Ó ¥xÓjMLlPy °F~ï<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸MLOqŠ
®CL<j GHÍÄPy°¸¨ O~×¦õsSMLPy °F~ï<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ®CL<j CLFLTwÍOqjÂ MLjOqBcFL¸CLOq¸ GSjMLkOqj
OqjGS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1441-42 GS¸. MLOqŠ ½¡Ä¸¼ °¸@~Æ.
rH¿Nqj ¶_Ó F~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLjF~Nqj¥qO§ - µ¥q sSF~ÏÁGHÀ :
rH¿Nqj ¶_ÓF~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§, ÅÇ¢MLjF| MLjVF~Nqj¸¥cÔ~Oqõ GSOqørSÎF~õÏÍõXq
ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<j, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq rSÎFLõ¸FL¸Íj ¥cÓ¸Py °¸¨FL µ¥q öGHMLjj[ sSF~ÏÁGHÀ. ®CL<j
öGHDÍMLj¸$c Q~.QZ. 1426 GS¸MLCLûOq¸FL¸Íj ÔofSFL E~FLQ~GSFL¸, Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ®MLjô¨
FLßfS¸ÿjÂ¥cÓ¸Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FLÁ.(No.305-T.T.). ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, Q~.QZ. 1434
¸»¤OqGSF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (No.312-T.T.) ¥i.QZ.14-7-1512CoÁ£F~<j, GHlÓj$qkO§F~<j FL¸ÍÆ ÇCLëFLMyÓj
Ç¢MLjPyÂ Qn¸$y<jGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ®¸¥c ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1435, ÅÇ¢ MLjj[F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ.18-1-1514) (No.306-T.T.) 200 $yMLlÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®CL<j‚< MLOqjGS$c
MLjj$qjÜOqj O~¾PnÎFL ®MLjô¨FLOqfS¸ÿ, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py _ÿjQZ¹ ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py
ÂÓ¥q<$c °¸ÔL_¨FL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq rSÎF~õÂ¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ$c °F~ï<j.
O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ :
O~NqjÔLkOqj NqjjÍíî¸Py öGHMLjj[JdöCL MLfU¸¼FL, O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ, öÀNqj¸_¥qEéML
¬Fo ®ÍíOqjNqjjÍíîÄ£OqjPnÎFL ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓFLj Nos.77, 182-T.T.Q~GSF~Ój, MLjFLŠ
GH¿ÔLNqj¸ ÔoGSjëF~ïtj. MnjjÍ=h No.77-T.T Q~GSFL¸, _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCLj<jFLj,
bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<jFLj ¬tjFL ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ, °ÍNqj»¿ O~×¦õ¸FL¸ÍÆ
FnÓk÷OqjÇ¢MLjPyÂ MLjjÓj¸_k¸¨ ö$cMLkÂï Q~.QZ. GS¸. 1441 öGHMLkÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 17-4-
1519 CoÁ£F~<j E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. Ôy+GSMLjjöÍ¸ No.87 of 1912 Q~GSFL¸ öJdOq¸bKZ¸Py
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÆsH^^jML¸=h GH¿ÔLNqj M~¥cõFL¸CLOq¸, ®CLÂ rSÎF~õÏÍõXqj<j O~NqjGS¸

¥x¸<MLjOqG S NqjõFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGH lCLjFLïÁ. ¯ ¥x¸<MLjOqGS Nqjõ öE~Ä<EéQZ¸Py Ke$qj$c
¬bÃMLßÁíîGHDÍ¸Py°FLï “JvÍ^kOqj” ö$cMLkÂ¥h öGHÏE~FL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$q °¸¨FL °ÍNqj»¿ ¥qFLï¨$qQ~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL
öKeÿô*j@âÎFL öÇ¢GHC~õÔ~Oqõ MLjFLjMLj<j. ®CLÂ CLÆ÷sHOqj GS¸$qMLk¸Ã¥q, CL¸ö¨sHOqj ÀMLjôOqGS MLj¸öÀ.
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ®CL<j GIHjFL»¿ (rHFLj$x¸<) °ÍNqköÁ(°ÍNqj»¿)Mnjj<PnÎFL ¥y^ÓŠ ¬ÏÁGHÀ.

1
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ #eõÀÂ ®FLjMLj¨¸GH ×oNqjj^Š$cFLj, fS¸VöÁ£, MLj¿Nqjj ÅÇ¢ ‚Oqô¸MLÍí ×¦NqjGSë¸bKeÓFLj

F~=h¸¼FL Ä£Oqj ¨CL@é. ®CL<j ÕÔLGHðFLïEéQ~Ó(56 EéQ~Ój)ÆGHlÓ Nqj¸Íj GH¿ÔLNqj¸$qÓ GH¸¨CLj<j.
MLjVO~¾FLŠ M~OqGSj@âÎFL ŠMLkOqj<j¥qÓ$cÓÂ Ç¸¼, EâÎM~Â¥h MLjjÓj_k¸¨ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
¯ ¿¥cOqjèFLj_=hæ ¥qO~ê^ öKeÿô*j@âÎFL ¯ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ $xGHðJd¸¨CLõ¸$qÓ MLjÂfR ¬Â, TdMLjOqìõ¸$qÓ
rSÎF~õÏÁ¥c¿ ¬Â CnÓjTvë¸Á. ®CLÂ C~CL, CL¸ö¨ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾ÓMLÍí °FLïCL GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c
O~Bh¸¼¿. ¬=hæ C~CLCL¸ö<jÓ ¬<j$qj×e<ÓPyFo ¯ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ FL<ÔLj¥xÂ CLFL rHÍíÓ ¥i¿ë
öGHÀGRçÓFLj ÂÓKn=eæ<j. ®CL<j NqjjÍíîCL¸öCL ÄQ~OqÍj<j ‚<. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ Q~GSF~Ój, ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py
Oq¼¸¼FL ¥cM~õÓj MLjj¥që¥q¸>Oq¸Cy, ®CLÂÔo fS¸VöÁPy TdìfH¸¼FL O~NqjÓ Ä×¦NqjGSë¸bKeÂï $qj¿¸¼
MLköCLMoj rHOxÚ¸=y¸Á. ¥cÂ ÅÇ¢ ‚Oqô¸Py‚< ®CL<j MLjOx¥q Ä×¦NqjGSë¸bKeÂï TdìfH¸¼FL^j÷ ¯
Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTvë¸Á. O~¾FLŠ GHlöCLGS¸C~FL¸ ¥qÆ$o^j÷ ¬FLjö$qfU¸ÔLMLjÂ EâÎM~Â öJd¿ìGSkë ¯
E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ®¸CL¥cÓ¸ MLOqŠ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ GS¸C~FL¸ PoŠ¸@âFLÂ ¯ Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL
CnÓjTvë¸Á. MLj¿¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ CLOqjM~CL GH^æGHlO~Bh ¬tjFL ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ¥h ÀOqjMLjÓ O~ŠMLkOqj<j
×¦Âô¸Ô~<Â ÔnJdðÆ. ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ CLOqjM~À E~FLQ~GSFL¸(No.110-G.T.)Q~.QZ.1463 GH÷MLF~MLj
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1541-42) ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ
O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$cFLj, rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ$cFLj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸MLOqŠ °Eyõ$q¸Py °¸¨FL^j÷
MLjFLŠ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ :
¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj, °ÍNqj»¿Â MLjj^æ¨¸¼(Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908 - 09 page 184), ö¥i.QZ.1514 ¾eF|
9 ML CoÁ£ F~<j TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ, °ÍNqj»¿ öJd¸C~Â¥h MnjjÍ=h MLkOqj$q, rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀNnjÎFL ¥x¸<
MLjOqGSNqjõŠ GH¿JdÓFL KeÏÍõCLFLj ¬GHð»¸ÔL$c, GSjMLkOqj ö¥i.QZ. 1516 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ fIHö_ML¿ FnÓ MLOqŠ
¬CL<j GH¿JdÓŠ<j$q ¥qOqëM~õÂï ÂOqøfU¸Ô~<j. ¥x¸<Ä£<j, ¥x¸<GHÆ÷ öJd¸C~ÓFLj ³¥q¸ÔoNqj$c ³Oqð¨FL
FLkCLFL O~öadæÂ¥h GH¿JdÆ¸ÔL@~Â¥nÎ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSj, °ÍNqj»¿FLj¸¨ ®¥qÚ¨¥h _ÁÆ£ ÔoNqj_@~è<j. ®¥qÚ¨¥h
O~$cFo O~×e×¦å öGH¥cOq¸, ¯ ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÓjGHlCLk µ¥q Q~GSFL¸ öHG ¥q=h¸ÔL_¨¸Á (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^
1.¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ Q~.QZ. 1443 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py öGH¥q=h¸¼FL ¬OqÆŠ¸^ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ ®CL<j rHFLj$x¸< GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c
°¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸ ¥yGS¸ rHFLj$x¸< O~öGRæ¸PyÂ O~NqjŠ¸^ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ ¯ Q~GSFL¸
ÄML¿GSjë¸Á (Ep.Car. Vol.XII, p.No.5).
182, On¸<ML sHO~). ¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸½Pe÷PyÂ ¥q¸_ÍkOqj FLj¸¨ No. 96 of 1913 Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï
öGH¥cOq¸, O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥xOqŠ Q~.QZ.1434, ¸»¤OqGS F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸
¥c¿¤ë¥q QZjÍíîE~øÍÇ ö¥i.QZ. 22-10-1512ML CoÁ£, QZjö¥qM~Oq¸F~<j ¥x¸CLFoÓFLj E~FL¸ÔofS E~[Pe ÔoQ~<j.
¬¸ÍjPyÂ ÄMLO~ÓöGH¥cOq¸ “Š¸<jOqjfHNqj gSMnj” PyÂ ¥q¸_ÍkOqj ö$cMLj¸ ¯NqjFL ×e»¤Oqj$c °FLïÍÂ
CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ ®CL<j ö¥i.QZ. 1514, ¾eF| FnÓPy °ÍNqj»¿¥h _ÁÆ£ÔoNqj@~Â¥h GHmOqø¸
$qjÀëO~×¦õ GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL^j÷ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõŠ
×e»¤Oqj$c ®¼áFL ¥q¸_ÍkOqj ö$cMLj¸, ®¸¥c ¬CLÂ ÿŠÚbKZj¥që¸Py °¸¨ ¬FLjbKZÄ¸GH_<jCLk °¸¨FL^j÷
¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸@é öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No. 99 of 1913 Q~GSFL¸ ÄQZÍ¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥xÓjMLlPy °F~ï<j. ®¸¥c É~Oqj GS¸MLCLûOq¥cÓ¸ °Eyõ$q¸ ÔoNqj$qÓfSìÀPy °FLïGHð=h¥hÂ£,
O~¾ ¯ ¥q¸_ÍkOqj ö$cMLkÂï F~Nqj¥q^FL(Mnjj#eTdbKZkÄj)$c _NqjõGHð F~NqjŠÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¥cÓ¸Py ¬MLÓ¸Ã¸ÔL_<jCLjFLï GHÍíîÀ öGH¥cOq¸ öGHÀO~öGRæ¸PyFLj ¥xÂï bKZkMLjjÓj, F~Nqj¥q^FL
Po¥q Mnjj#eTd bKZkMLjjÓj$c ÂOqêtj¸GH_¨ °¸¨°¸^j¸Á. Ä£ÂÂ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÍjÓŠ, öGHMLjj[ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓŠ,
M~¿¥h ®MLø_@é bKZßÀ¥h _ÍjÓj$c ®MLø_@éÄ. Ä£Oqj CLMLj ×e»¤OqjPyÂ bKZkMLjjÓFLj, ö$cMLkÓFLj ®GRæ¸
°¸=o E~FL¸ÔoNqjMLÔLjá. ¥cÂ ×e»¤OqjE~Oqj<j O~öGRæ¸Py °Eyõ$q¸Py °FLï¸CLMLOqŠ MLköCLMoj ¯
öGHNnk×¦F~Ój ÔnÓj÷Ke^j ¬MLlC~tj. MoOx¥q Ôy=h¥h _ÁÆ£ ¬tjFLGHl<j ¯ ÿŠÚÓj ÄQoadÏÁ¥cO~Ój
FLkCLFLO~öGRæ¸Py MLköCLMoj ÔnÓj÷Ke^j ¥c$qÓMLl. ¯ ×e»¤OqjÓrHÎ Ä£¿¥h fSìO~fSë$cFLj ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ
ÿŠÚÓjPoMLl. ¬¥qÚ¨FLj¸¨ CxÓ»FLGH l<j ¯ ÿŠÚÓj‚< ¬CLÂFLj¸¨ CxÓ»JwC~tj.
O~öGRæGH¿JdÓŠÓŠ, ½Pe÷GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓŠ, rSÎF~õÏÁGHCLjÓŠ TdöMLk×¦õOqXqŠPnÎFL sSF~F~NqjŠÓŠ
®MLø_@é ¯ ×e»¤OqjÓFL¸¨ MLÔoá O~_¨Â Ä£Oqj °Eyõ$q¸Py °FLï¸CLMLOqŠ MLköCLMoj ¬FLjbKZÄ¸ÔL$qÓOqj.
“FnÓk÷Oqj Q~GSF~Ó”PyÂ CLô‚OqjFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL 28, 6 MLj¿Nqjj 5 Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸,
O~NqjfS¸VGSFL (O~×¦õ fS¸VGSF~Â¥h)¥cOqõ¥qOqë (O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ) ¬tjFL O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ, CLFL

CLÆ÷NnjÎFL GS¸¥cNqjMLjô, CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸ ¥xOqŠ, Q~.QZ. 1441, öGHMLkÁF~MLj
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 14- 4 -1519)¥qÓjM~tj ö$cMLj¸Py µ¥qÔnY¦jMLlFLj, µ¥q EéM~ÓNqkÂï Â¿ô¸¼ ¬¸ÍjPy
Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸ MLÓfSFL ÏÍF~Âï GSMLj‚O~á<j. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ Q~.QZ.1444(®Á CLGHØ.
GS¿NnjÎFL GS¸. Q~.QZ. 1442)Äö¥qMLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 31-5-1520)Py ¬FL¸CLTd$qOq¸ ¬Fo ö$cMLj¸Py
MLjOx¥q ÔnOqjMLlFLj CLFL [OqjárHÎ öCLÄø¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄMLO~ÓFLj ×eö$qCLë$q GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FL^÷tjCo, ®CL<j ¥x¸<Ä£<j
FLj¸¨ MLjOqÓ _ÁÆ ÔoNqj_¨, °ÍNqj»¿ O~×eõÂï GSMLkOqj On¸<jGS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.1519,
1520 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjOqÜMLjjFLj¸@é ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ FLk=
®OqMnÎMoÓ ¥cÓòÓ¸, OqjMoÓ $qjöO~Ój, ¬OqMnÎ ³FLj$qjÓjFLj$qÓ rSÎF~õÂï GSMLj‚Oqjá¥xÂ, ö¥i.QZ.1520 GS¸.Moj
FnÓPy 19ML CoÁ£ F~<j ×¦¿»FL O~NqjÔLkOqj NqjjÍíî¸Py JdPxÜF~ï<j. ®CL<j GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL O~öadæÓPy
²¥qÚ@~ GSjMLkOqj On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ Äj¸¼ °FLï^j÷ ¥cFLO~Íj. F~<j GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj µ¥o
öGHEéQZ¸Py TdÏE~Oq*¸$q On¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ Äj¸¼ °¸<Â£NqjŠ¸@~ MoOx¥q O~öadæÂ¥h _ÁÆ£ÔoNqj_<j
ÔLj¸@éM~OqÂ Á£Âï_=hæ ÄQZÍ MLjMLlCy¸Á. ¯ ÄÏE~F~Âï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj [¼áCL¸$c ¬MLjÓjGHOqÔ~<j. ¯
¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj µ¥o öGHEéQZ¸Py Ô~Pe¥cÓ¸ °FLï^÷tjCo, ¬¥qÚ< JdCLjŠJwtj JdOq¸GHOqõ ÿŠÚÓFLj
Jv¸Á _ÓGH¨, ¥o¸öÍ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Â¥o MLjjGHØ¥qÆ»¸ÔL$qÓ fSìÀ¥hÔoOqj¥xÂ, rUÎ¸ÍMLTdöMLk×¦õ fS¸VGSF~Â¥o
²GSOqjrH^æ$qÓ GH¿fSìÀ ³Oqð@é¸ÍjŠ C~Ä£NqjŠ¸< °¸<@~Â¥yGS¸ ÍkOqÍßfRæCy ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ®^jML¸=h
×eö$qCLëFLj MLfU¸Ô~<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ. 1447, Jd¿ìMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.
1525 - 26)Py ¯ ¥q¸_ÍkOqj ö$cMLj¸ FLj¸@é öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL No.97 of 1913 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL
öGH¥cOq¸ O~NqjGSë ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõŠ GSøOqÜöJdfHë ¥qÓ$q^¸ ¥yGS¸ O~NqjGSë ¬NqjõGHðOqGSNqjõ ®¥qÚ¨ MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ×¦ÓMLÀ ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï _ÿk¥q¿¸¼ E~FL GHöC~Âï Æº¸Ô~<j. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ,
¯ E~FLGHöC~Â¥h ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ Ôn¥qÚ@~Â¥h GHmOqøMoj MLjOqBh¸¼ °¸<MLÔLjáFLÂ CyTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ, ¯
Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ®ÀMLßCLë¸ ÂQZáNqj¸$c ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ MLjOqBcÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæÁ $c¥q GHm¿ë$c MoOx¥q
GS¸GIHj^FLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæÁ$c ¬ÂfHTwë¸Á. ²¸ÍjMLÓ÷¸=o ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ ¯ CoÁ£ F~=h¥h ¬¸=o
Q~.QZ. 1447 (ö¥i.QZ. 1525 - 26)GS¸MLCLûOq¸ F~=h¥h ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ÔLÂJwPoÍj. ö_À¥o
°F~ï<j. ®¸¥c GHÍVOqj GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ¬¸=o GSjMLkOqj$c Q~.QZ. 1463 GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.
1541- 42) MLOq‚ ½¡Ä¸¼°¸¨ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ GHÍÄPyFLj, MLj¸öÀ GHÍÄPyFLj °¸¨
O~NqjÓFLj sSÄ¸Ô~<j.
öÀNqj¸_¥q EéML :
öÀNqj¸_¥qEéML ¬Fo MLõ¥hë ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL, MLfSGRç $yöC~Â¥hÔn¸ÁFL ÀGHðOqGS ŠMLkOqj<j.
®CL<j ÇMLFLGSMLjjöÍ¸ ¥cGHlOqGSjì<Â ÔnGHð_¨ °FLïÁ. ¬¸=o ®Á, ®CLÂ GSøGSìÓMLjÂ ÔnGHðMLÔLjá. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj,
ö¥i.QZ. 1513 rSrHæ¸_Oqj FnÓ F~=h¥h, °MLjôCLkëOqj, ÇMLFLGSMLjjöÍ¸ ÍjO~ÜÓFLj MLjj^æ¨¸¼ (ÔLk<j. ¯
ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.175, ¬ÏEyGSk¼¥q 1.) ¥y^ $y<ÓFLj GHlF~ÍjÓMLOqŠ GH<$x=hæ¸¼, ÍjO~ÜÓFLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸
ÔoGSj¥xÂ ÇMLFLGSMLjjöÍ¸ ÔLj^jæGH¥qÚÓ öGHEéQ~Âï MLQZ¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ Á£Â GH¿JdÓŠÂ$q öÀNqj¸_¥qEéMLlÂ
ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<Â ÔnGHð@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °FLïÁ. Q~.QZ. 1439, ¯QZøOqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 12-10-1517)Py
ÀOqjMLjBhgSMLjPyÂ MnjjOq¸@âÎ ¬Foö$cMLkÂï öÀNqj¸_¥qEéML<j E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÄÄÏÍGS¸ÍO~óÓPy,
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ¬FLjö$qVOqì¸ E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.182-T.T). ¯ öÀNqj¸_¥qEéMLl<j O~NqjÔLkOqj

NqjjÍíî¸Py JdPxÚFLï^j÷ ö¥i.QZ. 1520, Moj FnÓPy NqkbKnÎMoÓ ¥cÓòÓ¸, On¸<jMoÓj Çø¥q Í+¸, ®OqMnÎ
³FLj$qjÓj$qÓ rSÎFLõ¸Cy, NqjjÍíîOq¸$cFL MLjj¸ÍjFLŠ Td$qjCLjFLï ¥cMLkF~NqjŠÂ ÍWeÂ¥h MnFLj¥qFLj¸¨
GSÿ¥cO~Âï ¬¸Á¸Ô~<Â FLkÂ×| ÔL¿öCL¥cOqj<j ö$q¸DÍGSì¸ ÔoTd<j(Forgotten Empire page 326).
¥qßG R ê O ~NqjÓ öG H MLjj[ rSÎ F ~õÏ Á G H CLjÓPy µ¥q<j$c G H ¿$qBh¸G H _¨FL ®CL<j, ¥qßG R ê O ~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ ¼ML¿Oy¾ÓPy MLjj+jM~tj MLj¸<PeÂ¥h GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j (Mad.
Ep. Rep. for 1916, para 66). ¥cÂ ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~ÓPy CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄGRNqkÂï
$qMLjÂ¸¼FL, Q~.QZ.1439, ¯QZøOq F~MLj GS¸ Py(ö¥i. QZ. 1517)®CL<j ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸Py ÂMLfSGSjëFLï^j÷FLj,
¬^jCLOqjM~CL ¼öCLbKeFLj, GSøbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy(ö¥i.QZ. 1522 MLj¿Nqjj 1523)MLjj+jM~tjEéQZ
JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL^j÷ ÄQZÍ MLjMLlCy¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ öÀNqj¸_¥qEéMLl<j °Eyõ$q ½¡ÄCLMLj¸C~
MLjj+jM~tj O~×eõÂ¥o ¬¸¥hCLMnjÎ°¸¨ °¸=e<FL<¸ GS¸bKZMLMoj.
¥qOqBh¥q _GSMLOqGS :
®CL<j ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy µ¥q<j. ®CL<j O~NqjÓ MLõ¥hë$qCL °Eyõ$qGSjì ÓPy
µ¥q<j. ®CL<j, ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL ${CLMLj $yöÀŠ £ @âÎFL TwMLjOqGS ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j ÀOqjrHðY¦kOþ § ö$cMLjGSjë<j.
_ÿjQZ¹ ®Á MnÓk÷Oqj½Pe÷PyÂ ÏÍjÂ¥q ÀOqjGHCLkëOqj ¬tj °¸^j¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥xOqŠ,
Q~.QZ. 1437NqjjML GS¸MLCLûOq¸(12-9-1515)£F~<j, MLjBhNqj¥yÚF| GH^jæ ¬FLj EéMLE~FL ö$cMLj¸Py µ¥q
GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj öCLÄø¸Ô~<j. ¯ _GSMLOqGS, CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ, ®¸¥qFLk O~ÿjCLëFLÓk÷O§ ö$cMLjÂM~fSNnjÎFL
‘$xGHðOqGSO§’Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL O~MLjNqjõF| sHOqjÄ£jÍ, ®OnÎM~FL OqQZkO§ ö$cMLjGSjì<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL
M~fSGR$ç yöÀŠ<jFLj ¬tjFL ®@~¥n<jCLë rHOqjMLkW| Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥qF|$cÀëNqkO§ sHOqjÄ£jÍ MLj¿Nqjj
Jd¿MLjFLÜÓ¸Py ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLjFLï, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL, ¥cQZõGH $yöÀŠ@âÎFL SG kOqGHðOqGSO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<$qj
CLMLjôOqGSO§ sHOqjÄ£jÍ EâÎM~Â¥h ¬Fo¥q FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. CLFLMLPnFo, ¯ rHÎ
MLjj$qjÜOqj MLõŠëÓjFLk ‚< O~¾$c¿ MLõ¥hë$qCLsSMLPy $q*ŠPnÎ °¸=eOqj. ¬Pe¥c¥qJwCo E~FL¥qOqëŠ _¸ÏÍjMLlPnÎ
°¸=eOqj. ®CL<j, ÀOqjMLjÓPy µ¥q HG mEy^FLj rH¸¼, ¬¸Íj µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
µ¥q Â¿¤êCL ÁFL¸Py, ±Oo»¸GHl$c MLÔoá^^jML¸=h TdøÄj¥h ¯ MLj¸^GH¸MLÍí ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo
³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j (No.311-T.T.).
¥qOqBh¥q ¬^æMLFnÎ _GSMLOqGS :
¥qOqBh¥q _GSMLOqGS ¬FoMLõ¥hë MLjOx¥q<j °F~ï<j. ®CL<j - ¬^æMLBnÎ _GSMLOqGS. ÔL¸¨¥nÎ ¶_+EéML
Po¥q Ö_+EéML ŠMLkOqj<j. ¥{¸¨FLõ$yöCL, QZøPeNqjGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j. ®CL<j
MnjjÍ=hMLkOqj, Q~.QZ. 1443, ÄGRjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.1521-22) (No.184-T.T.)PyFLj, MLjOqÓ On¸@yMLkOqj

Q~.QZ.1450, GSOqøÏE~¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.21-9-1528) (No.29-T.T.)PyFLj, EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ On¸<j CoÁ£Ój‚< ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ PyÂÄ. MLjOqÓ MLjk<ML MLkOqj
Q~.QZ. 1456 ×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ FL¸ÍjFLj(ö¥i.QZ.16-8-1534) (No.275-T.T.), MLjOqÓ F~Ój$qMLMLkOqj
Q~.QZ.1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.8-1-1536) (No.616-T.T.)FL¸ÍjFLj ‚< FnÎMoE~õÓj SG MLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h
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O~_¨, [OqjáÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Pn¥qÚÓFLj öM~NqjjM~Oqj ¬Â ¬Oqì¸ - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j).
»¸¨ _GSML O~NqjÓj :
CnÓj$qjPy G S¸XhG Hë ¸ $c CnÓjGHlCLjFLï µ¥q E~FL Q~GSF~FLïFLjGS¿¸¼, E~FL¥qOqë sHOqj »¸¨
_GSMLO~NqjÓj ¬Â£, ®CL<j ÅÇ¢ ¥ qßGRêEéML MLjVO~NqjÓ ¥xÓjMLlPy °¸@éM~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á(No.198-T.T.).
¥cÂ ¯ _GSMLO~NqjÓj, rHÎFL CnÆfHFL^jML¸=h ®ÍíOqj _GSMLOqGSÓPy µ¥q@~ Po¥q MLjOx¥q@~ ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸
ÂQZáNqj¸$c CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj.
¬MLGSOq FLOqGSNqjõ, ¬CLÂ TwÍOqj<j ÀMLjôNqjõ :
FLOqGSNqjõF|, ÀMLjôNqjõF|, FLOqGSNqjõF| ¬FLj MLjj$qjÜOqj TwÍOqjÓj, Ä£¿CLÆ÷ _GSMLMLjô ¬Mo FLÓj$qjOqj
SG Kb ZjõÓj$qÓ Š^j¸KeÂï $qj¿¸¼ No.60-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ GH¿ÔLNqj¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. Q~.QZ.1434 ¬¸»¤OqGSF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸
(ö¥i.QZ. 7-8-1512)Py öHG ¥q=h¸GH_¨FL ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ¯ Š^j¸_ SG Kb ZjõÓj Mn¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h CLMLj bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓj
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M~Oqj$c °Eyõ$q¸ ÔosSM~Oqj. ‘O~NqjOq Ke»Ó ¬MLGSOqÍ ’¬¸=o Ä£Oqj O~¾$c¿ öJdTdÍ¸ MLjj¸»^ V×¦OqMLlCLk
(O~NqjOq Ke»Ó)M~O~ëÿOqjÓj$c(¬MLGSOq) ÔoEy<jM~Ey<j$c MLõMLÿ¿¸ÔoM~Oqj. O~¾$c¿ ®¸»C~Âï ö$qfU¸¼
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FLCL@é M~¥h=h ¥cMLÆ ÀMLjôNqjõ ¬tj °¸<MLÔLjáFLj. ®CL<j MLßÀë¿¤C~õ ¶OqøPoÂCLFL¸ $qÓ µ¥q bKZ^jæFLŠFLj CLFL
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Š÷GHë¸$c -$qj*ö$qÿ* Jd¿¤*j@âÎFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj bKZ^jæ¥qÄC~øÂï ÄÂFL^÷tjCo ¬CLÂ ¥qÄC~øÂ¥h Mnj¼á,
Í¿¸¼ MojOqŠ CLMLjÂ O~¾ ¬F~Í¿¸ÔLjFoMnk ¬Â bKZNqjGH¨ ¬Ó÷TdÂrHÍíFL ¬CLÂ¥h O~×¦ÍOqùFL¸
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öGHCoõ¥qÍOqùF~Âï ¬FLjö$qfU¸ÔLMLjÂ öJd¿ì¸ÔL$c ¬¸ÍjÓŠ O~¾ ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸Ô~<j. O~×e×¦åFLj ÄFLï ¥qMLlÓ¸ÍOqk
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Ôo¿FL ¶ GSk¥qOqMLjjPeO~ ! ” ¬¸=o ÍjO~Q~GHOqjPeO~ ! ¬Â ¬Oqì¸ MLÔoá^j÷ GS¸KyÏÁGSkë öJd¥qßCL¸,
GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py QZjMLl$c ¬Æ÷FL GHÍõ¸PyÂ ¬OqíîbKe$cÂï M~Oq¸ÍOqk ÄFo^j÷ GH>¿¸Ô~<j. GHÍõJdÍ¸
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°=hæGH@é^j÷$c bKZ^jæ ÄFLGH@é^j÷ GH>¿¸Ô~<j. bKZ^jæ öGHNnk»¸¼FL Íj¸GH fHÓ¥qÓML¸=h ¬Fo ÄQoGR*GHÍ¸
NqjFL¥o ¬FLøtj¸Ôo^j÷ öGHNnk»¸¼ öGHC~õXoGH¸ÔofS NqjFL FyOqjMLjktj¸ÔL$qÓ ×¦M~ÃÔ~á<j. Íj¸GHfHÓ¥qÓ
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°¸<^¸Py QZáOqõ¸ PoÍj. M~¥h=h ¥cMLÆ ÀMLjô ®¸=hMLÍí $qjÄj$qk¨FL ¥qMLlÓ¸ÍOqk ÂQZáNqj¸$c
MLO~VÓFL<¸Py GS¸Eéÿ¸ PoÍj. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ®Ä CLMLj MLjj=næÓCy MLj=hæÂ rH+÷»¸¼ Íj¸G HfHÓ¥qÓFn¨
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GSMLkMoQZ MLjML@~Âï _=hæ ®CL<j µ¥q $xGHðGUyE~ ¥qÆ»FL °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿, O~¾FLŠ FLÄjôFL_¸^j ¬tj
°FLï^j÷ bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °¸Á. ¯ ÀMLjôNoj _ÿjQZ¹ Q~.QZ. 1441 öGHMLkÏÁF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.
1519-20)Py MLjÍjOnÎ½Pe÷PyÂ FLMLjPnÎFLj¸¨ 455 of 1906 Q~GSFL¸Py “O~¾$c¿ öJdTdÍ E~øOqJdÓ¥c
ÀMLjô bKZkGH” ¬Â ${OqMLM~ÔL¥q¸Cy GS¸KyÏÁ¸GH_¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. bKZkGH ¬Fo ÃOqjE~Âï _=hæ ®CL<j
TdMLj¸CLO~¾ ¬Â TdöMLk×¦õ¸ FL¸ÍÆ µ¥q öJd¸C~Â¥h HG ¿JdÓŠ<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ MLjVO~¾$c¿
fHÓjGHlFLŠ Mo¼Nqjj¸@é öGHÏE~FL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ¬tjFL ®CL@é sSÓ¸½Pe÷PyÂ ¬Oq$qÓkO§ ö$cMLj¸PyÂ EéM~ÓNqj
öJd¸CL¸PyÂ MLjj$qjÜOqj TdìÂŠÓFLj Q~.QZ. 1441 öHG MLkÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ. 10-6-1519)O~×¦ÏE~Â

Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸PyÂ O~×¦öJdTdÍ¸PyÂ¥h ¬FLjMLjÀ¸¼ MLjVO~¾ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GSMLjXcÂ¥h À£GSj¥xÂJwtj,
GH¿ÔLNqj¸ÔofS M~¿GSMLjGSõÓFLj GH¿GRÚ¿¸ÔL _<j^Š ¥cOqŠ<j ¬ML<Moj $c¥q M~¿¥h GHlGRðVOq¸,
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EâGHðF~NqjÂ¸$c¿ CL¸ö¨NqjÂ ÔnGHð_<jÔLjFLï ÀMLjôGHðF~NqjŠ<j, CLFL CLOqGHlFL MLõMLÿ¿¸ÔL@~Â¥h
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CLfHð¸Ô~<j (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1912, para 55 and No.91 of 1912). ÀMLjôGHð F~NqjŠ@é, ¬MLjOq¸
Po¥q M~¥h=h ¥cMLÆ ÀMLjôNqjõF|.
±¨Nqj¸ ²Ó÷GHðF~Nqj¥qO§ :
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLjk<jQ~GSF~Ój, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
MLjOx¥qQ~GSFL¸ µ¥cFx¥q ²Ó÷GHðF~Nqj¥qO§ ¬Fo MLõ¥hëÂ MLjFLŠ GH¿ÔLNqj¸ ÔoGSjëF~ïtj. ®CL<j ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ ¥qYcþWnÎGH^jæ, FnP|M~N|j, MLj¿Nqjj ¥xÈ÷<j¸KnÎ ¬Fo MLjk<j ö$cMLkÓFLj Q~.QZ.1438,
ÏE~CLj(ö¥i.QZ. 2-6-1516)F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸(No.180-T.T.)ÔoQ~<j. Q~.QZ.1449
(ö¥i.QZ.1527) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py, µ¥q GSöC~Â¥h (No.291-T.T.) ‚< E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ EéM~ÓNqj
ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸Py 4,600 GHBcÓFLj rH=hæ Á£ÂrHÎ MLÔoá ML©èCy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÂï GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h
³O~ð^j (No.266-G.T.) $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®CL<j ³ GSöC~Â¥h _ÿjMLkFL¸ öGH¥q=h¸Ô~@y ¥qP|CoO§ GSöC~Âï
(fSìOq¸$c°¸@é CoOqj - GSöCL¸)®CL<j GSøNqj¸$c Â¿ô¸¼FL^j÷ Q~.QZ. 1449 GS¸.Py ö¥i.QZ. 29-3-1527 F~<j
öGH¥q=h¸¼FL Q~GSFL¸ No.292-T.T. MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ¯ ¥qP|CoO§ (O~À MLj¸^GH¸ -
OqDÍ¸)¯ F~<j ö$cMLkÂ¥h ¯Q~FLõÁQZPy, FoÓNqj¸Íj GS$q¸ MLOqŠ MLj=hæPy GHm¨Jwtj NqjjFLïÁ.
[Á£ÂÂ ÓNqjGHl ÍXhBcÂ¥h, ÅÇ¢ M~¿Mnj^jæŠ Á$o Mnj^÷E~¿ MLkOqÜ¸ öJdOq¸bKZ¸PyFo ®GHl<j ÔLk<MLÔLjáFLj.
¯ TdìF~¸CLOq¸ 20ML QZC~_íGHl MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿»¸Á - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ] GSöCL¸ ¯ O~ÀOqDE~Â¥h
öGH¥qÚFo CLkOqjðÄ£ÏÁ °CLëOqGHl¥xFLFL °¸¨°¸@~Æ. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍ
F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 3-4-1536)F~<j öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.548-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¯
²Ó÷GHð F~Nqj¥qÚO§ Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨sHOqj QZ^æNqjGHð F~Nqj¥qO§ ¬Â£, ®CLÂ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ ¼ÀëOnÎ FnÎÓPy
GS¸bKZÄ¸ÔLj ¼CLëFLXqöCLMLjÂ£, ®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjMLjVO~Nqj Nnjj¥qÚ, “±¨Nqj¸” ¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
®CL<j, O~¾FLŠ GH¿Ô~OqŠ<j$q ±¨$qGHl °Eyõ$q¸Py °¸¨ °¸=e<j. ®CL<j _ÿjQZ¹, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ,
¬CLÂ CLOqjM~CL ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓŠ GH¿Ô~Oq¥q sSM~¥cO~õÂï ÂOqøfU¸¼ °¸=e<j.
¬@âÎGHð¸ _NqjõGHð F~Nqj¥qO§ :
_NqjõGHð F~Nqj¥qO§ ¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ÀMLjôGHðF~Nqj¥qO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j ¬@âÎGHð¸
¬ÏÁ¥c¿. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ Q~.QZ. 1441 öGHMLkÁF~MLj(ö¥i.QZ.16-5-1519)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py,
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ¬FLjö$qÿ¸ Ç¸¼ TdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎFoÍõ¸ ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j(No.79-T.T.). ¬@âÎGHð¸
¬¸=o - C~¸_kÓ¸$qÓ bKZ¿BnFLj MLfU¸¼ O~¾FLj sSÄGSkë °¸<<¸.(²Ó÷GHØ<j O~¾Â ¬FLjGS¿¸¼
°¸<<¸ ¬FLïMLk^ ‘±¨Nqj¸’ Pe$cFo.)¯ _NqjõGHð F~Nqj¥qO§, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py‚< ¬@âÎGHð¸
°Eyõ$q¸Py °¸¨ O~¾FLj sSÄ¸Ô~<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py 53,320 FLOqðBcÓFLj Q~.QZ.
1457 (ö¥i.QZ. 9-11-1535) MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸.Py ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j (No.469 -T.T.).
MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ. 1460(ö¥i.QZ. 6-9-1538)Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.Py 15,630 FLOqðBcÓFLj(No.471-T.T.) TdøÄj
M~¿¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ TvMLjjôFLj E~FL¥qOqë, On¸<j Ä<CLÓj$c ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. MnjjÍ=h Ä<CLPy
15,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸. GHlGRõMLkGS¸ 20ML CoÁ£FL(ö¥i.QZ. 16-1-1537,MLj¸$q+M~Oq¸)
×¦MLj¥q=eæ<j. ®¸¥c ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~ÆûFL ÏÍFL¸ ÄGRNqjMnjÎ MoÈP|Jd+Nqj¸ FLj¸¨ CLFLŠO~MLÓfSFL GSj¸¥q¸
MLGSk+÷FLk, ®CLOq O~_<jÓjFLk Ôo¿á MnjjCLë¸ 630FLOqðBcÓFLj MLGSkÓj ÔoGSj¥xFo ÿŠÚFLj, E~FL¥qOqë
EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠ ÍCLë¸ÔoQ~<j. Q~GSFL¸ Ôn¥hÚ¸ÔoF~=h¥h, C~FLj ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfS °FLï Ke¥iÂ
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°C~ëOqM|j Š<jCLë GH*¸). _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ MoÈP|Jd+Nqj¸ ö$cMLkÂï _NqjõGHðF~Nqj¥qÚO§¥h ®F~¸$c ®MLø_¨
°¸^j¸Á. ®CL<j ¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸ÔoO~_¨Py ¥x¸CL bKe$cÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ®¼áFL^j÷FLïÁ.
MnFLj¥q=h ¥cÓ¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqjGSNqjõŠ ®¼áFL gSMLjFLj, ®GHØ<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj
¯ _NqjõGHð F~Nqj¥qO§Š ‘F~Nqj¥q^FL’ (MLkFLõGHl bKZkÄj, Mnjj#eTdbKZkÄj)$c ®¼á (ÔLk<j. ¯
ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^ 205-206 )°F~ï <FL^¸ CnÆfSFL ÄGRNqjMoj.
MLjF~ïO§ffHWnÎ" MLj¿Nqjj ¬JdðfHWnÎ" :
MLjM~ïO§ fHWnÎ" ¬FLjFLCL<j, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ MLjOy ö¥h¸Á°Eyõ$qGSjì<j. ®CL<j GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<j,
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On¸<j GS¸ÍO~óÓPy ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1434,¸»¤OqGSF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 27-6-1512 ML CoÁ£ F~<j(No.265-
G.T.)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ ¥x¸CLÏÍF~Âï, MLjOqÓ ¬Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 20-12-1512ML CoÁ£F~<j
MLj¿¥x¸CL ÏÍFL¸ E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷(No.607-T.T.)Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py¬¸=o Q~.QZ.
1434 ¸»¤OqGSF~MLj GS¸.Py ÀOqjMLjP F~Nqj¥qO§ MofSFL No.288-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py‚< ®CLÂsHOqj öGHGS¥qëMnjÎ¸Á.
¥x¸<JdÍCLÓ¸Py°FLï MnjjÍ=h On¸<j$yGHlO~ÓMLjÏÍõ Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL FL<KeÄ ®CLÂ E~CLßCLø IGHÆCL¸$c
1
[1.¯ FL<KeÄ ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥x¸< FL¨¼MnWo" TwJdFL MLkOqÜ¸ MnjjÍ=y÷ ¬ÆfH¿PyÂ JdE~Ó MLj¸<GH¸ ÍXh* ÁŠÚPy °FLïÁ. -
¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
³Oqð¨FLÍFLï ÄGRNqj¸ Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ.1411, TzMLjõF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 25-1-1490)

Py öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.271-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ ÄQZÍ¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL
öGHTdÍ¸Py, EéM~ÓNqj ¥cOqõÂO~øÿ¥qMLOqÜ¸M~¿ ML¸CLjFLŠ MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$q¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï ¯
¥qOqML=hæGHØÆNqkWeøO§ MLjF~ïO§ fHWnÎW¥h‚< ®MLø_<jCy¸ÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ No.288-G.T.Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
®¸ÍjMLÓFL, ®CL<j FoOqj$c EéM~ÓNqjTdìFLC~ëOqj Po¥q EéM~ÓNqj GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓ GSbKZM~¿ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Â¥h
¬À£CL¸$c, O~¾ CLOqGHlFL ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨FL EéM~ÓNqj ¥cOqõÂO~øÿ¥qC~øÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL µ¥q
°FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿ ¬tj °¸=e<j. ¬JdðfHWnu÷ ¬FLjFLCL<j ®CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<j ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ ¬JdðfHWnÎ"
Q~.QZ. 1428 GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ.30-12-1506) öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.197-G.T.Q~GSFL¸1 MLj¿Nqjj Q~.QZ. 1430 GS¸.
(ö¥i.QZ. 18-7-1508)Py öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.255-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLï ÄMLO~ÓFLj_=hæ ±fU¸ÔL MLÔLjáFLj.
¯ On¸<j Q~GSF~Ók‚<, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ×oõGRçTwÍOqj@âÎFL Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py öGH¥q=h¸GH
_¨F~tj. Á£ÂPyÂ Q~.QZ.1430 GS¸.Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL On¸<ML Q~GSFL¸ No.255-G.T. Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$qO~Nqj
MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ ¯ E~FL¥qOqë 7,800 FLOqðBcÓFLj E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqkÂï FLMnkÍj
ÔofS¸Á. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ®CL<j(¬JdðfHWnÎ")ÅÇ¢ Ä£Oq ¥qßGRêO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸, GH@âÎÄ£<j
O~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLjjOqj$qMLj¸$qÓGHY¦jþ FL¸ÍÆ OqBhÇ¢MLjPyÂ Ä£Oq¥q¸GHFLÓk÷O§ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofSFL
ÄGRNqkÂï Q~.QZ.1443 öGH×eGHÀF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.7-4-1511) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.604-G.T.
Q~GSFL¸Py ÄMLOq¸$c FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ®CL<j, ®¸CLŠGHmOqøMoj ¬¸=o ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyFo, Q~.QZ.1431QZj¥q÷F~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ.11-3-1510)¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ FL¸ÍÆ ¬OqjWe+ rHOqjMLkW|
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ‚< E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqj¸ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój, No.411 of 1919 of the
Mad. Ep.Coll.Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL MLjFLŠ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ bKZkÄj FLOqfS¸$qO~NqjMLjVO~Nqj ¬¸=o Td+jML
FLOqfS¸ÿ ®CLÂ¥h ®¼áNqjj¸<MLÔLjá FLFLj^ CnÓ÷Moj. ¥cMLlFL ¯ MLjF~ïO§fHWnÎW MLj¿Nqjj ¬JdðfHWnÎW
TwÍOqÍøNqj¸, Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ¥cÓ¸ FLj¸¨ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c °¸ÖqÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¥{¸¨FLõ$yöCLj<j GHGSë¸_GSköCLj@âÎFL=hæ, “¥qOq - - ”, ¬FLï On¸<XqO~ÓCy öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼, ¬GS¸GHm¿ë$c
°FLï F~MLjÏEéNqj¸ ¥qÆ»FL µ¥qMLõ¥hëÔo ÿFLjMLj¸CLjÂ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ×¦OqjGH_¨FL^j÷ Q~.QZ. 1431 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL No.264-G.T.Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CL<j ÂQZáNqj¸$c, ¯ TwÍOqÍøNqj¸Py µ¥q@âÎ °¸=e<j.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÂ ¥xÓjMLlPy ®CLOq ö¥h¸ÁTdìtj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ ¥xÂï Q~GSF~Ó MLÓFL CnÓjGSjëFLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
¥xÓjMLlPyÂ ¥x¸ÍOqj °Eyõ$qGSjëÓ $qj¿¸¼ -
[1.¸$q÷ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^ 202, 23 PnÎFLjPy JvOqKe^jFL ö¥i.QZ. 30-11-1506 CLGHØ$c GH¨¸Á. ÔLk<j. T.T.D. Inscriptions Vol.3 -9
(No.197-G.T) GHl^30, ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q 4Py 30-12-1506 ®MLø_¨¸Á. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j]

i) KeÿkO§ MLjÓ÷OqGS - ®CL<j F~$qOqGS ŠMLkOqj<j. Q~.QZ.1440, _ÿjÏE~FLõ (ö¥i.QZ. 14-10-1518)

GS¸MLCLûOq¸ EéM~PNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ No.105-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLj¿ On¸<jOy¾Ó
CLOqjM~CL ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 16-10-1518 CoÁ£FL (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^ 170), ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥x¸CL FoÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. ¯ On¸¨¸=h¥h MLjÏÍõ On¸<jÁF~Ó MLõMLÏE~FL¸ MLköCLMoj
°¸<^¸MLÓFL, _ÿjQZ¹, 6ML CL<ML ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjPoQZjÂ ÍOqùF~Â¥h ML¼áFLGHl<j, ¯ MLjÓ÷OqGS,
O~¾FLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ °¸=e<Â ¬FL<¸ GS¸bKeMLõMoj. No.579,A-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸
Ke$qk¿ MLjÓ÷OqGSj ¥qßGRêO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjMLÍí ±¨$qGHl M~<Â£, ÅÇ¢ GHÀ ¬FoMLõ¥hë O~NqjGSMLjÂ (sec-
retary), ¯ ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ Ôn¥hÚ CLNqkOqj ÔofSFL ÅÇ¢GHÀ ¬FLjM~<j rHÍíNqkõQ~¿ ŠMLkOqj<j
¬Â£ ¯ Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ÂQZáNqj¸$c ¯ KeÿjO§ MLjÓ÷OqGS Po¥q MLjÓ÷MLjO~¾,

¥qßGRêO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj Nnjj¥qÚ GSFLï GH¿Ô~OqŠÓPy µ¥q<j ¬Â, ÅÇ¢ GHÀ C~Fo GH¿Ô~OqŠ<j
O~NqjGS¸ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿(¥cOqõÍ¿ù)$c °FLï=o÷ ®CL<jFLk O~NqjÓ ±¨$q¸ Po¥q ±¨Nqj¸(M~O~ëÿOqj<j)$c
°¸¨ °¸=e<j. ¯ ®ÍíOqk‚<, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj OqMLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓŠNqköCL ÔofSFLGHl<j NqjFLFLj
¬FLjGS¿¸¼ NqjFLCy ML¼á °¸=eOqj.
ii) F~$qO~¾ - MLjÓ÷MLjO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~$qO~¾, MLj¿Nqjj _GSMLGHðÓj ®OqjMLlOqj Q~QZ.
1443(ö¥i.QZ.4-11-1521) EâÎM~Â¥h CLMLj bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓÂ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xF~ïOqj(No.107-T.T); rHÎ sHOyÚFLï
sHOq÷Py$qÓ JwÆ¥qFLj _=hæ ¯ MLõŠëÓj GSÄ£jGH_¸ÏÍjMLlPnÎ °¸=eOqj. öJdNqjQZ¹ F~$qO~¾, _GSMLGHð

¬Fo ¯ ®ÍíOqj MLjÓ÷MLjO~¾ Po¥q MLjÓ÷OqGSj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqjPnÎ °¸=eOqj. ¯ MLjÓ÷OqGSj F~$qO~¾
Po¥q F~$qOqGS ¬FLjFLCLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ,¬¸=o F~$qO~¾ Po¥q, _GSMLGHðÓŠ C~CL ¬MLlC~<j.
iii) CLMLjjôF~Nqj¥qO§ - ½Po÷+W _GSML F~Nqj¥qO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j CLMLjjôF~Nqj¥qO§( No. 251-T.T).
CLMLjjôF~Nqj¥qO§ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq Í¸@~Âï ÏÍ¿¸¼, O~¾FLŠ MLjj¸Íj$c FL¨Ôo MoöCLÿGSjë<j (¥q=hæ¥nÎ).
®CL<j Í+M~tj ¬Fo ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGUyE~FLj ¥qÆ»NqjjFLïM~<j. ®CLÂ¥h E~ÁFoÂ Po¥q E~ÁF~Nqj¥qO§
¬Fo ÃOqjÍj °FLïÁ. ¥cÂ Á£Â ¬Oqì¸ ³Äj=y CnÆNqjj^¸PoÍj. Q~.QZ. 1435, öÇ¢MLjj[F~MLj (ö¥i.QZ. 30 -
12 -1513)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š$cFLj 1200 FLOqðBcÓ
ÏÍFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqj¸ rHÎ Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸PyÂ

ÄGRNqj¸, GS¸ö$qÿ¸$c CnÓj$qjPy No.265 -T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py ®MLø_¨¸Á. Á£Â FLj¸¨, ¯ ¥q=h$n
E~ÁFoÂ Í+M~tj ÀMLjôNqj “¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ” $c¿ ÇGRjõ<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CL<j
CLFL bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓCy ‚¨FL ÄÏEéNqjCLFLj öGH¥q=hGSkë GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xÂFL ÄGRNqj¸ MLjk<ML Q~GSFL¸
No. 300 B-T.T.Py FLMnkÍj ¬tjõ¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy ®CLÂ sHOqj “¥q=hæ¥nÎ CLMLjôNqjF| ”$c sHOxÚFL_¨¸Á.
iV) ÀOqjMn¸¥q^NqjõF| - ½Po÷+W _GSML F~Nqj¥qO§Nnjj¥qÚ MLjOy ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMn¸¥q^NqjõF|. ®Á

Q~.QZ.1440 _ÿjÏE~FLõ (ö¥i.QZ.11-10-1518) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.252-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py
öGHTdëÄ¸ÔL _¨¸Á. ¯ CoÁ£¥h Ô~PeGHmOqøMoj CLMLjôNqjõF| Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥q=h¸ÔL@~Âï_=hæ ®CL<j ¥q=hæ¥nÎ
CLMLjôNqjF| Po¥q CLMLjjôF~Nqj¥qO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎ °¸=e<Â ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjáFLj. ¯ ÀOqjMn¸¥q=nÎNqjõF|
‚< CL¸_jF~Nqj¥qO§Š ÏE~õÀô¥q $qjOqjMnÎFL ¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ M~¿¥h ÇGRjõ<Â
CnÓjTwë¸Á.
V) ¶_+NqjõF| - ®CL<j ¥q¸Í*MyÓj Po¥q ¥qOqkïÓjFLŠ ¥qOq*¸. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj ¶_NqjõF|. ®CL<j
Q~.QZ.1439 ¯QZøOqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 31-10-1517)Py ÔofSFL E~F~Âï $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój No.260-
T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
Vi) ÓŠÚF~Nqj¥qO§ - ®CL<j F~$qjF~Nqj¥qO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ÓŠÚF~Nqj¥qO§ Q~.QZ. 1441 öGHMLkÁ
F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 4-10-1519)Py ÔofSFL E~FL¸$qj¿¸¼ No.349-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
Vii) ÀOqjMLjÓF~Nqj¥qO§ - ²Ó÷GHðF~Nqj¥qO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMLjÓF~Nqj¥qO§. ®CL<j Q~.QZ.1434 ¸»¤OqGSF~MLj
GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.1512-13)Py FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j(No.288-G.T.)ÔoTd<j. ÀOqjMLjÓF~Nqj¥qO§
CL¸ö¨¬tjFL NqjÓ÷GHðF~Nqj¥qO§ rHÎFL sHOxÚFLï QZ^æNqjGHðF~Nqj¥qO§ ŠMLkOqj<j NqjÓ÷GHðF~Nqj¥qOqjFLj
µ¥o MLõ¥oëF~ Po¥q MoOqjMoOqj MLõŠëPe ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ÀOqjMLjÓF~Nqj¥qÚO§ GH¿=hæGHlCLkëO§
ö$cMLj¥qOqúŠÓŠ öGHNnk×¦FL¸¥qOq¸$c µ¥q GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj öCLÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ GSÍjJdNqj¸ ÔofSFL¸ÍjFL
ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo ¬ÏÁ¥qO~_¨Â ÄÂNnk»¸¼ TdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. FnÎMoÍõ GH¸GH¥q¸ ÄGRNqj¸Py ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~Nqj¥qO§ CLFLŠMLÔoá bKe$q¸Py µ¥qbKe$q¸ MLjF~ïO§fHWnWÎ ¥h
®Ô~á<j. ®EéÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~Nqj¥qO§ JdFL¥q¸ ö$cMLj¸Py ‚< µ¥q GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj
öCLÄø¸Ô~<Fo ÄGRNqj¸ No.153-G.T.Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL ÄQZÍMLÙCy¸Á. ÀOqjMn¥q¸^ MLjj@âÎNqkõF| ¬Fo
MLõ¥hë Q~.QZ.1434 ¬¸»¤OqGSF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 20-1-1513)Py 150 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï ÀOqjMLjÓ F~Nqj¥qO§
JdFL¥q¸ö$cMLj¸Py ¥cÓjML MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓ¥yGS¸ rH^jæ_¨ rH^æ@~Â¥h E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqkÂï No.153-
G.T.Q~GSFL¸ FLMnkÍj ÔofS¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ öGHöGHDÍMLj¸$c JdFL¥q¸ ¥cÓjML ®¸CLŠ ¥xÂïGS¸MLCLûO~Ó
GHmOqøMoj CLÄø¸ÔL_¨ °¸@âFLFLï ÄGRNqj¸ _jj¾MLMLlCy¸Á. ®Pe$o Q~.QZ. 1454 FL¸ÍFLF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.1532-33) öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.289-G.T. Q~GSFL¸ µ¥q µ<¸_¨¥q öGH¥cOq¸
GH¿=hæGHlCLkëO§PyÂ ÀOqjMLjÓF~Nqj¥qO§ GH¸^¥cÓjML ¬bÃMLßÁíî GHFLjÓFLj ¥xFLTd»¸ÔL@~Â¥h 500 FLOqðBcÓ
rH^jæ_¨ rH=hæFL ÄGRNqkÂï CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á.
Viii) ¼FLïGHðOn¨è - MLjjÁ<O§ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MnWe"+ ¬tjFL GSkOqGHðOn¨è CLMLjjôOn¨è ŠMLkOqj<j
¼FLïGHðOn¨è. ®CL<j ¥x¸ÍOqj MLõŠëÓCy Ôo¿ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸ Q~.QZ. 1448 MLõNqjF~MLj
GS¸.Py E~FL¸ (No.276-G.T.) ÔoQ~<j. ¯ E~FL¥qOqë ÂM~GSGSìÓ¸ GHmCLPGH^j.æ (bKZkCLPnÎGHð^jæ

¬¸=o ¯ ¥cÓ¸F~=h GHmCLÓGH^jæ ö$cMLj¸.) ®Á ¼CLkëOqjFLŠ °CLëOqÁQZ$c E~E~GHl 12 ¥hPyÄ£jÔq÷
ÍkOq¸Py °FLïÁ. ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ GHmCLPGH^jæ ö$cMLj¸ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^¥x^æ¸PyÂ °GH½Pe÷ ¬tjFL
CLjNqjõF~<jPy °FLïÁ.
Oq¸×¦¥q¸ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦, ¬CLÂ Š^j¸_¸ :
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ O~×¦öJdTdE~Â¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c µ¥q F~^¥qQ~Ó °FLï^j÷ CnÆfS¸Eé
¥qE~ ! ¬Pe$o ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ TdìFLGSbKZŠ ‚< ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ¸$c ¬FLj$qj*õMnjÎFL F~^õQ~Ó °FLïÍÂ
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸ÍjPy, ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸FL¸Íj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸Py ÄOqkJdXq EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ×¦¿$o ÔnÎöCyCLûML
ÀOqjF~+"Py, _ÿjQZ¹ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, C~FLj GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py Oq¼¸¼FL ×e¸_MLÀ£ ¥qPeõ* F~^¥q OqkGH¥cÂï
öGHÍ¿ù¸GH×ofS FL¸Á¸¼ °¸=e<j. (“Sources of Vijayanagar History”, page 142). öJd¼£FL¥cÓ¸Py
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CLMLj MojWeÓCyML¼á FLßCLõ F~=eõÍjÓÔo GSbKeGSÍjÓFLj ¬Ó¿¸GH×osSM~Oqj. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦ ¬FLjFLCL<j
¯ MojWeÂ¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~DÍF|. ®CL<j ÄÍøC| GSbKeO~Nqj Oq¸×¦¥q (No.
300A - T.T.) ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<j. ®CLÂ¥h µ¥q ×e»¤Oqj‚< _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL_¨FL^j÷ °FLïÁ. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o
®¸ÍjPyÂ MLk<FLÓk÷Oqj gSMLjŠ Ôn¸ÁFL MoÓjMLkGHlOq¸FL¸ÍÆ ²Oq÷÷¸GHm¸¨ ö$cMLkÂï Q~.QZ.1436 bKeMLF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸(29-12-1514)Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j(No.87-T.T.). ¯ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
On¸<jCLO~Ó MLõŠëÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjTwë¸Á. Ä£¿Py ®CLÂ ŠMLkOnë ¬tjFL Oq¸×¦¥q¸ ŠJdðtj Po¥q
ŠGHðTdÂ Q~.QZ. 1434 ¬¸»¤OqGSF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 27-6-1512)Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FLMnjjFL¿áFL^j÷ No.110-
T.T. Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ ŠJdðtj¥h ®ÍíOqj ŠMLkOnëÓj. Ä£¿Py _ÿjQZ¹ ×oõGRjçO~Ój ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô
¥c$c MLjjÍjí ŠJdðtj ¼FLïŠMLkOnë ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ Ä£¿ Q~GSF~Ó CoÁ£ÓFLj_=hæ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá. Q~.QZ.1439
¯QZøOqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.12-10-1517)Py ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô 3,000 GHBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷
Q~GSFL¸ No. 300 A -T.T. CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. CnÓj$qjPy °^¸¥h¸ÔL_¨FL ¯ E~[PePyÂ GS¸XhGHë ¥qDÍFL¸
öGH¥cOq¸ ¯ ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ MLjFLjMLjO~Ój, ŠGHðMLjôŠ ŠMLkOnë ¬Â ÄQZÍMLÙCy¸Á.
®¥q On¸<ML ŠMLkOnë MLjjÍjíŠJdðtj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸Py MnjjÍ= ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~BhM~GS¸PyÂ¥h ÔoOqjá¥xFL
_¨¸Á. CLOqjM~CL ÀOqjGHÀ¥h MnÈ" Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h sSML ÔoGSj¥xMo bKe$qõ¸ Jv¸ÍMLÓfSFLÁ$c
×eåfH¸ÔL_¨¸Á. EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¯Mnj ÔosS sSMLŠ öGHÀIGHÓ¸$c öGHÀÁFL¸ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ µ¥q GHWn÷¸ VOq¸ Jv¸ÍMLÓfS¸Á$c ×eåfH¸Ô~<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj Q~.QZ. 1453
[OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.6-6-1531)Py TdøÄjsSML ÔoGSj¥xFLMLjÂ (No.1-G.T.) ¯MnjFLj HG ¸Jd<j. ¯

Q~GSFL¸Py MLjjÍjíŠJdðtj CLFLCLÆ÷ ŠGHðTdÂ, CLFLGUyE~FLj CnÓjGHl^¥nÎ CLFL C~CLNqj$qj ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q O~¾FLŠ$qÓ
ÄÍøC| SG bKeO~NqjO§ Oq¸×¦¥q¸ ÃOqjÍjFLj ÄÂNnj»¸ÔLj¥xFLïÁ.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ sSMLPy $q×¦GHÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ®ÍíOqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :
NqjjÍíî¸Py ¶¨JwtjFL öGHC~GHOqjöÍ$q×¦GHÀNqj¸ÍjFLj, ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Ä£OqbKZöÍjÂ Nnj<ÓFo
$c¥q, $q×¦GHÀO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ö¥h¸Á¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓ Nqj¸ÍjFLk ÖE~O~õÂï ÔLkGH<¸Py O~×¦¥iNqj ÏÍjOq¸ÏÍOqj@âÎFL,
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLFL O~×¦Â£À FnÎGHlBcõÂï MnPeO~á<j. M~¿¥h CLFL ¥xÓjMLlPy CL»FL °Eyõ$cÓj ®MLø<Moj¥c¥q,
M~¿¥h ö$cMLkÓFLj MLkFLõ¸$c ®¼á, ${OqÄ¸Ô~<j. ÃOqjÍjÓ Â¼á GSCLÚ¿¸Ô~<j. M~Oqj CLMLj MnFLj¥q=h O~¾FLj
MLjOq¼JwMLlFL¸CL$c, FLMLjô¥qMnjÎFL bKZßCLjõÓj$c ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠPnÎ öHG SG jëCLGHl O~¾FLj sSÄ¸Ô~Oqj. MnFLj¥q öHG C~GHOqjöÍjÂ
¥xÓjMLlPy TdìF~GHÀ °Eyõ$q¸Py °¸¨FL=hæ bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL QZ¸¥qOqE~GSj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj
¬tjFL GSj_jÁíî O~MLjE~GSj, ¥cQZõGH $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL bÃªMLjNqjõ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, $q×¦GHÀ ¥xÓjMLlPy µ¥q ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c
°¸¨FL ¬¸Ã¥c MLjjÍjÇ¢Ó ¬FLjFLCLÂÂ£, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLFL ¥xÓjMLlPyÂ¥h À£GSj¥xÂ, M~¿¥h MLOqjGS$q
×¦$qE~øÔoá¿ gSMLjPyÂ CL¸<Ó¸, MLj¿Nqjj CL<JdÓ ¬Fo ö$cMLkÓFLj ×e»¤OqjÓj$c ®Ô~á<j. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL,
Q~.QZ.1443 (ö¥i.QZ. 1-11-1521), Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š$cFLj, Ä£Oqj ¯ ö$cMLkÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ÔoQ~Oqj (No.104-T.T.).
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ HG lOyfUCLjÓj :
O~¾Ój E~F~ÍjÓFLj öGHE~FL¸ÔosS GS¸ÍOqó¸Py O~×¦ GH¿M~Oq¸Cy Ke^j °¸@é TdìFL GHlOyfUCL
_ß¸Í¸PyÂ öGHMLjj[jÓFLj O~×¦Q~GSF~ÓPy sHOxÚFL<¸ GH¿Jd=h. ÄÏÍ¸$c Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL, O~NqjÓ
GHlOyfUCLjPnÎFL Oq¸$q Po¥q Oq¸$qF~DÍ Á£XhCLjÓj, ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Nqj×¦Få ~O~Nqj* bKZ^jæ Po¥q Á£¥húCLjÓj
¬FLjM~OqjFLk, ®¸¥qFLk ¬Fo¥q Nqj×eåÓFLj(GSOqøö¥qCLj, M~×¦sHNqj, SG OqøCyMLjj[ Nqk¾Ój) ÂOqøfU¸¼FL ÇMLÁ£¥húCL
¬Fo HG lOyfUCLj<jFLk ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h F~ÓÜMLMLkOqj ö¥i.QZ. 1514 ¾ePnÎ
6 ML CoÁ£F~<j Í¿ù¸¼FLGHl<j O~¾Mn¸^ °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸PyFo ¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ ÔofSFL JvCLëfHF~=h gSMLjPyÂ C~+"Jd¥qö$cMLj¸ FLj¸¨ MLÔoáO~_¨Â ÄÂNnk»¸¼ TdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo
öGHTdÍ¸ FL¸ÍÆ E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$q¸Py ¥x¸CLöGHTdE~Âï Oq¸$qÁ£XhCLjFLŠ, ÇMLÁ£XhCLjFLŠ
®MLø=eÂ¥h ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 163). MLj¿ F~Ój$qjOy¾Ój $q<ML¥q MLjjFLjsH
¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1514 ¾ePnÎ, 10ML CoÁ£ F~<j Oq¸$qF~DÍÁ£¥húCLjÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Nqj×¦Få ~O~Nqj* Á£¥húCLjÓj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
GHÁMoÓ ÔLö¥q¸ Po¥q ÔLö¥qGH*¸ E~FL¸ ÔofS Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h öGHTdÍFnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸¼, E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h
MLÔoá öHG TdÍ bKe$cÂï GHFnï¸<jMLj¸Á öKeÿô*jÓ JwGRBcOqì¸ ÄÂNnk»¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.192,245-
T.T.). ¯ E~FL¥qOqë MLjOqÓ, On¸<MLMLkOqj, Q~.QZ.1443 (ö¥i.QZ. 9-3-1522) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ
Í¿ù¸¼ bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xÂ, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿¥x¸CL ÏÍFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h rH^jæ_¨$c ®¼á,

CLFL CL¸ö¨ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL GHlFLOqøGSj FLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÀDÍjÓPy TdøÄj¥h öGHTdÍ GSMLjOqð* $cÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h
³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.346-T.T.). $q×¦GHÀÄ£jÍ ÔofSFL On¸<ML Í¸<NqköCLPy, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¥x¸<Ä£=hÍjO~ÜÂï
TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ, Ä×¦NqjÓXhôÂ Ôo¥xÂ, O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h À¿»MLGSkë Q~.QZ.1437 NqjjMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
(ö¥i.QZ. 8-7-1515)¬MLjO~MLÀMLÍí Ä¨fS ¬MLjOoQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸Ô~<j. MLjVO~¾FLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ML¼áFL
“GSOqøö¥qCLj GSOqøCyMLjj[ M~×¦sHNqj Nqk½” ÃOqjE~¸¼CLjÓjFLj, O~× GHlOyfUCLjÓjFLj ¬tjFL Oq¸$qF~DÍ
Á£XhCLjÓjFLj MLj¿Nqjj ÇMLÁ£XhCLjÓj, ¬MLjOoQZøOqEâÎMLGSÂïÏÁÂ O~¾ÔoCL CLjPeGHlOqjGR MLjVE~F~Âï, ¼F~ïEéMLMLjôÔoCL
OqCLïÏEéFLj MLjVE~F~Âï, ÀOqjMLjÓEéMLMLjôÔoCL GSGHëTd$qOq MLjVE~F~Âï, GSö¥qMLj¸$cFLj, NqjDE~ÄÏÁ$cFLj
ÂOqøfU¸GH×oQ~Oqj. O~¾ ¬MLjOoQZøOqTdøÄj¥h µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. GH¸¨CLjPnÎFL 108 GSöE~òÿô*jÓŠ
On¸<jö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. GS¸ÍOqó¸FL¸Eé, Ä£¿OqjML¿¥h O~NqjÓj On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj _ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<j
(No.272 of 1897 published as No.248 in S.I.I. Vol. VI).
¥cÓ¸Py MLjCLKyÏÍŠÓj
M~õGSO~Nqj MLj>O~Âï TdìfH¸¼FL M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj :
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ÏE~õÀô¥qbKeM~Ój, MnÎG Rê MLMLjCLCLCLë ø fSE~íî¸C~ÓFLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼FLÄ$c °FLïÄ.
¯ ÄGRNqkÂï ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj Oq¼¸¼FL CnÓj$qj¥cMLõ¸ “MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ” ¬Â MLjOysHOqj$qÓ “ÄGRjê¼À£ëNqjMLjj”
ÄQZÍ¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥h O~NqjÓŠ, MLjÏÍø$qjOqjMLl ÅÇ¢MLjC| M~õGSÀ£Oqì ÅÇ¢JdÍ °<NqkO§M~¿
Nqj¸Íj ¬ÏÁ¥q${OqML¸, öGHCoõ¥q¬bÃMLkFL¸, bKZ¥hëCLCLðOqCL °FLïÁ. ¯NqjFL ÅÇ¢ M LjC| ö_ÿô*õÀ£Oqì ÅÇ¢ J dÍ
°<NqkO§ $c¿¥h ÇGRjõ<j. ®CL<j CLFL $qjOqjbKZ¥hëÂ öGH¥q=h¸ÔoGS¸ÍOqó¸Py C~FLj ö_ÿô*õÀ£OqjìÓ ¥qOq¥qMLjÓ
GS¸×eCLj<FLÂ CnÓjGHl¥xF~ï<j(¬FL$c ¥qOqMLjjÓFn¨ ¥qMLjÓ¸FL¸Íj GHl=hæFLM~<FLj). M~õGSO~Nqj MLj>O~Âï
TdìfH¸¼FL ®CL<j, “GHOqMLjÿ¸GS GH¿öM~×¦¥cÔ~OqõMLOqõ, GHÍM~¥qõöGHMLk*×¦å, ÍjO~øÁ$qOqø GSOqøTdøGHVOq,
ÅÇ¢ M LjC| MnÎGRêMLfSE~íî¸CL öGHÀadçGHF~Ô~Oqõ, GS¥qÓ ÄÍõ×¦ãFL MLjFL¹GHÍôMLFL TzGHfSì¥q” - Á ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<j.
Mad. Ep.Rep. for 1905 para 33Py ¯NqjFLŠ, “GS¥qÓQ~öGSë M~õ#eõCL”¬Fo ÃOqjÍj‚< °FLï^j÷
CnÓjGHl CLjFLïÁ. Q~.QZ. 1445 GSøbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.12-1-1524)Py MLjk<jQ~GSF~Ój öGH¥q=h¸ÔL

_¨F~tj. ¯ MLjk<jQ~GSF~ÓPyFLj(No.98 and 266-T.T; and No.200-G.T.)E~FLö$qgUCL M~õGSÀ£Oqì
ÅÇ¢ JdÍ °<NqkO§. ÅÇ¢ ¥ qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¯NqjFLŠ ¥xÂï $qßVÓFLj, ÂMoQZFLGSìPeÓFLj ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔofS,
öGHEéQ~ÓPy MLj>O~ÓFLj Â¿ô¸ÔLMLÓfS¸Á$c µ¥q GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j. ¯ $qßVÓj, ÂMoQZGSìPeÓj
EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ GHm×e¿NnjÎFL FL¸Ã ÇY¦GHðNqjõF| ¬Fo GHlOyfUCLjFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFLÄ. ¥cÂ µ¥qGHØ<j ®CL<j
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL bKZOqBcÓFLj CLGSÚ¿¸¼, Íj¿øÂNnk$qGHOq¼FL¸ÍjFL, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj
MLjVO~NqjOqj ®¼áFL À£OqjðöHG ¥cOq¸, ¯ ¬OqáŠFLŠÔn¸ÁFL $qßVÓj, ÂMoQZFLGSìPeÓj ×¦GHlÔë oNqj_¨ EéM~ÓNqkÂ
¥h Í[Ój GHOqÔL_¨¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¯ GS¸ÍO~óFL µ¥q O~×¦Q~GSFL O~NqjTdÂï öGH¥q=h¸Ô~<j.
¬¸ÍjPy Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjOqj ®¼áFL À£OqjðFLj, C~Â¼áFL ×¦åÓFLj ÄML¿¸Ô~<j. ¬¸ÍjPy ®¸¥qFLk,
MoOo sSML¥yGS¸ E~FL¥qOqë$q ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ sHOqjÄ£jÍ MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÂï ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h, E~ÂÂ M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓM~Oqj
CLFL bKZÄGRõC| MLj>Oq¸Py ÄÂNnk»¸ÔLj ¥yML@~Â¥h$cFLj ¬FLjMLjÀÂ ®Ô~á<j. ¬GHO~ÏÁNnjÎFL FL¸Ã¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
On¸<j ®¸<÷Py µ¥q=h ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h °CLëOqÁQZPy °FLïÁ. On¸<MLÁ
ÀOqjMLjÓPy, °CLëOqÄ£ÏÁPy TdøÄjGHlGRÚ¿Bh¥h °CLëOq¸$c °FLïÁ. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓÔo ÍNqj ÔoNqj_¨FL ¯
E~FLQ~GSFL¸Py ®¸¥c, ÀOqjMLjÓNqj¸Íj °CLëOqÄ£ÏÁPy, JdGHÄF~QZ À£O~ìÂ¥h JwNojKe^Š öGH¥qÚFo°FLï
MLjOx¥q ®¸=hÂ‚< ®¸Íj ÔoO~á<j. ¯ MLjk<jQ~GSF~ÓPy µ¥qE~ÂNqj¸Íj(No.246-T,.T.)¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj
®¸CLŠGHmOqøMoj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS °CLûML¸Py ÄÏÁ¸Ôo sHO~NqkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ®¼á
MoNqj<Moj ¥c¥q °W|MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¥q@âÎ‚^æF| Jd¨ ö$cMLj GS$qbKe$cÂï, GHlOqMLj¸<PeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL C~+÷Jd¥qÚ¸,
fHO~^¸, E~OqCLkëOqj, MLjj¨NqjkO§, GSöCLM~¨, MLj¿Nqjj CLjYnÎNqjkO§ ö$cMLkÓFLj GHm¿ë$cFLj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ÔofS, ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍjÂ¥h öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjMLÓFL E~FL¥qOqë$c
CLFL ML¸CLjFLŠ ÓbÃ¸ÔL$qÓ F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj öGHTdÍ bKe$cÓFLj, M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj, CLFL MLj>Oq¸FL¸ÍÆ ¬¸CoM~GSjÓ
ÄÂNnk$cOqì¸ ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h öM~CL GHmOqø¥q¸$c ¬FLjMLjÀÂÔ~á<j (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 171). MLj¿
CLÍjGH¿ On¸<jQ~GSF~ÓPy ¯ M~õGSÀ£OqjìPo E~FL¥qOqë. Q~.QZ. 1446 C~Oq*F~MLj GS¸.Py ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 8-11-
1524 CoÁF£ ~<j ¯NqjFL, 14,000 FLOqðBcÓ ÂÏÁÂ ³OqðOq¼ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
×¦OqjGH_<j °CLûMLÀOqjF~+÷PyFLj, ®CLOq HG ¸<j$qÓML¸=h MLjj[õMnjÎFL GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj, TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo

³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. Cy<j$c GH@âÎF~<jgSMLjPyÂ ÇNqjÓ Jd¸<kO§FLj E~Â¥hÔn¸ÁFL ŠGHð¸ MLj¿Nqjj
GHQZjM~TdÓCy($yMLk+¸, _¸EâÓEx¨èCy-¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j) $yÄ¸Í O~×¦ TdøÄj ÂMoÍFLÓ¥nÎ E~FLÄjÔ~áOqj.
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ E~FL¥qOqë$c CLFLML¸CLjFLŠ MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓj CLFLMLj>O~Â¥h ®ÔoáÄÏÍ¸$c ¥q^æ¨
ÔoQ~Oqj(No.612-T.T.). MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ. 1450 GSOqøÏE~¿F~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1528 ³öfHP|) FnÓPy µ<è¸GH=hæ
ö$cMLkÂï, À<jÄ<Nqk^æ¸$c E~FL¸ ÔoQ~Oqj. ¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo E~Nqj¸ 60 Oo#nÎJvF|. ÀOqjMLjÓ
ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ, M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¬Âï ¿¥cOqjèÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸ÔL$c,
Ä£¿ MLõMLVOq ¥cOqõ¥qPeGHMLj¸C~ ‚< ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¥cPeÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæÄ$cFo °FLïÁ. ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸Py

ÓbÃ¸¼FL No.370 of 1919 ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL öJdOq¸bKZÍQZŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¥cÓ¸
Q~.QZ.1433, GöH×eGHÀ F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 28-8-1511 CoÁ£F~<j öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨¸Á. ¯
Q~GSFL¸, öQ~ML*MLkGS¸ °CLûML ÂOqøÿBcOqë¸, M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj ®¼áFL E~F~Âï $qj¿¸¼, MLjVO~¾ ¥qßGRê
O~NqjÓ ¬FLjMLjÀCy MLOqÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h QoGRM~ÿF~Âï _ÿjMLkFL¸$c ®MLø<¸ ¬Fo ÄGRNqkÓj FLMnkÍj
ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. No.710 of 1922 Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÄÏÍ¸$c, ¯ MLjÏÍø$qjOqjMLl ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py‚< ½¡Ä¸¼NqjjFLï^j÷FLk, Q~.QZ.1454 GS¸. FL¸ÍFLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸, öQ~ML*
MLkGS¸FL¸Íj ¥qßGRêGHXq MnÎGRêML(öQZML*)FLXqöCLNqjj¥që $qjOqjM~Oq¸ ö¥i.QZ.1532 ¾ePnÎ 18ML CoÁ£F~<j ÿ¸gH
Ä>OqPeÓNqj¸ MLOq*¸Py Nnk$qMLOqÍ FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj Äö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfRç¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯NqjFL
½¡ÄCL ÄQoadÓFLj$qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿GSjëFLï, M~õGSÄ×¦NqjMLjj ¬FLj µ¥q ¼FLï¥cMLõ¸ öGH¥cOq¸, ¯NqjFL M~õGS
GSMLjjöÍ¸ ¬Fo µ¥qrHÍíÔnOqjMLlFLj öCLÄø¸¼FL^j÷FLk, MLj¿ Ô~Ó¥cÓ¸ ÀOqjGHÀ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ ÂMLfS¸¼
Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷FLj CnÆNqj ×oTwë¸Á(para 84 of the Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1923). ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL
Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ ¯NqjFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój rHÎ ÄGRNqkÓFLj Oqj¾MLlÔoNqj<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~
¯ Q~GSF~Ó Íõ¸C~Ój NqjFL ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÂMLfS¸¼ Nqjj¸¨FL ¥cPeÂ¥h GSjMLkOqj$c GS¿JwCy¸Á.
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Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ TdìF~Â¥h ML¼áNqjjF~ï<j. ¥cÓ¸Py, ÀOqjGHÀ EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj, ÍjOqÍßGRæ¥qOqMnjÎFL,
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ÀOqjMLjÓPy °¸¨ JwMLÓfSML¼á¸Á ¬Â sHOxÚFL_¨¸Á. (The review of “The Life of Sri Vyasaraja
by Somanatha,” by Mr.B.Venkoba Rao in the “Journal of Indian History,” Vol. V.part iii Serial No.15,
pages 456-7 ). MLOqjGS$c, ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ ®CL<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õfS¸VGSFLF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸¼FL GH¿JdÓŠÓŠ

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GSk¼¸ÔL_<PoÍj. ¬¸Co¥cÍj, M~õGSÀ£Oqì Po¥q M~õGSO~¾FLj $qj¿¸¼FL, ²=hæGSkÔLFLFLk‚< ¯ Q~GSF~Ó
Py PoÍj. EéM~ÓNqjMLõMLVO~ÓPy öGHMLjj[JdöCL MLfU¸¼FLM~<jFLj MLõMLVOqÍŠú<jFLk GHÓjŠ_¨
$qÓM~<FLj ¬tjFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿Â $qj¿¸¼ ¯ Q~GSF~Ój GIHjFL¸$c sHOxÚ¸^jF~ïtj.
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¥qFL_<jCy¸Á.(ÔLk<j. “ÅÇ¢ JdÍO~×¦ MLj¿Nqjj M~õGSO~×¦” by Mr.C.Krishna Swamy Rao, published
in the, “Proceedings and Transactions of the Third Oriental Conference, Madras,” page 361)
GS¸öGHE~Nqj _Ííî¸$c Ä¸^jFLï ´Àÿõ¸ öGH¥cOq¸, M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj GHFnï¸<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ÀOqjMLjÓPyFo

°¸¨, ¥cÓ¸Py öGHÀ$qjOqM~Oq¸ TdNqj¸¥cPeFL, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ GHm½¸ÔoM~<Â, CnÓjTwë¸Á.
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MLÔ~áOqj. ¯ F~=h¥hÂ£, NqköÀ£ŠÓj MLjj[õ¸$c MLkÏÍøMLjCLGSjìÓj $qOqó$qj¨¥h °CLëOqÁQZPy, ÄMLkFL ÅÇ¢
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1
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µ¥qMo+ GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ °FLï^÷tjCo ¯ bKZNqj¸¥qOq¥cOq ÍOqùFL¸, MLjk<MLÍQZ¥q¸Py GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ °¸@~Æ.
¯ ²CnuëFL ÀFnïrHÎ¥h ²¥oÚ¸ÍjŠ Mnj^÷FLj ³O~ð^j ÔofS, FL¸ÍÂÓNqjÄMLkFL¸rHÎ °¸@é ÄMLkFLMo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ Kb ZŠëÓj ÔLksS¸ÍjŠ
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M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj ¥qO~ê^¥q fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸ÔL<¸ :
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ÃOqjÍFLj Jv¸E~<j. O~NqjÔLkO§ NqjjÍíî¸ ×¦¿»FL ö¥i.QZ. 1520 GS¸. Moj FnÓ 19ML CoÁ£¥h MLjj¸ÍjOy¾
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(ÔLk<j.“ÅÇ¢ JdÍO~×¦ MLj¿Nqjj M~õGSO~×¦” by Mr.C.Krishna Swamy Rao, published in the, “Pro-
ceedings and Transactions of the Third Oriental Conference, Madras,”page 363).
M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓ TdfUCLõM~õGS¸$q¸ :
M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj µ¥q GSjöGHfSÍíî MLjCL$qjOqjMo ¥cŠ¸@~ MLjk¿¤ëbKZÄ¸¼FL Jd¸¨À£öGHÀbKZ $qÓM~<j.
EâÎøCL CLCLëø fSE~íî¸CL¸, CLOqÚQ~öGSë fSE~íî¸C~ÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæ ¬Fo¥q ö$q¸DE~ÓFLj Oq¼¸Ô~Oqj. ¬¸ÍjPy
öGHÏE~FL¸$c ²FLïÍ»FLÄ -CLOqÚC~¸<ML, F~õNqkMLjßCL, GSjÏE~, MLj¸E~OqMLj¸×¦¿, MLjÏÍø C~CLðOqõÔL¸öÁ¥c
MLj¿Nqjj ÕÔ~¸Ey$yõGHÂGRCLjë, CnÎÀë¿¤NnkGHÂGRCLjë, MLk¸<k¥yõGHÂGRCLjë MnjjÍPnÎFL °GHÂGRCLjëÓrHÎ M~õ#eõF~ÓFLj
‚< Oq¼¸Ô~Oqj(G.Oppert’s Lists of “Sanskrit Manuscripts,” Vol II,page 691).
¬GUy_Ó MLj>O~Â¥h On¸<ML gH>O~ÏÁGHÀ F~O~Nqj*½¡NqjO§ :

ML<$qPnÎCn$qŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ÅÇ¢ M nÎ G R ê M LlÓ¥yGS¸ ¬GUy_ÓMLj>O~Âï TdìfH¸¼FL ÅÇ¢ MLB§ QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjO§
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¬Jdð¼áNqkO§ ¬Bcê - ¯ ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿¥h Í$qÜ¿ _¸ÏÍjMLlPnÎ °¸=eOqj. ¥cÂ

MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cOqj, Ä£¿¥h ÇGRjõ<Â öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FLGHð=h¥i Ä£Oqj ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ “°We”
¥cMLõGH>OqF~FL¸CLOq¸, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š$cFLj ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ ÔofS °¸<j^

$qMLjF~Oqü¸. ¯ ÄGRNqj¸(No.336-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¥q MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cOqj, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
TdøÄj ¬FLjö$qVÂï Jv¸Í$y¿ “ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ GHlOq¸” ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï Â¿ô¸¼, ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~Oqj.
Q~.QZ. 1442 Äö¥qMLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 28-11-1520) öGH¥q=h¸ÔLjFL No.601-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py ¯NqjFL
ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ®¸¥qFLk ¯ Q~GSFL¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL(CnÎ ÀOqjF~W|)
GHlGRõMLkGS¸PyMLÔoá ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ÄGRNqkÂï, FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§ MLj¸^JdÂï $qj¿¸¼ öGHTdëÄGSjëFLïÁ. ¬¸Co$c¥q
¬ÓOoôP|MLj¸$nÎF~¼áNqkO§¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*¥nÎ Š<MLmO§F~<j FL¸ÍÆ bKZ¸@~OqM~@âÎ ö$cMLkÓPyÂ 1600
ŠÈÓ($qj¸^Ó) GSOqøMLkFLõbKZkÄjÂ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿¥h GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL ÄGRNqkÂï $qj¿¸¼, ®¸¥qFLk,
¯ ¿¥cOqjèNnjj¥qÚ CoÁ£F~<j ÀOqjMLjÓF~Nqj¥qÚO§Ôo O~MLkFLj×¦‚^MLjjÓŠ ¥x¸CLFoÓ _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL_¨FL
GHmOqø ÄGRNqkÂï $qj¿¸¼£, CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1444, ¼öCLbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 2-4-1522)F~=h
No.107-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py, ¯ MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cOqj, ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓŠ bKZkE~FL¸ ÔofSFL
ÄGRNqkÂï, E~Â IGHÓbKy$q¸ M~¿ ¬FLjbKZML¸Py °¸¨FLMnÎF~Âï, E~FL¥qOqë$q CLFLML¸CLjFLŠ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h

MLÔoá MLjk<j¬GHðGH<jÓ öGHTdÍbKe$cÓ ÄÂNnk$cÂï $qj¿¸¼FL ÄGRNqkÓj GHlFLQZáOq* ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
¯ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h M~OqGSj@âÎFL, ¥q¸E~@âÎ ŠMLkOqO~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqj ¬FoMLõ¥hë ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ
¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸, ÄOyÏÁF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ CnÎMLkGS¸ 18ML ÁFL¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 14-1-1530Py E~OqjMLlCy
Â¿ôCLMnjÎ OqDE~Âï ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjÂ ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j(No.318-G.T).
¥q¸E~@âÎ MoÍ¸C~Ô~Oqõ ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ Ex<èNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬rHÎð :
¥q¸E~@âÎ MoE~¸C~ÔLOqõ ¬Fo F~MLk¸CLOq¸$qÓ Ex<èNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬rHÎð, rHÎFL CnÆfHFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ
O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ ML¸QZ¸PyÂ µ¥q Q~#eŠ^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL E~NqkÁNnjÎ °¸=e<j. ¯NqjFL
CL¸ö¨, GIHj=h¥cÔLÓ¸ Po¥q awÆ¸$qO§ ¬Fo ö$cMLjÂM~fS, M~ÏÍkÓ$yöCL¸ GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj@âÎFL MnFLjþMLkPnÎtj^æ
rHOqjMLkW|F~NqjF~O§. ¯NqjFL GSjöGHfSÍíî GH¸¨CLj<j, MLjVÔ~Oqõ Po¥q Ex<èNqkÔ~Oqõ ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<j.
GH¸ÔLÄ×¦Nqj, ÔL¸<MLkOqjCL, ¬EâÎøCLÄE~õ Ä×¦Nqj MnjjÍPnÎFL ö$q¸DE~ÓFLj Oq¼¸Ô~<j.(G.Oppert’s Lists
of Sanskrit manuscripts Vol.II page 687) ‘MnÎbKZMLöGH¥cÇ¥q’ ¬Fo ö$q¸DÍ¸Py ¯NqjFL, ÅÇ¢ ÂM~TdÔ~OqjõÓ
ŠMLkOqj<Â£, ÓXqôBcOqjõÓ ÇGRjõ<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL Q~GSFL¸PyÂ MnFLjþMLkPnÎtj^æ rHOqjMLkW|,

GS¸GSÚßCL ö$q¸DÍ¸PyÂ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~TdÔ~OqõCy GS¿JwÓjCLjÁ. ¬¸=o ¯ ®OqjMLlOqj µ¥oMLõ¥hë. Ex<èNqjõ¸$cOqj,
GEéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ bKe¸@~Oq¸Py 2250 FLOqðBcÓFLj Q~.QZ. 1441 öGHMLkÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.13-4-
1519)rH=hæ E~ÂrHÎMLÔoá ML©èÂ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ ¬FLjö$qVÂ¥nÎ ÄÂNnk»Ôo¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j
(No.38,37-T.T.).
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ öQyöÀ£Nqj öKeÿô*jÓj :

¯ Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ ¥xÂï Q~GSF~ÓPy ¥x¸ÍOqj öQyöÀ£Nqj öKeÿô*jÓ ÄMLO~Ój
°F~ïtj. CLC~ëøÁ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~O~Nqj*NqjõF| Po¥q F~O~Nqj*EéML ¬FLjFLCL<j
${CLMLj $yöÀ£Š<j, GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<j ¬tjFL öQyöÀ£Nqj öKeÿô*j<j. ®CL<j GH@âÎÄ£<j O~×¦õ¸Py
¬$qOq¸ ¥q¸GH GSMLjjöÍ¸ ÂM~fS. ¯NqjFL CLFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL öQyöÀ£Nqj ö$cMLkÓPy µ¥q=h ¥x¸<M~Æ gSMLjPyÂ
ÀMLPnÎGHm¸¨ö$cMLkÂï Q~.QZ.1436 bKeMLF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ.26-7-1514)E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ÄMLO~Ój On¸<j
Q~GSF~ÓPy Oq¼¸GH_¨F~tj(No.27,284-T.T.). ¯NqjFL CL¸ö¨ CLC~ëøÁ ÀMLjô*êF| EâÎM~Â¥h CLFL GSMLjOqð*FLj
ÂMoÁ¸ÔLj¥xFo ÄGRNqj¸ No.344-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨°¸Á. Q~PnÎJd¥qÚ¸ FLOqGSNqjõO§ ¬Fo
MLjOy öQyöÀ£NqjöKeÿô*j<j Q~.QZ.1452 Ä¥qßÀF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.29-12-1529) $q¸¨¥y^gSMLjPyÂ
MLjjCLkëO§ ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸(No.279-T.T.)ÔoQ~<j. ®CL<j ¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFL
GSköÀ£Š<j _jj¥§Q~[ŠÔn¸ÁFL MLj¸öCLM~Á MLkÍOqGSO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLGS¸»¤CL ÄE~ø¸GSjPnÎFL C~+WJd¥qŠ^j¸_¸ GS¸¥iOqëFL¥qMLlÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæ µ¥o µ¥qQ~GSFL¸ No.76-T.T MLjFL GH¿Ç¢ÓFLŠ ML¼á¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1439 ¯QZøOq
F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.30-11-1517)¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL bKeOqÍø×¦$yöÀ£Š<j
¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<tjFL C~+WJd¥q¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸ öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ¸
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥yGS¸ 1500 FLOqðBcÓj EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL^j÷ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÆNqj×oGSjëFLïÁ.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸ FL¸ÍÆ FL$qOqC~ëOqjÓj :
¥cPeÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL “FL$qOqC~ëO§”ÓPy ¥x¸ÍOqj ¯ Q~GSF~ÓPy ¥qÂfHTdëOqj. ¥{¸¨FL
$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ML¸@âÎNqkOq¸ ÔnFLïMLjjQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL JdGHØQn=hæ µ¥q FL$qOqC~ëO§. ®CL<j ÀOqjGHÀ JvÆMojOqFLjFLï
FLOqfS¸$qO~NqjGHlOq ÂM~GSGSjì<j. ®CL<j CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ, CLFL CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ÔnFLï¸Qn=hæ MLj¿Nqjj CLÆ÷Nqj$qj
MLkOq¥qÚÓsHOq÷ Ä£jÍ, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~¾FLŠ, ®CLOq EâÎM~ÓŠ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL<¸
¥yGS¸, Q~.QZ.1434, ¸»¤OqGSF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.15-9-1512)2,500 FLOqðBcÓFLj, MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c
EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸FL¸Íj rH=hæ, CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.267-T.T.). ÀOqjGHÀ JvÆMojOqPy°FLï
®Eé FLOqfS¸$qO~NqjGHlOq¸ ÂM~fSNnjÎFL ÏÍOqôGHlOq¸ CLMLjjôQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥x¸<jQn=hæ ¬FLjFLCL<j ®¸¥x¥q<j.
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ®CLÂ¥h ³ ¥cOq*¸ÔoCLFy Mo+jMLjJd+¸ GSÄ£jJdFL °FLï ¼¸CLNqjGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï °¸_È$c
_ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj O~×eõÂ¥hML¼áFL öJdOq¸bKZÍQZPy, ÍXh*EéQZ Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿fHFL
GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, rSÎF~õÂ¥h, ¥cMLÓfSFL MLGSjë GS¸KeO~ÓFLj GSMLj‚Oqá<¸Py O~NqjÓŠ GSÿ¥q¿¸¼ ÔofSFL
sSMLÓŠ$cFLj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¯ ö$cMLkÂï GHFLjïÓj PoŠ¸@~ ×e»¤Oqj$cÔofS ¯ M~õJd¿¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼

°¸=e<j. ¯ Í¸<NqköCLŠ GSF~ïVÓj, Q~.QZ. 1433 öGH×eGHÀF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸, ¥qO~Ú^¥q _ÿj+
ÔLCLjOqíÇ _jÏÍM~Oq¸, GHlFLO§GHmQZ¸(GHlFLO§MLGSj) ö¥i.QZ. 1511 ¾ePnÎ, 23 GHmOqøMoj Oq¸bKZMnjÎ Nqjj¸<MLÔLjáFLj.
²¸Íj¥q¸=o, ¯ CoÁ£F~<j Ä£OqNqjÍBcêNqj¥q °<NqkO§, CLFL O~¾FLŠFLj, CLFLŠFLj ×¦Nqj¸ 1 ¥qÓj$qjFL^j÷
¬FLjö$qfU¸ÔLMLjÂ EâÎM~Âï Mo<j¥x¸^k, GSOqøMLkFLõ bKZkÄjÂ, CL¸×eMLmOqj½Pe÷PyÂ rS¸<PnÎ ö$cMLj¸FL¸ÍÆ
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. ¯ E~FL¥qßCLõ¸ No.213 of 1926 Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸,
O~×¦¥iNqjMLõMLVOq¸Ä£jÍ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ö¥i.QZ.1512 GS¸. rSrHæ¸_Oqj FnÓ 22ML CoÁ£F~<j ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸ G
MLÍí Ä¨Á ÔoNqj@~Â¥h GSjMLkOqj 15 FnÓÓŠ GHmOqøMoj ×¦¿»¸Á..(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ HG l^.176).
¥x¸<jQn=hæ ®¸CLŠGHmOqøMoj, Mo+jMLjJdWn¸ GS$q¸ ö$cMLkÂï ¥c+ÿfSëPyÂ ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿgSëQZøOqjFLŠ ®Ô~á<j.
Äj$qC~ GS$qö$cMLkÂï ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofS, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EâÎM~ÓŠ
FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š Q~.QZ.1439 ¯QZøOqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 27-11-1517 CoÁ£ F~<j ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.610-T.T.). Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL MLjFL $qj¿ë¸GHlFLŠML¼áFL MLjk<MLM~õJd¿ - QZOq*jQn=hæ,
ML*ê¥qÚ $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL rH¿Nqj rH¸$ç@âÎ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j ÀOqjGHÀGH^æ* ÂM~fS. ®CL<j Q~.QZ.
1449, GSOqø½C|F~MLj (ö¥i.QZ. 16 -8 - 1527) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj MLj¿Nqjj $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EâÎ M~ÓŠ FnÎ MoE~õÓj G SMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ, 3,700 GH BcÓFLj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸ °¸¼, CL$qj ³Oqð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.244-T.T.). “FL$qOqC~ëO§” ¬FLï GHE~Â¥h ö$cMLjGH¿JdÓ¥q GS¸GIHjGSbKZjõÓj ¬FLï ¬Oqì¸ °FLïGHð=h¥h,
M~õJdOqŠÓGSjìÓ GS¸GIHj¸ ¬Fo^^jML¸=h GH¿ÄjC~Oqì¸Py Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj, ®CLOq ×eåfH¥q GHlGSë¥cÓ
1. ÄQZÍ¸$c ®Á ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ÍXh*EéQZ Í¸<NqköCLFLj GSk¼Twë¸Á. Ä×¦NqjML$qOq O~×eõÂ¥h ÍXhBcFL GSjÍkOq öJd¸CL¸PyÂ öJd¸À£Nqj
JdÓŠÓj, JdWn$cOqj÷ QZöCLjMLlÓCy Ôo¿ Šö^Ój GHFLjïCLk ÀOqj$qjKe^÷FLj öJwCLûfUGSkë¸<<¸ÔoCL Ä£=hÂ ¬*ÔL@~Â¥h Ä£OqNqjÍBcêNqjŠ<j
°CLûfU¸Ô~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ ¥cOqõ¸Py öGHMLjj[JdöCL MLfU¸¼ °¸=e<j. ¥yNqj¸_CLkëO§½Pe÷PyÂ ¯Oy@§Py ÓbÃ¸¼FL GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO§Š
Ôn¸ÁFLNo.169 of 1910 Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ.1432 öGH×yCLðÀëF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ.1510-1511Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj öGHC~GHOqjöÍ$q×¦GHÀ FLj¸¨, C~MLjj GHmOqø¸ Jw$x^jæ¥xFLï MnjÎGSkO§ öJd¸C~Âï À¿» O~_^jæ¥yML@~Â¥h ÔosS öGHNqjC~ïÓPy
ÂMLj$qïMnjÎ °¸¨°¸=e<j. öGHC~GHOqjöÍ$q×¦GHÀ¥h GHmOqø¸ GH¿JdÓŠ¨$c°FLï GHlOqjawCLëMLj $q×¦GHÀ ¯ MnjÎGSkO§ O~×¦õbKe$cÂï ö¥qÄj¸¼
CLFL ¬ÏÁ£FL¸PyÂ¥h CnÔLjá¥y$c, ®CLÂ fHFLCL¸ö¨ GHOqøCLO~ÿjCLëO§ Po¥q ÀOqjMLjÓ O{CLO~NqjMLjVJdöCL ¯ öJd¸C~Âï öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀ¥h
Py_¨ GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.165Py ¬DEy. 1 )¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj $q×¦GHÀ ÄOqjÍíî¸$c CLFL ÍXh*EéQZ Í¸<NqköCLFLj
Oq¸bKZ¸ ÔoTd<j. rS¸<PnÎ Q~GSFL¸ GSk¼GSjëFLï öGH¥cOq¸, ö¥i.QZ.1509 GS¸. ¾ePnÎFnÓPy CLFLj fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfR>ç¸¼FL µ¥q=hFLïOq
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ $q<ML¥q GHmOqøMoj ö¥i.QZ.1511 GS¸.Py ¬Â GSñGRæMLjMLlCy¸Á, PoE~ Ä£OoQZÆ¸$q¸ GH¸CLjÓj$cOqj CLFL “ ¸öÏÍ ¥qMLlÓ ÔL¿CLMLjj”
3 ML bKe$q¸ GHl.171 MLj¿Nqjj 189ÓPy sHOxÚFLï^j÷ ³örHP| - Moj (MnÎQ~[ MLkGS¸)1509 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬Â ÔnGHðMLÔLjá.
(¿¥cOqjèÓj)PyFLj öGHNnk»¸GH_<jCLjFLïÁ. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ GHÍ¸ MnÎQZjõÓj Po¥q ¥yMLj^÷Š GHO~õNqj

GHÍ¸$c MLk¿¸Á. öJd¼£FL¥cÓ¸FLj¸© bKeOqCLEéQZ¸Py MLOqë¥qM~õJdOq¸ ÔosSM~¿Â MnÎQZjõÓj$c fHÓjML
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ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c ¯ M~Bh×¦õMLßÀëPy O~BhGSjëF~ïOqj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL Ä£Oqj MLBh¾Ój, ¬Â‚< fHÓjML
_<jCLjF~ïOqj.
3. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj
¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ :
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ ¬CLÂ GSMLÀCLMLjjô<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqTdöMLk×eõÏÁ¥cO~Âï
ÔoGH=eæ<j. ¯NqjFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Ô~Pe Q~GSF~Ój, À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py °F~ïtj. ¯NqjFL
sHOqj öGHGS¥qëMnjÎFL öGHDÍMLjQ~GSFL¸ No.318-G.T.ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ OqÏGIHjF~DÍjFLŠ ¬¸=o ÅÇ¢ O~MLj Po¥q ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLj
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, E~OqjMLlCy Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL OqDE~Âï, ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸, ŠMLkOq
O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cOqj, E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqkÂï FLMnkÍjÔofS¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL CoÁ£, ÄOyÏÁF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ GHlGRõMLkGS¸ 18ML Oy¾, Q~.QZ.1451GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 1530 ×¦FLML¿ 14, QZÂM~Oq¸). ¥cÂ, Á£Â¥h
MLjjFLjsH ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj M~¿ ÔoÀPyÂ QZ¸[¸Cy öJwXh¸GH_¨FL À£Oqì¸Cy öGHöGHDÍMLj¸$c
¬bÃsR¥h¸ÔL_¨FL CLOqjM~CL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦ÏE~ÂPy On¸<ML MLkOqj (“Sources of Vijayanagar History”
page 158) GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦¿»FLGHl@é ¯NqjFL O~×¦õJdÓFL öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH_¨¸Á. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥hÂ£ MLjOy
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CoÁ£Â CnÓjGHl CLjF~ïtj. Ä£Â öGH¥cOq¸ ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓ GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸, ×¦¿»FLCoÁ£ TzOqMLkFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸
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for 1900, para 70)¬Â CnÓjGGSjëFLïÁ. TzOqMLkFL¸ MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸, Ô~¸öÍMLkFL ¥c¿ë¥qMLkGS¸Cy ³¥ibKZÄ¸¼
GS¿$c µ¥o GSMLjNqj¸Py O~ML<¸ PoÍj. Á£Â CLOqjM~CL MLTwë¸Á. TzOqMLkFL 5 ML CoÁ£, Ô~¸öÍMLkFL
GH¸ÔLÄj¥h µ¥q FnÓ CLOqjM~CL MLTwë¸Á. ¬¸=o GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦¿»FL CoÁ£ ¥c+ÿfSë Q~GSF~Ó öGH¥cOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 21-
10-1529 ¬¥yæ_Oqj $qjOqjM~Oq¸ ¥c$c, ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ Q~GSF~Ó No.49 and 50 öGH¥cOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 20-11-1529
QZÂM~Oq¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ On¸<j CoÁ£ÓPyFLj On¸<jMLkOqj÷ , MLj¿Nqjj FLML¸_Oqj 20ML CoÁ£
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×¦¿» °¸^j¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, MLOqjGS$q MLjk<jMLkOqjÓj GH=eæbÃsR¥q MLjGUyCLûML¸,

×¦¿fH¸ÔLj ¥xFLï^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á. ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥y^Py ÂOqò¸ÏÍ¸Py°FLï ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj _¸ÏÍ¸FLj¸¨
MLÁÆrH^æ_<$cFo ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÅÇ ¢ÂM~GSjÂ GSÂïÏÁÂ GH=eæbÃfRŠë<Nqkõ<j. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL On¸<MLMLkOqj
ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿgSëQZøOqjÂ GSÂïÏÁÂ, MLjk<MLMLkOqj Q~öTwë¥që¸$c ¬CLõ¸CLMnÎbKZML¸Cy MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸Py
GH=eæbÃfRŠë <Nqkõ<j. ¯ MLjk<j GH=eæbÃsR¥cÓj ö¥i.QZ. 1529 GS¸.Py ¬¥yæ_Oqj-FLML¸_Oqj FnÓPy
µ¥x¥qE~Â¥h MLjÏÍõ µ¥qFnÓ MLõMLÏE~FL¸ °¸@é^j÷ ×¦OqjGH_¨FLÄ. ¥cÂ GH=eæbÃsR¥yCLûML¸ ×¦¿»FL MLjk<j
GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj µ¥qÚ On¸<ML GS¸ÍO~óÂï $qj¿¸¼ MLköCL¸ CnÓjGHlCLk ®Á ¥c¿¤ë¥q _ÿj+ GH¸ÔLÄ£j ÀDÁ
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öGH¥q=h¸¼FL 544 and 545 of 1919 Q~GSF~Ój‚< ö¥i.QZ.1529 ¬¥yæ_Oqj 21 CoÁ£Fo GSk¼GSjëF~ïtj. ¥cÂ
®Eé ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸FLj¸¨ öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.49, 50 of 1900 Q~GSF~Ój ö¥i.QZ. 1529 FLML¸_Oqj QZÂM~Oq¸ 20
CoÁ£Â GSk¼GSjëFLïÄ. ¯ On¸¨¸=hMLjÏÍõ µ¥q FnÓ Co@~ °¸<^¸ $qMLjF~Oqü¸. ¯ ÄMLO~ÓFLj ÔLk<$c
¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj ö¥i.QZ. 1529 FLML¸_OqjFnÓPy CLFL GSMLÀ TwÍOqj<$qj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓCy GSÿGH¿JdÓŠ<j$c
JdÓF~GH$cÜÓFLj ÔoGH=hæ, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×eõÂï ö¥i.QZ. 1530-31 GS¸.Py ¥xÂï FnÓÓJd^j GH¿JdÆ¸¼,
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ MLjOqBcFL¸CLOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1530 GHm¿ë TdøCL¸öC~õÂï MLfU¸Ô~<j (ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.
174).
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ öGHDÍMLj ÍOqùFL¸ :

¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÀOqjGHÀPy ¬Fo¥qE~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj ÔofSFLGHð=h¥i, ¯NqjFL ¬ÀCLOqÔLj$c
¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓj ÔofSFL^j÷, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸¼FL MnÎFL¸ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ¥cÂ µ¥q
öGHCoõ¥q GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¯NqjFL ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1454 FL¸ÍFLF~MLj
GS¸. Š¸bKZMLkGS¸(TzOqMLkGS¸)Py GSGHëÄ£jÀDÁ(Ô~¸öÍMLkGS¸) ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1533 ×¦FLML¿ 31ML CoÁ£F~<j
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ bKeOqõ MLOqE~½¡¬MLjôF|, ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ŠMLkOqMo¸¥q=eöÁ Mn¸Ô~$c ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj
ÍOqùF~Oqì¸ MLÔ~á<j. GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¥qfHÓGHQZjMLl(¥qfHÓÏEéFLjMLl), GSøOqêMLOqú¸ (GSjMLOqêMojOqj, ¥çÔLFLMojOqj
Po¥q MLjVMojOqj)MnjjÍPnÎFL MLjVE~F~ÓFLj ÔoQ~<j. ®¸¥qFLk, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h MLjjC~õÓj, MLjOq¥qC~Ój,
MLkBh¥cõÓj, OqC~ïÓj, MnjjÍPnÎFL M~ÂCy ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸ÔL_¨FL µ¥q “¥qIJd” ¬FL_@é ML¸=hÄ£jÍ ÏÍ¿¸Ôo
MLöTdëÂï, F~Ój$qj _¸$cOqj$c¾Ój, _¸$cOqj Keÿj MLPNqkÓFLj ; ÇOqGSjûFLŠ ¬Ó¸¥qOqBcOqì¸ OqC~ïÓj
JvÍj$q_¨FL µ¥q×¦CL “°¼áGHmð”, ¥h¿¤^¸ rHÎbKe$q¸ Ä£jÍ ¬Ó¸¥cOq¸$c °¸ÔL_<j MLö×eÓCy ‚¨FL µ¥q
“ Š^æ¸”FLk, µ¥q rHÍí MLjjC~õÓVOq¸ - MnjjÍPnÎFL ÄÄÏÍOq¥cÓ bKZOqBcÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j.

GSMLjNqkFL, ¬OqáŠ<j ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GS GSÿöGSF~MLkÓFLj GH>¿GSjë¸<$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjMLjVO~¾ GSøNqj¸$c
C~Fo ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ¬OqáFLFLj ÂOqøfU¸Ô~<j(No.453-T.T.). ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqkÂï ö¥i.QZ. 31-1-.1533 CoÁ£F~<j Í¿ù¸Ô~<j. ®¸CLŠ GHmOqøMoj, ¬¸=o µ¥q GS¸MLCLûOq¸
MLjj¸Íj$cFo ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, ÀOqjML¨ (ö=eMn¸‚Oqj)Ä£jÍ Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿fH, O~MLÓfSFL ¥qJdðÂï
MLGSkÓjÔofS¥xÂ, CLj¸Ã¼á F~NqjŠÂ, Td+jMLF~NqjŠÂ Px¸$qÁ£ GSjŠÂ CLFL JdE~ö¥çCLjÓFLj
$cÄ¸ÔLj¥xFLï CLOqjM~CL, Jd¸<õO~¾ ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿ¸ ÔoGSjŠF~ï<j. ¬^j CLOqjM~CL C~öMLjGH¿¤ê
FLÁ À£O~FL, ×¦NqjGSë¸bKeÂï F~=h¸Ô~<j. CLÍjGH¿ CLFL O~BhNqj$qj MLOqE~¸Ã¥qCyFLj, CLFL ŠMLkOqj<j
¼¥qÚ Mo¸¥q=eöÁCyFLj Ä¨Ä¨$q On¸<jMLkOqjÓj, Q~.QZ. 1455 FL¸ÍFLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.14 -
7- 1532 )FLj, ¥q¸¼£Py ÅÇ¢ ÿ¿ EâÎMLGSÂïÏÁÂ, CLFLŠ GIHjFLÄ×¦Nqj¸ ÓbÃ¸¼FL¸ÍjÓŠ ×eåGH¥cOqì¸$c,
MLjj¥cëCLjPebKeOq¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLjŠF~ï<j(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1924 para 45 ; and No.178 of 1924).
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓFLj On¸<MLMLkOqj Í¿ù¸ÔLj^ :
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ NqköCLFLj ×¦¿fHFL^j÷, Q~.QZ. 1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-1535) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL 544-T.T; 546-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯
GS¸ÍO~óFL ÅÇ¢ÂM~GSjFLŠ, ¬PnÎMojP|MLj¸$nÎ F~¼áNqkO§ÓŠ ÓXiôEéÄ MLjGUyCLûM~Âï 5 ÁF~Ój ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ,
OqGIHjjF~DÍjFLŠ(ÅÇ¢O~MLjjÓj) F~¼áNqkO§(gSC~EéÄ) ®WnÎNqj rHOqjMLkW|(ÓXqô*)ÓŠ GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MLÔoá
GHlFLOqøGSj FLXqöCLNqjj¥që 13 ÀDÍjÓPy 13 MLkOqjÓjFLk GHlFLOqøGSj ÀOqjF~+j÷ ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ, CL$qj ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ °CLûM~ÓFLj ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬Nojõ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj, ¥x¸<Ä£<jgSMLjPyÂ ö$cMLkÓFLj¸¨
“°CLëO~Nqj¸”$c 300 Oo#nÎJvF| MLj¿Nqjj 60 Oo#nÎJvF|ÓFLj GSMLj‚O~á<j. ®¸¥qFLk MLÓfSFL MLGSjëGS¸KeO~ÓFLj
ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸FLj¸¨ GSMLj‚Oqjá¥xFL MLÓfSFLÁ$c GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j. ÓXiôEéÄ MLjGUyCLûM~Âï $qj¿¸¼FL
ÄMLO~ÓPy, ³ FnÓPy ¯ °CLûM~Ój ×¦OqJdÓFo GSMLkÔ~Oq¸ ®MLøPoÍj. ¥cÂ Q~GSFL¸ MLjj»¸¼FL
CLOqjM~CL ¼ML¿bKe$q¸Py MLjOqÓ öM~Nqj_¨FLE~ÂPy öJdOq¸bKZ, MLjj»¸GHl CoÁ£ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLk,
¬¸ŠO~Oqð* °CLëOqC~ëÁ (°CLëO~adA< FLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸)ÁF~ÓPyFLj, Q~CLjëMLjjYnÎ([¿ Oy¾) OyfUBh
Oy¾ÓPyFLj, ×¦OqjGH_<MLPnFLÂ öM~Nqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ. ®Eé Q~GSFL¸ No.544 Py 7 MLj¸<JdÓFLj $qj¿¸¼
sHOxÚFL_¨NqjjFLïÁ. Ä£=hPy On¸<j MLj¸<JdÓj ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjTdøÄj sHOqj Ä£jÍ, On¸<j O~BhNqj$qj
MLOqE~½¡ ¬MLjôF| TdøÄj sHOqj Ä£jÍ, MLjOx¥q=h CLFL ŠMLkOqj<$qj “ŠMLkOq ¼¥qÚ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ °<NqkO§”
sHOqjÄ£jÍ ®¸¥x¥q=h CLFL CL¸ö¨ FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§ sHOqjÄ£jÍ, ³<MLÁ CLFL CLÆ÷Nqj$qj ¶Ke¼á¬MLjôF|
¬¸=o ¶Ke¸Ã¥q sHOqjÄ£jÍ Â¿ô¸GH_¨ °FLïMLÂ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. TdÏE~Oq*¸$c, bKeOqÀ£NqjjÓj
C~MLjj ¥i¿ëQoGRjPnÎFL CLOqjM~CL‚@~, ×¦FLjÓj CLMLj GIHjFL¥cO~õÓFLj MnjÔLjá ¥x¸^k ¥i¿ëGSkë GSE~ CLMLjjô
GSô¿¸Ô~ÓÂ£, ÄÏÍ¸$c, bKZjÄrHÎ CLMLjsHOqj ÂÆ¼°¸@~ÓÂ£ ¥yOqj¥x¸=eOqj. ¯ °EéíQZ¸CyFo, ÏE~¿ô¥q_jÁíîCy
GHÓjMLlOqŠ °GHNnk$qGH@é ÄÏÍ¸$c, ÔnOqjMLlÓFLj, GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓFLj öCLÄø¸ÔL<¸, $qj+j÷, $yGHlO~Ój,
MLj¸^JdÓj, EéM~ÓNqkÓj Â¿ô¸ÔL<¸, GHmEy^ÓFLj rH¸ÔL<¸, CLMLj sHOqjÄ£jÍ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ÄÄÏÍ
sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj, °CLûM~Ój ×¦¿fH¸ÔL<¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL GIHjFL ¥cO~õÓFLj ÔoGSjëF~ïOqj. ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¬FLj$qj*õ¸$cFo
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj‚< CLFLsHOqj, ¼OqTdìtj$q ÂÆ¼°¸@é^j÷, CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ MLj¸<JdÓj ¥q=hæ¸ÔL<¸Cy
Ke^j ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¥yFoOqj(ÀOqjMLjÓPy), ÀOqjGHÀ¥h JvÆMojOqPy “¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸” ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï
Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ®¥qÚ< ¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLkW| Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç $cÄ¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj GSöCL¸ ³OqðOqÔL_¨¸Á.
EâÎM~Â¥h ¯NqjFL ¬Fo¥q E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj ÔoQ~<j(¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¬MLGSOq¸). ¯ ¥cO~õÓj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
ÄCLOq*FLj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ sHOqjFLj ×¦FLjÓj GSô¿¸ÔLjFL^j÷ ÔoGSjëF~ïtj. ®EéÄÏÍ¸$c, ÀOqjMLjÓPy CLFLCLÆ÷
×eåGH¥cOqì¸, MnjsHOqj ¼OqTdìtj$q °¸@é^j÷ MnjsHOqjÄ£jÍ ¬¸$q* MLj¸^JdÂï ÂOqô¸GH×oQ~<j. CLFL
CL¸ö¨sHOqjCy µ¥q ¬¸$q* MLj¸^JdÂï, ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁÂ£ Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<j. CLFL O~Bh ×eåGH¥cOqì¸ µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï,
¬¸$q*MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ®Mo ¥cŠ¸@~, Mnj sHOqjÄ£jÍ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ¥cFLj¥qÓFLj
(¬MLGSOq¸) GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. CLFL ŠMLkOqjÂ sHOqjÄ£jÍ µ¥qMLj¸^GH¸ Â¿ô¸GH×ofS E~Â¥h ¬CLÂ sHOqjrH=eæ<j.
®CLOq öGHEéQ~ÓPy ‚< Ä£¿ ×eåGH¥cOqì¸, ö$cMLkÓFLj, ÔnOqjMLlÓFLj M~¿M~¿ sHOq÷Ä£jÍ Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<j.
EâÎML Äö$qVÓFLj öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. Ôn¸$qP|GH=|½Pe÷PyÂ ¶Ke¼á¬MLjôF| GSMLjjöE~Âï Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<j. ¶_WoQZøOqEéML
Äö$qVÂï ¬EésHOqj$qÓ ö$cMLj¸Py öGHÀfRç¸GH×oQ~<j(No.47 of 1900). _We÷¿½Pe÷PyÂ µ¥q ö$cMLj¸Py
_j¥oÚQZøOqjÂ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç $cÄ¸ÔL_¨¸Á(No.195 of 1913). ŠMLkOq Mn¸¥q=eöÁ GSMLjjöÍ¸ Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨¸Á.
Mn¸¥q=eöÁ GSMLjjöÍ¸ MLj¿Nqjj ŠMLkOq Mn¸¥q=eöÁGHlOq ¬FLjFLÄ °CLëOq O~Ú^j ½Pe÷PyÂ(No.58-
T.T.)MLj¿Nqjj ¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸½Pe÷PyÂ (Nos .574 and 578 of 1912)ö$cMLkÓsHOqj÷.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓÍOqùFL SG ¸ÍOqòó¸Py ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ML¼áFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :

ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-1535 CoÁ£F~<j, On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓŠ EâÎMLÍOqùF~OqìMnjÎ ML¼áFLGHl<j, öGHDÍMLj
NqköCL GS¸ÍOqó¸PyPe$q O~×¦ŠMLkOqj<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ML¼áFL^j÷PoÍj. ¥cÂ, O~MLkbKZ^æ
OqNqjõF|, O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍ Á£XhCL, MLjPnÎNqjGHðOqNqjõF|, ¬@âÎGHð¸ Oqj¥hôBi¬MLjôF|, ¬@âÎGHð¸ GHO~ôÍMLjôF|
MnjjÍPnÎFL ¥x¸ÍOqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj ÔofSFL CoÁ£Â $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, O~¾FLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼
ML¼áFL GH¿M~Oq¸Py Ä£Oqj‚< °FLï^j÷ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$q
°¸¨FL O~MLkbKZ^jæ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^GHlOq¸¬Fo ¬ö$qVO~Âï ³OqðOq¼, ¬¥qÚ<, OqGIHjjF~DÍ Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸GH×oQ~<j
(No.515-T.T). O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍ Á£¥húCLjÓj ¥xÂïFnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ, ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.538-

T.T.). MLjPnÎNqjGHðOqNqjõF|, ¬FLjFLCL<j, 140 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥q E~Nqj¸ (No.537-T.T) ®Ôoá^^jML¸=h
ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸PyÂ GH¸ÔLMLF|MLkEéÄ ö$cMLkÂï _ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥c “Oqj¥hôBh ¬MLjôF|” MLj¿Nqjj

GHO~ôÍMLjôF|Ó sHOqjÓÄ£jÍ, ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥yGS¸ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔL_@~ètj(Nos.540,
541-T.T.). ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ MLj¸öÀNnjÎFL Td+jMLÀMLjôOqGSj E~FL¥qOqë$q CLFLML¸CLjFLŠ MLÔoá^^jML¸=h öGHTdÍ
bKe$cÓFLj C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h, fSìOq¸$c ÀOqjMLjÓPyFo ÂMLfS¸¼ °¸@~ÓFo GROqCLjÄ£jÍ 1900

GHBcÓŠ Äö¥qtj¸Ô~<j. ¯ ö¥qNqj Äö¥qNqkÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ×eåfH¥q GHöCL¸, GS¿$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj
On¸<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼áNqjj¸¨FL CoÁ£¥h MLjk<jÁF~Ó CLOqjM~CL ¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ. 29-12-1535 CoÁ£
F~<j FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ On¸<jCoÁ£Ó MLjÏÍõ$qÓ MLõMLÏE~FL¸ ¬ÀCLŠÚML$q °¸<<¸MLÓFL, ®¸¥c
Td+jMLÀMLjôOqGSj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓMLÍí‚< MLj¸öÀ$c°¸¨FL^j÷FLj, O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ GH¿M~Oq¸CyKe^j
MLjj[õ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c ÀOqjMLjÓŠML¼á °¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °¸Á.
¬ÔLjõCLEéMLO~NqjÓj MLjk<MLMLkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ ÍOqùFL¸ :
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ MLjOx¥q MLkOqj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÀOqjMLjÓŠ
ML¼á Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷, GSkÔLFL$c Q~.QZ. 1458 ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸.Py ö¥i.QZ. 12-1-1537 O~×¦õGH¿JdÓFL ¬ÏÁ
¥cOqjÓPy ¥x¸ÍOqj SG øNqj¸$c ÀOqjMLjÓPy E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj ÔofSFL GS¸ÍO~óÓMLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ,
O~MLkbKZ^j÷, ¬@âÎGHð¸ÄQZøF~DÍF~Nqj¥q, GSÓ¥qO~×¦ fS¸$qO~¾, ®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ, ¥qßGRêGHðF~Nqj¥q
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓPy ¥x¸ÍOqj - Ä£¿Py µ¥xÚ¥qÚOqj, 15,000 FLOqðBcÓ ÔxGHØFL
ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸¼, EâÎM~FLjö$qVÂ¥nÎ µ¥xÚ¥qÚ¿ CLOqGHlFL GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 300 ¬GHðGH¨Ó ÔxGHØFL
TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÍFLŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~Oqj. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ °Eyõ$qGSjì@x¥q<j,(sHOqj FLGRæMLj$qj^ÔoCL CnÆNqj
<¸ PoÍj)GSøNqj¸$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓj ®¼áFL GSÓVFLj Jd=h¸¼, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿
¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸, ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o ²ÂÄjÁö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFLj ²ÂÄjÁ, GSGHëMLjÁMLGSMLjjÓPyFLj EâÎM~Â¥h
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠFLj, E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥hMLÔoá F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj, µ¥cFx¥q ¬GHðNqjõF|
¬FLjMLõ¥hë¥h ®MLø_<j^ŠFLj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼ ®¸ÍjÓ¥qNojõ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj ö¥i.QZ. 12-1-1537 CoÁ£F~<j
“MLjPe÷GHlOq¸” ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ No.396-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
_ÿjQZ¹ ¯ ¬GHðNqjõF|, ¬FoMLõ¥hë Q~.QZ. 1433, öGH×yCLðÀë F~MLj GS¸. ö¥i.QZ. 25-12- 1511 CoÁ£FL öHG ¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL
No.334-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, Td+jML ÀMLjôNqjõ¸$c¿ bKeOqõNnjÎFL ÓXiô¬MLjôF|, E~FL¥qOqë$q
CLFLML¸CLjFLŠ O~$qÓ öGHTdÍ bKe$cÓFLj ö$qfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLjÀ¸ÔL_¨FL F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHðNqjõNoj ¬tj

°¸=e<j. ®ÁNoj Â×¦MnjÎCo, _ÿjQZ¹ E~FL¥qOqë GSøNqj¸$q Td+jML ÀMLjôNqjõNoj ¬tj °¸=e<j.
MLj¸<JdÓCy ‚¨FL ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì ÂO~ô*¸ :

Q~.QZ. 1454 FL¸ÍFL F~MLj GS¸.Py ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj öGHDÍMLj GHO~õNqj¸ ÀOqjMLjPoQZjÂ ÍOqùFL¸
ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. ®¸CLŠ GSjMLkOqj µ¥q=hFLïOqGS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ GHmOqøMoj ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸ÔLj^kæ CnÎ¿ìŠÓŠ ¬FLjMLl$c
°¸@é^j÷ O~À Mnj^÷FLj Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<j. Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h ögHÀ¥qOq¸$c Á£Â¥h ÔLö¥qÀ£Oqì¸ ¬Â sHOqjMLk¿á
rH=eæ<j. À£O~ìÂ¥h CLkOqjð GH<MLjOq ÁQZÓPy GS¸ÏE~õML¸ÍFL MLj¸<JdÓFLj ¥q=hæ¸¼ À£Oqì¸ F~Ój$qjMnÎGHlÓPyFLj,
GSjÍOqùFL ÇÓÓFLj(ÀOqjM~È ¥qP|) Motj¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjPy MLjk<j GSjÍOqùFLÇÓÓj ¥qÂfHTdëtj. ¥cÂ
F~Ój$qMLÇÓ, öGH¥qÚFL °FLï ¥q^æ<¸Nnjj¥qÚ fH^æ$y< ÂO~ô*¸Py Ôo¿JwtjFLïÁ. Ä£=hrHÎ Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLï
Q~GSFL¸Py “MLkFLMLl<j TdÏÁ¸ÔL MLÓfSNqjjFLï ÔLCLj¿øÏÍ GHlOqjadOqìTdÏÍFLŠ öJwC~ûÿ¥qOq¸$q, ¯ ÇPeTwJdFL
GH¸ŠëÓj, GS¸ÏE~õML¸ÍFL MLj¸^JdÓjNnjj¥qÚ ÂO~ô*¸ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ E~FL¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸” ¬Â CnÓj$qj
CLÄj+, ¥qFLï< bKeGRÓPy [OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1453Py (ö¥i.QZ. 25-6-1531)FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ.
(Nos.206, 207, 208-G.T.)(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 68.)
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸Py ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+÷ Äö$qÿ öGHÀGRç :
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c, ÄÄÏÍ E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj ÔoNqj<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, ÀOqjGHÀPy
ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSjÂ ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ (ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL ö$cMLj¸)¬tjFL ¥y^kæOqj ö$cMLkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
FoÓPy ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLkW| EéM~ÓNqj¸ Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ¬¥qÚ< ¯ EéM~ÓNqj GH¿GSO~ÓPy 120 ®+"
¬ö$qVO~Âï Â¿ô¸GH ×oQ~<j. ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¥cMLÓfSML FoÓFLj Jv¸Í@~Â¥h, FLGRæGH¿VOq¸$c 2,400 FLOqðBcÓFLj
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j.(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 66-67) öGHÀÁFL¸,
¯ EâÎM~Â¥h, GHm×e¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÍjÓj ×¦OqGH@~Â¥h$cFLj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, GH¿=hæGHlCLkëO§ ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï 20b
Ke$cÓj ÔofS ö$cMLkÂï ¯ FLkCLFL EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. Q~.QZ. 1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.
(ö¥i.QZ. 8-2-1539)Py ¯ 120$q<GHÓPyFLj 100 $qßVÓ Nqk×¦MLkF~õÂï, ¬GHð=h¥o ®¸<÷Py ÂMLfS¸ÔLj
öKeÿô*jÓŠ ¬MLjô<¸, ¥xFL<¸, E~FL¸ÔoNqj<¸, C~¥q^jærH^æ<¸, _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL<¸ - MnjjÍPnÎFL
GSOqøÿŠÚbKZj¥cëÓCy ¬FLjbKZÄ¸Ôo^j÷ E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. Äj»ÆFL $q<GHÓ $qßÿGSjìÓj‚< ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqMLk+j÷
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, GH¿=hGHlCLkëOqj FL¸ÍÆ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h öGHCoõ¥h¸ÔL_¨FL 20 bKe$qÓFLj ¬FLjbKZÄGSjëFLïGHð=h¥hÂ£,
¬MLjjôŠFo ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ PoŠ¸< ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¬¸=o ¯ $qßVÓFLj bKZÄGRõÍjGHNnk$cOqì¸ öGHCoõ¥h¸ÔL_¨¸Á
(No.355-G.T.). ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj ÂCLõGHm×eÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦Oq$q<¸Py KeÏÍõCL¥qÆ»,
¯ ö$cMLj¸Py ÂMLfSGSjëFLï ¬OqáŠÓj, GH¿Ô~OqŠÓj MLjjFLï$qjM~Oqj ®¸<÷FLj #eÈ¢ÔofS Mn<ÆJwMLlFL=hæ
GH¿fSìÀ GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ FL^÷tjCo, EâÎM~Â¥h ×¦OqjGH_<MLÓfSFL ÂCLõGHm×e ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÍjÓj ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š
^¸¥q¸ ³Oqð<MLÔLjáFLFLj bKZNqjGS¸EéVÓj ¥qÓ$q<¸MLÓFL, rHÎFL CnÆfHFL^j÷$q ¯ ÄÏÍMnjÎFL ³O~ð^jÔoNqj<¸

×¦¿»¸Á.¯ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸ ¬ö$qVOq¸, F~<j, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h °CLëOq JvÆMojOqPy ¥x¸<JdÍCLPeÂï
¥qfHÓÀ£O~ìÂ¥h JwMLlE~¿¥h CLkOqjðFL °FLï µ¥q sH^. ¥cÂ ¯ F~<j ¬¥qÚ< GHm¿ë$q ÇDÁÓMnjÎ ®^j¥qÓj,
O~+j÷OqGHðÓCy Â¸¨FL Mnj¸¨$y<ÓjF~ïtj. ®¥qÚ< µ¥q ×¦FLGHÍ¸ °¸¨FL^j÷ ±fU¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ®¥qÚ¨¥h
¬ÀGSÄ£jGHMLjjFLFo MLjj¸<÷JvÍÓMLjÏÍõ ÇDÁÓMnjÎ Ä¿»Jwtj MLjj¥qÚÔn¥qÚÓj$c GH¨°FLï Äö$qVÓj, O~+j÷$qÓ
¯ öGHEéQ~FL GHmOqø¸ ®¥qÚ< µ¥q EéM~ÓNqj¸ °¸¨ °¸<MLÔLjáFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj
GS¸.Py O~¾ ¯ ö$cMLj¸ FL¸Íj$qÓ 100 $qßVÓFLj, Nqk $qßVÓPy ÂMLfSGSjëFLï $qßÿGSjìÓŠ E~FL¸ÔofS,
M~¿¥h Nqk×¦MLkF~õÂï ¥qÆð¸Ô~<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL EâÎMLÄö$qÿ öGHÀGRç, ¬¥qÚ< EéM~ÓNqj ÂO~ô*¸, ¬ö$qVOq¸
q
TdìfH¸ÔLj^¬Fo ¥cO~õÓj ®¸CLŠ ¥xÂïGS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ GHmOqøMoj ×¦¿» °¸^j¸Á. ²¸ÍjÔoCLFL¸=o Q~.QZ.
1458 ÍjOqjôº(ö¥i.QZ. 31-1-1537) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py, öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL Q~GSFL¸Py ; EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ ¥xY¦Š,
JdOqjMo^ °CLûMLÁF~ÓPy(JdÁNqjMo=nuæ F~W|) µ¥cFx¥q MLj¸<GH¸MLÍí ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLkW| EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj

GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^¥nÎ CL$qj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸ÔL _¨NqjjFLï^j÷, FLMnkÍjÔoNqj _¨°FLïÁ.(No.140-G.T.) ¥qFLj¥q,
¯ ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+j÷ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRçFLj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õfS¸VGSFL¸ FLÏÁfRç¸¼, GH¿JdÓFLFLj
ÔoGH=hæFL ¥xÁíSG ¸MLCLûO~ÓPyGHlFLFo $cÄ¸¼ °¸=e<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓ GSöC~Â¥h, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸
FL¸ÍÆ ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+÷ GHm×¦ÓŠ, CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔL_¨FL^j÷, Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
MLBh(öQ~ML*¸)MLkGS¸ 16ML ÁFL¸ ö¥i.QZ. 15-8-1538 CoÁ£F~<j öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL - ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ FLGRæMnjÎ
ÓbÃ¸¼FL - Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL (No.317-T.T.) CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ‚<, CLFLÔo TdìfH¸ÔL_¨FL
ÀOqjGHÀ JvÆMojOq ö$cMLkÓPy °¼CL ¬FLïE~FL GSöC~ÓFLj ³O~ð^jÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. MoOx¥q
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸ ¬Foö$cMLj¸ °FLï^j÷ No.532-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®Á $q¸¨¥y^gSMLjPyÂ GS$qMLOnÎ¥h
Í$qÜOqPy °FLï^j÷ ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. ¯ ö$cMLj¸ FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸ÔL$qÓ O~_¨Â, Ä>Oy½¡ GH¸¨CLjÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL,
$yÄ¸Í GH¸¨CLj<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, Q~.QZ.1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 6-1-1536) E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷
¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ.
FLOqë¥iMLj*jÓFLj ÓNqj ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂ¥h ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj GH¸GHl^ :
EâÎMLbKZ¥hëGHOqj@âÎFL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õOqìMnjÎ ÏE~õÀô¥q
¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓPy JdPxÜFo¸ÍjŠ, EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo öGHTdE~ÓCy CLßfHëGH¨ bKZj¥hëÂ $q<GHl¥xFo ¥x¸ÍOqj
¥qFLõ¥cMLj*jÓFLj MLjj[õGH^æ*MnjÎFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸FLj¸¨, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h GH¸Jd<j. ¬=hæ M~¿Py MLjj[õ¸$c
“ÄÍøC| GSbKeO~Nqj Oq¸×¦¥q¸” ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<j ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾ MLjFLjMLjO~ÓjFLj, ŠJdðtj ŠMLkOnë
¬tjFL MLjjÍjíŠJdðtj µ¥q¿ë. ¯Mnj ¯ ÏÍOqô¥cOqõTdÏÍ¥q GHO~Nqj*jO~ÓÂ bKeÄ¸¼FL¸ÍjFL, O~¾
¯MnjFLj öGHCoõ¥q¸$c ²FLjï¥xÂ, Q~.QZ. 1453, [OqF~MLj (ö¥i.QZ.6-6-1531)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÀOqjGHÀ¥h

GH¸Jd<j(No.1-G.T.). ÀOqjGHÀPy fSìOqÂM~GS¸ ³OqðOqÔLj¥xÂ, O~×e×¦åöGH¥cOq¸ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ öGHÀÁFL¸FLk ÓbÃ¸Ôo µ¥q CLÈ$q öGHTdÍ¸Cy CLFLjï JwfR¸ÔLj¥x¸^k, ¯ öGHCoõ¥q EâÎML
sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï ¬¸¥hCLbKeML¸Cy ÂO~GIHk^¸$c, ÂOq¸CLOq¸ ML¸QZJdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š
CL$qj öQZÍíîMLfU¸Ô~Æû¸ÍÂ ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓj ¥q^æ¨ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ²¸rHOqjMLkFL¨NqkOqjÓPy
°=hæÍ ÀMLjôNqjõF| Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOnëNnjÎFL ÿFLjMLjTdÂ ¬FLjF~Mnj MLj¿Nnjj¥q¿ë. Q~.QZ.1461, Ä¥c¿F~MLj
GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ. 31-1-1540) ¯Mnj EâÎM~Â¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<j^Š $cFLj 820 FLOqðBcÓj
E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ No. 422-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL
NqjjMLCLjÓPy C~FLj µ¥q¿ëFLÂ ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ¯Mnj CnÓjGHl¥xFLïÁ.
C~+÷Jd¥q¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h On¸<j ö$cMLkÓj E~FL¸ ÔoNqjj^ :
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, µ¥q MLõ¥hë$qCL E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ No.588-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
GHm¸¨, GS¸$q¸¥x=nuæ ¬FLj On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj, C~+÷Jd¥q¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj, Q~.QZ. 1454 FL¸ÍFLF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 27-3-1532)Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á. ¯
On¸<j ö$cMLkÓj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLGS¸»¤CLÄE~ø¸GSjÓ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h, ®¸CLŠ GHmOqø¸ C~öMLjQ~GSFL GHmOqø¥q¸$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj E~FL¸ ÔofSNqjj¸¨FL^j÷FLj,
rHÎ CnÓjGH_¨FL CoÁ£F~<j, Ä£=hFo ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL^j÷FLj ¯ Q~GSFL¸
ÄQZÍ¸ ÔoTwë¸Á.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~BhNnjÎFL MLOqE~½¡¬MLjôF| Oqjö$cMLkÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔLj^ :
¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ O~Bh MLOqE~½¡EéÄ ¬MLjôF|, Q~.QZ. 1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸. Py
(ö¥i.QZ. 5-4-1534) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h µ¥q ¬MLGSOq¸(ÂMoÍFL) GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼,
MLjj¸Íj$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ, ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ ¬MLGSO~Ój GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ CLFL ¬MLGSOq¸
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<MLÓNqjjFLFn¨ GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸¼¸Á. Ä£=hÂ ¬MLjÓjGHOqÔL@~Â¥h$cFLj MnjjCLë¸ 920 Oo#nÎJvF|
E~Nqj¸ ÓbÃ¸Ôo (No. 49-T.T) Oqj ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔofS¸Á. $q¸¨¥y^ gSMLjPyÂ ¼FL MLj<GHØÓkO§,
MLj¿Nqjj MLjjCLjë‚ÚO§ ö$cMLkÓFLj¸¨ µ¥xÚ¥qÚ=h 200 Oo#nÎ JvF| ÔxGHØFL MnjjCLë¸ 400 Oo#nÎ JvFLjïÓj;
¥x¸<Ä£<j O~×¦õ¸PyÂ JvÆML ö$cMLj¸ 200 Oo#nÎJvF| GSMLj‚Oqá$c ; ¥x¸<Ä£<j O~×¦õ¸PyÂ MLÆ÷, MLj¸$qMLjkOqj
ö$cMLkÓj µ¥xÚ¥qÚ=h 35 JvF| ÔxGHØFL MnjjCLë¸ 70 JvFLjïÓ E~Nqj¸ GSMLj‚Oqá$c 
F~O~Nqj*GHlOq gSMLj PyÂ rHÎ¸<GHÆ÷ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ 110 Oo#nÎ E~Nqj¸ GSMLj‚Oqá$c; 140 Oo#nÎÂ,
¯ 6 ö$cMLkÓj Ôo¿ MnjjCLë¸ Ä£jÍ, ®CLOq ÏE~OqMLFLOqjÓFLj¸¨ GSMLj‚OqáMLÓfSNqjjFLïÍÂ ÂOqêtj¸¼
¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼¸Á. rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ sHOqjÓÄ£jÍ
TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj‚Oqá_<j^Š, ÔoNqj_¨FL MLFLOqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój M~¿M~¿ Q~GSF~ÓFLj¸¨
FoOqj$c CnÆNqj<¸ PoÍj. ¥cÂ, ®CLOqjÓÔo ®^jML¸=h ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨FL GS¸ÍO~óÓPy ¬GHØ<GHl<j
CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ.
O~×¦Š^j¸_¸ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ ÔofSFL E~F~Ój :
MLOqE~½¡ ¬MLjôF| TwÍOqj@âÎFL GSÓ¥qO~×¦ ÇOqjÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ ÀOqjMLjÓPy GH<MLj=h Ä£ÏÁPy
µ¥q ÂMoQZF~Âï 120 JvF| Mn¼á¸¼ ¥xF~ï<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ GH^æMLjfUfR MLOqÍO~½¡
¬MLjôF| ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ Q~.QZ. 1463, GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.21-12-1541(Q~GSFL¸ No.360-T.T.)Py
®¥qÚ< µ¥q ¬¸$q*ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁÂ ³OqðOqÔ~<j. GSÓ¥qO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL fS¸$qO~¾ Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjô[F~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.12-1-1537)Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š CL$qj³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼ E~FL¥qOqë
bKe$cÂ¥h O~$qÓ öGHTdÍbKe$cÂï, CLFL TwÍ¿Nnjj¥qÚ(°<F|fHðOq¸E~W|) Ô~OqjõFLŠ ®¼áMoQ~<j
(No.455-T.T). _ÿjQZ¹, ¯ TwÍ¿ MLOqE~½¬MLjôF| ¬tj°¸^j¸Á. Ä£Oqj¥c¥q, ®¸¥qFLk GH<Ä£<jFLŠ
Ôn¸ÁFL CLj+ML Mn¸$q+jF~Nqj¥qO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qF~Nqj¥qO§ ¬Fo µ¥q rSÎF~õÏÁ¥c¿‚<, Q~.QZ.1458ML
ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 14-12-1536)¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjMLjVO~NqjO§, MLOqE~½ ¬MLjôF|, MLj¿Nqjj
¼¥qÚMn¸¥q=eöÁ °<NqkO§Ó ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸, EâÎM~Â¥h öGHTdÍ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<j^Š$cFLj
650 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸¼FLE~Âï(No.543-T.T.)ÔLk<MLÔLjáFLj. bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ¬GHðOqGSO§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÇY¦jÀMLjôNqjõO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j, Q~.QZ.1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.23-8-1534)Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
TdøÄj¥h GHÍMLjk<j MLjß$qÇ¢Oqú FLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÀDÍjÓPyFLj, GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MLÔoá 53 QZjö¥qM~O~ÓPyFLj,
GHl+j$qj¥cGHlMLjjOnÎ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.331-T.T.). ¯ FLXqöCL¸ ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMLjML<¸
MLÓFL, ¯ ÀDÍjÓPy GHlBcõÿM~ÔLFL¸ öGHCoõ¥q GHm×eÍjÓj ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj

¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFLPyÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj ¥x¸ÍOqj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFLPy ¥xMLTd$qj^ :
rHÎFL CnÆfHFL^j÷ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFLPy°FLï ¥x¸ÍOqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj, CLMLj sSMLÓFLj
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py‚< ¥xFLTd»¸Ô~Oqj. öGHÏE~Â Td+jML ÀMLjô*, MLj¿Nqjj CLFL
CLMLjjô<$qj Td+jML$yÄ¸ÍO~¾ÓŠ, CLMLjŠ ÓbÃ¸Ôo öGHTdÍ bKe$cÓFLj, C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h
Äö¥qtj¸Ô~<j. ¯ MLõMLVOq¸ CoÁ£Ój MLOqjGS$c Q~.QZ.1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 26-2-1535)
MLj¿Nqjj, Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸, GHlGRõMLkGS¸ $qjOqjM~Oq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 28-12-1536) (No.270-
T.T )öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨F~tj. Td+jML $yÄ¸Í O~¾, µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ ÄML¿GSjëFLï MLjOy Q~GSFL¸
No.85-G.T. Q~.QZ.1463, GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.5-11-1541) FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ. Á£Âï _=hæ
¯ TwÍOqjÓj ®ÍíOqk ¥qÂ£GS¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1535 FLj¸¨ 1541 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¼ML¿MLOqŠ O~¾FLj sSÄGSkë ¬ÏÁ¥cOq
GHÍMLlÓFLj ÂOqøfUGSjëF~ïOqFL<¸Py GS¸Eéÿ¸PoÍj. ®EéÄÏÍ¸$c, O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ ‚< ¬ÔLjõCL
O~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLj¸öÀGHÍÄPy°¸¨, ¥qÂ£GS¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1541 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLOqŠ ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓFLj
sSÄ¸¼FL^j÷ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ®Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ³öfHP| 30 ML CoÁ£F~<j, ¯ O~NqjGS¸
¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ ¥x¸CL ÏÍF~Âï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ Q~.QZ.1463 GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.110-G.TQ~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~.QZ.1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 16-8-1534) F~=h
No.275-T.T. Q~GSFL¸, MLj¿Nqjj Q~.QZ.1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.8-1-1536)F~=h No.616 -
T.T.Q~GSF~Ój ÔL¸¨¥nÎ ¶_+EéMLNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥qOqBi¥q¸ _GSMLOqGSÔo öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨¸Á. ¬Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c
Qn^æNqjGHðF~Nqj¥qO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ±¨Nqj¸ ²Ó÷GHðF~Nqj¥qOqj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓFLj, NqjFL CLÍFL¸CLOq¸
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj ¥qÂ£GS¸ Q~.QZ. 1457 MLjFLôDÍ(ö¥i.QZ. 3-4-1536)F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸MLOqŠ ¬tjF~
sSÄ¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o ¯ CoÁ£F~<j ®CL<j, EéMLÓNqkÂ¥h 600 FLOqðBcÓFLj
ÔnÆ÷¸¼ Í[ÓjÔofSFL Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py CLFL (²Ó÷GHðF~Nqj¥qO§) ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL
¼öC~FLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸F~<jFLj, ®¸¥qFLk ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦Oqj$qj ®CLOq °CLûML ÀOqjF~+÷PyFLj,ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ¥h
FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.548-T.T.). Qn=hæNqjGHð F~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¯
²Ó÷GHðF~NqjŠ@é Ôn¸$qP|GH=| ½Pe÷PyÂ “ÇMLF|‚<P|” PyÂ No.288 of 1912 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL
öGH¥cOq¸, ®¸CLŠ MLjk<jGS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ GHmOqøMoj ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1455, Ä×¦NqjF~MLj (ö¥i.QZ. 7-4-1533)
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py TdìÂ¥qEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c, ÀMLjôGHðF~Nqj¥qO§
ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py ¬@âÎGHð¸ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ¬tjFL KnÎNqjGHðF~Nqj¥qOqj ‚@~ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyFLk ¬Eé °Eyõ$q¸Py GSjMLkOqj$q, Q~.QZ. 1460, Ä+¸Ã(ö¥i.QZ. 5-9-1538) F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
MLOqŠ O~¾FLj sSÄ¸¼FL^j÷ No.471-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ®¸CLŠ GHmOqøMoj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸PyFo MLjOx¥q No.469-T.T.Q~GSFL¸, Q~.QZ. 1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.9-11-1535)
öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨ °FLïÁ. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, F~Nqj¥q^æFL$c, ¬¸=o Mnjj#eTd bKZkÄj$cÔofS,
O~¾ ¬GHð=h GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõŠ, Š¸<jOqjfHNqj gSMLjFLj ®Ô~á<j.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj O~×eõÂ¥h O~$cFo, ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõFLj ®¥qÚ<FLj¸¨ CxÓ»¸¼ MoOx¥q öGHEéQZ¸Py ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸
®¼á, TdìFL¸Py _NqjõGHF~NqjŠÂ GH¿JdÓŠÂ$c ÂNqjÄj¸¼FLGHl<j Q~.QZ.1458 ÍjOqjôºF~MLj (ö¥i.QZ.
18-6-1536)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ¯ Š¸<jOqjfHNqj gSMLjFLj, _NqjõGHF~NqjŠFLŠ “F~Nqj¥q^æFL” (Mnjj#eTd
bKZkÄj, MLkFLõGHlbKZkÄj)$c Í[Ój GHOqÔ~<j(96,99 of 1913)(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ GHl^Ój 205 - 206).
SG Ó¥q Š^j¸_¸ :
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL¥cÓ¸Py MLköCLMoj °FLïC~ÏÁ¥cOq GHÍMLlÓFLj Jv¸Á O~Bh¸¼FL ¥x¸ÍOqj
MLõŠëÓj °F~ïOqj. Ä£¿Py ÀOqjML¨ ¬Fo ÀOqjM~¸‚Oqj O~¾, CLj¸Ã¼á F~NqjŠ<j MLj¿Nqjj Td+jMLF~NqjŠÓ
Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCLTd»¸¼FL=hæ GSÓ¥qO~×¦ rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾, ¬CLÂTwÍOqj<j GSÓ¥qO~×¦ ÇOqjÀOqjMLjÓ
O~×¦ ¬Fo TwÍOqÍøNqj¸(Mad.Ep. Rep. for 1914, para 32 and for 1923, para 82)öGHMLjj[¸$c sHOxÚFL
Í»FLM~Oqj. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé ÇOqjÀOqjMLjÓO~¾, “¬¸$q* ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ” (ÔLj^kæ ®+÷ MLjÏÍõPy MnjÎE~FL¸ ¥qÆ»FL
öHG EéQZ¸)ÀOqjMLjÓPy GHÇáMLj ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁPy Q~.QZ.1463(ö¥i.QZ. 21-12-1541)GHM÷ LF~MLj GS¸.Py, CLFL TwÍ¿ MLOqE~½¡
¬MLjôF| ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸(No.360-T.T.) Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ sHOqj öGHSG ¥qëMnjÎFL, Q~.QZ.1457
MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.14-2-1536) öHG ¥q=h¸¼FL No.542-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, ®CLÂ
bKeOqõ CLCLj¥yÚ*MLjôF| EâÎM~Â¥h ÂCLõFnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š$cFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 150 MLO~VÓFLj E~FL¸ÔofS¸Á.
TdÏE~Oq*¸$c ¥cÓ¸Py, ÂCLõFnÎMoÍõ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ×¦OqjGH@~Â¥h ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~Oq¸Py 1500 FLOqðBcÓj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸
°¸ÔL<¸ GH¿Jd=h. ¥qFLj¥q F~<j µ¥q MLOqÿ¸ ÄÓjML 10 FLOqðBcÓŠ GSMLkFLMLjÂ bKeÄ¸Ô~Æ. E~FL¥qOqë$c
MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÂï, Mnj CLFL ÏE~õÀô¥q$qjOqjMnÎFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ ¥q¸E~@âÎ¬GHðF|$c¿¥h ÓbÃ¸Ôo^j÷ ³O~ð^j ÔofS¸Á.
Ä£¿ F~MLjÏEéNqkÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j ¯ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓj, SG Ó¥qO~×¦ ŠMLkOqjÓÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ SG Ó¥qO~¾,
MLjOnMLOy¥cÍj, ÀMLjôO~×¦ GSÓ¥qO~¾. ®CL@é ÀOqjMLjÓŠ MnWo"E~¿Py “ÇYoþ^æ¸” (¼=hæ ²ŠÚ<j MLkOqÜ¸)MLÍí
µ¥qMLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ¬¥qÚ< NqköÀ£ŠÓ E~V¿ëÂ À£Oqá@~Â¥h µ¥q ÔLÆMo¸öE~Âï ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
Á£Â ÂOqøÿBcOqíî¸ Q~.QZ.1455 Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 21-8-1533)Py 600 FLOqðBcÓFLj, EéM~ÓNqj
ÅÇ¢ bK Z¸@~Oq¸Py MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c °¸Ô~<j (No.262-G.T.) No.492 of 1906 Q~GSFL¸PyFLj, No.170 of
1924 Q~GSFL¸PyFLj‚@~ ¯ öGHMLjj[jÂ öGHQZ¸GS °FLïÁ. ¥cÂ ®CLÂ¥h “MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq” ML¸=h ÃOqjE~Ój
³Ä£ PoMLl. ®CL<j, SG Ó¥qO~×¦ ÇY¦jÀOqjMLjÓ O~¾FLŠ ÂO~øÿŠ¨$c MLõMLÿ¿¸Ôo ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ Jv¸ÁFLM~<j$c
bKeÄ¸GH _<jÔLjF~ï<j(Mad. Ep.Rep. for 1924; para48). ¯ JwÆ¥q Nnjj¥qÚ Â×eÂï, Mad.Ep.Coll
PyÂ No.544 of 1909 Q~GSFL¸ ÂOqkfHSG jëFLïÁ. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py GSÓ¥qŠ^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõEéML
MLjVO~¾ GHm¿¤øŠÓ ×e<ÓFLj $qj¿ë¸ÔL=eÂ¥h öGHNqjCLï¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõEéML MLjVO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ MLjjC~ëCLsHOqj Ó¥qÚO~¾ ¬Â£, CL¸ö¨sHOqj GSÓ¥qO~¾ ¬Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
®¸¥qFLk No.202 of 1913 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸$c “fU¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓ O~×¦Nqjõ GSÓ¥qNqjEéML
MLjVOqGSj”Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<Â CnÆNqjjÔLjFLïÁ. ÀMLjôO~×¦ GSÓ¥qO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ MLjk<ML ‚MLkOqj@âÎFL Sf ¸$qO~×¦
¬FLj ¬CLÂ öHG QZ¸SG No.455, 421-T.T.Q~GSF~ÓPy °FLïÁ. No.455-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLï
öGH¥cOq¸, ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj¥yFo¿ $q^jæFL CLFLÔo Â¿ô¸ÔL _¨NqjjFLï MLj¸<GH¸Py °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ Mo¸ÔofS

NqjjFLïGHl<j, 300 ¬GHðGH<jÓ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ, Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO (ö¥i.QZ.12-
1-1537)Py 15,000 FLOqðBcÓj ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá, öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj CLFL
TwÍ¿ ÏE~õÀô¥q $qjOqjMnÎFL Ô~OqjõFLŠ, ®MLøMLÓNqjjFLFn¨ GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸Ô~<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ TwÍ¿,

¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~BhNnjÎFL MLOqE~½¬MLjôF| ¬tj °¸^j¸Á. No.421-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL
öGH¥cOq¸, ¯ fS¸$qO~¾ MLjOqÓQ~.QZ. 1463 GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 10-2-1542) EâÎM~Â¥h, rHÎ ÄÏÍ¸$cFo,
¬GHðGH<jÓ öGHTdÍ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥yGS¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 15,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. ®¸Íj¥yGS¸
E~FL¥qOqëŠ MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÂï ¯ MLkOqj, CLFLŠ Ô~Oqjõ@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjPnÎ C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<MLPnFLÂ ¥q^æ¨ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ÀOqjMLjPnÎC~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ CL¸ö¨, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ù[Š
Ôn¸ÁFL QZ>OqMLjOqú* $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjPnÎ Qx=nuæŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py GSÓ¥qO~¾FLj,
“GSÓ¥qNqjõ EéML MLjVO~×¦” ¬Â sHOxÚFL_¨¸Á. “MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq”, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéMLMLjVO~¾, ÀOqjMLËéQZ¸
(ÀOqjM~¸‚Oqj O~×¦õ¸)Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL ÔofSFL^j÷, Q~.QZ.1453 [OqF~MLj GS¸.Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL

°CLëO~O~Ú=|½Pe÷PyÂ ÀOqjGHðFL¸$c<jFLj¸¨ MofSFL No.253 of 1906 Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. µ¥cFx¥q
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿF~Nqj¥q ¬FLjFLCL<j, CLFL ¥qOqëMLõÂOqøÿ*FLj ÄGSô¿¸¼ Jd¿Jwtj OqXq*¥xY¦Š ÀOqjMLÖ~¾
MLjOqj$qj ×xÔ~á<j. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL ÀOqjML¨Ä£jÍ Í¸<NqköCL $cÄ¸ÔLMLÓfSFL MLQZõ¥qCL ³Oqð¨¸Á.
CLGHØÔofSFL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿Â TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xÂ, ¬Eé GS¸. MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸ (MLkGIHjMLkGS¸) (ö¥i.QZ.1533 ×¦FLML¿)Py
ÀOqjMLjPnÎEéMLl<j ¥ç¼£GHlO~Â¥h MLÔ~á<j(Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1908-’09 page 188). ¬¥qÚ< ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj
MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸, ö¥h¸Á °Eyõ$qGSjì@âÎFL bKy$qNqjEéML MLjVO~×¦ ¬FLjFLCLÂ¥h, 50 JvF|×y¨Â
E~FL¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLjÀ ÂÔ~á<j. ®¸ÍjMLÓFL ¯ Í¸<NqköCL, GSÓ¥qO~×¦ rH¿NqjÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦
ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py ×¦¿»FL^j÷FLj, ¬CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqjPnÎFL ÇOqjÀOqjMLjÓO~¾, fS¸$qO~¾Ój ®CLOq GSOqE~OqjÓCy
Ke^j CLMLj GSVNqjGSÿ¥cO~ÓFLj ¬¸Á¸¼ °¸=eOqÂ£ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. No.681 of 1922 Q~GSFL¸Py
öGHÏE~Â ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ ¬Â sHOxÚFL_¨NqjjFLï MLõ¥hë, ¬EésHOqj$qÓ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓPyFLj ×oõGRjçFL¥o
¬FLøtjGSjë¸Á. ¯ rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾, ¼Nojõ=hgSMLjPyÂ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ “°¸_È” (×e»¤Oqj)$c,
MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq MLOqÍO~¾ ÔnFLïNqjEéML MLjVO~¾FLŠ ×e»¤Oqj$cÔoQ~<j (No.324 of 1926).¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~
Mn¸$q+O~¾FLŠ ¥q<_kOqjö$cMLkÂï ×e»¤Oqj$c ®Ô~á<j (No.510 of 1915). MLjV MLj¸<PoQZøOq
fU¿Nqj(rHÍí)ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ µ<NqkOqjFLkï ¬EésHOqj$qÓ GSÓ¥q öGHMLjj[j<jFLk _ÿjQZ¹ On¸<j
F~MLjÏEéNqkÓj$qÓ µ¥oMLõ¥hë ¥cMLÔLjáFLj. ¬=hæ ¯MLõ¥hë, CLj¸$qbKZöE~FLÁ£À£O~FL, ÀOqjMo¸$q+M~ÏÍjÂ¥h EéM~ÓNqkÂï
Â¿ô¸¼ FLMLOqCLï[¼CL bKZOqBcÓFLj, _¸$cOqj ÏÍø×¦GSë¸bKeÂï JdöCLTdMLjö»Â _ÿk¥q ¿¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk

MLjÓNqk+(MLjÓKeO§)EéQZ¸PyÂ µ¥q ö$cMLj¸‚< EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j (Ar.Sur. Rep.for1908
09, page 190). ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ No.422 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¯NqjFL “MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq
ÔL+j¥qÚO~×¦” ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj Jv¸ÁNqjjFLï^j÷ CnÓjGTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ FL¸CLPy ¬ÀGHmOqø¥cPeÂ¥h

Ôn¸ÁNqjjFLï No.544 of 1909 GS¸[õ$qÓ Q~GSFL¸, Q~.QZ.1452, Ä¥qßÀF~MLj (ö¥i.QZ. 1530)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
E~[Ój ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ®Á ¥x¸<Ä£<jO~×¦õ¸PyÂ bKe$qMnjÎFL $qj¸^kOqj½Pe÷Š Ôn¸ÁFL=hæÁ. ¥c$c
®CLÂNnjj¥qÚ ®=iMLÆ¥cPeÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL ¼ML¿ Q~GSFL¸( No. 202 of 1913)Q~.QZ. 1461, Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸.
ö¥i.QZ. 6-6-1539 CoÁ£F~<j FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨FL=hæÁ$c °¸Á. ®Á _ÿjQZ¹ GHmOqøGHl $qjÀëO~×eõÂ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL _We÷¿½Pe÷Š GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæÁ. ®CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL ¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõEéML MLjVO~×¦, C~FLj
NqjjÍíî¸Py Ä×¦NqkÂï Jv¸Í@~Â¥h ¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸½Pe÷PyÂ ÏÍOqôMLOq¸Í$qÜOqPy °FLï µ¥q JvÓ¸Py CLFLŠ
öGHCLõXqMnjÎFL, MLj¸@â¸ FLOqfS¸ÿEéML EâÎM~FLjö$qÿMoj ¥cOq*MLjÂ $cA<¸$c FLÄjôFLM~@âÎ, Q~.QZ. 1455
Ä×¦NqjF~MLj(ö¥i.QZ.1533)GS¸.Py CLFL CL¸ö¨ GSÓ¥qO~¾ MLj¿Nqjj CLÆ÷ ÀJdð×¦MLjôÓ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸, C~FLj
TdìfH¸¼FL, MLjÓ÷GHF~NqjÂ GHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï EâÎM~Â¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j (No.59 of 1912). _ÿjQZ¹ ¯
Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ój ¥cÓ¸Py rHFLj$x¸< O~×¦õ¸Py CLÓNnjÀëFL ³Ey µ¥q O~×¦¥iNqj GS¸XybKeÂï
GSk¼GSjëFLï^j÷FLïÁ. ¥qMLlC~+ÍgSMLjPyÂ ×¦FLjÓj ³¥cOq*¸MLÓFLFy, ½Pe÷FLj¸¨ MLÓGSJw$c, M~¿Â
À¿» CLMLjCLMLj FnÓMLlÓŠ O~MLÓfS¸ÍÂ, GSøNqj¸$c Ä×¦åfHë ÔoNqj<Moj¥c¥q, M~¿ öGHNnk×¦F~Â¥nÎ GHlFLO~M~GS
¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj ÔoGH^æ_<jC~NqjÂ ¬bKZNqjÄjGSkë O~×¦Q~GSF~Âï Q~.QZ.1454 FL¸ÍFLF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1533,
fIHö_ML¿)Py (No.492 of 1915)öGH¥q=h¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ®CLÂÂ
$qj¿¸¼FL öGHTdëMLFL$qÓ ¥q<GH=hQ~GSFL¸ No. 360 - T.T. Q~.QZ. 1463 GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 21-12-1541)
®CLÂÂ $qj¿¸¼FL GSkÔLFL$qÓ ¼ML¿CoÁ£NqjÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿
JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, GSÓ¥qO~¾Ój - CL¸ö¨, MLjj$qjÜOqjŠMLkOqjÓj MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ¯ FLÓj$qjOqj ¬ÏÁ¥qQZ¥hë
GS¸GHFLjïÓj$c, ÀOqj$qjPoÂ °FLïC~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c ÔnPeMLjBi ¬NqkõOqj. MLjj$qjÜOqj ŠMLkOqjÓPy rH¿Nqj
ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦, ÇOqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ ®ÍíOqj rHÍíM~Oqj. ¬ÏÁ¥cOq MLjEyFLôCLjëPnÎ MLõMLÿ¿¸ÔL<¸MLÓFL,
O~×¦õ¸PyÂ öGHbKZjbKZ¥hë GHO~Nqj*jPnÎFL ¬Fo¥qMLj¸Á JdWn$cOqj÷, O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÍjÓj ¬ML¥cQZM~ÍjÓj$c
MLk¿JwtjFL¸ÍjFL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÔLÂJwtjFL CLOqjM~CL fS¸VGSF~Â¥nÎ rHFLj$qjPe^ CLGHðPoÍj.
¯ M~OqGSCLøGHl rHFLj$qjPe^Py, OqÄ£<j öGHMLjj[jÓEé rHÎÔotj ¬tjõ¸Á. GHmOqø¥cÓ¸FLj¸© Ä£OqjPnÎFL
OqÄ£=h NnkÏÍjÓj, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq ÔLö¥qMLOqjëPnÎFL öGHDÍMLj, ÁøÀ£Nqj ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓŠ, rSÎFLõGSÿ¥cO~Ó FL¸ÁGSkë
öGHbKZjbKZ¥hë GHO~Nqj*jPnÎ Fn$q@~Oqj (Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908 - 09, page 190). OqÄ£<j ML¸Ç¢Nqjj@âÎFL
¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾ GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy M~OqGSCLø NqjjÍíî¸Py ×¦tj¸¼FL SG E~ÇMLO~NqjÓj fS¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁfRç¸ÔL$c,

O~MLjO~NqjPo ¥qOqêÏE~¿NnjÎ O~×¦õÔLö¥q¸ öÀJdð<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL GSÓ¥qŠ^j¸_ öGHMLjj[jÓ, ¬ÏÁ¥cOqÍOqð¸,
#eõÀ GHCLFLMnjÎ, ¬ÍßQZõMnjÎJwtjFLÄ. OqÄ£<jŠ^j¸_#eõÀ ÄjFLï¸^$c, GSÓ¥qŠ^j¸_ #eõÀ
FoÓJdÓtjõ¸Á.
bKZkCLF~DÍ O~MLjbKZ^÷Nqjõ :
®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyÂ MLjOx¥q ö¥h¸Á °Eyõ$qGSjì<j. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨
MnÎŠ¸>Oq MLÓF~<jPyÂ ÔL¸öÍ»¿GH^æBcÂ¥h JvÆMojOqPy °FLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjGHlOq ¥cGHlOqGSjë<jFLj, ${CLMLj$yöCL,
¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL, _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL bKZkCLF~DÍ ¼CLëbKZ^jæ. CLÆ÷sHOqj Ä£OqMLjô(No.549-G.T.). ®CLÂ
bKeOqõsHOqj ÀMLkô½¡ ¬MLjôF|. ¯Mnj CLFL, CLFL bKZOqë ¬bKZjõÍNqkÂï ¥y¿ CLkOqjð GH@âÎF~<jgSMLjPyÂ
On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 23-12-1538)¥c+ÿgSëQZøOq TdøÄj¥h
(Q~GSFL¸ No.164 of 1924)GSMLj¿ð¸¼¸Á. O~MLjbKZ^jæ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ ÏÍÂGRç. Q~.QZ.1454, [OqF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ.
18-2-1532)ÀOqjGHÀGH^æ* °CLëOqbKe$q¸Py °FLï ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjjÂ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÅÇ¢ O~MLjjFLŠ ×oõ>GRçMLkGS¸Py
¥x@âÎÀOqjF~+j(MoGSÄ °CLûML¸)¯ O~MLjbKZ^jæ öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼, ¬¸ÍjÓŠ CL»FL ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j(No. 251-

G.T.). Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-1535)öGH¥q=h¸¼FL (No.515-T.T.)Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï
ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ O~MLjbKZ^÷Nqjõ, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $ yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj MLjj[E~øO~Â¥h GSÄ£jJdFL

µ¥qMLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjGHÀPy “ÀOqjMn¸¥q^ GHlOq¸”¬Fo ¬ö$qVOq¸ Â¿ô¸¼, ¬¥qÚ< OqGIHjjF~DÍ
TdøÄj Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸¼, ÂCLõGHm×eÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸Co ¥cŠ¸@~
TdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ$cFLj Q~.QZ. 1458 ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 15-12-
1536)225 ÔLö¥q¸JvF| ÏÍF~Âï EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~Oq¸Py MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c(No.549-T.T) °¸Ô~<j.
MLOqÍO~×¦GHlOq¸ ¬Fo sHOqjCy öGHfSÁíîJv¸ÁFL ÀOqjÔLjá¥qFLkO§PyÂ CLFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL CyGGHlPy°FLï $yJdÓ¥qßGRjêÂ

Äö$qVÂ¥h GHÄöÀ£¥qOq* ×¦¿fH¸¼, Q~.QZ 1458 ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 7-1-1537)Py 1700 FLOqðBcÓ
FLj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c°¸¼, Á£ÂÄ£jÍ ÓbÃ¸Ôo ML©èÂ ÄÂNnk»¸¼ EâÎM~FLjö$qVOqì¸ öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š
³O~ð^j(No.135-G.T)$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ³O~ð^j ×¦¿» 5 Oy¾Ój‚@~ $q<ML¥q MLjj¸Eé ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.
12-1-1537 F~<j 15,000 FLOqðBcÓCy ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¥yFo¿(®Á ÀOqjMLjÓ PyÂÁ) µ<jèFL C~FLj
Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ öÇ¢ÂM~GSj<j ±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFLGHl<j, 300 ¬GHðGH<jÓ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h

(NO.425 -T.T.) ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$cFo, ¯ MLkOqj EyQnÎGH<jÓj FnÎMoÍõ¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ
Q~.QZ.1462 Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 25-1-1541)150 Oo#nÎJvF| E~NqkÂïÔoá rHOqj¸KoO§ gSMLjPyÂ
Ó¸Ke¥qÚ¸ ö$cMLj¸CyKe^j 3,600 FLOqðBcÓ Ox¥qÚ¸‚@~ E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j(531-T.T.).
¯ O~MLkbKZ^j÷ ®¸CLŠ GHmOqøMoj ÀOqjM~Ö~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL Ä+jWGHØOqgSMLjŠ Ôn¸ÁFL

MLÈWÀOq=hæ ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï öQyöÀ£öNqjKeÿô*j@âÎFL öÀMoÁ MLjVEéML TwMLjNqk½ ¬FLjFLCLÂ¥h E~FL¸ ®Ô~á<j.
®CL<j OoML*kOqj ÂM~fS. Nqj¾Q~ù[ŠÔn¸ÁFL GGHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<j, ÿ¿CL $yöÀ£Š<j ¬tjFL Æ¸$qMLjbKZ^jæ
GHlöCLj<j. ¯ MLjÿEéML TwMLjNqk½, Q~.QZ.1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ. 17-6-1534) 250 Oo#nÎJvF|
M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï ®Ôoá^^jML¸=h ¯ MLÈ"ÀOq=hæ ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofS, EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLjOqðF*Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.447-T.T.). ¯ Ä+jGHlOq¸gSMLj ¬FLjFLÁ ÏÍjÂ¥q Ä+j"GHlOq¸
GH^æ*¸ ÔLj^kæ°FLï GHPn÷^k+÷Âï Ôo¿ µ¥q=h$c ³Oqð¨FL µ¥q °GH½Pe÷. Ä+j÷GHlOq¸, ÍXh*O~Ú=|½Pe÷PyÂ
µ¥q C~Ój¥c ¥o¸öÍTdìFL¸. ¯ GH^æ*¸ ÍXhBbKeOqCLÔLEéQZ¸ OnÎÓjMLkOqÜ¸PyÂ µ¥qrHÍí OnÎPoø×¦¸XqFLj. ÀOqjML¨
O~×¦õ¸ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqTdöMLk×eõÂ¥h Py_¨NqjjFLï µ¥q GS¸TdìFL¸. Ôy+jÓ¥cÓ¸Py GSjöGHfSÍíîMnjÎ Fn$q¨FL
öJd¼£FL Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ ¯ GS¸TdìFL¸Py bKe$qMnjÎNqjj¸<$c Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ó¥cÓ¸Py
GH<Ä£<j O~×¦õ¸PyFLj, ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×¦õ¸PyÂ bKe$cPnÎF~tj. ¯ ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~
¥cÓ¸PyFo ³Oqð¨FL^j÷FLïÁ. ¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ ¥qOqBh¥qÚ MLj¸$qOqGSNqjõ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c Á£ÂÂ GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷
ÅÇ¢ MLjj[F~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 1513(Q~.QZ. 1435)Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No. 426 of 1909 of the Mad.Ep.Coll.
Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ GS¸TdìFL¸ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¼ML¿E~¥c µ¥q O~öGRæ¸$c
°FLï^j÷ ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No.447-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ ÄQZÍ¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ,
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ®Á ÀOqjML¨ gSMLj$c ÔoNqj_¨, ÀOqjMLjjFnÎJdð¨ MLÓF~<jPyÂ µ¥q
¬¸CLO~ó$q¸$c ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ ÀOqjMLjjFnÎJdð¨MLÓF~<j ‚<; ×¦FLF~DÍ MLÓF~<j ¬Fo
MLjOysHOqj$qÓ MLjPe<j½Pe÷¬tjFL ŠY¦j¥nÎÚ‚Y¦þ¸PyÂ ML+jÁÓ¸GH^jæ °Q~ML¨ (Ô~ML¨) Nqj¸Íj µ¥q
bKe$ç$c ³Oqð¨NqjjFLïÁ(No.312 of 1921). ¬¸=o, ¯ O~×¦õ¸FL¸ÍÆ ¯ bKZkbKe$cÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼
FL¸CLMLOqŠ, GH¿JdÓF~ Tz¥qO~õOqì¸, ¯ FLkCLFL ÄbKZ×¦FLFLj OqÍjíÔofS, MLjOqÓ JdCLGHÍíîÀ öGH¥cOq¸ Nqk
bKZkbKe$cÓj$q GHlFL¿øbKZ×¦FL ÔoNqj_¨¸Á(Cf.Nos.308 and 311 of 1921 & No.431 of 1909). O~MLkbKZ^æO§,
ÀOqjML¨ O~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLNnjj¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoNqj$qÆ$c<¸=o, ¬CL<j Q~.QZ.1456 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
GHmOqøMoj, ¯ O~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c KeÏÍõC~NqjjCLMnjÎFL ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨°¸=e<j. ¬ÔLjõCL
O~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py °ÍNqj»¿¥h öGHDÍMLj O~öGRæJdÓŠ<j$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á (Mad.Ep.Rep.
for 1908 para 82). MLj¿ ¯NqjFL Q~GSF~Ój ÀOqjGHÀ, ¥c+ÿfSë CLÁCLOq ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ öGHEéQ~ÓPy
ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸MLÓFL, ®CL<j Q~.QZ.1458 FLj¸¨ 1463 MLOqŠ ¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ.1536 FLj¸¨ 1542 MLOqŠ$qÓ
MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py, ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c °¸¨FL^j÷ ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á (No.165 , 1922).
O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c O~MLjbKZ^÷Nqjõ :
¬ÔLjõCLNqjO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c GSMLjOqjì@âÎFL GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c, O~¾FLŠ
FLÄjôFL_¸^j$c $q*jÀ¥n¥hÚFL O~MLkbKZ^j÷ öGHDÍMLj¸$c Q~.QZ. 1452 (ö¥i.QZ.1530-31) GS¸MLCLûOq¸ °ÍNqj»¿
O~×eõÂ¥h, MnjjÍ=h GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c ³Ój_¨ ÔofS °¸@~Æ. CLOqjM~CL Q~.QZ. 1456 (ö¥i.QZ. 1534)
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÀOqjML¨ O~×¦õJdÓŠ<j$c(No.447-T.T.)_ÁÆ£ ÔoNqj_@~è<j. CLÍjGH¿ Q~.QZ.1457-1458
(ö¥i.QZ.1535-1537) GS¸.ÓPy MLjOqÓ On¸<MLMLkOqj _ÁÆ£Ä£jÍ ML¼á °ÍNqj»¿ O~×¦õJdÓFLFLj ÔoGH=eæ<j
(Q~GSFL¸ No.432 of 1923; No.607 of 1907; No. 210 of 1894 ; No.159 of 1905). ¬^jCLOqjM~CL,
MLOqjGS$c Q~.QZ. GS¸.1458 FLj¸¨ 1463 MLOqŠ(ö¥i.QZ.1536 FLj¸¨ 1541)MLOqŠ ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂï
(Q~GSFL¸ Nos.160, 167, 174 of 1924; No.577 of 1919); Q~.QZ.1463-1464 GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy(ö¥i.QZ.1541-
1542 ) rHFLj$x¸< O~×eõÂï(Q~GSFL¸ Nos.176,177 of 1913)GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. “¬¸<jGHmOqj” ö$cMLj¸
¥q<GH½Pe÷ FL¸ÍÓkOqjPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFLGHð=h¥h, ¬Á ¬MLjÓj ¥cFL¸ÍjFL, C~+÷Jd¥q

ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj, °ÍNqj»¿ GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL O~MLkbKZ^÷NqjõŠ ÄFLïÄ¸ÔL$c, O~¾$c¿¥h ¯ ÄMLO~ÓFLj
ÄQZÍGHOq¼, M~¿ ¬FLjMLjÀCy, ¯ E~F~Âï Q~.QZ.1456 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸. FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ.1535-36)
GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸Ô~<j(No.607 of 1907). rHFLj$x¸< O~×¦õGH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨FLGHl<j, O~¾$c¿
¬bKZjõÍNqj¸ ¥yGS¸, Q~.QZ. 1463, GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 17-10-1541)Py ö¥xCLë ÔnY¦jMLlNnjj¥qÚ MLk$cBhÄ£jÍ
ÄÏÁ¸GH_<j ÔLj¸¨FL “O~¾Ó $qjCLë” GHFLjïFLj CxÓ»¸Ô~<j(No.176 of 1913). ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ÄM~VÓÄ£jÍ
ÄÏÁ¸GH_<j GHFLjï, öKeÿô*jÓ E~Nqj¸Ä£jÍ ÄÏÁ¸GH_<jÔLj¸¨FL GHFLjïÓFLj ‚<, O~¾$c¿ ¬bKZjõÍNqj
GHOq¸GHOqFLj Ç¸¼ Q~.QZ.1464, QZjbKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 5-4-1542) Py MLkgIHÔoQ~<j(177 of
1913). ¬ÏÁ¥qQZ¥hëTdMLjO~ìõÓj$qÓ sSF~F~NqjŠ<j ¬tjFL ®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c O~×¦õ¸Py
¬CLjõFLïCLTdìFL¸ ÔoGH=eæÆûFL öGHMLjj[MLõ¥hë. GSøNqj¸$c Jd¸¨CLõ¸ $qÓM~<ML<¸ÔoCL ¯ O~MLkbKZ^æOqj,

O~¾ ÔofSFL µ¥qö$cMLjE~FL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¥x¸CLÓÃíîÂ Jv¸E~<j(Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1925 para 33). ®¸¥qFLk,
®CL<j, ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ FLj¸¨ E~FL¸(O~»OoŠ Q~GSFL¸) Jv¸Í ^¸ E~øO~, ¥qÆÄj¼ágSMLjPyÂ
“¥cGSOq¸” ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸$c Jv¸E~<j. ¯ ö$cMLj¸ FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo O~_¨Cy, Q~.QZ.1454, FL¸ÍFLF~MLj
GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 20-5-1532) (No.159 of 1924) ÅÇ¢¢ ¥ c+ÿgSëQZøOqjFLŠ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¥qOqkïÓj½Pe÷ Nqj¸ÍÆ GS¸$qMojQZøOq¸ FLj¸¨ öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.432 of 1923 Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, ÃªOqMyÓjö$cMLkÂï GS¸$qMojQZøOq¸ FL¸ÍÆ GS¸$qMojQZøOqjÂ¥h, ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLTdøÄj¥h E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. ®¥qÚ< öKeÿô*jÓŠ bKy×¦F~Ó ³O~ð^j‚@~ $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj MnjjGSÆMLj<j$qj gSMLjFLj, F~Nqj¸¥qOq¸$c O~MLkbKZ^j÷FLŠ ®¼áFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
fS¸$qO~Nqj¥x¸< FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1458 MLjFLôÕDÍ GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 2-3-1536)Py öGH¥q=h¸¼FL “FnÓk÷Oqj Q~GSF~Ój”

¥q¸Íj‚Oqj No.78 GS¸[õ$qÓ Q~GSFL¸FLj¸¨, ÓbÃ¸¼FL GSMLkÔ~Oq¸ öGH¥cOq¸, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ TdöMLk×¦õ
GH¿JdÓF~ ÂOqøÿ* ÍXqj@âÎFL O~MLkbKZ^j÷, ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py °ÍNqjÍ»¿ ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j.
¯ °ÍNqj»¿ ÍjOqÜ¸, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ¸PyÂ ¬CLõ¸CL ¥iÓ¥qMnjÎFL öGHÏE~FLÍjOqÜ¸$c bKeÄ¸ÔL_<<¸MLÓFL,
®CL<j, °ÍNqkÔLÓ Po¥q °ÍNqj»¿ GH¿JdÓŠÂ ¥o¸öÍ¥cOqõTdìFL¸Py ÄGRjêMLOqíîFL $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL Nqj¸<Ók¿
ÀMLj ×yGSjõÂ ŠMLkOqj<j, MoÍJdOq¸$qCLj@âÎFL, GH¸¨CLj<tjFL Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¬NqjõF|FLj CLFLŠ GSVNqjŠÂ$c
ÂNqjÄj¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j. öGHGSjëCL¸ GH¿Ç¢ÓFLPy°FLï ¯(No.78 ¥q¸Íj‚OqjQ~GSFL¸)Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï
ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¯ Mo¸¥q=eöÍNqjõ °ÍNqj»¿O~×¦õ¸Py bKe$q¸$c°FLï ¥q¸Íj‚OqjgSMLjPyÂ ÕÔ~¸$xÓj÷ ö$cMLkÂï.,
GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c TwMLjO~×¦GHÆ÷Nqj¸ÍÆ GHOqêQ~Ó ÅÇ ¢FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj¥h, ¬ÔLjõCLEéML MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸
GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ¯ Nqj¸<ÓkOqj Mo¸¥q=eöÍNqjõ Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ.23-12-1538)ÅÇ¢
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 700 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ ®Ôoá µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®¸¥qFLk
Q~.QZ.1462 Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 4-5-1540)Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥x¸CL ÏÍF~Âï‚< E~FL¸
ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ÄMLO~Ój MLOqjGS$q No.399, 517-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPy FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨ °F~ïtj. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ.1472, TdÏE~Oq*F~MLj GS¸. FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ.2-7-1551) ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ FLj¸¨ öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL
No.582 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸Py O~¾$c¿ °JwE~ÝCL¸ CLOqjM~CL, bKZkCLF~DÍ ¼CLëbKZ^j÷ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL O~MLkbKZ^æ
¬FLjFLCL<j Mo$qMLÀ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj¥h ÂCLõFnÎMoE~õÂ¥nÎ ÂMoÍFL¥yGS¸ Ç^æBç×o¿Â, E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷,
Æº¸GH_¨¸Á. ¯ O~MLkbKZ^j÷ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj ¼ML¿ÍQZMLOq‚ sSÄ¸ÔL<Moj¥c¥q NqjFL CLOqjM~CL
O~×eõÂ¥h ML¼áFL GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓFLj‚< sSÄ¸¼, GSjMLkOqj µ¥qÍQ~_í¥cÓ¸, ö¥i.QZ.1551 GS¸MLCLûOq¸MLOq‚
°Eyõ$q¸Py °F~ï<Â ¯ Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
bKZkCLF~DÍ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ :
No.405-T.T. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ E~FL¥qOqëNnjÎFL bKZkCLF~DÍ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ O~MLkbKZ^æOqjFLŠ E~NqkÁNnjÎFL
µ¥q_¸ÏÍjMLl. ®CL<j O~MLkbKZ^æOq ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ Q~.QZ. 1462 Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ. 27-1-1541)
ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿgSëQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, 200 JvF| ÏÍF~Âï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j (No.162 of 1922). ®CL<j ${CLMLj$yöCL,
¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL, _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL bKZkCLF~DÍ ²Pe÷bKZ^æO§ ŠMLkOqj<j. O~MLkbKZ^æOqjMLPnFo, ®CL<jFLk
ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h JvÆMojOqFLjFLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjGHlOq¸Py ÂMLfSGSjë °¸@éM~<j. Q~.QZ. 1463, GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ.
9-12-1541) “OqDÍ¥oMLlÈW” FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo O~_¨200 Oo#nÎMLOqVÓFLj, °CLëMLjGHÈ÷ FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo 100 Oo#nÎ
MLOqVÓ ÏÍF~Âï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ On¸<jö$cMLkÓj ÁF~^jæ gSMLjPy °FLïÄ.(No.405-
T.T.) ¯ E~FLQ~GSFL¸Py ¯ ÄMLO~Ój Oq¼¸GH_<j^Š MLjj¸Íj$c, °JwE~ÝCL¸$c ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj
$qj¿¸¼FL Ô~¿öCL¥qÄQoadÓj CnÓjGH_<^¸MLÓFL, ®CL<j ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py °FLï, O~×¦ÏE~Â¥h ÍkOq¸$c °¸@é
öGHEéQ~ÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¥cO~õÓNqj¸Py µ¥q °FLïCyEyõ»NnjÎ °¸=e<j.
®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ :
Q~GSFL¸ No.162 Py sHOxÚFLï ®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ ¬FLjFLCL<j ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL<¸¥yGS¸, Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjôº (ö¥i.QZ.12-1-1537)Py 15,000 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍFL¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓsSMLPy °FLï µ¥q GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿. ¥cÂ ®CLÂ MnFLj¥q=h ÔL¿öCLFLj
$qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj ML¸$cGHlOq¸ ÀMLjô* °<NqkO§. ®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj
¥yFoOqj(ÀOqjMLjÓPy) µ<jèFL µ¥q MLj¸<JdÂï Â¿ô¸¼NqjjFLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j, ÔL¸öÍ»¿
O~MLjbKZ^j÷FLŠ _¸ÏÍjMnÎ °¸=e<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓjFLkï, ¬CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjPnÎFL O~MLkbKZ^j÷,
KeÔLOqGSNqjõ, ÄQZøF~DÍF~Nqj¥q, GSÓ¥qO~×¦ fS¸$qO~¾, MLj¿Nqjj ¥qßGRêGHðF~Nqj¥q MLjjFLï$qjM~Oqj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~F~Ój ÔofSFL CoÁ£F~<j ®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ ‚< E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j.
_Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ :
_Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ Po¥q O~MLjNqjõ ¬FLjFLCL<j EéQZGH¿JdÓFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ÄGRNqkÓPy
O~¾FLŠ Š¨bKZj×¦¸$c °FLï^jML¸=h GSÿÔLOqj<j. ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÆsH On¸<jE~[PeÓj
ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. ¬¸ÍjPy µ¥q=h ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÁ ¥c$c On¸<MLÁ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæÁ. ®CLÂ CLÆ÷sHOqj fU¿Nqj Po¥q rH¿Nqj Ó¥qÚÆ£QZMLjô. CL¸ö¨, “JdÁ¿ŠGHð¸”
ö$cMLj ¥cGHlOqGSjë<jFLj, GHO~QZOq$yöCL, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<jFLj ¬tjFL rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ.
TdOq¸$qEéMLlÂ GS¸»¤CL OqC~ï¥qO~Â¥h M~õ#eõFL¸ O~fSFLM~<jFLk, MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL öJzA<EéMLO~NqjjÂ öÇCLj<jFLj
¬tjFL Cy<OqMLjÓ÷ ¥qÆ÷F~DÍj¨ ‚CLj¿¥x<jŠ ¯ _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ. O~MLjGHðNqjõ ŠMLkOqjÂ
sHOqj Æ¸$cÓNqjõ ; ®CLÂ ŠMLkOnëÓj ¥cMLjMLjô, ¬ÔLjõCLMLjô. Q~.QZ. 1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 20-
7-1534) ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¼¥qÚMn¸¥q=eöÁO~Nqj ¬¸=o ŠMLkOq Mn¸¥q=eöÁ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸,
GHO~QZOq$yöCL, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<jFLj, ¯ JdÁ¿ŠGHð¸ ÂM~fS ÅÇ¢ O~MLjNqjõ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL

KeÔLáOqGSNqjõÔo Oqj ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓFLj EâÎM~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, _Nqj¥cOq
O~MLjNqjõ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h öGHÀÁFL¸ µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥q GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j (No.439-T.T.) ÔoQ~<Â
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c, O~MLjGHðNqjõ CL¸ö¨ ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ‚< Q~.QZ. 1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.18-
9-1538)Py ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸ öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoE~õÂ¥nÎ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼,
¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj ¥x¸<Ä£<jgSMLjPyÂ ¼£O~Ó, sHO~Ó, ¸<jGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÓFLj; ¥x¸<Ä£<jO~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL

MLjFLMLjJwÆ gSMLjPyÂ ¥xJwðÆ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j ( No.254-G.T.). MnjjÍ=h MLjk<j
ö$cMLkÓjFLkÔo¿ MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 150 Oo#nÎJvF| TdÓjGS¿ E~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$c, F~ÓÜMLö$cMLj E~Nqj¸
350 Oo#nÎJvF|ÓFLj Ôo¿á MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 500 Oo#nÎJvF|Ój GSMLj‚O~á<j. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py

Q~.QZ.1466 ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.16-6-1544)Py O~MLjGHðNqjõ; $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py CLFL
CL¸ö¨ ²O~ð^j ÔofSFL ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓŠ Cy<j MLj¿¥xÂï=hÂ FLkCLFL¸$c ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ¯ ³O~ð^j
ÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸ ¬Íí¸¥hgSMLjPyÂ GHOqjÔLkOqj ö$cMLkÂï MnÓ÷MLjj¥x¸@âÎ(KnÓ÷¸¥x¸<)PyÂ “ŠJdðtjÂ ¥x¸@âÎ”
Â, MLj¿Nnjj¥q gSMLjPyÂ “¥cOqjÔLkáOqj”, ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoTd<j. ¯ ö$cMLkÓÂ£ï ‚< ¥x¸<Ä£<j
O~×¦õ¸PyÂ bKe$cPo. CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõO§Ôo ÔoNqj_¨FL ¥xJwðÓj ö$cMLjE~FL¸ ¬MLjÓj ¬MLlCy¸Á
¥cÂ E~FL¸ÔofSFL ö$cMLkPnÎFL ¼£O~Ó, sHO~Ó, ¸<jGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÓj CxÓ»¸¼ M~=hTdìFL¸Py, Fn<jF~<jPyÂ
¯ÔLá¸Jd¨¥h CLkOqjðFL °FLï Š+CLkëOqj ö$cMLj¸Py ¬Oqìö$cMLkÂï Á£Â¥h ÔoOqá_¨Nqjj¸¨FL ¬ö$qVOq¸
ÄjFLVtj¸¼ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÍCLë GHOqÔ~<j. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i E~Nqj¸Py ²=hæMLkOqjð PoÍj. ®¸CLŠGHmOqø¸
MLjk<jö$cMLkÓFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸¼FL 150 Oo#nÎ JvF|Ój ¯ ¬Oqíîö$cMLj¸FLj¸@é ÓbKZõMLjNojõÁ. ¬¸ÍjÔo ¼£O~Ó,
sHO~Ó, ¸<jGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÓj EéM~E~Nqj ö$cMLkÓ GH=hæ¥qFLj¸¨ CxÓ»¸GH_¨F~tj. ¯ ¬tjÍj
ö$cMLkÓ MnjjCLë¸ M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 950 Oo#nÎ ÏÍFL¸ ÓbKZõMLjNojõÁ. ¯ ÏÍFL¸ ÄÂNnk»¸¼,
fHFLCL¸ö¨ KeÔLáOqGSNqjõO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõO§ GSj¥qßCL¸ ¥yGS¸, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h, CLÁCLOq
EâÎM~ÓŠ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$q¸Py ¥x¸CL
EâÎML TdÂïÏÍõ¸Py KeÔLáOqGSNqjõO§ GSj¥qßCL¸¥yGS¸, M~fSGRç$yöCL, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL °ÍNqj»¿
EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ ¢ÂM~GSbKZ^æOqjŠ ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ °ÍNqj»¿ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GS bKZ^æOqj
¥cÈE~GSjÂ Q~Š¸CLÓ¸ F~^¥cÂ¥h, GSjöGHfSÍíî M~õ#eõFL¥qOqë . ¯NqjFL ÀOqjGHÀGH^æ*¸ °CLëOq bKe$q¸PyFLjFLï
O~MLkÓNqj¸Py GHm×e¿$c °¸@éM~<j. ¯NqjFL ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓj ¯ F~=h¥hÂ£ ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
GHm×eOqjÓj$c CLMLj ¥qOqëM~õÂï ÂOqøfUGSjëF~ïOqj.
O~MLjGHðNqjõ _¸ÏÍj×¦FLjÓj :
O~MLjGHðNqjõ ML¸QZMLßXcÂï Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1919 page 105 Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c
“CnÓj$qMLk”FLj ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL O~MLjMLj¸öÀ¥h rHÍÀMLjôNqj, ÀMLjôMLj¸öÀ, GSkOq, bKeGSÚOq Po¥q O~MLjNqjbKeGSÚOq,
bKeMLNqj, ¬FLj ´Íj $qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓj; ¼FLïMLk¸Ke ¬FLj ŠMLkOnë ¥qÆ$cOqj. ¼FLïMLk¸KeFLj öGHC~GHNqjÓ÷
¬FLjFLCL<j ÄM~ÿMLk@~<j. ¯ ¬tjÍj$qjOqj ‚MLkOqjÓPyÂ rHÍÀMLjôNqj, ¥x¸<Ä£<j GH¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL
_Nqj¥cOq O~MLjNqjõŠ CL¸ö¨Nqjk; ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No.352-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py
öGHGS¥qëMnjÎFL _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõOqj, ¬bÃFLjïÓj ¬tjFL µ¥oMLõ¥hë.
ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjNqjõ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ, Q~.QZ. 1456 GS¸.Py ¼¥qÚMo¸¥q=eöÁO~NqjÓ ¬bKZjõÍNqj¸¥yGS¸
EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.439-T.T.). ¯ KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ GSj¥qßC~Â¦¥nÎ ®CLÂ

MojFLÓj÷@âÎFL _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ, Q~.QZ.1466 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥nÎ CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.352-G.T.). ¯ O~MLjGHðNqjõ ®¸¥qFLk CLFL fHFLCL¸ö¨NnjÎFL
KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ, fHFLCLÆ÷Nqj$qj ¬MLkô×¦MLjô MLj¿Nqjj TwÍOqj<j ¥qßGRêGHðÓ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸, M~¿ sHOq÷Ä£jÍ
Q~.QZ.1461, Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 25-8-1539) KeÔoQZøOq, ¬MojôQZøOq, ¥qßsRêQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj
Â¿ô¸Ô~<j(306 of 1918). ¯ KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ, rHÎFL CnÆfHFL ML¸QZMLßXq¸PyÂ O~MLjMLj¸öÀNnjj¥qÚ F~ÓÜML
ŠMLkOqj<j bKeGSÚOq Po¥q O~MLjNqjbKeGSÚOq ¬FLj FLCL<jFLk ¬bÃFLjïÓj. ¬¸Co¥cÍj rHÎ ML¸QZMLßXq¸Py
F~Ój$qML, ´ÍML ŠMLkOqjÓj$c GSk¼¸ÔL_¨°FLï bKeGSÚOq, bKeMLNqj ¬FLj ¯ ®ÍíOqj, Â×eÂ¥h On¸<j
sHOqj÷Cy fHÓjML_<jÔLj¸¨FL µ¥oMLõ¥hë NqjÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h TdÚOqMLjj¸Á. ¯ MLõ¥hë TdÿGS¥qßC~õÓFLj,
ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj, ®ÍíOqj bÃFLïMLõŠëÓŠ (Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1915, para 51; and for 1916 para 67;
and No.422 of 1915) OyfH¸GH _¨F~tj. rHÎ ML¸QZMLßXq¸FL¸ÍÆ ¯ ×eÃC~PyFo, ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõFLj
rHÍÀMLjôNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqjÂ$cFLj, _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHð ¼FLïTwÍOqjÂ$cFLj ÔLkGH_@âFLj. ¥cÂ, ÀOqjMLjÓ
ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py No.352 Q~GSFL¸Py GSðGRæ¸$c, ¯ ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõ, KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ
Nnjj¥qÚŠMLkOqj<Â£ O~MLjGHðNqjõŠ fHFLCL¸ö¨NqjÂ£ CnÓjGH_¨¸Á. ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõŠ, KeÔLOqGSrHÎ$qÓ
Oq¥qëGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL fHC~GHlöCL ösHMLkFLj_¸ÏÍ¸, Ä£¿ sHOqjÓÄ£jÍ CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_¨FL EâÎMLÄö$qVÓ GHÄöÀ£¥qOq*
GS¸ÍOqó¸Py Ä£¿sHOq÷PyÂ CLÃòKoò, ÂOqkfHTwë¸Á. ¥qFLj¥q KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ ŠMLkOqj<j ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõ, _Nqj¥cOq
O~MLjGHðNqjõ rHÍCL¸ö¨, fHFLCL¸ö¨ ŠMLkOqjÓ$qj^Ôo Ä£Oqj E~NqkÍjÓMLlC~Oqj. Ä£Oqj TwÍOq ösHMLkFLj_¸ÏE~Âï
¥qÆ»NqjjFLïFLj, ML¸QZMLßXq ×eÃC~Py ÔnGHð_¨FL^j÷ GSø¸CLTwÍOqjÓj MLköCL¸ ¥cÍj. O~MLjGHðNqjõF|
MojFLCLëNnjÎFL ¼FLïMLk¸_ öGHGS¥hë$qÓ, ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py No. 401.G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸$c ¯ ¼FLïMLjôF|(¼FLïMLk¸_)bKZOqë öCoNqj $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL
_jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j öGHC~GH ²Ó÷MLjOqGS. ®CL<j GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ.1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj
GS¸. FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ. 8-7-1547) 300 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ ®Ôoá ¥x¸<Ä£<j gSMLjPyÂ ÅÇ¢ O~MLjÔL¸öÍGHlOq¸
¬FLj MLjOysHOqj $qÓ ML¸¥cNqjÓJd<j ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ML¸¥cNqjÓJd<j ö$cMLkÂï ®¸CLŠ
GHmOqø¸, ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1462 FLŠ Q~Oqø¿¤F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÔnÎöCL¸MLkGS¸Py JzOqêÄjÀDÁF~<j(ö¥i.QZ.
1540 MLk¿á 22 ML CoÁ£) ³Oqð¨FL ÔL¸öÍö$qÿ* GHl*õ¥cÓ¸F~<j ¼FLïMLk¸_ ÄÄÏÍ E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj
ÔofSFLGHl<j, ¬ö$qVOq ö$cMLj¸$c MLk¿á O~MLjÔL¸öE~GHlOqMLjFo sHOqjrH^æ<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¬GHl<j Td¸CLÓkOqjPy
GHOqøCLF~DÍ ¬FLjsHOqjCy MLjVÇMLlFLŠ EéM~ÓNqkÂï Â¿ô¸GH ×ofS¸Á. ¯ ML¸¥cNqjÓJd<j ö$cMLkÂ¥h
GSÄ£jJdFL $ygHF~DÍ GSMLjjöÍ¸ ¬Fo µ¥q ÔnOqjMLlFLj öCLÄø¸ÔL_¨FLÍÂ Mad.Ep.Coll. Py No.422 of 1915
Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨¸Á.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ö¥h¸Á ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj :
GH¿JdÓF~ÍŠú<j$c sHOqjJv¸ÁFL _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ Po¥q O~MLjNqjMLj¸öÀ ¬ÔLjõCL
O~NqjÓj, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓÍ$qÜOq O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c MLj¸öÀCLø¸ FnOqJd<j (No.464 of 1914). CLFL fHFLCL¸ö¨
bKeGSÚOqj¨ Pe$cFo, ®CL<j ‚@~ ¬ÔLjõCLEéMLO~NqjÓÔo ¥x¸<Ä£<jÍjOqÜ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c ÂNqjÄj¸ÔL_¨,
¬ÏÁ¥cOq Pe¸ÕÔLFL¸$c, O~¾FLj¸¨ MLjjC~õÓ$x<j$qjFLj Jv¸E~<j. ®CL<j ¬Fo¥q EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj Â¿ô¸Ô~<j ;
ÔnOqjMLlÓFLj CLÄø¸Ô~<j. ¬Fo¥q ¬ö$qVO~ÓFLj FnÓ¥xÆð öKeÿô*jÓŠ E~FL¸ÔoTd<j(Mad. Ep. Rep.
for 1915 para 51). GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸Cy ®CL<j
¥x¸<Ä£<jO~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@~è<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á (Mad. Ep.Rep. for 1915 para
51). MLjFLŠ CnÆfSFL¸CLMLOqŠ, ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ Q~.QZ. 1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 20-7-1534) öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.439-T.T. Q~GSFLMoj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py
×¦¿»FL, _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ ¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿¸Ôo Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFLMLjÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
¯ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¼MLOq ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 7-2-1535 CoÁ£ F~=h¥h ®CL<j MnjÎGSkOqj EéQZ¸PyÂ ÿÁF~<jgSMLjŠ
ÏÁGHCLõ¸ MLfUGSkë MLÔ~á<j. ®CLÂ FLj¸¨ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï Jv¸ÁFL MLõMLÿOqë, JdCLMnk<ÿÈ÷PyÂ MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL b K ZkMLjjÓFLj, ö$cMLkÓFLj À¿» EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôn¸Eé^j÷
GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸Ô~<j(No.245 of 1913). ®CL<j $cÄ¸¼FL ÏÍOqôGS¸OqXq* ¥cO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, Q~GSF~Ój
MoFy+÷ öGHQZ¸fSGSjëF~ïtj. ®CL<j $cÄ¸¼FL, EéM~ÓNqkÓ ÂO~ôBcÓj, CL=e¥cÓFLj Â¿ô¸ÔL<¸, ö$cMLkÓFLj
TdìfH¸ÔL<¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL ÏÍOqôGS¸OqXq* ¥cO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿¸Ôo ²ÂÄjÁ Q~GSF~Ój _We÷¿ ½Pe÷PyÂ
¥xÂï ö$cMLkÓPy Ex¿¥ctj. ¯ Q~GSF~ÓÂ£ï Q~.QZ. 1461, Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸.Py ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 1539 ML
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ $qGRjæFnÓ ¼ML¿ M~Oq¸Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL^j÷ ¬¸ÍÆ CoÁ£Ój ÄQZÍ GHOqGSjëF~ïtj (Nos.
300 to 307 of 1918). ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.1466 (ö¥i.QZ.16-6-1544)Py ÀOqjMLjÓ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, On¸<MLCL<ML E~F~Ój ÔofSFL^j÷ No.352-G.T Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯NqjFL CLÍjGH¿
ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÓ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój$qÓ On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój ö¥i.QZ.27-1-1545Py (No.514 and 517 of
1914) öGH¥q=h¸¼FLMo. ¬Ä _We÷¿½Pe÷PyÂ µ¥q ö$cMLj¸Py ÓbÃ¸Ô~tj. ¥c$c, ®CLÂ ¼^æ¼ML¿ Q~GSFL¸
_We÷¿½Pe÷Py MLjOyö$cMLj¸Py ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1478, FLÓF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ. 12- 4 -1556 CoÁ£F~<j
öGH¥q=h¸¼FL ¯ Q~GSFL¸ GS¸[õ No. 304 of 1925 $c °FLïÁ. TdöMLk×¦õ¸FL¸ÍÆ ÄÄÏÍöJd¸C~ÓPy ÓbÃ¸¼FL
®CLÂ Q~GSF~ÓFLj ÂÇCL¸$c GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, ®CL<j °Eyõ$q¸Py ö¥h¸ÁTdìtj FLj¸¨ ¬¸ÔnÓj ¬¸ÔnÓj$c
²Á» öGHDÍMLjGHO~õNqj¸ ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ MLjFLïFLÓFLj Jv¸Á ¥x¸<Ä£<jFLŠ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c
ÂNqjMLj¸GH_¨F~<Â£, ö¥qMLj¸$c ®CLOq O~öadæÓŠ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ÂNqkMLj¥q¸ Jv¸E~<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ
Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¥x¸<Ä£<j GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOq¸ On¸<j CLO~Ój$c O~MLjNqkMLkCLjõÂ
Š^j¸_GSbKZjõÓ¥o GH¿ÄjCLMnjÎ °FLï^j÷$q ¥qFL_<jCy¸Á. ®CLÂ fHFLCL¸ö¨NnjÎFL O~MLjNqj bKeGSÚOqj<j
ö¥i.QZ. 1530 FLj¸¨ 1539 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLOqŠ µ¥qÍQ~_í¸ Jd^j GH¿JdÆ¸ÔL$c, ö¥i.QZ.1539 GS¸MLCLûOq¸
FLj¸¨ ®CL@é GSøNqj¸$c GSjMLkOqj On¸<jÍQ~KeíÓ ¥cÓ¸ ÔLö¥cÂï ÀJdð<Â ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. GSkXqôö$cfU,
GH¿JdÓF~ÍXqj<j ¬tjFL O~MLjGHðNqjõ MLj¿Nqjj ÔL¸öÍ»¿ JdÓŠ@âÎFL O~MLjbKZ^÷NqjõÓ GSÿ¥cOq¸
ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸ÔoCL, ×¦=hÓMLjtjFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ¸Py O~öadæÓ GH¿JdÓF~bKeOq¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ Ä£¿ bKZj×¦
GSÚ¸ÏE~ÓrHÎ °¸¼ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj sSÍEéOq $qÆ$c<j. ¯ O~MLjGHðNqjõ ‘GSøOqMoj+¥qWeÂÏÁ’ ¬Fo GS¸»¤CLQ~öGSë
ö$q¸DE~Â¥h ¥qOqë. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j, GS¸»¤CL¥q+Nqj¸Íj ÂÏÁNnjÎFL CLFL C~CL (CLÆ÷Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨)¬tjFL
Cy<OqMLjÓ÷ ¥qÆ÷F~DÍjÂMLÍí GS¸»¤C~Âï FoOqjá¥xÂ °¸=e<j. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ
Po¥q rHÍÀMLjôNqj, MLjVO~¾ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ Nnjj¥qÚ O~NqjGS¸ (secretary) ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$cFLj, ¸CLOq¸»¥q
GSMLkPyÔLFL GS¸GIHj¸Py GSbKZjõ<j$qFLj °¸¨FL ÄGRNqkÂï No.254-G.T Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®CLÂ
fHFLCL¸ö¨NnjÎFL KeÔLOqGSNqjõ‚@~, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ¥x¸<Ä£<jO~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c
µ¥q ÍQ~_í¸¥cÓ¸, °Eyõ$q¸ÔofS °F~ï<j. ¯ fHFLCL¸ö¨ $ygHF~DÍGHlOq¸ ¬Fo FL$qO~Âï (¥x¸<Ä£<j
¥x¸<JdÍCLPeFL öJd¥cOqŠ@~õÓCyGSÿ)Â¿ô¸GH×ofS, ¬¸Íj $ygHMLÓ÷bKZTdøÄj ($ygHF~DÍ)Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸GH
×oQ~<Â£, ®CL<j ¸öÏÍMLj¸<PeÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<Â£, ÏEâÎÎOqõ TdÿTdÓCy MLjÿôÁ£Nqj rSÎF~õÓCy JwO~¨
×¦tj¸Ô~<Â£, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ öGHÀbKeML¸CLjPnÎFL MLj¸öCLjÓPy ®CL<j µ¥q<Â ÔnGHð_<jCLjF~ï<j
(Mad.Ep.Rep.for1916, page 68). “O~NqjM~ÔL¥qMLjj” (ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.167 ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q.1)Py
CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ö¥i.QZ. 1515 GS¸. öGHDÍMLkOqì¸Py öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀrHÎ Í¸<NqköCL
$cÄ¸¼, ÄFLj¥x¸<ÍjOqÜ¸ MLQZ¸ÔoGSj¥xÂ, E~Â¥h ¯ KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ Po¥q O~MLjNqjbKeGSÚOqjÂ, GH¿JdÓFL
¬ÏÁ¥c¿Â$c ÔofS GH^jæ_¨FL ¥y^PyÂ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓFLj, C~FLj TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔoGSj¥xFLï ®CLOq ¥y^ÓFLj‚<
®CLÂ MLQZ¸Py °¸Ô~<j. Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.12-1-1537) O~MLkbKZ^æ,
¬@âÎGHð¸ ÄQZøF~DÍF~Nqj¥q, GSÓ¥qO~¾ fS¸$qO~×¦, ®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHð °<NqkO§, ¥qßGRêGHðF~Nqj¥q MnjjÍPnÎFL
¬ÏÁ¥cOq$q*¸, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓCy ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j Ä£¿Â ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ‚< ML¼á
°¸=e<j. EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ Ç¸¼, Ä£¿Py öGHÀNnjj¥qÚ<j ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h 15,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸¼,
öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ CLMLjsHOq÷Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h 300 ¬GHðGH<jÓ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*¥nÎ ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~Oqj (No.440-T.T.). ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py O~¾ CLFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOq$q*¸CyÔofSFL ¯ NqköCL rHÎ¥h À£OqìNqköCL$c
¥qFL_<jCLjFLïGHð=h¥i, _ÿjQZ¹ O~×¦õ Í¥hú*GS¿ÿÍjí öJd¸CL¸Py ×¦Oqj$qjCLjFLï NqjjÍíîMLõMLVOq¸
GHlOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ, rSÎÂ¥qMLmõÿ OqÔLF~ÄÏE~FL¸ GSøNqj¸$c GH¿Ç¢Æ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ML¼á °¸<MLÔLjá (¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c
±fU¸ÔL@~Â¥h CL»FL¸CL GSk=hNnjÎFL ÏE~Oq¸ ®¸¥c ÓbKZõ¸ ¥cMLÓfSNqjjFLïÁ). Š^j¸_ Ô~O~Âï
Jd=h¸¼, O~×¦sSMLPy°FLï °Eyõ» KeÔLáOqGSNqjõ ŠMLkOqj<j ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõ CLFL °Eyõ$qÏÍO~ôÂï FnOqMoOqjGSkë
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj sSÄ¸Ô~<j.
Í+M~tj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ :
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ¸PyÂ µ¥q O~öGRæO~×¦ÏE~Â$c, O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ ¥o¸öÍ¥cOqõTdìFLMnjÎFL ÔL¸öÍ»¿
ÍjO~ÜÂ¥h µ¥q öGHCoõ¥q öJdMLjj[õCL °FLïÁ. JdOq¸GHOqõ¸$c MLGSjëFLï ´Àÿõ¸ öGH¥cOq¸ ®¥qÚ¨ ¥y^FLj
®MLjô¨FLOqfS¸ÿ ¬Fo sHOqj$qÓ µ¥q NqkÍMLO~NqjÓÔo Q~.QZ. 922 (ö¥i.QZ.1000) öJd¸C~FL Â¿ô¸¼FL^j÷
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥cÂ ®¥qÚ< GSk¼¸ÔL_¨FL NqkÍMLO~¾ _ÿjQZ¹ 13 ML QZC~KeíÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL Ôy+ TdMLj¸CLO~×nÎFL
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 115-116 )¬tj Nqjj¸<MLÔLjáFLj. ®Eé
Â×¦MnjÎFL^÷tjCo ¥y^ ÂO~ô*¥cPeÂï On¸<jFLïOqQZC~KeíÓj(250 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój)MnFLj¥qŠ ×¦¿fH ÔnfHðFL^÷MLlCLj¸Á.
“Td+jM~ÏÍjõÍNqj¸”Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿj<j CLFL öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ GSÓVFLj Jd=h¸¼
Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCL öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj, CLFL MLjkÓ_PeÂï ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h CLOqÆ¸Ô~<j (ÔLk<j. ¯
ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.147). CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj CLFL GSMLÀTwÍOqj<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj,
O~×¦Š^j¸_¸PyÂ ®CLOq O~×¦ŠMLkOqjÓFLj, CLFL GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ ¼^æ¼ML¿ ÍQZMLÔoá MLOqŠ,
ÔL¸öÍ»¿ ÍjOqÜ¸Py _¸ÏÁ¸¼ °¸Ô~<Â ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. $q¸rH<j QZÓFLj rH^jæ¥xÂ öJd*öGHÍ¸$c ÔLkGSj
¥x¸^jFLï CLFL ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMLjÓ ¬¥cÓMLjOq*¸ Jv¸Í$c ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj ¼¸C~ö¥çCLj@âÎ MLj¸ÔL¸
GH=eæ<j. C~FLj ®¥q O~×¦õbKeO~Âï MLfU¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ¬QZŠë<FLÂ ö$qfU¸¼FL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ¬^j ®^j$c
ö¥i.QZ.1528 GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py _¸Á£$c°FLï CLFL GSMLÀTwÍOqjÂ Ä¨fH¸¼, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ
GH¿JdÓF~bKeO~Âï MLfU¸ÔLjMLjÂ ÔnfHð, CLFLCy GSÿGH¿JdÓŠÂ$c ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
rSÎFLõ¸PyÂ ¥x¸CL MLjkÓ_PeÂï, öKeÿô* sSF~ÂNnjÎFL Í+M~tj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py ÔL¸öÍ»¿
ÍjOqÜ¸Py ÂÆfH°¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ ¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL,
öGHÏE~Â TwMLjOqGSNqjõNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 15,000 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍFL¸ _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL<Moj
¥c¥q 150 Oo#nÎJvF| O~_¨Â ®Ôoá $yŠÓ$qj¸<gSMLjPyÂ GSMLjGHlOq ÀBnuê ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷,
Q~.QZ.1462, Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ. 31-12-1540) öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No. 558-T.T. ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ MLÓFL
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÅÇ¢ b KZ¸@~Oq¸Py MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c °¸¼FL ÏÍFL¸ öGHCoõ¥q¸$c ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h EâÎFL¸ÁFL
FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Ó¥yGS¸ °EéíÇ¸ÔL_¨ °¸<$c, ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo M~¿ú¥qE~NqkÂï öGHCoõ¥q
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy °CLûMLÄö$qVÂ¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjÓ¥nÎ öGHCoõ¥h¸ÔL_¨ °FLïÁ. ÀOqjMLjÓPy FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§
ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁPy µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï, CLFLÔo öJwÁÔoNqj_¨FL CyGHlPy MLjOx¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ
ÂM~GSTdìFL¸ ÔL¸öÍ»¿NqjÂ E~[PeÓj CnÓjGHl CLjF~ïtj. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ.
1462, Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸bMLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.1540)PyFLj, MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ 1463 GH÷MLF~MLjGS¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 1541)PyFLj,
ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ $cÄ¸¼FL On¸<j E~F~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ GHlGRð»¿Py FLMnkEâÎFL ÄMLO~ÓöGH¥cOq¸
(Nos.302,303 of 1905)¯ rSÎF~õÏÁ¥c¿ HG lGRð»¿ µ¥q bKe$q¸$c °FLï $q¸¨¥y^gSMLjŠ öGHC~õMLkïNqj
¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL öGHÏE~Â TwMLjOqGSNqjõ, ÀMLjô ¬FL$c

¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀNnjÎFL ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõMLÍí °GHöGHÏE~Â ¬¸=o GSVNqjŠ<j ¬tjFL TwMLjOqGS
ÔL¸öÍ»¿ Moj+MLkMLj¸öÀ ŠMLkOqj<j(Mad. Ep. Rep. for 1923, para 80; Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1908 - 09
page 183). MLjVO~×¦$qj ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬FLjMLjÀCy, MLj¸öÀ£QZøOq Td+jMLÀMLjôNqkOqõ ®¼áFL ×¦åFLj
¬FLjGS¿¸¼, ÔL¸öÍ»¿ Moj+MLjMLj¸öÀ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL TwMLjOqGS MLj¸öÀ£QZøOqjÂÔo Q~.QZ.1440, _ÿjÏE~FLõF~MLj

GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 24-5-1518)Py ÔofSFL bKZkE~F~Âï, KeGH^÷FLj¸¨ 1897 of No.186 Q~GSFL¸Py ¬ÏEybKe$cFL,
rHÎ CnÓjGH_¨FL TdMLjOqGSNqjõ E~FLMLjjFLj, ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¼FLïÀOqjMLjÓNqjõÔo ¬MLjÓj ×¦OqjGH_¨FLÍÂ
öM~Nqj_¨Nqjj¸Á. ¯ ¼FLïÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ MLjOnMLOy ¥cÍj, ®CL<j ÂQZáNqj¸$c Í+M~tjÀMLjôOqGSNqjõNoj
¬MLlC~<j. sSF~ÏÁGHÀNnjÎFL ¯ ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ FLj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj “Nqj+rH”(_We÷¿ ½Pe÷PyÂ NqjÆð)
ö$cMLkÂ¥h Mnjj#eTdE~OqjÂ(µ¥q ¬ÏÁ¥c¿) ÔofS, ¥x¸CL ¬QZøÍWeÂï JwfR¸ÔLMLPnFLFLï GROqCLjFLj ÄÏÁ¸¼FL
ÄGRNqj¸ No.216 of 1913 Q~GSFL¸ CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á.
rHOqjF|¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð*ê :
rHOqjF| ¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð*ê No.21.A.-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c O~¾$c¿ $qßVÂ¥h
E~øOqJdÓŠ<Â (¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj M~QZP|) CnÓjTwë¸Á. PoJdXh FL¸ÁÓŠÚQn=hæ, MLjjÍíMLjô
®CLÂ CLÆ÷Í¸ö<jÓj. ®CLÂ¥h ®ÍíOqj¼FLïTwÍOqjÓj °F~ïOqj. Ä£¿PyÂ Ä£Oq*F~Nqj¥q CLFL ¬FLï Ä£OqGHð*êNqjõCy
Ôo¿ Ó[FLGHlOq¸PyÂ ÓXiôEéÄ ÓNqj öJd¥cOqŠ@~õÓFLj Â¿ô¸ÔnFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk Ä£Oqj ¯
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥xÂï O~_<jÓFLj ÍCLë¸ ÔoQ~Oqj(Mad.Ep. Rep.for 1912, para 56). On¸<ML ¼FLï
TwÍOqj@âÎFL rHFLj$x¸<PyÂ ¼¥qÚMLjÓ÷GHð F~Nqj¥q ¬FLjFLCL<j, Ä£OqGHlOq¸PyÂ CLFL ÿŠÚbKZj¥që¸Py °FLï
ÏÍOqô¥qOqë öGHTdÍbKe$cÂï CLFL CL¸ö¨ ÓŠÚQn=hæNqkO§, CLÆ÷ MLjjC~ëNqjMLjôF|, rHÍíFLï ÄOqjGH*ê$qW| GHlBcõOqì¸
QZ¸¥qNqjEéML µ<NqkO§Š (No.163 of 1912)E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ Ä£OqGHð*ê GSøNqj¸$c, Q~.QZ.
1463 GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1541-1542)Py ¼CLkëOqj½Pe÷PyÂ F~O~Nqj*MLFL¸PyÂ ÅÇ¢ ¥qPeõ* Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqkÂï Mo¸¥q=eöÁO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ GSj¥qßCL¸$cFLj ¬ÔLjõCLO~Ó GH¿JdÓFL¥cÓ¸Py Â¿ô¸Ô~<Â

CnÓjTwë¸Á (Mad.Ep. Rep.for 1912, para 56). ®CL<j ®¸¥qFLk, ¼CLkëOqj½Pe÷PyÂ ¥c+ÿfSë
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, ¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸ ½Pe÷PyÂ PoJdXh EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, ¬Fo¥q ö$cMLkÓFLj, bKZkMLjjÓFLj Ä¿Ä$q
E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j(1912 of Nos. 88, 89, 90). ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h 10 ¥cõOn^÷ QZjÍíî _¸$cOq¸Cy CLNqkOqj
ÔoNqj_¨FL GSjMLkOqj 330 GH$y@~Ó _OqMLlFLj ¥qÆ», 5,000 GHBcÓ ÄÓjML ¥qÆ»FL µ¥q GHWe"Âï
_ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<j(No.21.A.-T.T.). ®¸¥qFLk, Q~.QZ. 1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj SG ¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 15-12-1536)Py $q¸¨¥y^
gSMLjPyÂ Jd¼¥qÓJd<j(No.21-T.T.)ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j. ¬ÔLjõCLEéMLMLjVO~NqjÓ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸ Q~.QZ.
1460 , sUÄ+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 21-1-1538)Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h

CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c ¥x¸CLÏÍF~Âï °¸Ô~<j (No.22-T.T.). rHÎFL
CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÓjMLÓ öGH¥cOq¸, 10 MLkY¦jþÓ MojÆÄj$qÓ 330 GH$y@~Ó(MLOqVÓj) _OqjMLl$qÓ _¸$cOq¸
ÏÍOq 5,000 GHBcÓj ¬tjFLGHl<j GSO~GS¿Â, µ¥q MLOqV MojÆÄj_¸$cOq¸ MnÓ GSjMLkOqj$c 15 GHBcÓj
¬MLlCLj¸Á. ¬Eé GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, _¸$cOqj MLOqV Po¥q JvF| F~BnMLjjFLŠ 10 FLOqðBcÓj GHÓjŠ
CLjFLïÁ.(ÔLk<j.¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸. GHl^. 244)Á£ÂÂ _=hæ ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py, MLõMLVOq PeM~EéÄ£ÓPy °FLï _¸$cOqj
F~Bn¸ CLŠÚML QZjÍíîCL ¥qÆ» _OqjMLlPy MLjk¨¸^ On¸<jML¸CLjÓj MLköCLMoj °FLï MojÆÄj _¸$cOq¸Cy
µ¥qML¸CLj O~»Â¥qÆfH CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_¨FLÍÂ MLjFL¸ ö$qfU¸ÔLMLÓfSNqjjFLïÁ. ®¸¥qFLk ¯ Ä£OqGHð*ê,
Mn¸¨ GHWn÷Oq¸, Mn¸¨ Ã¸EâFLj, Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ö¥i.QZ.1540 ×¦FLML¿ 27ML CoÁ£F~<j TdøÄj¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j(No.26-T.T.). FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§ Ä£ÏÁPy C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ ±Oo»¸GHl$c
MLÔoá TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj, CL$qj ³O~ð^jÔofS ¬¸Íj¥yGS¸ 15,000 FLOqðBcÓ
ÏÍF~Âï Q~.QZ.1462, Q~Oqø¿ F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 27-1-1541)Py E~FL¸ÔoTd<j. (No.414-T.T.)¯
ÄÏ Í¸$c ®CL<j ¬Fo¥q EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ ö$cMLkÓFLj, rH ÍíM njjC~ë ÓPy Ï ÍF~Âï E~FLÏ ÍO~ôÓFLj
ÔoNqj$qÓj$qj^ÔoCLFLj, ®CL<j O~×¦õ¸FL¸Íj °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎ ÏÍÂŠ<j$c °¸¨ °¸@~Æ. MnjjÍ^
®CL<j, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ O~×¦öGHTdÍ E~øOqJdÓŠ<j$q °Eyõ$cÂï öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ ¥x¸CL ¥cPeÂ¥h
ÄE~õFL$qO~(Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq)Â¥h CLÓM~Oq (CLÓNqk¿)(No. 785 and 786 of 1917)°Eyõ$cÂï Jv¸Á,
O~¾MnjGHØFLj GS¸JdÁ¸ÔLj¥xÂ, NqjFL ¬FLjö$qÿ¸Cy rHFLj$x¸<, ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~öadæÓPy GH¿JdÓŠ<j$qFy
Po¥q ¬¸CLŠö¥h¸Á GHÍÄPy ³ °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿$cFy, GHEyFLïÀÂ Jv¸Á °¸=e<j. ¯ Ä£OqGHð*ê
¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸½Pe÷PyÂ PoJdXhGHlOq¸ FL¸ÍÆ ‚OqôQnÎÓ¸ ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ FnÓ¥xFLï Ä£OoQZøOqTdøÄjÂ ¥xÆÔn¨
Ä£OqbKZ¥që Ç#eMLjBh$c ¥qFL_<jÔLjF~ï<j. ¯ EâÎM~Â¥h ¬Fo¥q ö$cMLkÓFLj (Nos.88, 89, 90 of 1912;
No.781 of 1917)E~FL¸ ÔoNqj<Moj$c¥q, MLjVO~×¦$qj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj öJwCLûfU¸¼, ¬Fo¥q ö$cMLkÓFLj
E~FL¸$c ®fHð¸Ô~<j(No.785 of 1917). ¬¸Co¥cÍj, bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ÀMLjôGHð(No.72 of 1912), Í+M~tj

¥qßGRêGHð F~Nqj¥q(No.73 of 1912), ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjÓ÷GHð*ê(No.576 of 1912)MLjjFLï$qj °FLïC~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓÔoCL
‚< E~FLÏÍO~ôÓj Ôotj¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ MLjj$qjÜOqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj Ä£OqGHð*ê ¥y¿¥qFLj MLjÂï¸¼
ÔnGHð$cFo E~FL¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h ¥cOq*¸, _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j rHFLj$x¸<O~×eõÂ¥h $cÂ Po¥q ®¸ÍÆ bKe$qMnjÎFL
Ox<èF~<jFLŠ $cÂ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$q °FLïGHl<j, Ä£Oqj ®CLÂ¥h C~KoE~OqjPnÎ °¸¨ °¸=eOqj.
¬¸$qO~×¦ F~$qGHðNqjõ :
¬¸$qO~×¦F~$qGHðNqjõ CLFLCy ‚< ML¼áFL O~MLjbKZ^æO§ MLj¿Nqjj rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð*êF|ÓCy
ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼á Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h Q~.QZ.1462, Q~Oqø¿¤F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(27-1-1541)Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
15,000 FLOqðBcÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j(No.559 -T.T.). ®CL<j O~¾FLŠ ¬¸$qOqXqŠ<j$c °¸¨°¸=e<j.
®CLÂ sHOqjFLŠ MLjj¸Íj°FLï ¬¸$qO~×¦ ¬FoÃOqjÍj ®¸ÍjÓŠ °GH_Ó¸$c °FLïÁ. ®CL<j, FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§
¬¸¥q*¸Py µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï ¥q=hæ¸Ô~<j. C~FLj GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL GHÁsUFLjMoÓ FLOqð*¸Ä£jÍ ÓbÃ¸Ôo ML©èÂ
°GHNnk»¸¼ ¯ MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ ±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFLGHl<j öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLjk<jML¸ÍÓ
¬GHðGH<jÓFLj FnÎMoÍõ¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
MLjÏÍjOqPy F~Nqj¥qML¸QZ TdìGHŠ<j ¬@âÎGHð¸ ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j :
MLjÍjOqPyÂ F~Nqj¥q ML¸QZTdìGHŠ@âÎFL ¥cQZõGH$yöCyÍóMLl<j ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠÂ öGHTdëMLFL
451-T.T Q~GSFL¸Py ¥qFL_<jCLj¸Á. Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ GSMLjOqìîsSF~GHÀNnjÎFL F~$qMLjF~NqjŠÂ ¥x<j¥nÎFL
®CL<j MnjjÍ=y÷ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjjÂ ¬<GHÏE~¿$c -sH=h¥cOqj¨$c -¬@âÎGH¸ -GHÂÔoTd<j(C~¸_kÓ sH=h¥qFLj

MnkNqjj M~<j). rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð*êF|, ¬¸$qO~×¦ F~$qGHðNqjõO§ Pe$cFo ÄQZøF~DÍ F~NqjŠ<jFLk
15000 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÓNqjbKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸¼, C~FLj ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ¥yFo¿ $q^jæFL Â¿ô¸¼FL
MLj¸^GH¸ GSÄ£jGH¸Py TdøÄj ±Oo»¸GHlPy ML¼áFLGHl<j FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð<jÔoTd<j.

¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÍjOqjôº GS¸.Py Q~.QZ. 1458(ö¥i.QZ.12-1-1537)CLFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjPnÎFL O~MLjbKZ^j÷, GSÓ¥qO~×¦
fS¸$qO~×¦, ®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ, ¥qßGRêGHð F~NqjŠÓCy ¥qÆfS ÀOqjMLjÓŠ MLÔ~á<j. ¬GHl<j ¯ GS¸GIHj^FL
×¦¿»¸Á. Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥h¸Í GHÂÔofSFL F~$qMLjF~NqjŠ¨ sHOqj CLOqjM~CLM~¿ GH¿JdÓFLPy ¥qFL_<Íj.
®CLÂ ¥x<jŠ ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓsSMLPy ¥qFL_<C~@éCLGHð ¬¸CLŠGHmOqø¸ GH¿JdÓFL
PyPo<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py °¸¨°¸=e<Â ±fU¸ÔL MLÓfS¸Eé. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ÀOqjM~¸‚OqjÄ£jÁ¥h
Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿fHFLGHl<j rSÎF~õÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j‚@~ NqjjÍíî¸Py JdPxÜF~ï<j.
ÀOqjML¨(ÀOqjM~¸‚Oqj)NqjjÍíîOq¸$q¸Py ÄQZøF~DÍj<j Ä£OqÄVOq¸ÔofS QZöCLjO~¾ÓFLj ¶¨¸¼ CLFnïÍjOxÚÂFL
Jd¸<õO~¾ÓFLj ¼£ÆáÔn¸@~¨ MLjÍjOqO~×eõÂï ¥nÎMLQZ¸ ÔofS¥xF~ï<j(Ar. Sur. Rep. for 1911 - 12, page
194).¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j MLjÍjOqO~×eõÏÁGHÀ ¬ML<Moj$c¥q, GSE~ÇML
O~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py, O~MLjO~×¦O§¬NqjõF|(¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾)Ôo ÀOqjMLËéQ~Âï(ÀOqjM~¸‚Oqj) ‘¬MLjOq

F~Nqj¥q¸’ $c Jv¸E~<j(Mad.Ep. Rep.1912, para 58). Q~GSFL¸ 599 of 1916 öGH¥cOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1472
TdÏE~Oq*F~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ. 22-9-1550)®CLFLj MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq O~MLjO~×¦ Ä>OqÓEéML MLjVO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ
¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ¨$c ÔnGHð_@~è<j. Q~.QZ.1480 PyÂ ¥c+Nqjj¥hëF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 3-12-1558)Py ®CL¨Â

¥qO~ïÔ~¾ O~MLjO~×¦EéMLlÂ ¥cOqõ¥qOqë¬Â Q~GSFL¸ Fn¸. 385 of 1916ÔnfHCo O~MLjO~¾ - ¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾FLj
- SG E~ÇMLO~NqjMLjVO~NqjÔLö¥qML¿ë TdöMLk×¦õ¥cOqõ¥qOqë$c Q~GSFL¸(Fn¸.475 of 1915)$qj¿ëSG jë¸Á. ®CL<j ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q
O~×¦NqjõEéML MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬¸=o MnjjÍ=hOq¸$qÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~×¦ GHl*õ¸$cFLj ¥nÎ¥yÚ+MLjjÍÆÓ
FLj¸¼ öGHÀ MLj$cÜÂ¥nÎ MLGSkÓjÔosS GHFLjïÂ MLj¿Nqjj ¬ÂïNqjkO§ ÓNqj MLk<Ä£ÍÏ jÓPy ÂMLfS¸Ôo ×¦FL¸FLj¸¼
MLGSkÓjÔosS GHFLjïÂ‚@~ M~¿ú¥q¸$c ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôn¸Eé^^j÷ E~FLQ~GSFL¸ O~tj¸Ô~<j(Mad.Ep.
Rep.for1916, para 70). ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸rHÎ ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓ, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ×¦åMojOqŠ Ä>OqÓNqjõEéML
MLj¿Nqjj CLÂ E~NqkÁ ¼FLïÀMLjôO~×¦ NqjjÍíî¸ ÔofSFLGHl<j ¬ÔLjõCLEéMLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦¿»FL^j÷$cFo

ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<jFLj NqjjÍíî¸Py öJdNqjQZ¹ JdPxÜÂ °¸=e<j (Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1917, para 48; and
for 1915, para 50). ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j TdìH f ¸¼FL MLjÏÍjOqF~Nqj¥qML¸QZ¸ On¸<jQZC~KeíÓ¥cÓ¸ - ¥q<GH=hO~¾
Ä×¦NqjOq¸$q Ôx¥qÚF~DÍjÂMLOqŠ ö¥i.QZ. 1559 FLj¸¨ 1736 ML¿íÆî ÷FLÍFo ¬¸QZ¸ $qMLjÂ¸ÔLÍ$qÜÁ (Ar. Sue.
Rep. for 1911-12, page 194; Mad.Ep. Rep. for 1911, para 62).
¬@âÎGHð¸ MLjÓ÷GHð F~Nqj¥q :

Fn<j¸ŠFLþ¸Š Ôn¸ÁFL ÀMLjôGHðF~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬@âÎGHð¸ MLjÓ÷GHðF~NqjŠ<j, ¬ÔLjõCL
O~NqjÓMLÍí GHÂÔofSFL MLjOx¥q ¬@âÎGHð¸ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿. ®CL<j Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸MLOqŠ ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸
FL¸Íj 450 Oo#nÎJvF| ÏÍF~Âï Ôo¿á Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸. ö¥i.QZ. 26-2-1540(Q~.QZ. 1461)Py ®¸¥qFLk 206
Oo#nÎÂ ÔnÆ÷¸¼, ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ÓbÃ¸¼FL MnjjCLë¸ 656 Oo#nÎJvF| MLjkÓÏÍFL¸ ³OqðOq¼, EâÎM~Â¥h ¥xÂï
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓŠ ¯ MLjÓ÷GHð F~NqjŠÂÄ£jÍ ¬ÏÁ¥q
${OqM~ÍO~ÓFLj ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸¨ ®CLÂ GHlBcõÂ¥h$cFLj O~¾ Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1540, ×¦FLML¿)Py
°CLëOq O~Ú=| ½Pe÷Nqj¸ÍÆ ML¸¨M~}R C~Ók¥cŠÔn¸ÁFL ¥iW|GHlCLkëO§ ö$cMLj¸Py°FLï Í¥húBcMLjk¿ë
EéM~ÓNqkÂï GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸GH×oTd<j(Mad. Ep. Rep.for 1916, para 67). ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ FL=hæ
´ÍjQ~GSF~Ój Nos. 360, 376, 381, 383, and 394 of 1912 of Mad. Ep. Coll. °CLëOqO~Ú=| ½Pe÷PyÂ
EéÄ¥cGHlOq¸Py ÓbÃ¸¼F~tj. ¯ Q~GSF~Ój Q~.QZ. 1451, ÄOyÏÁ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1529)FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.
1464, QZjbKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 12-2-1543)MLOqŠ$qÓ ¯ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨F~tj. MLj¿Nnjj¥q
Q~GSFL¸ No.108 of 1916 ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, ÍXh* O~Ú=| ½Pe÷PyÂ Š$nÎNqjkO§

FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.12-8-1543)Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FLÁ. ®¸¥x¥q Q~GSFL¸( No.
240 of 1904 )‚@~ ÍXh*O~Ú^j½Pe÷ P yÂ f S ¸$qMLOq¸FLj¸¨, Q~.QZ. 1472 , TdÏ E ~Oq*F~MLj
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1550)Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL _¨NqjjFLïÁ. ®Á GSE~ÇML O~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á.

O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍÁ£¥húCL :
O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍ Á£¥húCLj<j, ¥cQZõGH$yöCL, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ù[Š Ôn¸ÁFL F~$qOq
bKZ^jæ ŠMLkOqj<j. O~NqjGS¸ ¬FLï ÃOqjÍjFLj_=hæ ®CL<j O~¾FLŠ O~NqjGS¸ Po¥q ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j
¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLOq O~×yEyõ$qjÓ MLPnFo, ®CL<j ‚< ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¥yFo¿ Nnjj<jèFL
µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk, CLFLÔo rH¸Jv¸Á¸ÔL_¨FL GHmEy^Py ‚< µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï
Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. Q~.QZ.1455 Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ö¥i.QZ. 1-7-1533 CoÁ£F~<j, NnjOqjÄj$nÎ gSMLjPyÂ
C~MLjOqJd¥qÚ¸ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofS ®¸¥qFLk 200 Oo#nÎJvF|Ó ÏÍF~Âï‚< _ÿk¥q¿¸¼ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj
¬FLjö$qÿ¸ ¥yGS¸ öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠFLk, ¥xÂïMLjj[õMnjÎFL °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óÓPy,
CLFL On¸<j MLj¸^JdÓMLÍíŠ ±Oo»¸GHl$c TdøÄj MLÔLjáFLGHl<j EâÎM~Â¥h ÂMoÍFLÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^ŠFLk
CL$qj³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.83-T.T). rHÎ CoÁ£¥h FnPeGHÁsUFLj ÁF~ÓPyGHlFLFo, ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 13-8-1533
CoÁ£F~<j, ®¸¥c ®CL<j 5,000 FLOqðBcÓrHÎ MLÔoá ML©èCy, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h, MnFLj¥q=h MLkÁ¿$qFo
öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥i, öGHÀFnÓPyFLj, CLFL ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL OyfUBh FLXqöCLNqjj¥që Oy¾FL,
°CLûMLMLjk¿ë tjOqjMLlOqj EéMoOqjÓCy, On¸<jMLj¸^JdÓ MLÍíŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j
ÔoQ~<j(No.58-T.T.). ®CL<j Q~.QZ.1457,MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-1535)Py öGH¥q=h¸¼FL
MLjk<ML Q~GSFL¸Py CLFLCLÆ÷ sHOqj “F~$qMLjô”¬Â CnÓjGHlŠF~ï<j. Á£Â¥hMLjj¸Íj öGH¥q=h¸¼FL On¸<j
Q~GSF~ÓPy, CLFL ÂM~GSTdìFL¸ ¬$qOq¸ ¥q<Pe¨ ¬Â MLjOysHOqj$qÓ ŠMLkOq Mo¸¥q=eöÁ GSMLjjöÍ¸ ¬Â
CnÓjGHl¥xF~ï<j. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOqj<j Mo¸¥q=eöÁ O~ŠMLkOqjÂ sHOqjÄ£jÍ ¯ ¬ö$qVO~Â¥h ¯
sHOqjrH^æ_¨ °¸^j¸Á.
bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ÀMLjôGHð MLj¿Nqjj ÇOqjÀMLjôNqjõ :
bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¥cC~õNqjFL GSköCLj<jFLj ¬tjFL^jML¸=h bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ¬GHðOqGS
ŠMLkOqj<j ÀMLjôGHð, CLFL CL¸ö¨MLPnFo, O~¾$c¿ ÏÍF~$cO~Â¥h ÏÁGHCLõ¸ MLfU¸Ôo µ¥q °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿.
®CL<j, Ç¢O~ð¨ö$cMLj GS¿ÿÍjíÓPyGHÓ öGHMLfU¸Ôo MLkÏÍMLF|¥cPeøN|j ¬FosHOqj$qÓ GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj E~Â
GSø¸CLE~OqjPnÎFL EéQ~¸CL¿¤ÓFLj¸¨ ö¥qNqkÂ¥h À£GSj¥xFo °EéíQZ¸Cy Q~.QZ.1453, [OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.
23-3-1531)CoÁ£F~<j 3,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. ¥qßGRêO~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓ FLj¸¨, E~FLGHmOqø¥q¸$c
Jv¸ÁFL CLkfHðP| Á£¥húCLO§ FLj¸¨ EéQ~¸CL¿¤Ój Á£ÂÂ(No.62-T.T.)MnÓtj¼á ¥xF~ïOqj. Q~.QZ.1455,
Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 18-7-1533)Py ÀMLjôGHðF|, MLjOx¥q CL<ML 2,000 FLOqðBcÓj ÔnÆ÷¸¼ TdøÄj¥h
FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*¥nÎ(No.166- T.T.)CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. rHFLj$x¸< Ä£OqGHð*ê öJwC~ûÿ¸Cy ¯
ÀMLjôOqGS, Q~.QZ.1456, ×¦NqjF~MLjGS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.1536) MLjjCLë¥qÍÿÈ" ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂ¥h MLjVÓXiôGHlOq¸ ¬Â
F~MLj¥qOq*¸ $cÄ¸¼, fU¸ÍkGHlO~Â¥h GSÄ£jJdFL°FLï Ó[FLGHl¿PyÂ MLjVÓXiô ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoTd<j
(No.72 of 1912). ¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸ ½Pe÷PyÂ PoJdXh ö$cMLj¸ FLj¸¨ _Nqj^GH¨FL No.576 of 1912 Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, _¸@~OqjÀMLjôGHð TdìÂ¥q¸$c°FLï Ä£OoQZ EâÎML¸Nnjj¥qÚ EéM~ÓNqj¸ Py ¥cFLj¥qÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj °EéíQZ¸Cy, Q~.QZ.1459, sUÄ+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.18-6-1537) ‘ÄOqkJdXq GHlOq ’¬Â
MLjOysHOqj$qÓ ‘FL¸ÁÔnOq÷’ ö$cMLkÂï, ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjÓ÷GHð*Š Äö¥qtj¸Ô~<j. GHmOqø¸, Q~.QZ. 1389,
GSOqø½C| F~MLj GS¸. GHlGRõ QZjÍíî ÄÁNqj TwMLjM~Oq¸F~<j MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥çÀ GHl*õ¥cPeFL(ö¥i.QZ. 28-12-
1467) ¯ FL¸ÁÔnOq÷ö$cMLkÂï ÀMLjôGHð C~CLNqj$qj Ä£MLjOqGS$c¿¥h öJzA<öGHC~GHEéML MLjVO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÄOqkJdXqEéML MLjVO~NqjÓj E~FL MnjjFL¿áNqjjF~ï<j. _j¥qÚGH^æ*¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸¼FL No.179 of 1913

Q~GSFL¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ó öGH¥cOq¸, ®CLj<j NnjY¦þMLj¸=hO~×¦õ¸PyÂ rHFLj$x¸<½Pe÷PyÂ GUyGS¥nOn CL=e¥q¸ö¥h¸Á
ö_ÿôE~Nqj, EéMLE~NqjbKZkMLjjÓÄ£jÍ GHFLjïFLj CxÓ»¸¼, ¯ ÄGRNqkÂï Q~.QZ. 1455 Ä×¦NqjF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 28-2-1534)MLOqÍO~×¦MLjôFLsH^Py MLjVO~¾, ÓXqGUyMLj ¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦¿fHFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py
öGH¥q=h¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c GHFLjïÓFLj MLkGHlÔoNqj$qÓ ÄQoadÏÁ¥cO~Âï ¥qÆ»Nqjj¸<j^ FLj _=hæ, ¯
bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ÀMLjôGHð ²Y¦þMLj¸=hO~×¦õ¸ ¬¸=o rHFLj$x¸<O~×eõÂ¥h GHm¿ë ¬ÏÁ¥cO~ÓFLj ¥qÆ» NqjjFLï
GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿NqjÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ ÀMLjôGHð Po¥q ÀMLjôOqGSjÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<j ÇOqjÀMLjôNqjõ,
Q~.QZ.1456(ö¥i.QZ.23-8-1534)×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸. EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 4,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj(No. 331-T.T.)E~FL¸
ÔoQ~<j. Á£Âï MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c°¸¼, Á£ÂrHÎ ÓbÃ¸ÔoML©èCy, GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyMLÔoá QZjö¥qM~O~ÓPyFLj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ
¥h GHl+j$qj¥cÚGHØMLjjYnÎ ×¦OqjGH_¨FL CLOqjM~CL, µ¥q ML<GH¨ FnÎMoÍõ¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ MLj¿Nqjj
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL MLjß$qÇ¢O~ú FLXqöCLNqjj¥që 13 ÀDÍjÓPyFLj, FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. Ä£¿ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL ¬GHðOqGSO§, ¥yQ~ÏÁ¥c¿$c ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓFLj sSÄ¸¼FL=o÷ ®CLÂ
ŠMLkOqjPnÎFL ÀMLjôGHð, ÇOqjÀMLjôNqj TwÍOqjÓFLk ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥yQ~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c O~¾FLj sSÄ¸Ô~Oqj.
Fy^æ¥cÚOq F~$qGHð :
Š¸×¦GHÆ÷ ö$cMLj ÂM~fSNqjj O~MLjOqGSNqjõO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬tjFL Fx^æ¸ Po¥q Fy^æ¥cÚOq
F~$qGHðF| ¬FLjFLCL<j, O~NqjÓ ÏÍF~$cOq¸ FL¸ÍÆ ÄÓjMnÎFL OqC~ïÓ Nnjj¥qÚNqjj, ÄÓjMnÎFL bKZOqBcÓ
Nnjj¥qÚNqjj, ÄÓjMLÓFLj MLjÁ¸GHl MosS GHÂM~<j. ®CL<j, EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ ÂÄjCLë¸, Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 6-1-1536)1,600 FLOqðBcÓFLj, MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ. 1462 Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.
7-6-1540) 1,560 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j (Nos.534, 530-T.T.).
Í+M~tj ¥qßGRêGHðF~Nqj¥q :
¯ Í+M~tj ¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj ¼FLïGHðF~Nqj¥q. Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjôº F~MLj
GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ.12-1-1537) MLjVO~×¦$qj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿M~Oq¸Py µ¥q<j$c ÀOqjMLjÓŠ MnÈ÷FLGHl<j
EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸Py 15,000 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xÂ ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¥yFo=h$q^jæMLÍí

C~FLj ¥q=hæ¸¼FL MLj¸^GH¸ MLÍíŠ, TdøÄj ±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFLGHl<j, FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ CL$qj
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.441-T.T.). rHFLj$x¸< O~×¦õ¸PyÂ Ox<èF~<jPy $xOqMLFLÿÈ÷ ¬Fo ö$cMLkÂ¥h
ÓXiôTd$qOq¸ ¬FLj sHOqjrH=hæ ¬Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸.Py Ó[FLGHlOq¸Py
°FLï^jML¸=h ÓXiôEéÄ ¬MLjôM~¿ ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoTd<j. ¯ E~FL¸, ¬FL¸CLGHlOq¸ ½Pe÷PyÂ $xöOnGHÆ÷FLj¸¨
MnÓjML¨FL Q~GSFL¸ No.73 of 1912 Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ ¼MLOq, “Ä£OqGHð*Nqjõ ¥y¿¥qFLj
MLjÂï¸¼ ¯ E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á” ¬Â Oq¼¸GH_¨ NqjjFLïÁ. ¬Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c, MLjVÓXiôGHlOq¸ ¬Fo ÃOqjÍj
sHOqjCy MLjjCLë¥qÍÿÈ÷ ö$cMLkÂï, Q~.QZ.1456, ×¦Nqj F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MLjVÓXiô¬MLjôM~¿ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h;
O~NqjÓ ¥yQ~$cO~Â¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL ¬GHðOqGSNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀMLjôOqGS, E~FL¸ ÔoNqj@~Â¥h rHFLj$x¸<
Ä£OqGHð*Nqjõ öJwÍòÓMoj ¥cOq*¸ ¬Â Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ(No.72 of 1912). ¬¸ÍjÔoCL,
ÂQZáNqj¸$c bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ¬GHðOqGS ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀMLjôOqGS, MLj¿Nqjj ¬QZørSÎFLõ¸Py µ¥q¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ¬tjFL
¼FLïGHð F~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠ<jFLk, ³ÁNnk O~×¦¥iNqj °FLïCyEyõ$q¿¤C~õ, rHFLj$x¸@âÎ
Ä£OqGHð*êF|Cy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ ¥qÆ» NqjjFLï^j÷FLïÁ. _ÿjQZ¹ Ä£Oqj ®OqjMLlOqj ®CLÂö¥h¸Í GHÂÔosS GSVNqj rSÎÂ
¥yEyõ$qjPnÎ °¸=eOqj. ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ®CLÂ °Eyõ$q½¡ÄCL¸, ®CLÂ Nos.73, and 96
of 1912Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, rHFLj$x¸<O~×eõÂ¥o GH¿ÄjCLMnj Î°FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. GSE~ÇML
O~NqjÓj O~×eõÂ¥h MLÔoá^GHð=h¥h, ®CL<j ®¸¥qFLk rHFLj$x¸<PyFo °F~ï<j. O~×¦bKZ¥hëGHOqj@âÎFL ®CL<j,

GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj GSjfSìOq¸$c O~×¦õJdÓFL $cÄ¸ÔLjFL^j÷ ¬FLjö$qfU¸ÔLMLjÂ EâÎM~Âï Mo<j¥x¸^k
öJd¿ì¸ÔL<Moj$c¥q, Q~.QZ. 1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.19-4-1543) µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸
ÔoQ~<Fo ÄGRNqj¸ No.800 of 1917 Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py, ®CL<j Í+M~tj ÔnFLïMLj
F~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Í+M~tj¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠ<j$cFLj O~¾ ¬FLjMLjÀÂ Jv¸ÁFL ¥cOqõ ÂO~øÿŠ<j$c
sHOxÚFL_@~è<j. Q~.QZ.1472, TdÏE~Oq*F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1550)Py ®CL<j ¥y^kæOqjgSMLjŠ GH¿
JdÓŠ<Nqkõ<j. ¯ gSMLj, ®CLÂ¥h ¬MLjOqMLk$cBh$c ÔoNqj_¨ ®¸¥qFLk Fy+¸_M~¨, 32,000 EéQ~Âï‚<
ÍNqjÔoNqj_¨¸Á ¬FoÄMLO~ÓFLj Nos.71,85 of 1904 Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. Q~.QZ. 1483, ÍjOqôÀF~MLj
GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ.1562 ×¦FLML¿)Py Í¥hú*EéQZ¸Py µ¥qöJd¸C~Â¥h, _ÿjQZ¹ GH<Ä£<j O~×eõÂ¥h ‘‘¬Á$cOq¸’’
(¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸)Jv¸ÁFL GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨ °¸=e<j. ®CLÂ No.106 of 1918 Q~GSFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼FL
ÏÍjÂ¥q ÍXh*O~Ú^j½Pe÷PyÂ Š$nÎNqjkOqj, ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFLPyÂ GH<Ä£<j O~×¦õ¸PyÂEé.
rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôGHð MLj¿Nqjj ¼FLïO~MLjGHð :

rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôGHð, ¼FLïO~MLjGHð ¬FLjÄ£Oqj _GSML F~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqjÓj. ¯ _GSML F~NqjŠÂ
CL¸ö¨ MnÎMLjÆ $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ¥xÓjML ÀGHØF~Nqj¥q. Ä£Oqj, FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁPy Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL, CLMLj
MLj¸^GH¸ MLÍíŠ °CLûMLMLjk¿ë ±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFLGHl<j, ¬GHðGH¨ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š CL$qj³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~Oqj. GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 300 ¬GHðGH<jÓ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š$cFLj Ä£Oqj, 15,000 FLOqðBcÓj
ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~OqÂ (No.562 - T.T.) CnÆsH Q~GSFL¸, ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h Ôn¸ÁFL Í+M~tj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ
ÔofSFL E~FLÄMLO~Ój$qÓ No.558-T.T Q~GSFL¸‚@~ µ¥o ÁF~FL ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1462, Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ. 31-12 -1540) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨F~tj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, Í+M~tj¥h, ö¥h¸Á °Eyõ$qjPnÎ °¸<j^¸ ÔoCLFo,
Ä£Oqj ®OqjMLlOqk CLMLj rHÎ¬ÏÁ¥c¿¬tjFL ÀMLjôOqGSjFLj ¬FLjGS¿¸¼ ÀOqjMLjÓŠML¼á ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c MLõMLÿ¿¸¼
°¸=eOqj. _GSML* F~Nqj¥qO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ¼FLïO~MLjGHðF| ; O~MLjGHðNqjõF| ¬FLj ¯ ®OqjMLlOqk ¬bKoÍ¸$qÓ
µ¥oMLõ¥hë. ¯ O~MLjGHðF| O~¾$c¿ GSj¥qßÀ¥yGS¸ fHO~F|MLjPnÎPy E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ No.217,222 of 1924
Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. No.222 Q~GSFL¸Py, ®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ³×n¸^j$c (öGHÀÂÏÁ$c MLõMLÿ
¿¸ÔLj^Š ¬FLjMLjÀ Jv¸ÁFLM~<j.) MLõMLÿ¿GSjë °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ On¸<jQ~GSF~Ó öGH¥q^FLCoÁ£ÓFLj
$qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¯ ¼FLïO~MLjGHðF| Po¥q O~MLjGHð F~Nqj¥qÚO§ ¬NqjõF| ÍXh*EéQZ¸Py O~M|jF~@§½Pe÷Py
GSjMLkOqj$q Q~.QZ. 1460-61(ö¥i.QZ.1538-39) GS¸MLCLûOq öJd¸CL¸Py MLjVO~¾FLŠ öGHÀÂÏÁ$c MLõMLÿ
¿GSjë¸@éF~<Â£, CLOqjM~CL ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1462(ö¥i.QZ.1540) GS¸.Py À. À. EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸GHÍPyÂ
No.562 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×eõÂ¥h _ÁÆ£ÔoNqj_@~è<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ö¥h¸Á CLOq$qÀ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓj :

öGH#eõCLjÓj¥cÂ ¥x¸ÍOqj ö¥h¸Á °Eyõ$qGSjìÓPy °F~ïOqj -
1.) ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~Nqj¥q : ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.14-12-1536) CLFL
öGHbKZjMLl ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjOqj, MLOqE~½¡¬MLjôF| MLj¿Nqjj ¼¥qÚMo¸¥q=eöÁ °<NqkOqj GSj¥qßCL¸

¥yGS¸, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h 650 FLOqðBcÓFLj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c ¥cFLj¥qÓj ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j
(No.543 -T.T.). ®CL<j, GH<Ä£<jöJd¸C~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL CLj+jML Mn¸$q+jF~Nqj¥qO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j
¥cFLj¥qÓj GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL ÁF~Â¥h MLjOqjF~@é O~MLkbKZ^æOqNqjõF|, 225 ÔLö¥q¸ JvF| E~FL¸ ÔoNqj$c (No. 549
-T.T.); rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð*êF| Jd¼¥qÓJd<j ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoTd<j (No.21 -T.T.).
2.) GS×¦ãO {CLj ¼¥qÚNqj GSM~NqjF| : GS×¦ãO{CLj ¼¥qÚNqj GSM~NqkF| Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨ ÀOqjGHÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
JwÓjF~Nqj¥qF| ¬FLjFLCL<j. ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1457, MLjFLôDÍ F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 28-3-1535) Py

¥x¸CLÏÍFL¸ E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.257 -G.T.).
3.) MLj^÷ O~MLjNqjõ : MLjÓ÷Nqj ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLj^÷O~MLjNqjõ, ÿ¿CL $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL GHO~QZOq bKZ=eæÔ~OqjõÂ
ÇGRjõ<j. ®CL<j, Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj(ö¥i.QZ. .6-3-1536) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔofSFL E~FL¸
$qj¿¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸ Q~GSFL¸Py ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL Ô~¿öCL¥q °JwE~ÝCL¸ CLOqjM~CL FLMnkÍj
ÔoNqj_¨ °FLïÁ (No.553 -T.T.).
Í4.) ¬fSë»¿F~DÍO§ : GHlÍjJd¥qÚ¸FLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ¬fSë»¿F~Nqj¥qO§ ¬Bcê½NqkO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬fSë»¿F~DÍO§.
Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.17-3-1539)Py EâÎM~Â¥h CLFLŠMLkOnëNnjj¥qÚ °bKZNqkÂï ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ

CL$qj³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸‚@~ ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ Ô~¿öCL¥q °JwE~ÝCL¸ CLOqjM~CL, FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨
NqjjFLïÁ(No.195 -G.T.).
5.) $q¸$qjOn¨è : ®CL<j, ¶$qMLjJd¨ CLGHð< _GSMLl On¨è ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j, Q~.QZ. 1456, ×¦NqjF~MLj
SG ¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 19-2-1535) EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ Kb Z¸@~O~Â¥h 1,500 FLOqðBcÓFLj SG MLj¿ð¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸‚<, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
Ô~¿öCL¥q °JwE~ÝCL¸ CLOqjM~CL FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨ °FLïÁ(No.475 -T.T.) MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ. 1464, QZjbKZ¥qßC|F~MLj
GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.11-9-1542) MLjOx¥q ÍIJd$c 10,080 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸Py ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. ¯ MnjCLë¸
ÏÍF~Âï, Q~.QZ. 1468, GHO~bKZML F~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ. 3-11-1546)EâÎM~Â¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ On¸<j CoÁ£Ój
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÄ. ÅÇ¢ ¥qOqF~<jPyÂ ¥xOq÷$qj¸^ ö$cMLj¸ FL¸ÍÆ ¬Oqíîö$cMLj¸ FLj¸¨
MLÔoá^^jML¸=h E~Nqj¸ 120 Oo#nÎ JvF| ÏÍF~Âï öGHÀ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ C~Fo, ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ôo KeÏÍõCLFLj
1
¬¸»¤¥q¿¸¼, On¸<ML ¬Oqíîö$cMLkÂï °+ML@âÎ ¥cBhNqk¼á$c(CLFL GHOqõMoXq*Py) CLFL ¬ÏÁ£FL¸Py °¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<j

(No.665 -T.T.) .
6) ¬@âÎGHð¸ GHO~ôÍMLjôF| MLj¿Nqjj Oqj¥hôBh ¬MLjôF| : ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GSø¸CLGH¿M~Oq¸Py ¥x¸ÍOqj
ögSëÓj‚@~ °Eyõ$qGSjëÓj$c GHÂÔoGSkë°FïL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¬@âÎGHð¸ GHO~ôÍMLjôF|, Oqj¥hôBh
¬MLjôF| ¬FLjM~¿ GH¿Ô~Oq¥q sSMLÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój, Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.
26-12-1535)öGH¥q=h¸¼FL Nos. 541, 540 -T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPy ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ °JwE~ÝCL¸ CLOqjM~CL FLMnkÍj
ÔoNqj_¨ °FLïÁ. Ä£Oqj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¬<GH¥qCnëÓÂ Ä£¿sHOqj÷ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. rHÎ ÔnGHð_¨FL CoÁ£Py
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, ¬CLÂbKeOqõ MLOqÍO~½¬MLjôF| MLj¿Nqjj ŠMLkOqj<$qj ŠMLkOqMo¸¥q=eöÁCyFLj,
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ÍOqùF~Oqì¸ ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ML¼áFLGHl<j Ä£¿Mn¸^ ¯ ®ÍíOqjögSëÓj‚@~ MLÔ~áOqj
(Nos.544, 546-T.T.). Ä£Oo¥c¥q O~×¦GH¿M~Oq¸Py, O~MLkbKZ^æO§(No.515-T.T.)O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍ Á£¥húCLO§
[1. ÅÇ¢ ¥qOqF~<jPyÂ ¥xOq÷$qj¸^ ö$cMLj¸ Td¸MLCLû¿¥q E~Nqj¸ 80Oo#nÎJvF| (_¸$cOqj F~BcÓj), MLj¿Nqjj ¬ÓMojP|MLj¸$nÎ GHm¿ëö$cMLj¸
E~Nqj¸ 40 Oo#nÎJvF| MnOqfS MnjjCLë¸ = 120Oo#nÎJvF|Ój.. ¯ ¬¸QZ¸ ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ ÂMoÁ¥qPy PoÍj.. Ćo MLjkÓ Q~GSFL¸Py °FLïÁ -
À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸GHl=h GHl^ 222 GS¸GHl^¸ 5-84 --- ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
(No.538-T.T.)®¸¥qFLk MLjÓNqjGHðOqNqjõF| (No. 537 - T.T.)‚< °F~ïOqj. ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓ

¬¸CL¹GHlOq¸ (¬OqMLjFnÎŠÚW|)FL¸ÍÆ O~BhM~GS¸Py MLjÓ÷MLjôF|, OqÄ£^jæ ÓXiô¬MLjôF| ¬Fo ®ÍíOqj ögSëÓj
‚@~ °FLï^j÷ Nos. 325, 328 - T.T. Q~GSF~ÓFLj_=hæ CnÓjTwë¸Á. sHOqjPy°FLï ®¸=hsHOqjFLj_=hæ
ÓXiô¬MLjôF|, _ÿjQZ¹ OqÄ£<jŠ^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸Á°¸^j¸Á. ¬Pe¬tjCo ¯Mnj Oy¾ÓPy OqÄ£<j
Š^j¸KeÓPy öGH#eõCL GHlOqjGRj<j$c°¸¨FL ¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾FLŠ _¸ÏÍjMLl¬tj °¸<MLÔLjáFLj. µ¥cFx¥q
ÀMLjô¥qÚ ¬FLjF~Mnj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓMLÍíFLj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓMLÍíFLk sSMLŠO~Æ$c °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á
(No.60,A -T.T).
MnÎÁ¥q öKeÿô*jÓj :
¥xÂïQ~GSF~ÓPy MnÎÁ¥qöKeÿô*jÓFLj$qj¿¸¼, GH¸¨CLjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj.
1.) Mn¸$q+NqjõO§ : V¿CL$yöCL, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ù[ŠÔn¸ÁFL CLë‚Oqj ö$cMLj ¥cGHlOqGSjë@âÎFL
Nqj×oåQZF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Mn¸$q+NqjõO§ Q~.QZ. 1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ. 24-8-1535)Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
1,500 FLOqðBcÓj ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j(No.149-T.T.).
2.) MLjÓNqjGHðOqNqjõF| : ÄGRjêMLOqíîFL $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL Nqj¸<ÓkOqj
ÀOqjMLjÓbKZ^æO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLjÓNqjGHðOqNqjõF|, Q~.QZ. 1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-

1535) M~¿ú¥q E~Nqj¸ 140 Oo#nÎJvF| GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ ÀOqjML¨ O~×¦õ¸Py GH¸ÔLMLF|MLkEéÄ ö$cMLkÂï
E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.537-T.T). ®CL<j, ¯ E~FL¸ ÔofSFL CoÁ£Â_=hæ, MLjCLGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL ¥cO~õÓFLj ÂOqøfU¸

Ôo¸ÍjŠ O~¾ ÀOqjMLjÓŠML¼áFL GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, NqjFL GH¿M~Oq¸PyÂ µ¥q GHlOyfUCLj@âÎ °¸=e<Â
bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjáFLj. No.164 of 1922 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, ÔL¸öÍ»¿Py ÂMLfSGSjë¸¨FL ÀOqjMLjPnÎ
bKZ^æO§ ¬FLj MnÎÁ¥qöKeÿô*jÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLjÓNqjGHðOqNqjõF|, Q~.QZ.1462, Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ.
27-1-1541)¥c+ÿfSë EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h _¸$cOq¸ E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®Eé GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, ÔL¸öÍ»¿PyÂ
¥qßGRêO~NqjGHlOq¸ ¬ö$qVOq ¥cGHlOqGSjë@âÎFL bKZkCLF~ÏDÍ ÇCLëNqjõO§¬Fo MnÎÁ¥qöKeÿô*jÂ ŠMLkOqj<j

O~MLjbKZ^æOqNqjõF|, ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸ Ä£OoQZøOq CL¸ÃO~F~O§ Äö$qÿöGHÀGRç ×¦¿fH¸¼,
GHÄöÀ£¥q¿¸¼, EéM~ÓNqkÂï‚< Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ÏÍkGHÁ£GHFnÎMoE~õÍjÓŠ$cFLj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk
F~NqjF~O§ ÀOqj¥cÚ+Àë °<Nqj F~NqjF~O§FLŠ‚< FnÎMoE~õÂ¥h ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(1922 of No,167).
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLjPNqjGHð E~FL¸ÔofSFL On¸<j ö$cMLkÓPy µ¥q=h, 100 Oo#nÎJvF|
M~¿ú¥q E~Nqj¸ ®ÔLjáFL=hæÁ °CLëOqO~×¦õ¸Py °¸<$c 200 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥q E~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ
On¸<MLö$cMLj¸ GHÁOnÎÄ£<jO~×¦õ¸Py °FLïÁ. Q~.QZ. 1473, ÄOyÏÁ¥qßC| F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(¥i.QZ. 30-7-1551)
öHG ¥q=h¸HG _¨FL No.661-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py ¯ On¸<j ö$cMLkÓ E~F~Â¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój SG E~ÇMLO~NqjÓ
Ô~¿öCL¥q °JwE~ÝCL¸ CLOqjM~CL, ®MLø_¨¸Á. ®CLÂ ®ÍíOqjTwÍOqjPnÎFL Mo¸¥q=eöÁ ¬NqjõF|, ÅÇ¢O ~MLjbKZ^æO§
¬FLjM~¿PyÂ On¸<MLM~@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjbKZ^æOqj GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, 100 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥q
E~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Ooá fSÍíîML^gSMLjPyÂ MLjjCLkëO§ ö$cMLkÂï, GH<Ä£<jO~×¦õ¸PyÂ 200 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥q
E~NqkÂï ®Ôoá MLjOx¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔofSNqjjFLï^j÷ Q~.QZ.1463, GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.
21-7-1541) öGH¥q=h¸¼FL Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
3.) Mo¸¥q=eöÁ ¬NqjõF| : ÀOqjMLjÓ ×yGSõO§ ŠMLkOqj<j, rHÎFL CnÆfHFL MLjPnÎNqjGHðOqNqjõF|Nnjj¥qÚ TwÍOqj<j
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¬NqjõF|, Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 23-12-1538) 700 Oo#nÎJvFLjïÓ
M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ $qÓ µ¥qö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofS FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š$cFLj, ¬[¸<Á£JdÂï MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h$cFLj
³O~ð^j÷ $cÄ¸¼FL^j÷ No.399-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLj¿ GHÍrUÎÍj Oy¾Ó PyGHlFLFo ®CL<j
MLjOqÓ ö¥i.QZ. 6-1-1539 F~<j 800 FLOqðBcÓj ÔnÆ÷¸¼ 11¬ÀOqGSGH<jÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.516-T.T.). MLjOqÓ, Q~.QZ.1462, Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py No.517-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, öGHÀÁFL¸ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h, 4 MnWnÎ " ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j
ÔofS ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h 6,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk, rHÎ CoÁ£Py °ÍNqj»¿O~×¦õ¸
Jd¸$qjF~<jPyÂ ¬¸CLO~ó$qMnjÎFL O~MLkGHlOqgSMLjPy°FLï 120 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂïÔoá $xÓ÷GHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï
E~FL¸ÔofS, ÅÇ¢ $ yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ ¥xY¦¥nÎ öGHÀÁFL¸FL¸ÍjFLj 8 MnWnÎ" ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓFLj
GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.194-G.T\). ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸ÍÆ CxÆF~+÷Py,
°ÍNqj»¿ O~öGRæGH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL O~MLkbKZ^÷Nqjõ, CLFLÏÁGHC~õÂ¥h Py_¨ GHÂ ÔoNqj<¸¥yGS¸
°ÍNqj»¿ÍjOqÜ öGHbKZjC~øÂ¥h, MoÍGH¸¨CLj@âÎFL Nqj¸<ÓkOqj Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¬NqjõF|FLj ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<Â FnÓk÷Oqj
Q~GSF~Ó E~øO~ CnÓjTwë¸Á.. ®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ, O~MLkbKZ^÷Nqjõ ¬bKZjõÍNqj GHOq¸GHOq F~Ç¸¼,
Q~.QZ. 1458, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 2-3-1536) ÕÔ~¸$xÓj÷ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
4.) ¥c+ÿfSë Á£¥húCL : bKeOqE~ø×¦$yöÀŠ<j, GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<j, Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<j, O~NqjöJwÆ ÂM~GS
TdìFL¸$c $qÓM~<FLj ¬tjFL F~O~Nqj*bKZ^æO§ °JdÏE~õNqj TwMLjNqk½NqkO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥c+ÿfSë
Á£XhCL ¬FLjFLCL<j, Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 13-10-1538) öGHÀÁFL¸ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h
µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÂï GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj, ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼, ¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj 150 ÔLö¥q¸ JvF| ÏÍF~Âï
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j(No.552-T.T.). ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py TdÏE~Oq*¸$c, öGHÀÁFL¸ µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸
ÔxGHØFL GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfSFL MLjkÓÏÍFL¸ 1,500 GH*¸ Po¥q FLOqð*¸. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL,
®¥qÚ< MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c rH=hæFL 150 ÔLö¥q¸JvF|, 1,500 FLOqðBcÓŠ GSMLj¸ ¬MLlCLj¸<<¸ MLÓFL 1 ÔLö¥q¸
JvF| 10 FLOqðBcÓŠ GSMLj¸. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ÔLö¥q¸ JwF| ¬FLïGHð=h¥i, MLOqVÓj ¬FLïGHð=h¥i, µ¥o F~BcÂ¥h
$qÓ On¸<jsHOqj÷ ¬Â ÂO~íîOq* ¬MLlCLj¸Á(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 244).
5.) MLjÓ÷OqGSO§ F~$qOq$qW| : MLjÓ÷OqGSO§ F~$qOq$qW| Po¥q F~$qOqGH¸¨CLjÂ CL¸ö¨, M~fSGRç$yöÀ£Š<jFLj,

¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL, _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL Ä×¦NqkGHlOq¸(Ãª×eGHmO§)ÂM~fS ¬tjFL ¬FL¸CLOqGSO§ Po¥q
¬FL¸CL GH¸¨CLO§. ¯ MLjÓ÷OqGSO§, JdGHÄF~QZ¸ ¬Nqjõ$qW| Po¥q JdGHÄF~QZ¸ ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjNqjõ¸$c¿¥h ÇGRjõ<j.
Q~.QZ. 1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 4-11-1535)¯ F~$qOqGH¸¨CLO§ 1,365 $q=hæMLOqVÓFLj EéM~ÓNqj
ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j (No.470-T.T.). On¸<ML CL<ML Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.Py (ö¥i.QZ.
6-9-1538) (No.415-T.T.) 1,885 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. MLjOqÓ MLjk<ML CL<ML 3, 240 GHBcÓFLj
Q~.QZ.1461, Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 6-12-1539)(No.416-T.T.)ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. Q~GSFL¸¼MLOqPy, ®CL<j

TdøÄjGHlGRÚ¿Bh µ<jèFL(ÀOqjGHlGRÚ¿Bh) Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸^GH¸ $qj¿¸¼ ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. No.415 Q~GSFL¸Py
1
®CLÂ TwÍ¿Nqj$qj ${OqMLjôFLj $qj¿¸¼FL öGHTdëMLFL °FLïÁ.

6.) $yÄ¸Í GH¸¨CL : MoÍ¥y=nuæ GSÿM~fS ¬Â fHÓjML_<j $yÄ¸Í GH¸¨CLj<j, Pp$cXh $yöÀ£Š<jFLj,
¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL Ä>Oy½¡ GH¸¨CLjÂ ŠMLkOqj<j. $q¸¨¥y^ gSMLjPyÂ “GS$qMLOnÎ”

ö$cMLj GSÄ£jJdFL°FLï ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸FLj¸¨ ®CL<j ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL 600 Oo#nÎ ÏÍFL¸ $qj¿¸¼ Q~.QZ. 1457,
MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸.(6-1-1536)Py öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FL No. 532- T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨ °¸Á.
7.) GH¸¨CLO§ GHlOqjawCLëMLjNqjõF| : bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<jFLk, GHGSë¸_GSköCL, Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<tjFL
Mo¸¥q^CLjYnÎMLO§ ŠMLkOqj<j GH¸¨CLO§ GHlOqjawCLëMLjNqjõF|, CLFL bKeOqõ, MLj¿Nqjj Mnj TwÍ¿ CLOqGHlFL
Q~.QZ. 1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (24-11-1536) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸
ÍjŠ$cFLj, ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.424-T.T.). ®CL<j, ¼FLïÀMLjôNqjõF|Cy Ôo¿, On¸<jö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸
ÔofSFL^j÷FLj, ¬¸ÍjPyÂ µ¥q ö$cMLj¸ sHOqj MnFLïMLjGHÆ÷NqjÂ£ CnÓjTwë¸Á (No. 341-G.T.).
¥cÓ¸F~=h FL$qOqC~ëO§ :
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ öGHTdëÄ¸ÔL_¨FL ¥x¸ÍOqj M~õJdOqjÓj : -
1.) F~O~Nqj* Qn=hæ :®CL<j ÀOqjGHÀ FL$qOqC~ëO§ÓPy µ¥q@âÎFL MLBh¾@âÎFL F~$qjQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j
Q~.QZ.1455, Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.11-11-1533), ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸FL¸Íj 21,430 FLOqðBcÓj

MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c °¸¼, Á£ÂrHÎ MLÔoá ML©èCy ¥c¿¤ë¥q ÀOqjF~+÷Py, TdøÄj OqDÍ¸rHÎ ±Oo$qjCLk, MLB§QZ>Oq¥yGHF|
MLj>Oq¸ MLÍíŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j, °CLûMLOqjÓŠ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š CL$qj³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j (No.51-T.T.).
2.) rH¿Nqj TdMLjjQn=hæ : ®CL<j, ML^æÂÏÁ _jjfR$yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ M~õJdOqjÓPy µ¥q<jFLj
¬tjFL MLjjMLjô¨Qn=hæ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j, Q~.QZ. 1460 , Ä+¸ÃF~MLj G S ¸MLCLûOq¸Py

[1. ¯ MLj¸^GH¸ ²¥qÚ< °FLïÁ? - MLO~ÿTdøÄj $n}SæGUp}S MLjj¸Íj Py$q< °FLï ¥qP| CoO§ GSöCLMLk ? - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
( ö¥i.QZ. 23-5-1538), ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×¦õ¸Py GH@âÎF~<j gSMLjPyÂ, ¥y=nuæ¥h CLkOqjðÁQZPy °FLï=hæ 50 GHl=hæÓ

ÏE~FLõ¸ GH¸^ GH¸@é °CLëMLjFLÓk÷O§ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofS, E~¸CyKe^j 12 Oo#nÎ ÏÍF~Âï ÔnÆ÷¸¼, ÅÇ¢
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, °CLûML Äö$qVÂ¥h MLj¿Nqjj ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j (No.94-T.T.). ¯ GS¸ÍO~óFL $qMLjÂ¸ÔLMLÓfSFL ÄGRNqjMojMLj¸=o 12 Oo#nÎ MLjkÓÏÍFL¸
Ä£jÍ ÓbÃ¸Ôo ML¨è GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 12 GHBcÓ ÔxGHØFL Pn¥qÚ¥q^æ$c, FLk=h¥h GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 10 ¬¸=o
10% ML©è ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL µ¥q Oo#nÎ, 10 GHBcÓŠ CLjÓõ MLjMLlCy¸Á.
3.) F~ÄjQn=hæ : ®CL<j ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h JvÆMojOqPy°FLï ¥qßGRêO~Nqj GH^æ*¸ ÂM~fSNnjÎFL TdÍNqjGHÆ÷ ÀGHØQn=hæ
¬FLj M~õJd¿Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 31-1-
1537)On¸<j CL<MLÓj$c, 1,575 FLOqðBcÓFLj, MLjOqÓ 1,230 FLOqðBcÓFLj MnjjCLë¸ 2,805 FLOqðBcÓ
MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c ³OqðOq¼, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄjM~¿¥h MLj¿Nqjj ¬ÔLjõCLrHOqjMLk+jFLŠ JdOqjMo^ ÁF~ÓPy

¥nÎ¥yÚÓO§ FLj¸¨ C~FLj ö¥qNqkÂ¥h ¥xFLï ÂMoQZFL GSìPeÓPy C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL JdOqjMo^ MLj¸^GH¸MLÍí
FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(Nos.140, 258-G.T.). ¯ FoÓ ö¥qNqkÂï GSk¼GSjëFLï
Nos.140-G.T. Q~GSFL¸, FoÓFLj ¥xÓML@~Â¥h 36 ¬<j$qjÓ Jv<MLl$qÓ ¥xÓ_Íí °GHNnk»¸ÔL _¨FL^j÷
CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. _ÿjQZ¹ ®¸CLŠ GHmOqø¸ FoÓFLj ¥xÓML@~Â¥h °GHNnk»¸GH_<jÔLj¸¨FL 16 ×eFLÓ

Jv<MLl$qÓ ¥xÓ_ÍíFLj CxÓ»¸¼ E~Â TdìFL¸Py Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¥cÓ¸Py 36 ¬<j$qjÓ Jv<MLl$qÓ ¥xÓ_Íí
MLõMLVOq¸PyÂ¥h ML¼á °¸^j¸Á. MLj¿¥x¸CL¥cÓ¸ ¯ On¸<j ¥xÓ_ÍíÓj‚< MLõMLVOq¿¤C~õ ÄÂNnk$q¸Py
°¸¨°¸^j¸Á. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, CLFL GH¿JdÓFLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL CxÆÍQZPy ÀOqjGHÀ¥h JvÆMojOq
°CLëOqÁQZPy °FLï ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸Py ¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLkW|TdøÄjÂ(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 240-
241)öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j.
4.) ÔLOq*jQn=hæ : ®CL<j ML*ê¥qÚ $yöÀ£Š<j ÀOqjGHÀ ÂM~fSNqjj ¬tjFL rH¿Nqj rH¸$ç@âÎ Qn=hæ
¬FLj MLOqëŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1453, [OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 9-11-1531)¥xÂï °CLûML
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj C~FLj, QZ>>Oq¥yGH
MLjjÍÆNqkOqj MLÍí ö¥qNqkÂ¥h ¥xÂFL bKZkÄjNqj¸ÍÆ ¥x¸CL bKe$cÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS ®¸¥qFLk
1,000 FLOqð*¸ ÏÍF~Âï ‚< ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j (No.281-T.T.).
5.) ¥qßGRêGHðQn=hæ : ®CL<j Mo*¸Á $yöÀ£Š<j ¬tjFL ¥xMLjkôO§ QnMLlø Qn=hæNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j, ÔL¸öÍ»¿
MLOqëŠ<j. ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1458, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 12-1-1537) 640 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï
ÓNqj bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j (No.419-T.T.).
6. ) $yJdÓQn=hæ ŠÓGSjìÓj : ¥x¸ÍOqj $xÓ÷ŠÓGSjìÓj‚< ¯ Q~GSF~ÓPy öGHTdëÄ¸GH_@~èOqj. Ä£¿Py,

MLjPnÎrHOqjMLkW| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~DÍO§ fHWnÎW ¬FLjFLCL<j Q~.QZ.1459, sUÄ+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ.11-7-1537), EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, 5,700 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï E~FL¸ÔoTd<j. (No.33-T.T.)MLjPnÎ rHOqjMLkW|
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL fHWnÎW JvOqjC~ëO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j Q~.QZ. 1457, MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 1535-36),
100 Oo#nÎJvF| O~_¨ÂÔoá rHOqjMLk+"GHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï, 30 Oo#nÎJvF| E~Nqj¸ÂÔoá rHÂïNqjGHÈWÂ£, 30 Oo#nÎÓ
E~NqkÂÔoá MLjOqjMLjBh ${¸<GHlOq¸, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿ On¸<j GHPn÷ÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ 5 ö$cMLkÓ
MnjjCLë¸ M~¿ú¥q E~Nqj¸ 360 Oo#nÎJvF| ¬MLlCy¸Á(No.480-T.T.). _ÿjQZ¹ On¸<j Q~GSF~Py÷ ¥qFL_<j
MLjPnÎ rHOqjMLkW| ®ÍíOqk bÃFLïMLõŠëÓj ¥c¥q, µ¥oMLõ¥hë ¬tj °¸=e<j. ¬GHØ<j fHWnÎW JvOqjC~ëOqj
MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~DÍOqj ¬FLj ¯ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjPnÎ °¸=eOqj. $yJdÓ Qn=hæ CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ²Ó÷Jdð
fHWnÎW ¬FLjFLCL<j, ¥q¼áO~Nqj ¥yF~O§ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j ÀOqjML¥qÚOnÎ ö$cMLj ÂM~fS. ®CL<j,
Q~.QZ. 1455, Ä×¦NqjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 6-10-1533) E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍ
F~MLj GS¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 23-3-1536) On¸<MLMLkOqj÷ E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(Nos.568, 570-T.T.).
4.GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ :
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸ FL¸ÍÆ, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL
Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj 150E~¥c °F~ïtj. Ä£=hPyÂ Ô~PeQ~GSF~Ój GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL
°JwE~ÝCL¸Cy öJdOq¸bKZ¸ ¬MLlC~tj. ¯ öGHQZfSëPyÂ Ä¼öCLMnjÎFL ÄQoGRMojMLj¸=o, ®CLÂÂ ÔLCLjGSûMLjjöÍ
MoPeMLÓtjCL EéQ~Â¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ ¬Â ÔofSFL Jv$q<ë ¥oMLÓ¸ ÄjÀÄ£j¿FL ¬ÀQZNnk¥hë. MLjk<j ÁŠÚÓNqj¸Íj
MLjk<jGSMLjjöE~ÓÔo ÔLj^æ_¨NqjjFLï Í¥hú*fU¸ÍkEéQ~ÏÁGHÀNqjÂ ÔnfHðFLNnj<Ó ¥x¸CLMLOqŠ Ö¼CLõ
QybÃCLMnjÎFL ¬ÀQZNnk¥hë$c °¸@â¨Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o fU¸ÍkEéQ~Â¥h °CLëO~FL fUMLkÓNqkÓjFLïÄ ¥cÂ
GSMLjjöÍ¸ PoÍj¥qE~ ! ¯ Q~GSF~ÓPy, ®CLÂÂ $qj¿¸¼FL öGHGS¥hë$qÓ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFLGSìMnjÎFL CoÁ£,
No.659-T.TÓbÃ¸¼NqjjFLïÁ. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py, Nqj¸<ÓkOqj ÀOqjMLjP ×yGSõO§ (×yõÀGRjÚ<j) ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjbKZ^æO§ - MLjjCLkëOqj, MLjOx¥qö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqj¸, Q~.QZ. 1463 GH÷ML
F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qO~Ú^¥qMLkGS¸Py, ¥qßGRêGHXqMLjjFL GHlFLOqøGSj FLXqöCLNqjj¥që E~øÍÇ¢ $qjOqjM~Oq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.
21-7-1541)F~<j FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. GSE~ÇML O~NqjÓj GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOq¸ ÔoGH^æ@~Â¥h GHmOqø¸
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¼^æ¼ML¿ (504-T.T.)Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ. 1463 GH÷MLF~MLj
GS¸. Ä£jFLMLkGS¸ öOqíFLXqöCLNqjj¥që QZj¥q÷GHXq GSGHëÄ£j $qjOqjM~Oq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 23-3-1542). ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
¥q^æ¥q<GH=h Q~GSFLGSì CoÁ£¥hÂ, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFLGSì CoÁ£¥hÂ MLjÏÍõ ²ÂÄjÁ FnÓÓ
M~Oq °FLïÁ. ®¸CLŠ MLjjFLjsH, Q~.QZ.1459, sUÄ+¸Ã F~MLj GS¸.(ö¥i.QZ. 1537)Py ¬FL$c GSjMLkOqj 5
GS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ GHmOqøMoj NqjjMLO~× ¦GHÍÄ¥h GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj ²FLjï¥xFL_¨ Nqjj¸@âFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á
(Arc.Sur.Sep. for 1908-09, page 193). PoJd¥hú FLj¸¨ No.89 of 1912 Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï
ÄÏÍ¸$c, µ¥q GS¸MLCLûOq¸ CLOqjM~CL ¬FL$c Q~.QZ. 1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸.Py EéMLO~NqjGHlO~Â¥h GSE~ÇML
GHlOqMLjÂ sHOqj MLkOqjá^¸, rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄGRNqkÂ¥h °GH_Ó¸$c °FLïÁ. ¬tjCo ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj
MLjOqBh¸ÔL$cFo, ¬CLÂ ®ÍíOqjKeMLMLjOqÍjÓPy µ¥q@âÎFL GSÓ¥qO~¾ ÀOqj$qjKe^j PofHFL ¥cOqBcFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
fS¸VGSF~Â¥h ¼FLïöGHMLkÍ¸ ³Oqð@é GSkÔLFLÓj ³Oqð@~ètj. ¬tjF~ ¯ ¥qÓÿ¸ µ¥qGS¸MLCLûOq¸ Jd^j
×¦¿»¸Á. ¯ Š^j¸_ ¥qÓÿ¸Py ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ CLFL ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjPnÎFL ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj, Mo¸¥q=eöÁÓ
GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy CLFL KeMLMLj¿Á GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GHXq¸ MLfU¸¼ GSÓ¥qÀMLjôO~¾FLj ¶¨¸¼ Q~.QZ.1465
QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸.Py GSÍÇMLO~NqjÓFLj fS¸VGSFL¸rHÎ ‚Oqjá¸<Kn=eæ<j. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj fS¸VGSFLGSjì@âÎFL
GS¸CyGRM~OqëFLj GHlOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ Í+M~tj ÔnFLïMLjF~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Í+M~tj ¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠ<j
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õfS¸VGSFL¸ fSìOq¸$c CLFL O~¾FLŠ Í¥cÚÓÂ C~FLj MnjjŠÚ¥xFLï MnjjŠÚ GSIGHÆ£¥qßCL¸
¬tjFL¸ÍjFL TdøÄj¥h ¥qßCL×¦åC~GHmOqø¥q¸$c F~=h MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸ JzOqêÄjF~<j(¥i.QZ. 19-4-1543)
µ¥qö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.800 of 1917). ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c GSE~ÇML O~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ
fS¸VGSF~Âï MLQZGHOqÔLGH¥xFnFLFLï ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGHmOqø¥qMnjÎFL O~×¦¥iNqj öGH¥q^FL (O~NqjGS¸) CLFLŠ ÔoOq$cFo
GS¸CyGR¸Cy C~MLjÓGHðF~NqjŠ<j ¥qßCL×¦åC~GHmOqø¥q¸$c TdøÄj¥h µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoTd<j (Mad,
Ep. Rep. for 1916, para 70). ö¥qMojfH ¬ÓOqj÷ ÔLPe÷Oq$c Q~.QZ. 1465, QybKZ¥qßC| F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
öJdOq¸bKZ ¥cÓ¸F~=h¥h ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓj ¬CLÂ ¬FLjNqkNqjjÓ GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj ö¥i.QZ.

1543 MLk¿á F~=h¥h Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ fS¸VGSFL¸ fSìOq¸$c CLFL ¥nÎMLGS¸ ÔoGSj¥xFL $qÆ$c<j.
¬Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c Q~.QZ. 1495 ÅÇ¢ MLjj[F~MLj GS¸. Š¸bKZ MLkGS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 29 - 1 - 1574)Py
µ¥q OqÄ£<j öGHMLjj[j<j ÔofSFL No.133 - G.T. E~FLQ~GSFLMoj À.À. EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py
ÓbKZõMnjÎFL GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ öGHGS¥hë$qÓ ¥q^æ¥q<GH=h CoÁ£ $qÓ Q~GSFL¸. ¥cÂ ®CLOqöC~ ÓbÃ¸¼FL ÏE~O~ÓPy
®CLÂ ¼^æ¼ML¿ CoÁ£ $qÓ Q~GSFL¸ NqjjMLF~MLj GS¸. MLßGRbKZMLkGS¸ Q~.QZ.1497 ¬¸=o(ö¥i.QZ. 9-5-1575)
¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. Á£ÂÂ _=hæ Q~.QZ. 1493 Py MnjjÍ=h ÀOqjMLjÓ GH¿JdÓF~GH$cÜÓFLj CLFL ÔoÀPyÂ¥h
À£GSj¥xFLïGHð=h¥hÂ£ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj NqjDE~ÄÏÁ$c CLFL F~MLjMLköCL GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï ¥xFLTd»¸¼FL^j÷
CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. Q~.QZ. 1492 GS¸. MLOqŠ MnjjÍ=hÀOqjMLjÓÂ MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq ÃOqjÍjCy GSCLÚ¿¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój
Q~.QZ. 1493 GS¸.FLj¸¨ MLjVO~¾FLŠ TdöMLk×eõÏÁGHÀ¥h CL»FL ÃOqjE~MLÈÂ öGHNnk»¸ÔL<Moj rHÎ ÄGRNqkÂï
ÂOqkfHSG jëFLïÄ(Mad, Ep. Rep.for 1919, para 45; and Ar.Sur. Rep. for 1911-12, page 180). ¬¸ÍjÔoCL
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¼ML¿ÍQZPy GSÿ GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL GS¸MLCLûOq¸Cy ¥qÆfH Q~.QZ.
1459 GS¸. FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1497 MLOqŠ GSjMLkOqj FLÓbKnÎ GS¸MLCLûO~Ó¥cÓ¸ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×eõÂï
GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<Â ÔnGHðMLÔLjáFLj.
SG E~ÇMLO~NqjÓj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj ÍOqùFL¸ :
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj On¸<jMLkOqjÓj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸ÔL@~Â¥h ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼áFL^j÷
1
CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h Py$q< FnÎMoE~õÓj ³O~ð^j ÔofSFLGHl<j, öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj

CLFL GSöCL¸Py ÄÂNnk$cOqì¸, ®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj, MnjjÍ=h MLkOqj Q~.QZ. 1475,
öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸. Š¸bKZMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 3-2-1554)ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j, ¯ GSöCL¸Py ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL
_<jÔLj¸¨FL ¯ öGHTdÍbKe$cÓPy ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï, µ¥cFx¥q ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSF| ¬FLjFLCLÂ¥hÂ, ¬CLÂCyKe^j MLj¿
¥x¸Í¿¥h ÏE~O~ÍCLë¸ $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ “ö$ç^j”FLj, ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~×¦NqjõEéML MLjVO~×¦Nqjõ ¬MLjÓj ÔoQ~<j
(No.393-T.T. 2
). On¸<MLMLkOqj, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj, Q~.QZ 1476, FL¸ÍF~MLj SG ¸.Py(ö¥i.QZ. 28-12-1553) (No.
417-G.T.) ¥qO~Ú^¥qMLkTdÂ¥h MLjj¸Íj ¬FL$c öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ML¼áFL MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥qMLj* GHl*õ
¥cPeÂ¥h, ÀOqjMLjÓPy Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLÔ~á<j . E~[PeÓj CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸,
GSE~ÇMLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓj ¯ GS¸ÍO~óÂï GHlOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ ÄÄÏÍ M~õJdOqMLGSjëMLlÓrHÎ ÄÏÁ¸GH_<jCLjFLï
¥xÂïGSj¸¥cÓFLj GSOqøMLkFLõ¸$c, ÏE~O~GHmOqø¥q¸$c E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¬¸ÍjPy MLjj[õ¸$c, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h
TdOqìM~ÿjÓÔo À£GSj¥xÂMLÔoá MLGSjëMLlÓPy, ÿ¸GSMLjjöÍ$qÆ» bKeO~MLÿMLjjPnÎFL 200 ²ÍjíÓÔo ¥xÂO~_<j
CnJdð^jæ, GHÔnÎáML<¸, Fotj, FLkÂ, ‚Oq$cNqjÓjCLGHð, ®CLOq M~õJdOq MLGSjëMLjk^ÓÄ£jÍ ÄÏÁ¸GH_<j
ÔLj¸¨FL °We"Nqj¸, sHO~Nqj¸, MLj¥qMnjÎ, MLjjPnÎÄ£QZ¸, MLj¿Nqjj CnY¦Š ¬Fo Oq¥cÓ GSj¸¥cÓFLk; GH@âÎÄ£^jæ
O~×¦õ¸, Qn¸½, ÀOqjML¨, JwFL»¿(bKZjMLFL»¿), GH^æ*¸(¥cMo¿ GH^æ*¸), Qy+MLj¸<Ó¸, ÀOqjMLBcêMLjPnÎ,
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[1. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj On¸<j MLkOqj÷ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ ML¼áFL^j÷ À..À. EéMLTdìFLQ~GSF~Ój CnÓjðCLj¸<$c south Indian Inscriptions
Vol. XVI-154 (A.R. No. 419 of 1915) Q~GSFL ÏE~Oq¸$c Q~.QZ.1468 öQ~ML*MLkGS¸($qGRjæ,1546)Py GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj
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_j¥qÚO~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾FLŠFLj MLjÏÍõ$qÓ GS¸_¸ÏÍ ¥cOq*¸ O~MLjO~¾ ¬Â CnÆNqjML¼áFLÁ.
®¸¥qFLk, ¯ No. 414-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py E~[Ój ÔoNqj_¨FL ÄMLO~ÓöGH¥cOq¸ ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ O~ÔLkáO§
gSMLjPyÂ fS¸$qÓKeÄ, MLjjÍj¥qÓj÷ gSMLjPyÂ ML+¥ytjP|, rH¿Jd¥qÚgSOnÎôPyÂ NqkOq+Ôoá¿, MLk$cBhGHð^jæ
¬FLjÂ£ 4 ö$cMLkÓFLj, MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 4,000 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá $qÆ»FL M~=hÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ÔofS, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h öGHÀÁFL¸ 200 MnWnÎ" öGHTdÍ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjMLÓFL E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥hO~$qÓ F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj öGHTdÍbKe$q¸ 50 CLÈ$nÓj. Q~GSFL¸Py
ÔoGSj¥xFLï µ<¸_¨¥q öGH¥cOq¸ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h O~MLÓfSFL 50 CLÈ$nÓ
öGHTdE~Â¥h _ÍjÓj$c, ÀOqjGHÀPy $yÄ¸Í O~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ öGHÀÁFL¸ ®NqjõKyMLl öGHTdÍ
bKe$cÓFLj¸¨ 50 CLÈ$nÓ öGHTdE~Â£ï; ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸ÔLj^kæ °FLïPyGHÆ
Ä£ÏÍjÓPyÂ öÇ¢bKeGRõ¥cOq Ä£ÏÁPy °FLï^jML¸=h ÀMLjôO~×¦ ¥yFo^NqjõF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ ¢MLjF| MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq
¥x¸<jO~×¦NqjõF|Ôo, Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL, FLMLkôWeøO§ O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÂ¥h, ¬¸ÍÆ ÅÇ¢ M nÎ G RêMLlÓŠ bKy×¦FL¸
rH=oæ¸ÍjŠ ®MLøMLÓfS¸Á$c ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. rSøP| - JdQ~áCLõ ÔL¿öCL¥cOqj<j CLFL ö$q¸DÍ¸Py
¯ ö¥h¸Á ÄÏÍ¸$c ¬bÃöJdNqj¸ MnÆ_jÔ~á<j - “¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj O~×¦õGH¿JdÓFLFLj ÔoGH=hæFL ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸PyFo
TdøÏÁ£FL¸(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DDÍ¸ GHl^. 176 MLj¿Nqjj 190)ÔoGSj¥xFLï ¥qßadêCLj¸$qbKZöÍFLÍjÓ GS¸$qMLj¸MLÍí
$qÓ FL¨ÄjöGHEéQZ¸CyKe^j MLjjÍÜP|, O~NqjÔLkOqjÍjO~ÜÓj GHÁsU<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój$q ¥cfIHOqjÓ(®Td÷¸FLj
FLMLjôÂM~Oqj-¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j)ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py °¸<$c, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL öJdOq¸bKZ¥cÓ¸Py, ÁP|ad
_PeC~ÚOq¸$c ö¥qÄj¸ÔLj¥xFL$qÆ$c<j - ¯ öGHEéQ~Ój CLOqjF~CL fU¸ÍkO~¾ÓŠ TdøÏÁ£FL¸
¥cPoÍj.”(Forgotten Empire, page 166). ¥cÂ MLjk¿ë¥qÄ, CLFL “FLOqGS bKZkJdÆ£Nqj¸”Py (.1 Qy÷.82)
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c CnÓjGHlÔLjF~ï<j - ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾, GSÓ¥qNqj ÀMLjô ¬FL$c GSÓ¥qO~×¦ ÀMLjôO~¾FLj,
CLFL [@~ÜÂ¥h ²OqMoNqj<Moj $c¥q, ¥qO~ê^ TdöMLk×¦õ¸ GSjfSìOqC~øÂï ¥qÓj$q×ofS, “ŠCLjGHFL MLjÓÚ”(ŠCLjK|
MLjjP|Ú Po¥q ŠCLjK|ad), “GSJdÍ”(ÁP|ad) E~Twÿ¸ ¬Â ö_ÀMLkÓj¥xFLï “MLjjÓÚ Â×eMLjj”
(Â×e¸ad)ÓFLj M~¿M~¿ fS¸VGSF~ÓrHÎ À¿» ‚Oqjá¸<Kn^æ<Moj¥c¥q, ÁP|ad FLj¸¨, O~ÔLkOqj
(OnÎÔLkO§)MLj¿Nqjj MLjjÍj$qÓj÷(MLjjE§¥qP|)ÍjO~ÜÓFLj MLjOqÓ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ GÔofS¥xÂ, ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjÔL¸öÍjÂ
O~MLjO~×eõÂï CLÓfH¸ÔLjFL^j÷ O~MLjO~NqjÓj bKZkÄjÂ GH¿JdÆ¸ÔnFLj. OnÎÔLkOqj, MLjjÍÜÓj÷ ÍjO~ÜÓFLj
×¦tj¸¼ TdøÏÁ£FL¸ÔofS¥xFLï ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾, GSøNqj¸$c ¯ On¸<j½Pe÷ÓPyÂ ö$cMLkÓFLj, Q~.QZ.1476,
FL¸ÍF~MLj GS¸. MLßÇá¥q MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 11-11-1554) E~FL¸ÔofS °¸<=eÂï_=hæ, MLjk¿ë¥qÄ ÔnfHðFLÁ
GSCLõMojNqjÂ Oqj¾MLl ¬MLlCLjFLïÁ. ¯ ÍjO~ÜÓj ö¥i.QZ.1565 GS¸.Py ×¦¿»FL C~È¥y^NqjjÍíî¸ ×¦Oqj$qjFL¸CL
MLOqŠ, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ¸Py bKe$cÓj$c °F~ïtj. NqjjÍíî¸ GHOqõMLTdFL¸$c MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjjÓj
Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Âï EyÔLj¥xÂ, GSOqøF~QZFL¸ $cÄ¸¼, O~×eõÂï MLjj¥qÚÔn¥qÚÓj$cÔofS GH¸ÔLj¥xÂ, À¿» ²GHð=h¥hÂ
¥yÓj¥yPoÂ ÄÏÍ¸$c TdöMLk×eõÂï F~QZFL¸ $cÄ¸¼¿. GH»ÆJwtj ¬GS¸GHmOqê¸$c ÓbÃ¸¼FL µ¥q
Q~GSFL¸(No.152-G.T.) FLj¸¨ ö$qfU¸¼FL¸CLMLOqŠ, ®Á GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ MLjVöGHÏE~ÂÂ $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCLk,
¯NqjFL, Q~.QZ.1468, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.. 8-1-1547) GHlÍOqkëO§ ö$cMLj¸PyÂ
10,000 ŠÈÓ FoÓFLj ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷, CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ¯ MLjVöGHÏE~Â, ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~×o
¥cÂ MLjOnMLOy ¥cÍj.

Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×õ ÔLö¥qML¿ëNnjÎFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOnëFLj ÄM~ÿ¸ ÔoGSj¥yML<¸
ÔoCL O~×¦Š^j¸_GHl ®¸=h ¬Ój÷<$qj^MLÓFL ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓŠ ®¸CL=h GHÓjŠ_¨, öJd_Óõ¸
ÓbÃ¸¼F~tj. ¬NqjõÓO~¾ O~MLjbKZöÍ¥qÄ Oq¼¸¼FL O~MLkbKZjõÍNqj ¥cMLõ¸FL¸ÍÆ Q~ø.1 GH. 55Py
CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄMLO~Ój, Mn¸$qNqjõ¥qÄ “O~MLjO~½¡NqjMLjj” (GH. 290), O~MLjNqkMLkCLõCy<OqMLjÓ÷Ôo
Oq¼¸GH_¨FL GSøOqMoj+ ¥qWeÂÏÁ£, ¯ ÄGRNqj¸ Â×¦MLjÂ TdXqõ¸ GHÓjŠCLjF~ïtj. ¥cÂ, “GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ
öÃ=h}R MLjkõ½Nqj¸ sH÷^j÷” CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓj, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ TwÍ¿Â
ÄM~ÿMLk¨FL^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. (Ep.Ind.Vol. IV, page 4). O~MLjNqkMLkCLõ Cy<OqMLjÓ÷ Oq¼¸¼FL
“GSøOqMoj+¥qWeÂÏÁ”ö$q¸DE~Âï ¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾FLŠ ¬¸¥hCL ÄjÔ~á<j. ¯ O~MLkNqkMLkCLõ Cy<OqMLjÓ÷
MLjOnMLOy¥cÍj, _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ (ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DDÍ¸ GHl^Ój. 255).¯ O~MLjGHðNqjõ, CLFLjï

GS¸Oq¥hú¸¼FL öJdGHŠÂ °GHNnk$cOqì¸ µ¥q OqCLï‚^¸ ¬Fo rHÍí O~×¦bKZMLFL¸, Â¿ô¸Ô~<Â£, NqjFL
ÍNqjMLÓFL, CLFLŠ ¥x¸<Ä£<jO~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ GHÍÄ ÓbÃ¸ÔnFLÂNqjj, CLFL ¥cMLõ¸Py
CnÓjGHl¥xF~ï<j(‘’Sources of Vijayanagar History,’’ page 190).
ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ :
No.633-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõEéML MLjVO~×¦ Po¥q ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾
Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨sHOqj OqÄ£=h _j¥qÚO~¾ O~MLjO~¾ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾. ®CL<j ¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ ¼FLï
TwÍOqj<j. ®CL<j, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj¸ GS¸GH¸» öGHÍXh*¸ ¬¸=o PyGHÆ öJd¥cOqŠ<õ¸ ÔLj^kæ °FLï
FL<M~Py, µ¥q ±¸×¦P|MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ¯ FL<M~PyFo ÏÍø×¦GSì¸bKZ¸‚< °FLïÁ. °CLûML
GSMLjNqkÓPy ±Oo»¸GHl ¬tjFL CLOqjM~CL °CLûMLÄö$qVÓFLj ¯ MLj¸^GH¸Py Mo¸ÔoGHl ÔotjTdëOqj.
EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸ ®¥qÚ< FnÎMoE~õÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<C~tj. _ÿjQZ¹ Fo<j ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj MLj¸^GH¸$c
fHÓML_<jCLk, GS¸GH¸»öGHÍ¥hú* MLkOqÜ¸Py $oïNqjMLjkÓ, GS¿$c ÏÍø×¦GSì¸bKeÂ¥h Í¥hú*¸$c °FLï MLj¸^GHMoj,
F~=h ±¸×¦P|MLj¸<GHMLjtj °¸^j¸Á. Q~.QZ.1483, ÍjOqôÀF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 15-
12-1561)MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ 5 Oy¾ÓPyFLj, ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿjÂÔo ³O~ð^j ÔofSFL ±¸×¦P|
°CLûML¸PyFLj, 10 ö_GUyôCLûM~Ó Oy¾ÓÓFLj, ®¸¥qFLk 14 °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj, MLj¿Nqjj F~<j

Jd=hGSjëFLï ®CLOq GHl*õÁF~Ó¸ÍjFLj °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*Š ¯ ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ CL»FL ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. MLGS¸CLÀOqjF~W| °CLûM~Ój ×¦¿$o 5 ÁF~Ó¸ÍjFLk, öGHDÍMLjÁF~FL QoGRM~ÿFL¸ Ä£jÍFLk,
On¸<ML Oy¾FL ÿ¸GSM~ÿFL¸ Ä£jÍFLk, MLjk<ML Oy¾FL $qOqj< M~ÿFL¸Ä£jÍFLk, F~Ój$qMLOy¾FL
MnÎŠ¸>OqÄMLkFL¸ ¬Fo ÁMLõOqDÍ¸Ä£jÍFLk, ´ÍMLOy¾FL ³FLj$qj M~ÿFL¸(FnÎ FL¸ÃO~F|)Ä£jÍFLj °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ
±Oo»¸GHl ×¦OqjGH_@éÁ. ¯ MLGS¸CLÀOqjF~+j÷Py °CLûMLÄö$qVÓ ±Oo»¸GHlÓŠFLj, C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL
±¸×¦P| MLj¸^GH¸Py FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷ $cÄ¸¼FL^j÷ Nos.649,
659.A-T.T. Q~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ÀOqjMLjÓPy ¯ °CLûML¸ GSkOqõML¸Q~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¥cQZõGH
$yöÀ£Š<jFLj, GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<jFLj ¬tjFL ¥q¸GHO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLjFLjMLjJwÆ ÀMLjôO~¾ ³O~ð^j

ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~+j÷ Po¥q @yPyCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j^Py ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ ÔofSFL ³O~ð^÷FLj
$qj¿¸¼ MLjOqÓ E~[Ój ÔoNqj_¨ Ä¿»JwtjFL Q~GSFL¸FL¸ÍÆMLjj¥qÚ Nos.190-T.T. ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¯
Q~GSFLGHl CLjFLj¥qPy ÓbKZõMnjÎFL¸CLMLOqŠ °FLï GS¸GSÚßCLQy÷¥cÓPy, _j¥qÚO~¾FLj¸¨ ÀOqjMLjPo¸öÍ, ¬CLÂ
FLÓj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓMLOqŠ$qÓ OqÄ£<jŠ^j¸_ GSbKZjõÓ ML¸QZMLßXq¸ $qj¿ë¸GH_¨¸Á. _j¥qÚŠ
‘¬¸Cn¸_MLOq$q¸< ’ ¬FLïÃOqjÍj °FLïÁ. MLO~ÿPe¸ÕÔLFLj<j ‚@~. ®CLÂ¥h bKeOqõNqj$qj _Pe÷¸Ã¥q (MLPe÷¸½¡)
Nqj¸Íj ¥qÆ»FL ŠMLkOqj<j O~MLjO~¾. O~MLjO~¾ ŠMLkOqj<j ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾. ®CL<j $xGHðsHOqj
öGH#eõCLjÓFLj Jv¸ÁFLM~<j. ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾, ¥qPeõ*GHlO~Â¥h öGHbKZjMLl. ®CL<j öKeÿô*jÓŠ ¥qÓðCLOqjMLl
Pe¸=hM~<j. ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@é O~MLjO~¾. ¯ O~MLjO~¾ ÔLCLj¹GRfR æ¥q+Ó Nqj¸ÍjFLj ¿Co¿FL GIHjFLj<j.
QZjbKZÓXqBcÓFLj ¥qÆ»NqjjFLïM~<j. ®CL<j, Ô~È¥qÚF~O~Nqj*, F~F~MLOqê ÅÇ¢ MLj¸<Æ£¥q$q¸<,
O~NqjO~ÿjCLëÄj¸<, ¬Fo ÃOqjE~Ój $qÆ»NqjjFLïM~<j. ÍQZOqDÍ MLjVO~¾FLŠ, ¥{GSÓõMLPnFo ¯ O~MLjO~¾

Nnjj¥qÚ O~Bh ÀOqjMLjPe¸Ã¥q $q*À¥n¥hÚ¸Á. O~GIHjMLlFLŠ(ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjÔL¸öÍj<j), ÓXqô*jÂMLPn, O~MLjO~¾FLŠ
¬¸CL=hM~<j ÀOqjMLjPo¸öÍj<j. ¯ O~×¦$qj ÀOqjMLjPo¸öÍj@é Q~öTwë¥që ÄÏE~FL GHÍíîCLjÓPy @yPeMLjGUyCLûML¸
×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. bKeOqõNqj$qj Mn¸$qWe¸_Nqj¸Íj, OqGIHjjF~DÍ, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q, O~MLjO~×¦,
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ ¬FLj FLÓj$qjOqjŠMLkOqjÓj ¥qÆ$cOqj. ÀOqjMLjPo¸öÍj<j, O~¾Ó FL¸Í¿Â CLFL JdE~ö¥çCLjÓFLj
$cÄ¸ÔLj ¥xF~ï<j. ÍjOqôÀ F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸FL¸Íj QZj¥q÷GHXq ³¥cÍÇ (Q~.QZ. 1483)ö¥i.QZ.17-
12-1561F~<j ¯ ÀOqjMLjPo¸öÍO~¾ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZOqTdøÄj¥h @yPyCLûML¸ ×¦¿fH¸Ôo ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j. ¯
CoÁ£, CLÄj+ Q~GSFL¸ No.633-T.T.Py ®MLø_¨NqjjFLï CoÁ£¥h, On¸<jOy¾Ó CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL CoÁ£ ¬tjFL^j÷$c
$qMLjÂ¸ÔL<MnjÎFLÁ. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ ¼MLOq, GS¸ö$qÿ¸$c CnÓj$qjPy°FLï bKe$q¸FL¸Íj ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦Nqjõ ML¸Q~Âï
$qj¿¸¼£, NqjjÍíî¸Py ‘CLjÓj¥c*¸ ¬Pe÷’ ¬FL$c CLjOqjGRÚ Po¥q MLjjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj GSO~íOqjFLj NqjjÍíî¸Py
Â¿ã¸¼ Ôo¥xFLï Ä×¦NqkÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, ®¸¥qFLk ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦Nqjõ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~×¦Nqjõ
EéMLMLjVO~¾FLŠ TwÍOqj<jFLj ¬tjFL ÀOqjMLjÓEéML MLjVO~¾FLj $qj¿¸¼ ÄMLO~Ój E~[Pe ÔoNqj_¨FLÄ.
¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py $qMLjÂ¸GHÍ»FL ÄGRNqjMojÄj^¸=o, OqÄ£<jŠ^j¸_¸Py, ÀOqjMLjÓ, MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ
On¸<MLŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ O q¸$q ¬FLj ¯ ®ÍíOqj MLõŠëÓŠ MLköCLMoj Q~GSFL¸Py O~ÔLMLjO~õÍ ®MLø_¨
NqjjFLïÁ. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ MLjOqBçCLOq¸ Ä£Oqj O~×¦${OqM~ÓFLj Jv¸ÁNqjj¸ÖqFL<¸Py GS¸Eéÿ¸ PoÍj¥cÂ,
GSE~ÇMLl<j ö_À¥hNqjjFLï¥cÓ¸Py MLjVO~×¦GHÍÄÂ Jv¸Íj^Š Ä£¿¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ ÓbÃ¸¼ °¸^j¸ÍÂ
bKeÄ¸GH×eÓ¸. MLjj[õ¸$c Q~.QZ.1483 (ö¥i.QZ.1561)GS¸.F~=h¥h, ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓj ö_À¥h Nqjj¸<$c
¬GHð=h¥h ®¸¥qFLk 4 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CLFo C~È¥y^ NqjjÍíî¸ GS¸bKZÄ¸¼¸Á, ¥c_=hæ Ä£¿¥h ²=hæ¬ML¥cQZ¸
ÓbÃ¸¼ Nqjj¸<Íj. C~È¥y^NqjjÍíî¸Py ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ MLjOqBh¸ÔL$c, ¬CLÂ CLMLjjô@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjÓO~NqjÓj
¬FLï$c¿ TdìFL¸Py GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ$q °FLïÀÂ Jv¸Á, CL»FL GSMLjNqj¸ ÓbÃ¸ÔL$c, GSjMLkOqj$c
Q~.QZ.1497(ö¥i.QZ.1575)GS¸.Py Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õfS¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁfRç¸Ô~<j. ²¸Íj ¥q¸=o GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓFLj
$qj¿¸¼FL öGHGS¥hë$qÓ ¼^æ¼ML¿ Q~GSFL¸ Nnjj¥qÚ CoÁ£‚< ¯ GS¸MLCLûOqMoj ¬MLlCy¸Á( No.5 of 1919).
ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥xÁí¥cÓ¸MLköCLMoj GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py, CLFLŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qŠ GH¿JdÓF~FLjbKZM~Âï
¥qÆ»¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ CLFL GSÿJdÓŠÂ$c ÔoGSjŠF~ï<j. IGHÆCL¸$c, ¥qO~ê^¥q fS¸VGSF~Âï öÇ¢Oq¸$q¥o ®¼áMoQ~<j
( Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1911-12, page 181). ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q Q~.QZ. 1507, Jd¿ìMLF~MLj GS¸. MLOqŠ(ö¥i.QZ. 1585-
86)GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. CLOqjM~CL ®CLÂ ¥qÂGRçTwÍOqj@âÎFL Mo¸¥q=eöÁ O~×eõÂï Jv¸E~<j.

Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾ :
®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~×¦Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨sHOqj _j¥qÚO~×¦ O~MLjO~×¦.
®CL<j, rHÍ¥x¸< O~¾FLŠFLj, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾FLŠFLj ×oõGRTç wÍOqj<j. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL ®CL<j ¬ÈNqjO~MLj O~¾FLŠFLj,
ÀOqjMLjÓ O~¾FLŠFLk rHCLë¸ö¨ ¬MLlC~<j. ®CLÂ¥h, Kb eOqõNqj$qj $yGHMLk¸_Š ÀOqjMLjÓ Po¥q ÀMLjô, Ä>OqÓ,
¼FLïÀMLjô, MLj¿Nqjj JdGHØ Po¥q JdGHÀMLjô ¬FLj FLÓj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓj ¥qÆ$cOqj. CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj O~MLjO~¾
CLFLŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀMLjôO~¾FLj ¬MLlŠ(Ö¥§)FLŠ GH¿JdÓŠÂ$c ×oQ~<j. ¬GHð=hFLj¸¨ ®CLÂ ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓj
ÖŠ Š^j¸_¸$c öHG #eõÀ Ôn¸E~OqÂ “O~MLjO~½¡NqjMLjj”(GH. 218) CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¬tjFLGHð=h¥hÂ, ÀOqjMLjÓ
ÀOqjGHÀ EéFLTdìFL Q~GSF~Ój, ®CLÂÂ “Jv^÷Jd=h” ÀMLjôO~×¦ ¬Â sHOxÚFL<Moj$c¥q, ¯ Jv^÷Jd=h O~MLjO~¾
¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~×¦ ¬Â SG ¸KyÏÁ¸¼FLÄ (Nos. 371, 405-G.T.). ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL, ÁPy Jv^÷Jd<jFLŠ
ÏÁGHC~õÂï GS¸JdÁ¸ÔLj¥xÂ °¸=e<j. ¯ Jv^÷Jd<jFLj, ÖŠCyKe^j, O~MLjO~¾ CLFL ŠMLjOqj@âÎFL
ÀMLjôO~¾FLj HG ¿JdÓŠÂ ÔoNqj$c, ®CL<j CLFL ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾FLŠ ÏÁGHC~õÂï ¬¸ÁMLø$c, ¯
ÖŠ, ¬GHð=h FLj¸¨ ¯ ML¸QZ¸M~¿¥h $qßÿF~MLj¸$c fSìOqGH¨ °¸^j¸Á. ¯ Jv^÷Jd<j, ¯ F~=h
¥qOqkïÓj½Pe÷PyÂ GHÀë¥x¸< C~Ój¥cPy°FLï ÏÍjÂ¥q Jv^÷Jd<j FL$qOq¸ ¬tj°¸@~Æ. ¥xÂïQ~GSF~ÓPy
(No.347-G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py MLPn)¯ ÀMLjôO~¾FLj OqÄ£=h _j¥qÚO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j$c ÔnGHð_¨NqjjFLïÁ.
®Á JvOqJd^j. No.561-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, ®CL<j, OqÄ£=h_j¥qÚO~×¦ O~MLjO~¾
¬tj °¸@~Æ. F~=h ¥cM~õÓj _j¥qÚO~¾FLŠ Kb eOqõNqj$qj _Pe÷¸Ã¥qNqj¸Íj O~MLjO~¾ ¬FLj µ¥qÚŠMLkOqj<j
MLköCLMoj °FLï^j÷ CnÓjGH<Moj $c¥q, _j¥qÚO~¾ MLjOx¥qbKeOqõ ¬_òÓEéÄNqj¸Íj Sf ¸$qOqNqjõ, O~MLjO~×¦, ¬GUy_ÓO~×¦
¬FLj MLjj$qjÜOqj ŠMLkOqjÓj ¥qÆ»FL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj(¥qWeGHmOyêÍNqj¸ -fH¸$qÈ SG kOqFL). Ä£¿Py ÀMLjôO~×¦
¬FLjsHOqj$qÓ ŠMLkOqj<j °FLï^j÷ CnÓjGH<¸PoÍj. ®¸ÍjMLÓFL ¯ ÀMLjôO~¾, ÖŠ HG ¿JdÓŠ@âÎFL O~MLjO~¾FLŠ
bKeOqõNqj$qj Ó¥cÚ¸Ã¥q Nqj¸Íj ×¦Âô¸¼FL MLjj$qjÜOqj ŠMLkOqjÓPy ×oõGGRjç@âÎFL ÀMLjôO~¾ ¬tj °¸=e<j.
¯ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy, Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾ ÔofSFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, GS¸ÍO~óÂï
¬FLjGS¿¸¼, Q~GSF~Ój, ®CLOqjÓj E~F~ÓFLj FLMnkÍjÔoNqjjFLGHl<j, ÄML¿¸ÔLjÔLjFLïÄ. O~×¦$qj GSE~ÇML
O~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓj MLj¿Nqjj O~MLjO~×¦Nqjõ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸ Q~.QZ. 1466, ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MLj¥qOq
MLkGSMLjjFL¸Íj (ö¥i.QZ.1545, ×¦FLML¿) öGHÀOy¾FLk ÀOqjMLjÓPy Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj GSÂïÏÁPyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPy
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj GSÂïÏÁPyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀ JvÆMojOqPy FLjFLï ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjGHlOq¸PyÂ ¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLk+j÷
GSÂïÏÁNqj¸ÍjFLj, ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂ MLOqÍO~×¦rHOqjMLkW| GSÂïÏÁPyFLj, Nqk EâÎM~Ó ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸
×¦¿$o GSMLjNqkÓPy Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓMLkVCLôõ¸ GHlO~*GH>OqFL¸ $cÄ¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ¯ ÀMLjôO~¾ ³O~ð^j
ÔoQ~<j. ¬ÔLjõCLrHðOqjMLkW|, MLOqÍO~×¦ rHOqjMLkW| EéM~ÓNqkÓPy öHG À Oy¾FLk MLkVCLô õ¸ GH¿> ¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ
4 GHBcÓ MLj¿Nqjj 5 GHBcÓ ÄÓjMLÓj$qÓ ÏÍF~Âï, µ¥cFx¥q ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬FL¸CLNqjõ¸
$c¿¥h öGHÀFnÓ Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<MLÓfS NqjjFLïÁ(No.360-G.T.). ®CL<j, ÀOqjGHÀ FL$qOq¸PyÂ

rH¿Nqj(rHÍí)O~×¦Ä£ÏÁPy ¬¥qÚ<¥qÚ< MLßXqMLjjÓÔLj^jæ ÀFnïÓj$qÓ _NqjÓj öGHEéQZ¸ÔLj^kæ ÂM~GS$qßVÓj$qÓ
“¬¸¥q*MLjj”ÓFLj Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ®¥qÚ< ¼Ó÷OqM~õJdOq¸ Td»¸Ôo MnÎQZjõÓFLj¸¨ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 30 Oo#nÎ
ÔxGHØFL ¬EâíOqkJdFL MLGSkÓj ÔoNqj_<jÔLjFLï ÏÍF~Âï ÄÂNnk»¸¼, EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æOqj, C~FLj öGHÀfRç¸¼FL
Ä>OqPoQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿Âï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL<¸ ¥yGS¸ ¬FLjMLjÀ(No.367-G.T.) ®MLø_¨¸Á.
WeøOqjÀ£Oqì¸(¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸)FLŠ rHÎFL$qÓ F~Ój$qML QZjFnÎ(Â£=h ÔnÓMLjMLÍí)ÀMLjôO~¾ GSøNqj¸$c Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj
Äö$qVÂï öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. Q~.QZ. 1469 GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÄjDÍjFL MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 3-6-1547) Qx=nuæ
²^kæO§ ÀOqjMLjÓFL¸Ã ŠMLkOqC~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL öÇ¢ÂM~GS ¬Nqjõ¸$cOqj ¯ Äö$qVÂ¥h öGHÀOy¾
MnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j(No.415-G.T.). _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ Qx=nuæ ³^kæO§ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GS¬Nqjõ¸
$cOqj, ¬MLlŠ öGHMLjj[jPnÎFL Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~×¦, ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqjÓŠ ŠÓ$qjOqjMLl ¬tj°¸=e<j
(Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1908-09 page 196). ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, Q~.QZ.1460 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
GHmOqø¸, ÀMLjôO~¾ GHÈ÷GHlOq¸ ö$cMLkÂï C~+÷Jd¥q rH ¿NqjÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h E~FL¸ ÔoTd<j.
Q~.QZ.1460, Ä+¸ÃF~MLj GS¸. MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 15-1-1539) ¯ G H È÷ G H lOqö$cMLkÂï, rHÍ ÀOqj
MLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj, TdøÄj¥h ÂCLõFnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j (No.587-T.T.). ÀOqjMo¸¥q^
1
MLkBh¥qõ¸ ¬Fo bKZŠëO~Ój CLFL½¡ÄC~Âï GHm¿ë$c EéM~ÓNqj sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂ¥o ¬¸¥hCL¸ $cÄ¸ÔLj¥xÂ,

¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$c GSMojCL Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj GSMLjXcFL CLFL F~MLjÏEéNqkÂï ÀOqjMn¸¥q^ MLkBh¥qõ¸$c
MLkOqjá¥xFLïÁ. Q~.QZ.1468, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸. ¥qO~Ú^¥qMLkTdFL(ö¥i.QZ. 23-7-1546) (No.507-T.T.)¯Mnj
°GHNnk$cOqì¸ - O~×¦õ MLjj[õ GH¿JdÓFLÏÁ¥c¿ GUyE~Py °¸<^¸MLÓFL ¥cKyÓj - ¯ ÀMLjôO~¾,
EéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqjFLj ‚<$q^jæ¥xÂ, µ¥q ¼FLïGHÓ¥h Â ÄÂNnk»¸ÔLj ¥yML@~Â¥h ¬FLjMLjÀÂ ®Ô~á<j.
2
®¸¥qFLk, ¯ GS¸ÍO~óÂï GHlOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ, EéM~ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨“¬+j" -¬ÈMLl”(®CLOq ÓNqj GH¿Ô~OqŠÓ

bKe$cÓj)À£NqjŠ¸@~ On¸<jCLÈ$qÓ öGHTdE~Âï MnjŠ ®Ôoá^j÷ ×eåfH¸ÔnFLj. “KeÓbKe$qMLCLMLjj” (“sources”
page No.207 ) öGH¥cOq¸ Q{OqõGHO~ö¥qMnksHCLj@âÎFL ¯ O~MLjO~¾ ÀMLjôNqjõ MLkFLjML (MLkÂø) MLÍí
³ÍjÓ#eFLj(ÁP|#eF|)FLj ¶¨¸¼, ÍM~Â(EyÂ)¥y^FLj MLQZ¸ÔoGSj¥xÂ, GHOqgH@~ GHO~Nqj*j<j
FLj, ö‚Oqj<jFLj¬tjFL ¥y^ GH¿JdÓŠÂ GH=hæ _¸ÏÁ¸¼, MLjVO~×¦$qj, Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿO~ÓNqjÓ
JdE~ÓMLÍí GH<MnÎ¼, MLjVO~¾FLj¸¨ TdøÄjöEyÿ $q¸<rH¸@éO~Âï (ÀOqj$qjKe^j ÔofSFL TdMLj¸CLO~¾FLj
Px¸$qÁ£fS Py_OqjÔLj¥xÂFL¸ÍjÓŠ GSkÔLFL$c ®MLø_<j ¥cÆ¬¸Eâ) ö$qfU¸ÔnFLj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ ÀMLjôO~×¦;
[1.C~+"Jd¥q rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ ö¥i.QZ. 15-1-1539Py MofSFL Q~GSFL¸Py GHÈ"GHlOq¸ ö$cMLkÂï _j¥qÚO~¾ ÀMLjôO~¾MLÍí ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj
¥xFLï^j÷$c °FLïÁ. À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸GHl=h 4-122( 587-T.T) ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
[ 2. No.507- À.À.Q~GSFL¸Py Í¸¨$nÎ Â ®¼áFL^j÷$c sHOyÚ_¨¸Á. ®¥qÚ< öGHNnk»¸¼FL Í¸¨$nÎ - CL¸¨$nÎ ¬Fo GHÍ¸ - CL¸_kO~
ML¸=h Ä£*dM~Íõ ÄQoGR¸. ¬FLïMLkÔ~OqjõÂ ÔoÀPy °FLï^jML¸=h M~Íõ0. FLßCLõ¸ ÔoGSkë ÔoÀPy GH^jæ¥yML=eÂ¥h ¬FLj‚Ó¸$c
°¸^j¸Á.- bKZOqCL¥yQZ¸ GHl^ 67 -¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ FLj¸¨ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ E~¥c, FLÓj$qjOqj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~¾Ó sSMLPy, E~E~GHl$c, ö¥i.QZ. 16ML
QZC~_í¸ öGHDÍMLkOqì¸ FL¸Íj 50 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGHÍÄPy °F~ï<j.
ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ :
ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ OqÄ£=h ÀMLjôO~×¦ ¥x<jŠ. OqÄ£=h ÀMLjôO~×¦, Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~×¦ ¬FLj
¯ ®OqjMLlOqj ¬bÃFLjïPnÎFL µ¥oMLõ¥hë. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j, ¯ ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ, KeÓbKe$qMLCL¸Py öGHQZ¸ fS¸ÔL_¨FL
ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ×oõGRçŠMLkOqj <MLlC~<j(‘’Sources’’, page 208). ®CL<j ¬GUy_Ó¸Py µ¥q
GHmEy^FLj rH¸Ô~<j, MLj¸^JdÂï, GSöC~ÓFLj Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. $qOqj@~öÁF~DÍ, ¬¸=o ¬GUy_Ó
ÅÇ¢ F LOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj ÀOqjMLj¸×¦F~Oqì¸ MLÓfSFL ¥qGSkë¿, VOqÀ¥qOqkðO~ÓFLj GSMLj‚O~á<j. ®¸¥qFLk µ¥q
¥yFo=hÂ ‚< Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. O~MLjO~×¦Nqjõ ¬FL$q CLFLrHCLë¸ö¨ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ GSj¥qßCL¸
¥xOqŠ ®CL<j Q~.QZ.1468, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸. ¥qF~õMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 21-9-1546)ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj
M~¿¥h, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔnFLj(No.356-G.T.). ®¸¥qFLk
¬GUy_Ó¸PyMLPnFo, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄjNnjj¥qÚ °GHNnk$cOqì¸ ÀOqjMLjÓPy EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Í¥hú*¸MnÎGHlFL,
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥yFo=h¥h FnÎ_jjÀ ÁŠÚFL µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j.
Ä>OqÓO~×¦ :
Ä>OqÓO~×¦ Po¥q Ä>OqPoQZøOq MLjVO~×¦, OqÄ£=h _j¥qÚO~¾ O~MLjO~¾ ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ ¬¸=o
Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾ On¸<MLŠMLkOqj<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ®CL<j, ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾FLŠ MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjMLjÓ
O~¾FLŠ rHCLë¸ö¨ŠMLkOqj<j ¬MLlC~<j. Q~.QZ. 1467, ÄQ~øMLGSjF~MLj GS¸. ¥qOqÚ^¥qMLkGS¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ. 5-7-1545)¯ Ä>OqÓO~¾, 500 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂÔoá ÂFnuþNqjkO§F~<jgSMLjPyÂ JdÓMLj¸$qÓ¸
ö$cMLkÂï, ®Eé gSMLjPyÂ 250 Oo#nÎTd¸MLCLû¿¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ GHOq*kO§ ö$cMLkÂï, Jd+NqjgSMLj
PyÂ 250 Oo#nÎ Td¸MLCLû¿¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ Mo*¥qCLkëO§ ö$cMLkÂï-MnjjCLë¸ MLjk<jö$cMLkÓFLj
E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ÓbÃ¸ÔL$qÓ 1,000 Oo#nÎ E~Nqj¸Cy öGHÀOy¾FL¸ÍjFLj, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^ŠFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦Oqj$qj GHlOq=eæÇ ÀOqjF~+÷Py(bKeöÍGHÍ MLkGS °CLûML¸)
EâÎMLÍOqùF~OqìMnjÎ MLÔoá^^jML¸=h bKZ¥që×¦FLjÓŠ MLöGSëE~FL¸ ÔoNqjj^ŠFLk, EéM~ÓNqj öGHMoQZE~øOq¸MLÍí CnÎ¿ìŠÓ
E~V¿ëÂ À£Ooá¸ÍjŠ °¼CL¸$c MLj½ã$qFLj ÄCLOq*¥yGS¸, MnÎ¥cÇMLkGS¸Py GHÓ÷MyCLûML ÀOqjF~+j÷ ¼ML¿Oy¾FL,
Ä>OqÓO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL OyfUBhFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁF~FL Q~CLjëMLjjYnÎCy GHm¿ëNqj$qj ÄÏÍ¸$c 5 Oy¾Ój
×¦¿sH¸ÍjÓŠ(No.561-T.T)CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
¯ Ä>OqÓO~¾, CLFL ¼FLï CLMLjjô@âÎFL ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾ GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq ÔLö¥qML¿ë
¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï ÍXh* GSMLjjöÍÀ£Oq¸MLOqŠ M~õfH¸GH×oNqj<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~, ÍjO~ôOqjÜPnÎFL O~¾ÓFLj¸¨ EéQ~Âï
ÄMLjj¥hë $cÄ¸Ô~<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. O~MLjsSCLj(O~MojQZøOq¸)MLÍíFLj, ¥qF~õŠMLk¿ MLÍíFLj, CLMLj ¥i¿ëöGHÀGRçÓj

®FLjMLj¨¸GH ×oNqj$qÓÄÏÍ¸$c ×¦NqjGSì¸bKeÓFLj FnÓ¥xPeð<j (Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1915, para 50). ¯
Ä>OqÓO~¾ Á»ø×¦NqjNqköCL ÍXhBcFL ¬FL¸CLQZNqjFL¸(ÀOqjM~¸‚Oqj)Py öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ °CLëO~FLï MLjjÍj$qP|Cy
MLjj»¸ÔL_@âFLÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMLÖ~×eõÂï ×¦tj¸¼ CLFL MLQZ¸ ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. ÀOqj¼F~GHÆ÷ ,
MLjÍjOqÓFLj‚< CLFL NojÓj_¨PyÂ¥h CnÔLjá ¥xF~ï<j. ®CLÂ ÏÁGHCLõ¸, ÍXh* GHO~õNqj Á£øGH¥qÓð¸PyÂ
ÍXh*bKe$qMLj¸CL^FLj ÔnÆ÷¸Á. GS¸GHmOqê TdøCL¸öCLõ¸Cy ¥c¥qJwtjF~, TdMLj¸CL O~¾$c µ¥q ÍQ~_í¥cÓ¸
GH¿JdÓFLFLj Td»¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjM~¸‚Oqj EéQZ¸Ä£jÍ ®CLÂ ÏÁGHC~õÂï F~<j, ÀOqjML¨ O~×eõÂï
GH¿JdÆ¸ÔLjÔLj¸¨FL ÀOqjMLÖ~¾ ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸Ô~< FL@~Â¥h ÂÍOqùFL¸$c, ÀOqjML¸½ O~×¦õ¸PyÂÁNnjÎFL,
C~öMLjGH¿¤êFLÁ£À£O~FL°FLï “Š+NqjJd^æ¸” ö$cMLj¸Py ¬OqíîbKe$cÂï ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j
(No.147-G.T.). ®Á Ä>OqÓO~×¦Nqjõ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸ Q~.QZ. 1479, fH¸$q+F~MLj GS¸. ¥qF~õMLkGS¸Py
¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.1557 rSrHæ¸_OqjFnÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqO~×¦õ
GH$cÜÓFLj ÔoGH=hæFL CxÆF~+÷Py ÀOqjM~¸‚OqjO~×eõÂï MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xFLj^¥nÎ öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL_¨FL NqjjÍíî¸
ö¥qMojgH O~ÔLj¥x¸^kML¼á, ¬CLÂ JdÓFL ¼ML¿ÍQZ¥q¸Py Td+jMLF~NqjŠ<j, CLj¸Ã¼á F~NqjŠ<j
Po¥qFo ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸ Ä>OqÓO~¾FLŠ ¬CLÂ TdÿGS¸ IGHÓ¸$c Px¸»Jwtj¸Á. ×oCLj¸$qF~<jŠÔn¸ÁFL
MnFLjþMLkF|¥x¸< bKZkCLÓÄ£Oq O~MLjMLOqôO§ ¬FLj sHOqj$qÓ ¯ ÀOqjML¨ O~¾, ‘¥xÓ÷¸ 722‘ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.
1546-1547 GS¸. Py Ä>OqPoQZøOqMLjVO~¾ ×¦FLôÁFyCLûML GS¸ÍO~óFL, QZj¼£¸öÍ¸PyÂ ÄGRjêEéM~ÓNqj¸Py
öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h (Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1900, para 80) ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqÔLö¥qML¿ë O~×eõÏÁ¥cO~Â¥h Px¸»JwML<¸ MLÓFLFo, ¯ O~MLjMLOqôF| Q~.QZ.1479, fH¸$q+F~MLj
G S¸.Py ( 1557 rS rHæ¸ _Oqj) ÀOqjMLjÓŠML¼á Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ Í¿ù¸ÔLj ¥xFL$qÆ$c<j.
Š+NqjJd^æ¸ö$cMLj¸FL¸Íj Äj$qCL ¬OqíîbKe$qÂï QZk¨Š<jCLë F~¼áNqkO§ EéÄ¥h, CL¸ö¨Ôo ŠMLkOnëŠ
ÄM~ÿGSMLjNqkFL ¬Oq*¸$c ®MLø_<j^Š °EéíÇ¸GH_¨¸Á.
¼FLï ÀMLjôO~¾ :
¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~×¦, Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ MLjk<MLŠMLkOqj<j, Ä>OqPoQZøOqj
FLŠ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<j. ÀOqjM~¨ O~×¦õ¸Ä£jÁ¥h Í¸<NqköCL ×¦¿»FLGHl<j ®CL<j CLFL ¬FLïNqj$qj Ä>OqPoQZøOqj
Â ¬FLjGS¿¸Ô~<j. NqjjÍíî¸Py Ä×¦NqkÂï TdÏÁ¸¼, O~×eõÂï ¯ ®OqjMLlOqj TwÍOqjÓj µ¥q=h$c
GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~Oqj (Mad.Ep.Rep. for 1917, para 45). ¬tjFLGHð=h¥h, ¼FLï ÀMLjôO~¾ EéML MLjVO~¾,
Q~.QZ. 1467 GS¸.Py ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×¦õ¸ CLFL GSø¸CLO~öGRæ¸$c(FLÄjô< gSMLj)GH¿JdÆGSjëFLï^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ.
®CL<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔofSFLE~F~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ GSøNqj¸$c ²¥qÚ< ÔnGHØ¥xFLï^j÷ CnÆNqjO~Íj. ¥cÂ,
¯ ¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéML ÔoNqj_¨FL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÁ ¥cO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, ®CLOq E~FL¥qOqëÓ E~[PeÓPy

öGHGSjëÀ¸GH_¨FL ÄMLO~Ój ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj. Jv^÷Jd=h O~MLjO~¾ ¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸,
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ¥yMLj^j÷ ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~Oq¸Py ¥x¸CLÏÍF~Âï ÔnÆ÷¸¼¿. ¬¸ÍjPyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔLŠ¸@~
Äj»ÆJw$c 1,565 GHBcÓ ÏÍFL¸, Q~.QZ. 1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥q MLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ.24-11-
1547)(No.371-G.T.)Py, ®CLÂTwÍOqj@âÎFL JdGHØ ÀMLjôNqjMLjVO~¾Ôo GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL FnÎMoE~õÓ¥xY¦Š
°GHNnk»¸ÔL_¨¸Á. MLjOqÓ, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq GHlGRõMLkGS¸Py 4ML Oy¾FLŠ Q~.QZ.1469 (¥i.QZ.1-1-

1548)Py $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š QnMLløF~NqjŠÂÔo, ³O~ð^j
ÔoNqj_¨FL GS¸ÍOqó¸FL¸Eé Jv^÷Jd=h O~MLjO~¾ ¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾rHÎ EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸

¥qÓj$qj^Š$cFLj, ¯NqjFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ QnMLløF~NqjŠÂ MLj¸^GH¸MLÍí FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ Ôo¸ÍjŠ‚<
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔL_¨¸Á(No.405-G.T.). ÀOqjMLjÓPy F~=h¥cÓ¸Py ×¦Oqj$qjÔLj¸¨FL 10 ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~Oq÷ °CLûML Äö$cVÂ¥h ¬ÀOqGSGH<jÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔoMLjÍjŠ O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ
³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.662-T.T.). ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py ¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸ PyFo, Â ÀOqj¥xÚ¨ ÀOqjF~W|
°CLûML¸(×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py ×¦OqjGHl ö_GUyôCLûML¸)×¦OqjGH_<j^Š O~MLjO~×¦ ¼FLï ÀMLjôO~¾Ôo ³O~ð^j
ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÍFLj ÄGRNqkÂï ÄQZÍ¸ ÔoTwë¸Á. ¯ ×oõGRçMLkTwCLûML¸ ¬¸=o ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py ö_GUyôCLûML¸
öGHDÍMLj¸$c ²Y¦þ ÀMLjôO~¾ öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<Â No.354-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL, O~MLjO~×¦
¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéMLNnjj¥qÚ ${OqMLF~MLj¸ ²Y¦þ ÀMLjôO~×¦ ¬tj°¸^j¸Á. No.372-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨
NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, GH¿¤ÏE~Ä F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ adA<MLkGS¸ 29ML Oy¾FL(¥i.QZ. 27-7-1552) ŠÍjOqjá¥xFLï
µGHð¸Í¸ öGH¥cOq¸, ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ O~×¦öGHTdE~Â¥h JdÓj, rHY¦j$qj MLjjFLï$qjGHE~O~ìÓFLj GSMLj‚Ooá
$xÓ÷Ój, ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h ÂOqêNqj¸ öGH¥cOq¸ FoÀÂ ¥xÆ¼ ®M~øÓÂ À£O~ôÂ¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾
O~×¦öJdTdÍ¸ ÀOqjGHÀGH^æ*¸Py °¸¨°¸^j¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o No.367-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py ÀOqjGHÀPy
rH¿NqjO~×¦Ä£ÏÁ °FLï ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. ¯ rH¿NqjO~×¦Ä£ÏÁPy Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾,
¼Ó÷OqM~õJdOqjÓÔo Â¸¨°FLï ¸¥q*MLjjFLj Â¿ô¸¼NqjjF~ï<j. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ rH¿NqjO~×¦Ä£ÏÁ ¬FoÁ
¯F~<j, CLkOqjð GH<MLjOqÓj$q ÀOqjGHÀGH^æ*¸ MLjÏÍõ$c JwMLlÔLjFLï rHÍíÄ£ÏÁ ¬tj°¸^j¸Á. ÀOqjGHÀPy
Â rH¿Nqj O~×¦Ä£ÏÁPy O~×¦ öGHTdE~Âï ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï ¯ ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ MLjOnMLOy¥cÍj, rHÎFL MLjFL¸
$qMLjÂ¸¼FL^j÷ Q~.QZ.1467 GS¸.Py ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂ¥h O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGHÍÄÂ ÂOqøfU¸¼FL O~MLjO~×¦
¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéMLNoj ¬Â ¬FL<¸Py GS¸Eéÿ¸PoÍj. ¯ ®OqjMLlOqj ¬bÃFLjïÓj ¬tjFL µ¥oMLõ¥hë. ¯
¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéMLO~×¦ SG E~ÇMLO~NqjÓFLj¸¨, ¬MLlŠ gSMLjFLj “F~Nqj¸¥qOq¸”$c Jv¸ÁNqjj¸¨FL^j÷, No.700
of 1917 Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL MLjFLŠ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. Q~.QZ. 1467, ÄQ~øMLGSjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Ä£jFLMLkGS¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ. 25-3-1546)öGH¥q=h¸¼FL No.347-G.T Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c - ¯ M~fSGRç$yöCL ¬QZøPeNqjFL

GSköCL, _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL °ÍNqj»¿ FLOqfS¸ÿbKZ^æO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§ Po¥q EéML*bKZ^æO§
¬FLjFLCL<j, ¯ ¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾MLÍí GSÄ£jGHML¿ëNqj$qj sSMLŠ<j$c(M~QZP| ¥cOqõsHðO§ $q)°¸¨FL^j÷
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥xÂï®CLOqQ~GSF~ÓPy CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, °E~ÿOq*Š MLjFLjMLjJwÆ ¶_+O~¾(No.402-
T.T.); ÿFLjMLjNqjõF|(No.417-T.T.); GHÍ¸<NqjO§(No.651-T.T.) MnjjÍPnÎFL E~FL¥qOqë ÓPy ¥x¸ÍOqj
E~FL¥qOqëbKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj ¯ EéML*bKZ^æOqjFLŠ ÓbÃ¸Ôo^j÷ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~Oqj.

JdGH ÀMLjôO~¾ :
JdGHØ ÀMLjôNqj MLjVO~¾ Po¥q JdGHØ ÀMLjôNqj O~×¦NqjõF| ¬FL$q JdGHÀMLjôO~¾; Jv^÷Jd=h
ÀMLjôO~¾FLŠ bKeOqõNqj$qj $yGHMLk¸Ã¥qŠ ¥qÆ»FL F~Ój$qML ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, Ä>OqÓO~¾FLŠ ¥qÂGRçTwÍOqj<j
¬MLlC~<j. À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ®CLÂ $qj¿¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój On¸<j °F~ïtj. ÀOqjGHÀ
JvÆMojOqFL °FLï ¥xCLëJdWnNqj¸Py ÂMLfSGSjëFLï M~õJdOq ŠÓGSjìÓ¸ÍOqk Ôo¿, ×¦F~OqíFLTdøÄj, NqjFL
EéMoOqjÓ öGHÀMLjÓFLj öGHÀfRç¸¼¿. Q~.QZ.1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 24-11-
1547) JdGHØÀMLjôO~¾ ¯ Äö$qVÓŠ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj CL$qj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼,
®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, 100 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá $qÓ Jd+Nqj gSMLjPyÂ ¥x+kW Oqj ö$cMLkÂï
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÅÇ¢ M~¿ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.371-G.T.). ®¸¥qFLk, MnFLj¥q Jv^÷Jd=h O~MLjO~¾
¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸ ¯ ¥yMLj^÷¸ÍOqk Ôo¿ ®¼áFL ÏÍFL¸Py ÄÂNnk$q¸ ¥cŠ¸@~
Äj»ÆNqjjFLï 1565 GHBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï‚< ¯ öGHNnk×¦F~Oqì¸ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. JdGHØÀMLjôNqjO~×¦,
®¸¥qFLk Q~.QZ.1477 O~XqGSF~MLj GS¸.MojGR MLkGS¸ FL¸Íj(14-4-1555) 250 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï
GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ MoF~<j ö$cMLkÂï‚< EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j(No.678-T.T.). ÀOqjMLjÓPy µ¥q
MLj¸^JdÂï ®CL<j Â¿ô¸Ô~<Â ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLïÁ. ¯ JdGHØ ÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~×¦,
CLFL ®ÍíOqj ×oGRçTwÍOqjPnÎFL Ä>OqÓO~×¦, ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾ÓCy Ôo¿ GSMLjfRæ$c ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL^j÷
No. 591 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¥x¸<O~¾ :
¥x¸<O~×¦ ¬FLjFLCL<j OqÄ£=h O~MLjO~×¦ ¥yFo=hO~×¦ Po¥q ¥yFo^NqjõEéML MLjVO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOqj<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ ¥x¸<O~¾, rH¿Nqj¥x¸<O~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj<jFLj, OqÄ£=h _j¥qÚO~×¦
O~MLjO~¾FLŠ MLjjÂMLjFLjMLj<jFLj ¬MLlÔ~<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, O~MLjO~×¦ ¥yFo=hO~×¦ ¬FLïsHOqj, ¯ ¥yFo=hO~¾
ML¸QZ¸ OqÄ£<j Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL O~MLjO~¾FLj¸¨ öGHbKZÄ¸¼¸Á ¬Â GSðGRæ¸$c GSk¼GSjëFLïÁ. ¯
O~MLjO~¾, OqÄ£<j _j¥qÚO~¾FLŠ bKeOqõNqj$qj _Pe÷EéÄNqj¸Íj ×¦Âô¸¼FL ŠMLkOqj<j. ¬=o÷ ¼Âï
ÀMLjôO~¾ GHm¿ësHOqj O~MLjO~×¦ ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾. ¯ ML¸QZ¸ M~fUÂPy, FL¸E~õÓ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL

fS¸$qOqNqjõPo¥q fS¸$qO~¾ ¬CLÂ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓ Š^j¸_¸M~¿FLj¸¨ Ä<MLjOq¼ ÔnGHØ^Š$cFLj ¯
GHÍíÀî ¬MLÓ¸Ã¸ÔL_¨FLÁ. ²¸Íj ¥q¸=o Ä£Oqj (FL¸E~õÓ Š^j¸_¸M~Oqj)_j¥qÚO~¾FLŠ ®¸¥x¥q bKeOqõNqj$qj
¬_òÓEéÄNqj¸Íj ¥qÆ»FL GS¸C~FLMoj. À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¥x¸<O~¾ öGHGS¥hë$qÓ ´ÍjQ~GSF~Ój
°F~ïtj. M~=hPy No.660-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ ®CLFLj Q~.QZ. 1468 öGHbKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
fS¸ÿMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.12-8-1546) 3,000 FLOqðBcÓ MLjkÓÏÍF~Âï ³OqðOq¼ ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSjÂ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸
IJdÓjÜ*MLkGS¸Py ÏÍÂadæFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁFL¸F~<j ¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj, GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^ŠFLk, ®¸¥qFLk
CLFL C~CLNqj$qj rH¿Nqj¥x¸<O~¾ sHOqjÄ£jÍ öGHÀÁFL¸ µ¥q MnWnÎW ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. No.407-G.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥x¸<O~¾ ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸ÔLj^kæ°FLï PyGHÆÄ£ÏÍjÓPyÂ ÅÇ¢ bK eG Rõ¥cOqO§ ¬ö$qVOq¸Py°FLï ¬Nqjõ¸$cO§ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ¥h
°CLëOqÁQZPy°FLï bKZkÄjÂ MnÓtj¼á¥xÂ, ¬¥qÚ< µ¥q O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂï TdìfH¸¼, ¬¸ÍjPy FLMLkôWeøO§
$qj¨Â ¥q=hæ¸¼, Q~.QZ. 1472, TdÏE~Oq* F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ CLjPeMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 2-10-1550) öGHÀOy¾FLk,
FLMLkôWeøO§ Äö$qVÂ¥h 125 MnWnWÎ ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ FnÎMoE~õÂï GSMLj¿ð¸¼ öGHTdE~Âï ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓŠ
GH¸¼rH=oæ¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¥cÚOqõ¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š$cFLj MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ TdÓjFLŠ 5,713
Oo#nÎJvF| O~_¨Â ®Ôoá^^jML¸=h CLOyÚÓ¸, C~NqjFLkO§, MLjPNqjFLkO§, ¬ÀëNqjkO§, QZkO§, GH+¸@âÎ,
MLjj+WGHð^jæ, ‚@âÎJdð¥qÚ¸, MnjNqjkõO§, MLj¿Nqjj CxOqjJdð<j ¬Fo 10 ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j.
®¸ÍjPyÂ GROqCLj öGH¥cOq¸, ¯ ö$cMLkÓFLj¸¨ MLÔoáO~_¨Â ÄÂNnk»¸¼, 125 MnWnÎW ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÂï
öGHÀOy¾ FLMLkôWeøOqjFLŠ FnÎMoÍõ¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~ÓÂ£, O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ ÂOqøÿ* [OqjáÓÂïNqjj bKZ¿¸Ô~ÓÂ£
ÂOqêtj¸ÔL_¨¸ÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. FLMLkôWeøOqj$qj¨¥h ¥cMLÆ¥csS¸ÍjŠ ®ÍíOqj CLÓMLOqjÓj ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@~èOqj.
Ä£¿¥h GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 12 Oo#nÎ ½¡CLbKZCLõ¸$c ¬FL$c Ä£¿¿Íí¿Py µ¥xÚ¥qÚÂ¥h FnÓŠ 5 GH*¸ ½¡CL¸$c
®MLø_¨¸Á. ¬Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸Nnjj¥qÚ °ö$c*¸ (MLGSjëTdMLjö»Â bKZöÍGHOqÔLj $qÁ)FLj OqXh¸ÔLj
¥cGHPeE~OqjÓŠ GS¸MLCLûOq ½¡CL¸$c 10 Oo#nÎ MLj¿Nqjj 2 GH*¸ ®MLø_<j^Š ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨FLÁ.
×¦MLk[Oqjá Pn¥qÚÓFLj O~sS $q*ŠFLŠ ½¡CL¸ TdÓjFLŠ 12 Oo#nÎ. ÓNqj GH¿Ô~OqŠPnÎFL 15 MLj¸Á
sSMLŠÓŠ MnjjCLë¸ Td¸MLCLû¿¥q ½¡CL¸ 180 Oo#nÎ ¬FL$c FnÓŠ 15 MLj¸Á¥h 15 Oo#nÎÔxGHØFL MLjj<jCy¸Á.
ML¸^M~¸ö<Š TdÓjŠ 9 Oo#nÎ, 6 GHBcÓj ®MLø_¨¸Á. ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ Po¥q ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠÂ¥h TdÓjGS¿½¡CL¸$c
24 Oo#nÎ ®MLø_¨Á. O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂ¥h GSMLj‚Oqá_<MLÓfS °FLï °GHØ, ¼¸CLGH¸<j MnjjÍPnÎFL GS¸KeO~ÓCy
®¸$qjML ‚< GSMLj‚Oqá_<MLPnFLÂ, MLGSjëMLlÓ GH=hæ¥q CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
No.408-G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ WeøO§ MnjjÍÆNqkO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j ®¸CLŠ
MLjj¸Íj ÅÇ¢ bKe¸@~O~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸¼FL Cy^ÓFLj, bKZkMLjjÓFLj, ÂMoQZFLGSìPeÓFLj, FL¸ÍFLMLF~ÓFLj MnÓtj¼á

¥xÂ ®Ô~á<j. M~=hPy µ¥q=nÎFL QnÓøF~O~Nqj*F| GHmÓMLFL¸Py, C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸^JdÂ¥h $yÄ¸Í
O~×¦TdøÄj, F~¼áMLkOqjÓj MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRç, MLkOqÜÇOq, MLkGIHjMLkTdÓPy ×¦¿$o °CLûMLOy¾ÓPy OqDEyCLûM~Ój
×¦Oqj$qjFLGHl<j FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¥c$qÓ MnjjCLë¸ [Oqjá GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
57 Oo#nÎ¬Â CoÓ$c, Q~.QZ.1473, ÄOyÏÁ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸.Py Ä£jFLMLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 10-3-1552)Py CLFLMLÍí°FLï
¥xÂï fSëGHöC~ÓFLj MLjkÓÏÍFLbKe$cÓj E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ®¸CLŠGHmOqø¸, GHlÓj$qkOqj F~<jgSMLjPy bKe$q¸$c

°FLï rHFLj P gSMLjPyÂ‘CL¥hÚÆ’ MLj¿Nqjj ‘JdPoGHÆ÷’ ¬Fo On¸<jö$cMLkÓFLj GSMLjfRæ$c O~MLkGHlOq¸
¬Â fHÓjML_<jÔLjFLï=hæ GSOqøMLkFLõ ¬ö$qVOq¸Py ÂMLfSGSjëFLï MnÎÁ¥qöKeÿô*jÓPy ¥x¸Í¿FLj¸¨ ¯
fSëGHöC~ÓFLj MnÓtj¼á ¥xF~ï<j. ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h JvÆMojOqFLjFLï ¥qßGRêO~NqjGHlOq ÂM~fSNqjj, CL¸$oÈ
Æ¸$qMLjbKZ^æO§ ŠMLkOqj<j ²Ó÷MLjbKZ^æO§ CLFL On¸<jfSëGHöC~ÓFLj Äö¥qtj¸Ô~<j. ¬Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c ÔL¸öÍ»¿PyÂ
$yfHEéÄJd+NqkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ²Pe÷MLÏE~Â ÀMLjôNqjõF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL rH¿NqjÀMLjôNqjF| CLFL bKe$q¸Py
F~Ój$qMLML¸CLjbKe$cÂï ¬MLjô$c, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ O~MLkbKZ^æO§ ¬ö$qVOq ÂM~fS GHmM~@âÎGSk¿ bKZ^æO§ Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL GSOqøEéML TwMLjNqk½ ¬FLjFLCL<j, CLFLOn¸<j bKe$cÓFLj; öGHÀM~Á bKZNqj¸¥qOq¸ FnÎF~OqNqjõO§
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂFLþ rHOqjMLkW| CLFLMLÍíFLjFLï µ¥qbKe$cÂï; ¬ÔLjõCLsH^Š Ôn¸ÁFL rH¿Nqj ¬*êNqjõF|
ŠMLkOqj<j ¥qßGRêNqjõF| CLFL ¬OqìbKe$cÂï Äö¥qtj¸Ô~<j. MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ Ä£¿FLj¸¨, 5 ¾ bKe$qGHl fSëÂ
¥xF~ï<j. ¥x¸<O~×¦ ®¸¥qFLk, ¬Eé ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ MLj¿ ´ÍjbKe$cÓFLj‚< MnÓŠ ¥xF~ï<j. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c
MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ¯ ¥x¸<O~¾ ¥xFLï 10¾ bKe$qGHl fSëGHöC~ÓFLj ¥xFLj^Š$cFLj 30 Oo#nÎ ÏÍF~Âï Mn¼á¸Ô~<j.
C~FLjÔofSFL ³O~ð^jöGH¥cOq¸ EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
57 Oo#nÎ ÏÍFL¸ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfS NqjjFLï^j÷ MLjÁ¸GHl MoNqj_¨¸Á. ®¸Íj¥yGS¸ 30 Oo#nÎ ÄÓjMLÔosS bKZkÄjÂ
¥xÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®¸¥qFLk ¥xÍML ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfSNqjjFLï 27Oo#nÎ GSMLj‚Oqá@~Â ¥yGS¸,
¬WeøO§ MLjjÍÆNqkO§ Jd+Nqj¸ FLj¸¨ M~QZP|GHFLjï OqkJdFL 25 Oo#nÎÂ, MLk¥cNqjF| GHFLjï, ¥i+ø¿ -
®Mo$c¥q ÇP|ML¿(GHFLjï), JdÓGHðÆ÷ MLßÀë MLj¿Nqjj °GHØ Oo#nÎÓ MLjkÓ¸$c 2 Oo#nÎ ÏÍF~Âï sS¥q¿¸ÔL<MnjÎFLÁ.
Q~.QZ.1475, öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸. MLßGRbKZMLkGS¸FL¸Íj (ö¥i.QZ. 25-5-1553) ÂFnuþF~<jPyÂ
Ä£<j ö$cMLkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæ, GHOq*kO§Š Í$qÜOqPy FL$q¿ö$cMLkÂï ®CL<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoTd<j.
¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ 300 Oo#nÎJvF| ÏÍFL¸ ÄÄÏÍ WeøOqjÓŠ, M~¿M~¿ ÀOqjFLXqöC~Ój
$qÓ ÀDÍjÓPy ×¦FLôÁFyCLûM~Ó GS¸ÍO~óFL FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL_@âFLj (No.
416-G.T.). rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c ö¥i.QZ. 1553 ¨rS¸_Oqj 28ML CoÁ£F~<j GS¸bKZÄ¸¼FL MLj¥qOq GS¸ö¥qMLj*
GHOqøÁFLMLjjFL GSE~ÇMLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓj Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õ¸ FL¸ÍÆ ÄÄÏÍ½Pe÷Ó FLj¸¨Nqjj C~Ók¥cÓ

FLj¸¨Nqjj GHFLjïÓFLj GSj¸¥cÓFLj MLGSkÓjÔoNqjj ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï ¯ ¥x¸<O~¾FLŠ ®Ô~á<j. (ÔLk<j.
¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^Ój 272-273). ¯ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ Q~.QZ. 1476, FL¸ÍF~MLj GS¸. ¥qO~Ú^¥q MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.
2-7-1554)CoÁ£F~<j ¬MLjÓjFLŠ ML¼á¸Á. ¯ GSj¸¥cÓMLÓFL MLÔoáO~_¨Â, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h °CLëOqÁQZPy C~FLjÂ¿ô¸¼FL ÀOqjGHÀ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ ÄÂNnk$cOqì¸ °GHNnk»¸Ô~<j.

®EéÄÏÍ¸$c, CLFL rHCLë¸ö¨NnjÎFL ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ GSÿ¥cOq¸Cy Ôn¸$qP|GH^jæ½Pe÷PyÂ ÅÇ¢ rHOqj¸_jÍkOqj
ö$cMLj¸Py °FLï O~MLkFLj¾Ó$qj¨¥h, Q~.QZ. 1478, FL+F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 1556)Py O~×¦$qj
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓÔo ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸$c ®fHð¸Ô~<j(‘’British museum plates of Sadasiva Raja’’ in
Ep.Ind. Vol. IV pages 1-22). GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj ¬GUy_ÓXoöCL¸Py°FLï O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂ¥h µ¥q ö$cMLkÂï
E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓjGHlCLjFLï O~»OoŠQ~GSF~Âï, ¯ ¥x¸<O~¾, À£fS¥xÂJwtj ¬GUy_PoQZøOq

EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj ®¼áFL^j÷ CnÆNqjjÔLjFLïÁ(Mad.Ep. Rep.for 1915 para 49). Q~.QZ. 1484 (Mad.Ep.
Rep.for 1914 para 33)Py MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq O~MLjO~×¦ ÀOqjMLjÓ O~×¦Nqjõ ×¦åöGH¥cOq¸ ÄFLj¥x¸<gSMLj
GH¿JdÓF~bKeOq¸ ¯ ¥x¸<O~¾ ¬ÏÁ£FL¸Py °¸ÔL_¨¸Á.

FL¸E~õÓ Š^j¸_¸ : F~OqGHðO~¾
À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py FL¸E~õÓ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h öGHÀÂÏÁ$c, F~OqGHðO~¾ µ¥q<j
MLköCLMoj Q~GSF~ÓFLj¸¨ CnÆNqj MLGSjëF~ï<j. OqÄ£<j Š^j¸_¸MLÓFo FL¸E~õÓŠ^j¸_¸‚< OqÄ£=h
_j¥qÚO~¾FLj¸¨ ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL fS¸$qOqNqjõ Po¥q fS¸$qO~¾ MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓ
MLjkPeFL MLßÁíî¥n¥hÚ¸Á. “O~MLjO~½¡NqjMLjj ”(GH. 207)Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, _j¥qÚO~×o¸öÍjFLŠ
®OqjMLlOqj bKeOqõÓj. ¬_òÓEéÄ, MLj¿Nqjj _Pe÷EéÄ. _j¥qÚO~¾ CLFL ŠMLkOqjÓ$qj fS¸$qO~¾ TwÍOqjÓFLj
FL¸EéÓŠ GH¿JdÓŠÓFLj$c ×oQ~<j. ¯ O~×¦ŠMLkOqjÓj F~Eé¸<÷FLj MLjj[õGH^æ*¸$c ÔoGSj¥xÂ CLMLj
O~×eõÂï ÔL¥qÚ$c JdÆ¸ÔLj¥x¸^k MLÔ~áOqj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL Ä£¿ML¸QZ¸PyÂ M~¿¥h, FL¸EéÓ Po¥q FL¸E~õÓM~Oqj
¬FLï ®¸=hsHOqj ML¼á¸Á. Ä£Oqj _j¥qÚO~¾ML¸QZ¸FLj¸¨ ML¼áFLM~Oo ¬ML<¸ÔoCL ¯ F~Eâ¸<÷ öGHMLjj[jÓj‚<
ÔL¸öÍML¸QZ XqöÀNqjjÓj$c GH¿$qBh¸GH_@~èOqj. Ä£¿Á öCoNqj$yöCL, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ù[. fS¸$qOqNqjõ
ŠMLkOqj<j FL¸E~õÓ F~OqfS¸$qO~¾. ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@é FL¸E~õÓML¸Q~Â¥h MLjkÓGHlOqjGRj<j. ¯ F~OqGHð
O~¾, Q~.QZ. 1469, ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 1548 ¨rS¸_Oqj), $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj $qOqó$qßÿ¸MLÍí ®ÍíOqj E~øOqJdÓŠÓ, Äö$qVÓFLj FnÓ¥xPeð<j. Ä£¿¥h ¬FLjö$qVOqì¸ öGHÀOy¾
FnÎMoE~õÂ¥nÎ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 100 Oo#nÎ FL<GHØ JvF| M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï
GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ, FL$q¿gSMLjPyÂ GHÆ÷GH^jæ, ¬¸¾eO§FLŠ Í$qÜOqPy°FLï $qj¸¨GHm¸¨ ¬Fo On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj
E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j (No.373-G.T.). E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj CLFL Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRj@âÎFL MoE~¸CL
QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjOqjFLŠFLj NqjFL CLÍFL¸CLOq¸ NqjFL ÇGRjõÓ‚, ®MLø_<jFL^j÷ ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~<j (No.

374-G.T.). “GSÂïÏÁ $qjOqj GHOq¸GHOq ” CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ ¯ MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjOqj ¬GUy_ÓMLj>O~Â¥h
5ML MLj>>O~ÏÁGHÀ$c OqjGS¸MLCLûO~Ój ö¥i.QZ.1553 GS¸.FLj¸¨ 1558 MLOqŠ ÏÁGHCLõ¸ MLfU¸¼Nqjj¸@âFLÂ
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯NqjFL CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL 6 ML gH>O~ÏÁGHÀ$c ML¼áFL, GHO~¸ŠQZ ½¡NqjOqjM~Oqj, ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ

¥qMLjPeGHlOq¸ ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ°FLï EéM~ÓNqkÓ GHlFL¿ïO~ô*¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï ÔoGH=eæOqj. ¯ GHl*õ¥cO~õÂï ×¦¿fH
FL¸ÍjÓŠ öGHÀIGHÓ¸$c, MLjVO~×nÎFL GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓFLj¸¨ ÅÇ¢ b K eGRõGHlO~Âï E~FL¸$c Jv¸E~Oqj.( ÔLk<j.
¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥q.1 GHl. 225-226).
MLjFLMLjJwÆ Š^j¸_¸ : ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾
À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ ¥xÂïQ~GSF~Ój “MLjFLMLjJwÆ” Po¥q “MLjFL¸KyÆ”
Š^j¸_¸PyÂ ®ÍíOqj öGHMLjj[jÓFLj MLjFLÍßfRæ¥h CnGSjëF~ïtj. Ä£Oo ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦ MLj¿Nqjj rH¸¨Æ¥x<jŠ
ÀMLjôO~×¦. ¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL MLjFLMLjJwÆ ¶_j+O~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¯ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾, Q~.QZ.1466,
ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸. MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.19-1-1545)Jd+NqjÇ¢MLjPyÂ “Oq*Jd¥qÚ¸” ¬Fo ö$cMLj¸Py ¬ö$qVOq
bKe$cÂï ÄjFLVtj¸¼, 100JvF| M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ On¸<ML¬OqíîbKe$cÂï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j (No.402-
T.T.). E~FL¥qOqë$q CLFLŠMLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj, M~fSGRç$yöCL ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL °ÍNqj»¿
FLOqfS¸$qbKZ^æO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL EéMLGHðNqjõO§ Po¥q EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§ M~¿¥h Ôn¸ÍjFL^j÷FLj M~¿ CLÍFL¸CLOq¸,

M~¿ GS¸CLÀM~¿¥h Ôn¸Eé ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.403-T.T.). Ar.Sur.Rep.for 1908-09 on page 196Py
CnÓjGH_¨FLöGH¥cOq¸, ŠOqjÔo<jŠ^j¸_¸PyÂ ¶_j+O~¾ ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ÅÇ ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾
GIHjFLCLMLfU¸¼FL öGHMLjj[jÓj$c CnÓjTwë¸Á. Ä£¿PyÂ ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qO~¾ MnÎGRêMLMLjCLGGSjì<j MLj¿Nqjj GSE~ÇML
O~NqjÓ JdWn$c<j. ®CL<j, Q~.QZ. 1483, O{öÁF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 1560-61)Py, ÿ¸fHPyÂ ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ
WeøOqj$qj¨¥h µ¥q GHmEy^FLj E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ŠOqjÔo<j Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL CL¸ö¨,
ŠMLkOqjPnÎFL ¶_+O~¾, ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾Ój ; F~MLj TdMLkõÂï_=hæ , Ä£Oqj MLjOnMLOy¥cÍj, TdXcCLjë MLjFLMLjJwÆ
¶_j+O~¾, ¬CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾ ¬Â ÔnGHðMLÔLjáFLj. ¬¸Co¥cÍj, Ä£Oqj ®ÍíOqj‚@~
fSÁíîO~×¦ Ö_+O~×¦ MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾ÓCy ¬bÃFLjïPnÎFL ®ÍíOqjMLõŠëÓj. Q~.QZ.1482,
O{öÁF~MLj GS¸. MLkOqÜÇOq MLkGS¸, fSÁíîO~×¦ Ö_+O~¾, ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ O q¸$qO~¾ - ¬FLjÄ£Oqj ¥x¸CL
ÏÍF~Âï M~¿ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py ¬MLjOq °¸_È$q(Q~QZøCL ×e»¤Oqj) ¬tjFL=hæ, ÍM~ÂÍjO~ÜÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ÿÈ$nOq
ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo IGHÓTdNqjMnjÎFL À¸¨»¸×¦ÓFLj., “VÓÿ¿Ä” ö$cMLj¸Py°FLï ¥oQZMLrHOqjMLkW|
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥hÂ£, ®¸¥qFLk, rSÎÂŠÓ OqÿE~¿Ä£jÍj$c GHNqjÂ¸ÔLj EéQZGS¸Ô~OqjPnÎFL öKeÿô*jÓj ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c
bKy×¦FLMLGSÀ¥nÎ MLÔoá GSöC~Â¥hÂ E~FL¸ÔoQ~Oqj(No.731 of 1919). ¬tjFLFLk Ä£Oqj Ôy+Š^j¸_¸ FL¸ÍÆ

öGHMLjj[jÓ ¥yMLPyÂ M~Oqj$c ¥qFL_<Oqj. ÀFLïMnÆ÷½Pe÷PyÂ rSO§MLjEéÄ FLj¸¨ No.718 of 1916ML Q~GSFL¸Py
öGHGSjëÀ¸ÔL_¨FL MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq MLjFLj¸KyÓj ÔnFLïNqjEéML Ôy+MLjVO~¾MLPnFLj, ¼FLï¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ FLj¸¨
No. 504 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸Py öGHQZ¸fS¸ÔL_¨FL Ô~È¥qõEéML Ôy+MLjVO~Nqj ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Oq¸$qNqjEéMLQy+
MLjVO~¾ MLjjFLï$qjM~¿MLPn Ä£Oqj Ôy+jÓj ¥cOqj. MLjFL¸JwÆ Po¥q MLjFL¸KyÆ ¬FLjsHOqjFLj ¯ öGHMLjj[
$qßÿGSjìÓj ö$qfU¸ÔLj^Š ¥cOq*¸ ¯ öJd¸CL¸Py ÂMLfS¸¼ Nqjj¸<j ¥cOq*MnjÎ °¸^j¸Á Po¥q MLjFL¸KyÓj
Po¥q MLjFLj¸KyÓj ¬FL$c ¯ ÏÍjÂ¥q¥cÓ¸Py FnÓk÷Oqj½Pe÷PyÂ $qk<kOqjFLŠ Í$qÜOqPy$qÓ MLjFLjKyÓjFLŠ
GH¿JdÓŠÓj$c°¸¨ °¸<<¸MLÓFL ¥cMLÔLjáFLj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL Ä£¿PyÂ ¥xÂï Š^j¸KeÓŠ ¯ sHOqj
®¸=hsHOqj$c fSìOqGH¨ °¸^j¸Á.
rH¸¨÷¥x<jŠ ÀMLjôO~¾ :
MLjFLMLjJwÆ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLj¿Nnjj¥qÂ sHOqj rH¸¨Æ¥x<jŠ ÀMLjôO~¾. ®CL<j
¥cQZõGH$yöCL, GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<j ¬tjFL ¥q¸GHO~¾Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CLÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¼FL=hæ, ÓbKZõMnjÎFL
On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój, ®CLÂÂ “GSkOqõML¸Q~ÏÁ GHÀ” ¬Â GS¸KyÏÁ¸¼FLÄ. Q~.QZ. 1468, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 8-6-1547)®CL<j ÀOqjMLjÓPy MLGS¸CLÀOqjF~W| °CLûM~Âï öJdOq¸bÃ¸Ô~<j. ¯
MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ MLkGIHj¸MLkGS¸Py ÄQ~[FLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÀDÁF~<j öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ öQZML*FLXqöCLÀDÁF~<j GHm¿ë¬Nojõ
ÄÏÍ¸$c 5 Oy¾Ój ×¦OqjGH_@éÁ. ¯ °CLûML ÂOqøÿ*Š, MLjkÓMLjk¿ë ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓŠ, MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂFLþ
rHOqjMLkW| - °CLûMLMLjk¿ë¥h, ®ÍíOqj EéMoOqjÓŠ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¥cÚOqõ
ÂOqøÿBcÂ¥h$cFLj, CLFLŠMLjj¸Íj ²Y¦þÀMLjôO~¾FLj¸¨ À£GSjŠFLï 100 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥q E~Nqj¸$qÓ Mn¸ÍM~<
gSMLjPyÂ _¸$cOq¸ ö$cMLkÂï ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ®¸CLŠ GHmOqø¸, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^jŠ 50 Oo#nÎ E~NqkÂïÔoá “Ä^æQo¿”¬Fo ö$cMLkÂï, 50 Oo#nÎ
GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ _kE~GHlOq¸ Á£ÂCy Ôo¿NqjjFLï(ŠGHð¸) $yMLk+¸(ö$cMLj¸PyÂ GHQZjMLlÓj $q¨è MojsS
GSìÓ¸); MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 200 Oo#nÎÂ GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ ¯ MLjk<j ö$cMLkÓFLj, GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j(No.649-T.T.).
¥cÂ ¬OqjGS¸MLCLûO~Ó PyGHlFLFo, ¯ MLjk<j ö$cMLkÓFLj¸© O~MLÓfSFLO~_¨ ö¥qMojgHCL»Ü, GHm¿ë$c
»Jwtj¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, ¯ ö$cMLkÓŠ _ÍjÓj$c Q~.QZ.1475, öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ.15-
2-1554)Py ÀMLjôO~¾, JdÁ¿ŠGHðCLjë gSMLjPyÂ, Td$qj_¨¥h ¬ÏÁ¥qöQZMLj PoŠ¸@~Fo 200 Oo#nÎ ÄÓjML$qÓ
GH¸^FLj ®Ôoá ML^æÓkOqj ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjMLÓFL ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸ÔL_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c °CLûM~Ój, FnÎMoE~õÓj NqjDE~ÄÏÁ$c ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á (No.640-A-T.T.).
MLj=h÷M~¿ Š^j¸_¸ : MLOqÍ O~¾

GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLj=h÷Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLõ¥hë µ¥qÚ<j MLköCLMoj
CnÆNqj MLÔ~á<j. ®CL<j, TwMLjO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL JwCLO~¾FLŠ bKeOqõNqj$qj ÔnFLïMLjôNqj¸Íj
×¦Âô¸¼FLM~<j. ¯ (No.503 - T.T.) Q~GSFL¸Py ®CLÂ¥h, ¥cMo¿MLÓ÷bKZ, $ctjbÃ¸¨ ÃOqjÍ, µ¥nÚ^jæO~¾Ó
CLÓ$qj¸<j, $q¸<$q×¦ fS¸ÿ, ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjÓj °FLï^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h ÂCLõFnÎMoÍõ¸
GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFLj ®CLOq °CLûMLGS¸ÍO~óÓPy ±Oo»¸GHl$cMLÔLjá °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ
CLFL CLÆ÷Nqj$qj ÔnFLïMLjô sHOq ³OqðOqÔL_¨FL GHmEy^Py C~FLjÂ¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ Mo¸ÔoGHlÔoNqj_¨
FLGHl<j FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸Íj¥yGS¸ Q~.QZ.1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
MLj¥qOq MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 5-1-1544) 312 Oo#nÎJvF| MLjkÓÏÍF~Âï ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~<j. “¥qŠC|GSì
Ä×¦NqjMLjj” ¬Fo CnÓj$qjöGH_¸ÏÍ ¥cMLõ¸PyÂ ÄMLO~Ó öGH¥cOq¸, ¯ ML¸QZ¸PyÂ KxMLjôO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
TwMLjO~¾FLŠ ´Íj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓj ¥qÆ$cOqj. Ä£¿Py JwCLO~¾ ×oõGRjç<j. ®CLÂ¥h ®ÍíOqj bKeOqõÓj.
rHÍíbKeOqõNqj$qj ¼FLïMLjôNqj¸Íj, MLOqÍO~¾, MnÎNqk¿O~¾ ¬FLj ®ÍíOqj ŠMLkOqjÓFLj, ¼FLïbKeOqõNqj$qj
O~MLjMLk¸_ Nqj¸Íj rHÎÖ~×¦, O~MLjO~×¦, ¼=hæO~×¦, ¼FLï ²Ó÷MLjO~×¦ ¬Fo FLÓj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓj
°F~ïOqj. ¯ Oqj$qjOqj ŠMLkOqjÓPyFLj ×oõGRjç@âÎFL MLOqÍO~¾, ¥qßGRêMLjFLj ÄM~ÿMLk@~<j. ¥qßGRêMLjôNqj¸Íj
MLOqÍO~¾FLŠ, MnÎNqk¿O~×¦ ¬FLjŠMLkOqj<j ¥qÆ$c<j. ¯ MnÎNqk¿O~¾, ÍjO~ôOqjÜÓŠ fS¸ÿGSøGHï¸$c
EéQ~Âï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. ÿ¿ÿOqjÓj Td$qOqGHOqøCLjÓŠ ¬Ój÷WnÎFL=oæ MLOqÍO~¾, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ ¬Ój÷<j.
rHÎ ML¸QZMLßXq¸ GSk¼GSjëFLï^j÷$q, JwCLO~¾ ¼FLïMLjôÓ GS¸C~F~Âï, TwMLjO~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj¸ö<jFLj
¬tjFL MLOqÍO~×¦, MnÎNqk¿O~×¦ TwÍOqjÆÍí¿Py, µ¥q<j MLjFL (No.503-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸PyÂ E~FL¥qOqë
¬tj °¸@~Æ. GSjöGHfSÍjíî@âÎFL ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ¬Ój÷@âÎFL ¯ MLOqÍO~×o, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï
³O~ð^jÔofS Nqjj¸<jFLÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLFL$qjFLj. rHÎ ¥cMLõ¸Py GSk¼¸ÔL_¨FL^j÷ MLj=h÷ MLOqÍO~¾ ³¥nÎ¥q bKeOqõ
¬tjFL ¥qßGRêMLk¸_ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ŠMLkOnëNqjÂ ±fU¸ÔLj^Š Ä£Ój ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ On¸<ML
ŠMLkOnë ÀOqjMLjPe¸_, ¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ FLÓj$qjOqj bKeOqõÓPyFLj ×oõGRjçO~Ój. (“O~MLjO~½¡NqjMLjj”,
¥cMLõ¸PyÂ GHÍõ. 290, 292). Q~.QZ.1466, ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 14-6-1544)
¯ MLOqÍO~¾ ¼FLï ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸PyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥x¸CLÏÍF~Âï E~FL¸ÔofS, öGHÀÁFL¸ TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<j^ŠFLj, CLFL ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸Py ÄQoGR FnÎMoE~õÓŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j (No.528 of
1919). No. 434 of 1911 Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, _ÿjQZ¹ JvCLëfH¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¥x¸ÍOqj On<÷Š GSE~ÇML O~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py “MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq O~MLjO~¾ ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦NqjõEéML MLjVO~×¦ ”¬¸=o MnjjÍ=h ÀOqjMLjÓ

®¼áFL ×¦åöGH¥cOq¸, µ¥q “ÍQZML¸Í”(GHÁPy µ¥q ML¸CLj) E~FL¸ ÔofSFL^j÷ E~[Pe ¬tj¸Á. MLjj¸Í¿
Q~GSFL¸Py(No.503-T.T.) “¥cMo¿MLÓ÷bKZ”, “¥q=h¥qGSjO~VOq ”, “µ¥nÚ=hæO~¾Ó CLÓ $qj¸<j”, MLj¿Nqjj “$q¸<$q×¦
fS¸ÿ” MnjjÍPnÎFL ÃOqjE~Ój MnjjÍ=h ÀOqjMLjÓŠ °FLï^j÷ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. MLj=h÷Š^j¸KeÂ¥h MLjkÓGHlOqjGRj<j
¬tjFL KxMLjôO~¾FLŠ MLjjÂMLjFLjMLj<jFLj, TwMLjO~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj<jFLj JwCLO~¾FLŠ ¥x<jŠFLj ¬tjFL
¯ MLOqÍO~¾ ¥qŠC|GSìÄ×¦Nqj ¥cM~õÂ¥h ¥qOqëNqj$qj MLj=h÷ ¬FL¸CLO~¾FLŠ rHCLë¸ö¨. ¯ ¬FL¸CLO~¾
²Ó÷MLjO~¾FLŠ ¥x<jŠ, ¥yFLO~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj<j MLj¿Nqjj ÀMLjôO~¾FLŠ MLjjÂMLjFLjMLj<j. ®¸¥qFLk
®CL<j TwMLjO~¾FLŠ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<j MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ MLjjC~ëCLNnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨ KxMLjôO~¾. ¯ MLj=h÷ Š^j¸_¸
M~Oqj, SG kOqõML¸QZGSjìPnÎFL EéMLÔy< Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~Oqj. ĆoFLj SG kOqõML¸Q~Â¥o Ôn¸ÁFL öJd¼£FL JvCLëfHÔy+,
°YnÎNqjkOqj Ôy+jÓ ¥qFLï MoOnÎFLM~Oqj. $qMLjÂ¸ÔLÍ»FL µ¥q ÄGRNqjMojÄj^¸=o, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ®ÍíOqj ¬Ój÷¸ö<j
¬tjFL OqÄ£=h ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ ¥cÂ£, MLj=h÷ MLOqÍO~¾ ¥cÂ£ O~×¦õGH¿JdÓFL ÄGRNqj¸Py ¥qßGROê ~NqjÓj
ö_À¥hNqjjFLï¸CL MLOq‚ ²=hæ ×y¥cõÂ£ï ¥qÆ»¸ÔLj ¥yPoÍj. CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ HG ¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py
‚@~ Ä£¿ öGHMojNqj¸ CLŠÚML; ¥cÂ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py, ¬ÔLjõCLEéML¥cNqjÓj bKeOqõ TwÍOqjPnÎFL
GSÓ¥qO~×¦ rH¿ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ ¼Oqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾Ój öJd_Óõ¸ Jw$x^jæ¥xFLï CLOqjM~CLFo rHÎ¥xÔ~áOqj.
ÅÇ¢ HG À ¶_WoQZøOq :
öCoNqj$yöCL GHGSë¸_GSköCL, Nqj¾Q~ù[Š Ôn¸ÁFL, MLkOqjO~¾ O~MLjO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÅÇ¢ GHÀ ¶_WoQZøOqj<j, _ÿjQZ¹ OqÄ£<j Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL M~@âÎ °¸=e<j. ¥cÂ ¯ CL¸ö¨¥x<jŠÓ
F~MLjÏEéNqkÓFLj _=hæ, ¯ Š^j¸_¸PyÂ CnÆfSFL MLõŠëÓFLj_=hæ, Ä£Oqj IGHPeF~ ¬Â JwÆ¥q GH^æ<¸ ¥qGRæ¸.
Q~.QZ.1468 GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ fS¸ÿMLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 13-8-1546)Py öGHÀÁFL¸ ¾FLjïGH¨ MLj¿Nqjj
ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓFLj ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ $cFLj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓ¥qNojõ MLõNqkÂï
bKZ¿¸ÔLj^Š$cFLj, M~¿ú¥q E~Nqj¸$c 300 $q=hæ MLOqÿF| ÏÍF~Âï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ sHOqkO§ ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. À.À.EéMLTdìFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ Ô~Pe Q~GSF~ÓPy MLjFLŠ ®¸CLMLOq‚ C~OqGS GH¨FL MLOqÿF|,
JvF| Po¥q Oo#nÎJvF| F~BnMLjjÓ ÄÓjML¥qFLï ¯ $q=hæMLOqÿF| ¬ÏÁ¥q ÄÓjML¥qÓÁ$c °¸¨Nqjj¸<MLPnFLj.
Jv^÷Jd=h Oq¸$qO~¾ :
¯ Jv^÷Jd=h Oq¸$qO~¾‚< OqÄ£<j Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLMLj¿Nnjj¥q MLõ¥hë ¬tj °¸=e<j.
_ÿjQZ¹ rHÎFL $qMLjÂ¸¼FL OqÄ£=h _j¥qÚO~¾ MLjFLjMLj@âÎFL Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾FLŠ GSÂïfUCLj@âÎFL _¸ÏÍjMLl
¬tj °¸=e<j. Q~.QZ. 1468, HG O~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ CLjPeMLkGS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 13-10-1546)Py öHG ¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL
No.361-G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, TdÓjFLŠ 370 Oo#nÎJvF| E~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ

Ä<=yÂ gSMLjPyÂ O~ÔnáOqjÓj ¬Foö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c öCoNqj
$yöC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL OqÄ£=h F~OqGHðO~¾ ŠMLkOqj¨ sHOqj Jv^÷Jd=h Oq¸$qO~¾. OqÄ£<j Š^j¸_¸PyÂ
MLõŠëÓsHOq÷Py F~OqGGHðO~¾ sHOqj ²¥qÚ@~ O~PoÍj. OqÄ£<j Š^j¸_¸Py GS¸bKZMLMnjÎFL µ¥q Oq¸$qO~¾
CL¸ö¨sHOqj ¥yFo=hO~¾. ¯ Oq¸$qO~¾ ¥x¸<O~¾FLŠ ¼FLïTwÍOqj<j. ¥c$c, MLjOx¥q<j, Jv^÷Jd=h
Oq¸$qO~¾, öGHÀOy¾FLk ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸ ×¦¿»FL CLOqjM~CL, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ ÀOqjM~O~ÏÍFL
GS¸ÍOqó¸FL¸ÍjFLk, ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjO§ ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py°FLï MLj>Oq¸Py CLkOqjðbKe$cFL FnÓ¥xÂ
NqjjFLï ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq Äö$qVÂ¥hÂ£ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé
MLjFL¸ $qMLjÂ¸¼ °FLï^j÷ (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl. 86 FLj¸¨ 91 MLOqŠ)¯ MLj>Oq¸ TdìÂ¥q ½¡NqjOqj
MLj>Oq¸ ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i ®Á Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸Cy GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ ¥qÆ» °FLïÁ.
_Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ :
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL Ç¢¿ú¥qPy MLjFL¸ $qMLjÂ¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷, _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ,
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥xÓjMLlPy ‚< CLFL °Eyõ$cÂï ¥xFLTd»¸¼FLM~<j. GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, CLFL CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL
O~NqjGS¸ rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõÔo GHmOqø¸ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š
ÔofSNqjj¸¨FL ³O~ð^jFLj GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸ÔL<Moj $c¥q, Q~.QZ.1460, ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ.16-6-1544)(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 252-253) GH¿GHmOqBcOqì¸ C~FLj MLj¿¥x¸CL ÏÍF~Âï Ôo¿á
°Ííî¿¸Ô~<j. ®CLÂ öM~CLÓFLj¸¨ CnÆfSFLE~ÂÂ _=hæNqjj, ®CL<j Oq¼¸¼FL GSøOqMoj+¥qWeÂÏÁ ¬Fo
GS¸»¤CLö$q¸DE~Â¥h ¬ÈNqj O~MLjO~¾FLj ¥qßÀ bKZOqë$c ²FLjï¥yML@~Âï _=hæ ÔLksSë ®CL<j ¬ÏÁ¥q GHÓjŠ_¨
¥qÆ»FL MLjVöGHÏE~Â öJdGH¥q¸Py °FLï^jML¸=h ÅÇCLj<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFLFo ®CL<j ¥x¸<Ä£<j
GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c ÂNqkMLj¥cÂï Jv¸Í$qÆ» °¸=e<j. ¬¸=o ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ ¬FLjö$qVÂï Jv¸Á CLFL
O~öGRæ$qMLOqïOqj GHÍÄÂ ÂÓKn^jæ¥xFL$qÆ$c<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCLFo, CLFL öJdGHŠÂNqj¸ÍÆ ¥qßCL×¦åCLFLj
öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj¥yML@~Â¥nÎ O~MLjGHðNqjõ, OqCLï‚^ ¬FosHOqj$qÓ $xGHðO~×¦öJdTdE~Âï, _ÿjQZ¹ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
GH^æ*¸PyFo Â¿ô¸¼ ®¼á°¸=e<j. ¯ _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ _ÿjöGH×eåQ~Æ, ÄÄÏÍ ¥q+ÓNqj¸Íj
¿Co¿FL öGH×eåML¸CLj<j, ¥cÓ¸PyÂ ¬Fo¥q MLj¸ÁMLPn, ÄE~õML¸CLj<j, Jd¸¨CLõ¸ $qÓM~<j, GS¸»¤CL
ÄE~ø¸GSj<j, O~×¦¥iNqj ÏÍjOq¸ÏÍOqj<j MLköCLMoj $c¥q ÇÓðÂO~ô*ÍŠú<j, ¬Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. öGHC~GH
²Ó÷MLjOqGS bKeOqõNqjj, _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõŠ MojFLCLëNqjjFL$qj ¼FLïMLk¸_, ÅÇ¢ $ yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj¥h,
Ä>OqPoQZøOqTdøÄj¥h öGHÀOy¾ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^jÔofS, ®¸ÍjÓŠ $cFLj “ML¸¥cNqjÓJd<j”
ö$cMLkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔofSFL ÄGRNqj¸ Q~GSFL¸E~øO~(No. 401- G.T.) Q~.QZ. 1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qO~Ú^¥qMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 8-7-1547)GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ FL¸Íj öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨¸Á.
O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ, ®CLÂ TwÍOqj<j ¥yFLGHðNqjõ :
O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ - ÀMLjôNqjõ Po¥q ÀMLjôOqûNqjõNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j MLj¿Nqjj MnjjGSÆ
MLj<j$qj Ä£OqMLjO~×¦ Po¥q Ä£OqMLjOqGSNqjõNnjj¥qÚ MLjFLjMLj<j. ¯ Ä£OqMLjOqGSNqjõ ÿ¿CLGS $yöÀ£Š<j,
GHGSë¸_ GSköCLj<j, Nqj¾Q~ûºªNqjj<j. ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o 10 ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy
250 ¬ÀOqGSGH<jÓj, ¥xÂïMLjj[õMnjÎFL °CLûMLOy¾ÓPyFLj, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥q GHl*õÁF~ÓPyFLj,
FnÎMoÍõ¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼, ®¥cÚOqõ ÂOqøÿBcÂ¥h $cFLj, Q~.QZ. 1473, ÄOyÏÁ¥qßC|
F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸, ¥qO~Ú^¥q MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 8-7-1551)GH@âÎÄ£<j O~×eõÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL JdÓŠFLþ¥x^æ¸PyÂ
MnjNqjkõO§ F~<jFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL, ¥qÓMnÎGHY¦jþPyÂ ×¦$qCLjëM~Ôoá¿gSMLj Nqj¸ÍÆ 700 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥q E~NqkÂï
GSMLj‚Ooá EéGSkOqj ö$cMLkÂ£ï, ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×eõÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL ŠFLþMLOqíîFL ¥x^æ¸Py CLBh$nÎF~<jPyÂ F~O~Nqj*
GHlOqGHY¦jþFL¸ÍÆ ×¦$qCLjëM~Ôoá¿ gSMLjPyÂ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 200 Oo#nÎJvF| E~NqkÂï ®Ôoá MnÓ¸½FoOqj
ö$cMLkÂ£ï, ®¸¥qFLk $q¸¨¥y^ gSMLj¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæ 130 Oo#nÎ Td¸MLCLû¿¥q E~NqkÂÔoá Š<jMLmO§ ¬FLj
MLjOysHOqj$qÓ ÀMLjôGSMLjjöÍ¸ ¬Oqíîö$cMLkÂï, MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ 1,030 Oo#nÎ E~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Ooá ¯ MLjk<j
ö$cMLkÓFLk EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j(No.662 -T.T.). ¯ °CLûM~Ój ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š ¥qOqë ßCLø¸
MLfU¸¼FLM~Oqj ³FnÓPy ²Pe ×¦OqJdÓFo ÄGRNqj¸ ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLïÁ. ÀOqjÂFLþ±O§ *
°@âÎNqkO§ ¬FL$q EéM~ÓNqj E~NqjMLõNqkÓ Pn¥qÚÓFLj $qjBh¸ÔLj ¥qOqBcÓj öQ~ML*MLkGS¸Py °CLûML¸
³O~ð^j ÔosSë, GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ O~BhNqj$qj ¥c<MLF| rHOqj¸EéÄ öGHöGHDÍMLj¸$c Áö_ÿô sHOqjÄ£jÍ,
bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ×¦OqJdÓÂ ÂOoíÇ¸¼¸Á. EéMLO~NqjMLjVO~NqjÓj QZøNqjj×¦ MLkGS¸PyFLj;
_j¥qÚO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓj ¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸PyFLj; ¥qßGRêO~NqjMLjVO~Nqj GHlGRõMLkGS¸PyFLj; ÿ¿ÿOqO~NqjÓj
MLkGIHjMLkGS¸PyFLj; Ä£OqFLOqfS¸$q NqkÍMLO~NqjÓj JdÓjÜ* MLkGS¸Py; EéM~ÓNqj $q*ŠÓj ÔnÎöCL
MLkG S¸PyFLj; C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ$cOqj ×oõGR çM LkG S¸PyFLj; O~MLjO~×¦ ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾
MLjOx¥qö_GUyôCLûM~Âï ®Eé ×oõGRçMLkGS¸PyFLj ×¦OqJdÓÂ EéM~ÓNqj ¥cOqõ¥qOqëÓFLj EéÇ¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á.
®¥qÚ< $qMLjÂ¸ÔLMLÓfSFL µ¥qÄGRNqj¸ ³Äj^¸=o ¯ E~FL¥qOqëÓPy µ¥qOqj ¥c<MLF|rHOqj¸EéÄ 13ML
QZC~_í¸Py Jd¸<jõP ÏÁGHC~õÂï, °CLëOq¸$c ¥qßadêFLÁ MLOqŠ, öGHDÍMLj¸$c M~õfH¸GH×ofSFLM~<j ¬tjFL
GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<jõÂ O~Bh ¥c$c, ÔL¿öCLPyÂ MLjOx¥q ¥c<MLF| rHOqj¸EéÄ ¬Fo MLjOy F~MLjÏEéNqj¸$qÓ
TdMLjMnÎ ¬FLjF~Mnj1 , ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍGHF~ôO§ ÏÁGHC~õÂ¥h Px¸»NqjjFLï µ¥q GHÓ÷ML TdMLj¸CLO~¾
Nnjj¥qÚ O~Bh (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^. 20 FLj¸¨ 22). ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸ F~=h¥h ÄÄÏÍ FnÓÓPy,
MnjjCLë¸ ³@~Á¥h CxÄjôÁ ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój ×¦OqjGH_<jCLk ¬GHl@é Á£Â GS¸[õ 10¥h rH¿», OqÄ£<j
ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ MLÔoáGS¿¥h GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h GHÍ¥x¸<j ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓŠ rH¿»¸Á.(No.329-
G.T)
Q~.QZ. 1483 ÍjOqôÀF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 5-12-1561)¯ O~NqjGS¸
Mn¸¥q=eöÁ ¬NqjõF| MLjOqÓ, ¯ MLkOqj CLFL ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL ¥yFLGHðNqjõF|Cy Ôo¿ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h,
$yÄ¸Í O~×¦TdøÄjM~¿¥h ¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥qFnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h$cFLj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j (No.645-
T.T.). ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¬Nojõ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ³O~ð^jFLŠ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 100 Oo#nÎJvF|¥c$c,
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ³O~ð^jFLŠ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 429 Oo#nÎ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfS Nqjj¸@âFLj. ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj ®CL<j
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj, ®¸¥qFLk ÄÄÏÍ ö$cMLkÓPyFLjFLï 34 MLßÀëÓ bKZkÄjÂ2E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
Qn¸$q+jÂ£O§GH^jæ gSMLjPyÂ 50 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï ®Ôoá^^jML¸=h GHmðO§ ö$cMLkÂï, MLjOy gSMLjPyÂ
¥cÇ GSkOqõ¸GH=hæ, Á£ÂCy Ôo¿NqjjFLï GIHj¸=e¥q*ŠGHð¸ ¬Fo ¯ On¸<j ö$cMLkÓFLj ®CL<j E~FL¸
ÔoQ~<j. ¥c$c MLßÀëÓj °FLï GSìPeÓj - ¥y^kæOqj gSMLjPyÂ ÀMLjôOqGSGHlOq¸ ¬FLjMLjOy sHOqj$qÓ GSöCLM~@âÎPyFLj,
sHOqkOqj gSMLjPyÂ ŠMLkOqÀMLjôOqGSGHlOq¸ ¬Fo MLjOysHOqj$qÓ MoGH$qj¸=nÎPyFLj, ¥y^kæOqj gSMLjPyÂ ²¼áNqjkO§
¬ö$qVOq¸PyFLj, tjOqjGHmðO§Š Í$qÜOqPy°FLï GHFnÎJdð¥q¸ ; GHlCLkëO§, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿¥xÂï ö$cMLkÓPyFLk
°FLïÄ. ¯ ö$cMLkÓj Ô~PeMLj^jæŠ ÀOqjCLëBh, ¬OyÚ*¸ GH^æBcÓ ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ ö$cMLkÓPy °F~ïtj.
¼FLï TwÍOqj@âÎFL ¥yFLGHðNqjõF| Nnjj¥qÚ °bKZNqj¸Py öGHÀOy¾FLj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h 4 ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj
³¥qMnjjCLë¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_< MLÓFLÂ °¸<$c ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¥c$qÓ [Oqjá MnjjCLë¸ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬FL$q 365
Oy¾ÓŠ MnOqfS 117 Oo#nÎ ÔnÆ÷¸ÔLMLÓfS °FLï¸ÍjÓŠ $cFLj, ®CL<j Ä<kOqjgSMLjPyÂ Ä£<j ö$cMLj¸
FL¸ÍÆ ®+Nqk¸@~F| GH^jæ, MLj¿Nqjj rHOqjMLj*ÂGHm¸¨ ¬Fo On¸<jö$cMLkÓ 22 MLßCLjëÓ FoÓFLj, EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. MnjjCLë¸$c ¯ ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓk Ôo¿ 4 ö$cMLkÓFLj, 56 MLßCLjëÓ XoöC~Âï E~FL¸ ÔoNqj$c,
Ä£=hFLj¸¨ ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸$c 646 Oo#nÎ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ O~NqjGS¸ Mn¸¥q=eöÁ
¬NqjõF|, ¬CLÂ TwÍOqj<j ¥yFLGHðNqjõF| ¯ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py ¬ÏÁ¥qMLßCLjëÓ bKZkÄjÂ CLMLj ¥cFLj¥q$c ÓNqj
[ 1.À.À.EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFL GS¸GHl^¸ 1-33 , GHl.14 Q~GSFL¸.--TdMLjMnÎ ¬Fo Ä< GHÍML ÍQ~_í¸Py GHlOq=eÇ(bKeöÍGHÍ)MLkGS¸Py
°CLûM~ÓFLj ³O~ð^j ÔofS¸Á. ¯Mnj GHÓ÷ML örHOqÜ<NqkO§ GHlöÀ¥q - ¥c<MLF| rHOqj¸EéÄ. ®Á CxÄjôÁOy¾Ó °CLûML¸. MnjjÍ=h ö_GUyôCLûML¸
¬Fo ¬Oqíî¸Py CLOqjM~À ¥cÓ¸Py Á ö_GUyôCLûML¸ ¬FL_¨¸Á. 500 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL ML¼áFL No.329-G.T. Q~GSFL ¥qOqëŠ ¯
GHE~ÓPy GSMLkFLCLø¸ CLGHØ$c Í[Ój GHOqÔo¸ÍjŠ EyÿÍ GH¨¸Á. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
[ 2.ÓNqj¸Py MoOoøOqj MLßCLjëÓj ÔosSM~¿¥nÎ ¥o=etj¸¼FL bKZkÄj -®¸¨NqjF| ²fHö$cfIH¥qP| $c÷GS¿ - ¨.fS. GSO~ÚO§., GHl^ 3,8,25 -
¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
Kb Z¸@~O~Â¥h, O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ ¬NqjõF|(®CL<j GHGSë¸bKZGSköCL, Nqj¾OoøÍ Q~#eÏE~õtj ÿ¿CL$yöÀ£Š<j

ÀMLjôNqjMLj¸öÀ ¥x<jŠ MLj¿Nqjj MnjjGSÆMLj<j Ä£OqMLjNnjj¥qÚ MLjFLjMLj<j) CLFLNnjj¥qÚ 30 ¬ÏÁ¥qbKe$cÓFLj
µfHð¸ÔL<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. MLj¸öÀ ÀMLjôNqj ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, ÿ¿CL$yöÀ£Š<j ¬tjFL “MnjjGSÆMLj<k Ä£OqMLj”,
¬FLj MLj¸öÀNnjj¥qÚ MLjFLjMLj<j, öGHbKZjMLl¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<jFLk (O~NqjGS)¬tjFL Mo¸¥q=eöÁ, GHGSë¸_GSköC~Âï
¬FLjGS¿¸ÔLjÔLjFLï^jML¸=h Nqj¾OoøÍ¸Py ÂadêCLj<j ¬tjFL ÄE~õ¿ì. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ±FLMLk¸×o¿ sH÷^÷Py
FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c(Ep.Ind.Vol. III page No.151) “NqjjfUFnÎ” ¬FLjö$cMLkÂ¥h FLkCLFL¸$c
¬ÔLjõCo¸öÍ MLjVO~Nqj GHlOqMLjÂ F~MLj¥qOq*¸ÔofS, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓÔo Q~.QZ. 1462, Q~Oqø¿F~MLj GS¸.
¥c¿¤¥ë qMLkGS¸FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ. 12-10-1540)E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ Ä£Oqj MnÎÁ¥q öKeÿô*jÓÂ ÄQZÍ MLjMLlCy¸Á.
¥cMLlFL Mo¸¥q=eöÁF~NqjŠ<j MLj¿Nqjj öKeGUô*MLj¸öÀ O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ ¬bÃFLjïPnÎFL µ¥o MLõ¥hëNqjÂ Ar.Sur.
Rep.for 1908-’09 page 193Py ÔnGHð<¸ JvOqJd^j. ®¸¥qFLk, ®¸ÍjPy ÔnGHð_¨FLÄÏÍ¸$c, MLjjGSÆMLj<jMLl
Ä£OqGHO~×¦ ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ, ®¸ÍjPyMLköCLMoj ÔoGHð_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¥h TwÍOqj<j ¥cÍj.
®CL<j O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¥h CL¸ö¨ ¬FLj ÄGRNqj¸ Nos.534 of 1919 and 191 of 1916 of the Mas.
Ep.Coll. Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j CnÓjGSjë¸Á.
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ, ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ¥xÓjMLlPy, O~NqjÓ ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j$c Po¥q O~NqjGS¸$c °¸@éM~<j.
®CLÂ CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ÀMLjôO~×¦ MLj¿Nqjj, _ÿjQZ ¹ Ä£OqGHðO~×¦‚< ¯ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLj¸öCLjÓj$c
MLõMLÿ¿¸¼ °¸=eOqj(Ep.Ind.Vol. III page No.151). ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ÀMLjôO~¾ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓFLj
‚< sSÄ¸¼ °¸@âFLFLï ÄGRNqj¸(No.14 of 1904)Q~GSF~ÓMLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CL<j(ÀMLjôO~¾) “¬ÈNqj
j O~MLjGHðNqjõEéML MLjV¬OqGSj “¬FLjMLjÀÂ Jv¸Á, Q~.QZ.1476, FL¸E~F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1554)Py ÿ¸fH
Nqj¸Íj GSjMLOqêMLjVE~FL¸ $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c, ®CLÂ ×oõGRçŠMLkOqj@âÎFL O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ,
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ‚< °Eyõ$cÂï Td»¸Ô~<j. ®CL<j Q~.QZ. 1483, ÍjOqôÀF~MLj GS¸.
CLjPeMLkGS¸Py ö¥i.QZ. 15-10-1561 Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ½Pe÷PyÂ ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸C~Ój¥c Nqj¸ÍÆ ÀOqjGHØŠÚÈ ö$cMLj¸
FL¸ÍÆ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, CLjYnÎNqjkO§ ®¸¥qFLk MLjOx¥q ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔorSFLj(No.191 of 1916). MLj¿
GHÁOy¾Ó CLOqjM~CL ¬FL$c ö¥i.QZ. 25-10-1561 ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸PyÂ EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj
gSø¥q¿¸Ô~<j. ¥xÂïö$cMLkÓ FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸ÔL$qÓ O~_¨Ä£jÍ ML©è ..........MLjjFLï$qj M~=hÂ gSø¥q¿¸Ô~<j. ®^j÷¸<$c,
¼FLïŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥yFLGHðNqjõ, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸PyFo öGHDÍMLj¸$c °Eyõ$q¸Py öGHMoÇ¸¼
FL^j÷FLïÁ(No.645-T.T.).
O~NqjGS¸ ÿ¿NqjGHð, ®CLÂ ŠMLkOqj<j Ó¥qÚOqGSNqjõ :
O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁMLPnFo, ¥cQZõGH$yöÀŠ
£ <j, ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL O~NqjGS¸
ÿ¿NqjGHð ‚<, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥cO~õÓNqj¸PyÂ °Eyõ» ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸, ®CLÂ sHOo CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. öGHÀ
ÁFL¸ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š, Q~.QZ.1466, ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qF~õMLkGS¸ FL¸Íj

(ö¥i.QZ.11-9-1544)³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¬Nojõ^^jML¸=h [OqjáÓ¥yGS¸, MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c
ÅÇ¢bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h 1,580 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï SG MLj¿ð¸Ô~<j(No.443-T.T). ¯ ML¸$cGHlOq¸ O~NqjGS¸ ÿ¿NqjGHð
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Ó¥qÚOqGSNqjõFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój No.182-T.T.Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjGSjëF~ïtj. ®¸ÍjPy
E~FL¥qOqë$c, CLFL bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj Ó¥qÚOqGSNqjõ À£GSj¥xFo¸ÍjŠ Q~.QZ.1470, ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ. 7-5-1548) CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
¬@âÎGHð¸ GSkOqGHðF~Nqj¥q :
¥cQZõGH$yöCL GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj@âÎFL JwCLëGHðF~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬@âÎGHð¸ GSkOqGHð
F~NqjŠ<j. Q~.QZ.1473, ÄOyÏÁ¥qßC| F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ _jjGRbKZMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.10-5-1551) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj
¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸, ²ÂÄjÁ MnWnÎ" ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬@âÎGHð¸ GSkOqGHðF~NqjŠ<j ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk GSÿöGSF~MLj MLjGUyCLûML ÀOqjF~+j÷, MLkGIHjMLkGS¸Py MLj[FLXqöCLNqjj¥që QZjbKZÁFL¸F~<j
¬¸ŠO~Oqð*Cy öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ °CLëOqPy ¬ÏÁM~GS¸($qOqó$qßVÂ¥h MnÓjGHÓ$qÓ ¬Oq)FLj, ¼C~ëFLXqöCLNqjj¥që
ÁF~FL Q~CLjMLjjYnÎ(MLjj»¸GHl °CLûML¸)×¦Oqj$qj ÄÏÍ¸$c ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.666-T.T.). ¯ °CLûML
ÂOqøÿ*¥yGS¸, FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*ŠFLj ¬Nojõ[OqjáÓ¥yGS¸ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 400 Oo#nÎ JvF| O~_¨ÂÔoá
ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸PyÂ Ä+jGHlOqÇ¢MLjPyÂ ÄÆ÷NqjFLÓk÷O§ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ ®¸¥qFLk
_NqjõGHðF~NqjŠÂ MLj¸^JdÂï $qj¿¸¼, GSkOqGHðF~NqjŠÂ Cy^FLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Mad. Ep.
Coll PyÂ Ô~PeQ~G S F~Ój ®CLÂ TdÏ Á ¥cOq½¡Ä CL¸ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj GS E~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH ¿
JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py(Q~.QZ.1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸, MLkGIHjMLkGS¸)1544, ×¦FLML¿FLj¸¨ (No.334 of

1917)(Q~.QZ.1489, öGHbKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸) 1567 FLML¸_Oqj( Nos. 313, 314 of 1921)
MLOqŠ CnÆsHÄ$c °F~ïtj. °Eyõ$q¿¤C~õ ®CLÂMLõMLVO~Ój ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸ ¬¸=o ÀOqjML¨gSMLj (ÏÍjÂ¥q

ÍXhB O~Ú<j½Pe÷PyÂ µ¥q bKe$q¸)¥h ¬¸¥hCLMnjÎ Jwtj¸Á. ¯ ÀOqjML¨Ç¢MLj, ÀOqjMLjjFnÎJdð¨ ML+F~<jPyÂ
µ¥q bKe$q¸. ¯ ML+F~<j, ML+jÁÓ¸GH^jæ °TdML¨(Ô~ML¨)¥h Ôn¸ÁFL µ¥qbKe$qMnjÎ °FLïÁ. MLj¿ ¯
Ô~ML¨‚@~ MLjPe<j ¬FLjMLjOx¥q sHOqj$qÓ ×¦FLF~D Í ML+F~<jPyÂ ŠY¦j¥nÎÚ ‚Y¦þ¸ ¬Fo½Pe÷Py
°FLïÁ(No.312 of 1921). öGHDÍMLj¸$c ®CL<j, ¬¨$cOq¸ Í+M~tj ¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠÂ ö¥h¸Í GHÂÔofSFL
µ¥q ¬ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎ °¸=e<j. ®CL<j CLFLrHÎ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿NnjÎFL ¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠÂ ¬bKZjõÍNqkOqì¸, Q~.QZ.1468,
GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 26-11-1546), °CLëO~O~Ú=|½Pe÷PyÂ EéÄ¥cGHlOq¸ FL¸ÍÆ
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j (No.391 of 1912). ®CLÂ¥h MLkOqj$q ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï Jv¸ÁFL MLõMLÿOqë, Q~.QZ.1483,
ÍjOqôÀF~MLj GS¸FLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py (1562,×¦FLML¿) Š$nÎNqjkO§PyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h “CLPnÎNqk¿¥qÚ¸”
GHFLjïFLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.106 of 1918 ). ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj ®CL<j ÔofSFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓPy µ¥q=h

Q~.QZ. 1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ sHOxÚFLÍ»FLÁ. MLkGIHjMLkGS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 31-1-1544)Py ÍXhBO~Ú<j
½Pe÷PyÂ “²BcêtjOq¸”PyÂ O~×o¸öÍÔy+j<j GHmOqø¸ Â¿ô¸¼FL ÓNqj¸ ÇDÁÓMnjÎ ½¡O~êMLGSìPy °FLï
E~ÂÂ GHlFL¿ï¿ô¸Ô~<j (No.334 of 1917). ®CL<j, ¬<GH _NqjõGHð F~NqjŠÂ ¼FLïCLMLjjô<Â£,
¯ TwÍOqjPnÎFL ¬<GH _NqjõGHðF~NqjŠ<j, GSkOqGHðF~NqjŠ<j ¥qÓfS Q~.QZ. 1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj
GS¸. _jjGRbKZ MLkGSMLjjFL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ.23-5-1547)(No.1 of 1919)ÍXh* O~Ú^j½Pe÷PyÂ rS¸Kn<jPyÂ
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÇYcþ MLjkOqj ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~OqÂ ¯ Q~G S FL¸ MLÓFL CnÆfS¸Á. ¯
¬<GH(¬@âÎGH¸)_NqjõGHð F~NqjŠ<jFLk; Mad. Ep. Rep.for. 1918 para 74 Py CnÓjGH_¨FLM~<j
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓFLj sSÄ¸¼FL ¬@âÎGHð¸ _NqjõGHðF~NqjŠ<j MoOqjMoOqj MLõŠëÓj. ²¸Íj ÔoCLFL¸=o, On¸<MLMLõ¥hë
ÀMLjôGHðF~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j¥c$c, MnjjÍ=hMLõ¥hë JwCLjëF~Nqj¥q Po¥q JwCLGHð F~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j.
¯ ¬@âÎGHð¸ _NqjGHðF~NqjŠÂ TwÍOqj<j µ¥q<j Ä£OqGHð Po¥q ÄQZøGHð F~NqjŠ<Fo M~¨sHOqj CnÓjGH_¨¸Á.
GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¼ML¿ÍQZ¥q¸Py, ¯ GSkOqGHð F~Nqj¥q O~¾FLŠ ¥cOqõ¥qOqë$c
°FLïCLGHÍÄÂJv¸Á, ¬Eé ÀOqjMLÖ~×¦õ¸Ä£jÍ ¬ÏÁ¥cO~Âï ÔnPetj¸Ô~<j (No. 41 of 1922 ). Q~.QZ.
1474, GH¿¤ÏE ~ÄF~MLj GS¸. CLjPeMLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 29-10-1552)F~=h¥o ®CL<j, “MLjBhF~$qGHlOq MLO~ÏÁ£QZøOq ”
¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj Jv¸Á NqjjFLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á(No. 312 of 1921). _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ ÃOqjÍjFLj_=hæ ®CL<j
MLjBhF~$qGHlO~Âï MLjj[õGH^æ*¸$c ÔoGSj¥xÂ Á£ÂÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ öGHEéQ~Âï JdÆ¸¼ °¸=e<j. ®CLÂ¥h
Ô~ÓMLj¸Á ¥cOqõÂOqøÿŠÓj °F~ïOqj. M~¿Py ²FLïÍ»FL ¥x¸ÍOqj ML<MLjPnÎF~Nqj¥q, Mo¸¥q^GHðNqjõ,
Mo¸$qGHðNqjõ, °Oq^jæ JdGHØF~Nqj¥q, ŠMLkOqGHðOn¨è, ÀMLjôNqjO§ ¬*ê$qW| ¬FLjM~Oqj. Ä£Oqj ÀOqjML¨gSMLjPyÂ
ÄÄÏÍöGHEéQ~ÓPy°¸¨ ®CL<j GHlOqMLktj¸Ôo ¥cO~õÓFLj ÂOqøfU¸ÔoM~Oqj.
¬@âÎGHð¸ QnMLøGHð F~Nqj¥q :
®CL<j MLj¨Jdð¥qÚ¸PyÂ MLkBh¥qÚ¥x<NqkO§ Nnjj¥qÚŠMLkOqj<j. Q~.QZ. 1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qOqÚ^¥qMLkGS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 8-7-1547)Py rHOqjFL$q¿ gSMLjPyÂ MLj¨Jdð¥qÚ¸ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo
E~NqkÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔofS ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h öGHÀOy¾ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ ³O~ð^j
ÔoQ~<j(No.648-T.T.). ¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ 70 Oo#nÎJvF| QnMLøGHðF~Nqj¥q ¯
ö$cMLkÂï CLFL ÏÁ£FL¸PyFo ¥cBhNqk¼á$c(GH¿JdÓFLFLj ÔLkGSj¥xFL<¸)°¸ÔLj¥xÂ öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ GSøNqj¸$c
C~Fo 70 Oo#nÎJvF| ÏÍF~Âï ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š$cFLj, GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj KeÏÍõCLFLj MLfU¸Ô~<j.
ÀOqjMLjPnÎ F~Nqj¥q :
OqBh¥h Ôn¸ÁFL KeÓjF~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~NqjŠ<j, MLjk<jGHm^Ój
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h MLjk<jMLkOqjÓj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, Q~.QZ.1474,
HG ¿¤ÏE~ÄF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ fS¸ÿMLkGS¸FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ.1-8-1552)CLÔLkáO§F~<jPyÂ QnNqkõOqjFLÁ °CLëOqGHl=x<jèFL

°FLï CLÔLkáO§ ¬ÀëNqjPnÎGH^jæ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo O~_¨Â E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ CLÔLkáO§F~<j $q¸<$yJdÓ
GHY¦jþPy °FLïÁ. ¯ GHY¦jþ O~×¦$q¸bÃªOq O~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÁ. GHÓŠFLþ¥x^æ¸PyFLjFLïÁ. ¯ GHÓŠFLþ ¥y^æ¸,
GH@âÎÄ£<j O~×eõ¸CLOqÜCL ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸<Ôy+ MLj¸<PeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLÁ$c °FLïÁ. ¯ ö$cMLj M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ 80
Oo#nÎ FL<GHØJvF|. QnMLøGHðF~NqjŠ<j ÔofSFLÄÏÍ¸$cFo ¯ ÀOqjMLjPnÎF~NqjŠ<j‚<, ö$cMLkÂï CLFL
ÏÁ£FL¸PyFo “¥cBhNqk¼á”$c °¸ÔLj¥xÂ, ö$cMLjsSMLŠÓ ½¡CLbKZC~õÓj [OqjáÓFLj C~Fo bKZ¿¸¼ öGHÀOy¾
TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š$cFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h [Oqjá ¬$qjFL=hæ 80 JvF| C~Fo ÅÇ¢
bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸¼ EéM~ÓNqj¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓFLj¸¨ OqgSÍjFLj Jv¸Íj ÄÏÍ¸$c ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
MLjk¿ë F~Nqj¥q :
¯ MLjk¿ëF~NqjŠ<j, ÔLCLjOqì$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL, ŠMLkOqGHÆ÷ ÂM~fS, ¥q^÷ ¥x¸<MLjF~NqjŠÂ
ŠMLkOqj<j. Q~.QZ. 1467, ö¥yÏÁF~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ fS¸ÿMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.7-8-1544) ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój ×¦Oqj$qj
FLGHð<j ±Oo»¸GHl$c MLÔoá GS¸ÍOqó¸Py °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ µ¥q Cy^Py C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL
MLj¸^GH¸MLÍíŠ ML¼áFLGHl<j CLFL Š^j¸_GSbKZjõÓ, _¸ÏÍjMLlÓ sHOq÷Ä£jÍ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.(No.578.A-T.T.). adA<MLkGS¸ ÀOqjF~+÷Py sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj MLjk¿ëF~NqjŠÂ
CLÆ÷Í¸ö<jPnÎFL Kx¥qÚMLjô, ¥x¸<MLjF~NqjŠÓ sHOq÷Ä£jÍFLj ; öQ~ML*MLkGS °CLûM~Ó GSj¸ÍO~óFL CLFL
sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj; bKeöÍGHÍ MLkGS¸ ÀOqjF~+÷Py CLFL bKeOqõ MLjk¿ëNqjMLjôF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLk; QZøNqj×¦MLkGS
°CLûMLOy¾ÓPy CLFL MLjOybKeOqõ ¥qFL¥qMLjô sHOqjÄ£jÍFLk; ¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS°CLûM~ÓPy CLFL TwÍOqj@âÎFL FLOqGSNqjõF|
sHOqjÄ£jÍFLk ; GHlGRõMLkGS¸Py °CLûM~ÓPy CLFL MLjOy TwÍOqj@âÎFL F~O~Nqj*F| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj; MLkGIHjMLkGS
°CLûM~ÓPy CLFL¥x<jŠ MLjCLëNqjõF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj; IJdÓjÜ*MLkGS°CLûM~ÓPy CLFL MLjOx¥q ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
C~CLNqjõF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj; ÔnÎöCLMLkGS °CLûM~ÓPy CLFLbKeOqõ TwÍOqj@âÎFL(MLj¼áF~O§) ¥xMLjjô F~NqjŠÂ
sHOqj Ä£jÍFLj; C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿Ôo TdìfH¸ÔL_¨FL (³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨FL) ×oõGRçMLkGS °CLûML¸Py
CLFL O~NqjGS¸ ¬tjFL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~<j.
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ ®CL<j, ÀOqjMLjÓŠ JwMLlE~¿PyFLj, C~FLj Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj¸<GH¸PyFLj, ÀOqjGHÀPy GHÇáMLj¸$c
fS¸$qO§(FLOqfS¸ÿ TdøÄj) $qj¨¥h JwMLlE~¿PyFLj, NqköÀŠÓ E~V¿ëÂ À£Oqá=eÂ¥h ÔLÓjML GH¸ÁOqjÓFLj
³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. Â£=hÂ ¬¸Á¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ®ÍíOqj GHÂM~¿Â, _ÿjQZ¹ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h µ¥qOo#nÎ 5½ GH*¸
MoCLFL¸Ä£jÍ ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j. ®CL<j ÀOqjMLjÓPy ³OqðOq¼FL On¸<j ÔLÓjMLGH¸Á+÷PyFLj, µ¥q=h
CoOqjMLj¸^GH¸MLÍí ³OqðOqÔ~<j. öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ$cFLj µ¥qOo#nÎ OqjGHBcÓj
®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ÂOqêtj¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ÔofSFL ®CLÂ sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓPy MLjj[õ¸$c

×oõGRçMLkGS ÀOqjF~+÷ GS¸ÍO~óFL, ®CL<j CLFL CL¸ö¨ ¥x¸<MLjF~NqjŠÂ sHOqjÄ£jÍ $qOqj<¥oCLF~Âï
GSMLj‚OoáM~<j. MLkGIHjMLkGS¸ °CLûM~Ó GS¸ÍOqó¸Py CLFL fHFLCL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ¥qOqjF~NqjŠÂ sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj,
MLj¿Nqjj CLFL TwÍOqj<$qj FLOqGSNqjõF| bKeOqõNqj$qj ¼FLïMLjôF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿Nnjj¥q °CLûML¸
_ÿjQZ¹ MLkOqÜÇOqMLkGS ÀOqjF~+÷Py MLjj+jCLëNqjõ F~Nqj¥q MLj¿Nqjj O~NqjGS¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõF|Ó sHOq÷Ä£jÍFLj
$qOqj<¥oCLF~ÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓÂï ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ¬NojõMLõNqj¸
GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 75 Oo#nÎ$q ÂOqêtj¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, ¯ MLjk¿ëF~NqjŠ<j, GH<jMLmO§¥y^æ¸PyÂ
rHOqj¸ÁMLkF~<jFL¸ÍÆ O~×o¸öÍfS¸$q FLÓk÷O§FLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®¸¥qFLk, ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×eõÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^¥x^æ¸PyÂ Š<MLmOqjF~<jFL¸ÍÆ GHlÍjGH^jæ ö$cMLj¸PyÂ ¥yFo=h¥cP|MnÎ Ä£jÍ ¬OqíîbKe$q¸rHÎ
CLFLŠ$qÓ ÿŠÚFLj 25 Oo#nÎ ÄÓjML¥qÓ E~ÂÂ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
QnMLlø F~Nqj¥q :
®CL<j ¥q¸<JdÓ$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL, Jd¸$qjF~<j MnWe÷+ŠPeÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL fS¸$qFLÓ÷GHðF| Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOqj<j (No.403-G.T.). Q~.QZ.1468, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(¥i.QZ.13-12-1546)
2,480 GHBcÓ MLjkÓÏÍF~Âï ³O~ð^jÔofS ÅÇ¢$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h, ¥x¨Äj¥yÈP| JwCLjëF~NqjÂ _GSMLNqjF|
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL _GSMLNqjF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj, ²Y¦þ _GSMLNqjF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL JdGHNqjF| sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj, TwMLjj$q¸$qNqjF|

ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL JwCLjëF~Nqj¥q sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj, ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qO~×¦ O~MLjNqjF| ÀMLjôNqjF|, °ö$c*¸ O~MLjNqjF|,
Š¸×nÎGHmO§ FLPe÷O§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ÂM~GSF|, MLj¿Nqjj E~FL¥qOqëNnjÎFL QnMLlø F~NqjŠÂ rHÍíTwÍOqj@âÎFL
ÀMLjjôF~Nqj¥q ¬FLjM~¿ sHOq÷Ä£jÍFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk,
®CL<j ÀOqjGHÀPy CnÎ¿ìŠÓ E~V¿ëÂ À£Oqjá^Š$cFLj µ¥q ÔLÓjML GH¸Á¿Â ³O~ð^jÔofS Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ ¯ GHÂ $qj¿¸¼ GSk¼GSkë °^¸¥h¸ÔL_¨NqjjFLï Nos.438A -T.T.; 438B-T.T. On¸<j
Q~GSF~Ój °F~ïtj. ®¸¥qFLk EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ Ç¸¼ ®CL<jÔofSFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ No. 409-
G.T. Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ. ¯ Q~GSFL¸, ®Eé GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py GSjMLkOqj µ¥qFnÓ CLOqjM~CL Š¸bKZMLkGS¸Py
¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ. 6-2-1547 öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FLÁ. QnMLlø F~NqjŠ<j, C~FLj MnjjÍ= ÔofSFL ³O~ð^jFLŠ ¬FLj
_¸ÏÍ¸$c Q~.QZ. 1469, GH÷ML¸$qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ GHlGRõMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.1-1-1548) ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h
JdOoø^(No. 405-G.T)°CLûML GS¸ÍO~óFL °CLûMLÄö$qVÂ¥h Jv^÷Jd=h O~MLjO~¾ ¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéML
MLjVO~¾ sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj, ®¸¥qFLk O~MLkFLj×GHÆ÷¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLjjMLjôÖn¨è ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL JwÆOn¨è sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj,
®¸¥qFLk JdOoø^ °CLûML¸F~<j CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ OqGIHjjF~DÍjFLŠ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.405-G.T.). E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥hMLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓFLj E~FL¥qOqë C~Fo À£GSj¥xF~ï<j. ¥cÂ

JwÆOn¨è sHOqjÄ£jÍ ®MLøMLÓfSFL öGHTdÍ bKe$cÓj µGHð¸Í¸öGH¥cOq¸ ¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^ ¬ÏÁGHÀ
ö$qfU¸ÔLj^Š ¬FLjMLjÀ¸GH_@âFLj. Mnjj^æMnjjÍ^ ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸, Td+jMLFLOqfS¸ÿÔo TdìfH¸ÔL_¨
¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿Ôo ÂOqøfU¸GH_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. ¬^jML¸=h ¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÂï $qj¿¸¼
¬OqíîQZC~_í¸ $q<¼FL ¬FL¸CLOq¸ MLjOqÓ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py ÄFLMLÔLjáÔLjFLïÁ. ¯NqjFL ¥cÓ¸Py
¯ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ ¥q¸E~@âÎ ŠMLkOqO~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$c¿ ÂOqøÿ*Py °FLï^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. Q~GSFL¸
¼MLOq ^k¥i$c CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ®CLOq ö$q¸DÍGSì ÄGRNqkÂï_=hæ ¯ JvÆNqjk^jæ (MLjkÓÏÍFL¸),
QnMLløF~NqjŠÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FLÍÂ£, ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj fS¸$qFLÓ÷GHðF| Jd¸$qjF~<jFLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL MnWe÷+
ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<Â£, CnÓjTwë¸Á. MLj¿Nqjj ¯ QnMLløF~NqjŠÂ¥h ‘$q¸<Oq$q¸<’, ’NnkÂ¥y=h ½¡ML
FLj¥nÚPe÷¸ OqXcJdÓ¥q’ (öJdBh¥y=h Oq¥qúŠ<j) ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<j(No.406-T.T.). µ¥q ¼FLï CnÓj$qj Q~GSFL¸
(No.198-G.T.)CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ CLMLjôF~Nqj¸<j MLj¿Nqjj ÔnÄøF~Nqj<j ¬FLj ¯ ®OqjMLlOqj
ÔnÄøF~Nqj¨ ŠMLkOqjÓj. O~MLjNqjõ ¬FLjFLCL<j Ä£¿ TwÍ¿NnjÎFL Oy+MLj ŠMLkOqj<j. QnMLløF~NqjŠ<j,
Ä>OqÓO~¾ ¼FLïTwÍOqj@âÎFL Jv^÷Jd=h O~MLjO~¾ ¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ sHOqjÄ£jÍ FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š
ÔofSFL ³O~ð^jFLj _=hæ, QnMLløF~NqjŠ<j ÀMLjôNqj EéMLlÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿¥q¸$c ö¥h¸Á °Eyõ$qGSjì@âÎ °¸=e<Â
±fU¸ÔL MLÔLjáFLj. _ÿjQZ¹ O~¾FLj¸¨ F~Nqj¸¥qOq¸$c ¼FLïÀMLjôNqjEéML Jv¸ÁFL ¬MLlŠgSMLj
GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥c¿$c ¥cÂ (No.700 of 1917 )Po¥q Ä>OqÓO~×¦, ¼FLïÀMLjôNqjO~×¦ JdGHØ ÀMLjôNqjEéML
MLjVO~×¦ TwÍOqjÓj MLjj$qjÜOqkÔo¿ °MLjô¨$c Td»¸¼FL ÔL¸öÍ»¿ O~×¦õ GH¿JdÓFLPy µ¥q °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿$q
°Eyõ$q¸ ÔoGSkë °¸¨°¸=e<j ¬Â bKeÄ¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¬ML¥cQZ¸ °FLïÁ (No. 591 of 1919).
O~ÔLÄ£^jæ F~Nqj¥q : ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ²¸KnOqjMLkFL¨NqkO§ÓPy µ¥q¿ëNnjÎFL QnMLløTdÂ ¥qfHPoQZøOq TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py, C~FLj öGHÀfRç¸¼FL ÄsIHjïQZøOqjÂ¥h öGHÀOy¾ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj 200
GHBcÓj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸¼¸Á. ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸Nnjj¥qÚ öJd¥cOqŠ@~õÓj, ML¸^Q~Ó, MLO~ú¥cÓ¸Py
fH<j$qjÓjGH¨ ÇDÁÓMnjÎ FL¸ÍjFL, Ä£=h MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓŠ$cFLj ¯ MLjkÓÏÍFL¸ ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL_<j^Š
O~ÔLÄ£^jæ F~NqjŠ<j ¬FLjMLjÀ¸Ô~<j(No.205-G.T.). ¬tjFLGHð=h¥i µGHð¸Í¸ öGH¥cOq¸, CLFL ¥qOqëM~õÂï
ÂOqøfU¸ÔL<¸Py MnFLjÁ£Nqj¥q Q~.QZ. 1484, Íj¸ÍjbÃF~MLj GS¸. Š¸bKZMLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 30-1-1563) FLj¸©,
ÄsIHjïQZøOqjFLŠ GHlGRð MLkPeÓ¸¥qOq*, ÏÍkGH Á£GH FnÎMoE~õÓŠ$cFLj, FnÓŠ 2 GHBcÓŠ Äj¸ÔLŠ¸@~
ÄÂNnk»¸Ô~<j. ¯ 2 GHBcÓj, MLjkÓ ÏÍFLMnjÎFL 200 GHBcÓ Ä£jÍ ML¼áFL ML©è. ®Á FLk=h¥h FnÓŠ µ¥q
GH*¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ¬¸=o ML©èOo^j FLk=h¥h GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h 12 ÔxGHØFL »=hæ¸Á.
¬ÀëÓ¸¥q F~Nqj¥q :
®CL<j Äj¥cÓ CL¸$q< F~NqjŠÂ ŠMLkOqj<j. MoGH¸_^jæ Jd+NqkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ®CL<j,
ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸. Q~.QZ. 1466, ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸FL¸Íj (ö¥i.QZ. 5-6-1544) CLFL °E~õFLMLFL¸FL¸ÍÆ MLj¸^GH¸Py,
±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFL °CLûMLÄö$qÿ¸ Mo¸ÔoGHl ÔoNqj_¨FLGHl<j, EâÎM~Â¥h ¥xÂïFnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 550 FLOqðBcÓj E~FL¸ÔoTd<j(No.513-T.T.).
ÀMLjô* °<NqkO§ :
ML¸$cGHlOq¸ ²Ó÷GHð °<NqkOqj, Q~.QZ.1468,GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸. CLjPeMLkTdFL(ö¥i.QZ.13-10-1546)
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjO§GS¸ÏÁ ¬MLGSOq¸(FnÎMoÍõ¸ÔosS GSMLjNqj¸)Cy Ke^j öGHÀOy¾ ¯ ÀMLjô* °<NqkO§ 6MnWnu÷
ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÂï ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj
EéM~ÓNqj öÇ¢bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h 12,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j(No.400-G.T.). E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá
F~Ój$qMLML¸CLj bKe$q¸ ¬¸=o µ¥q=hFLïOq öGHTdE~Âï ¥x¸<JdÍCLÓ¸MLÍí ²Ó÷GHð °<NqkO§ MLj¸^GH¸MLÍí
ÔLÓjMLGH¸Á¿Â ÂOqøfUGSjëFLï ML¸$cGHlOq¸ F~O~Nqj* Qn=hæ¥h ®MLø@~Â¥h ³O~ð^j ÔoTd<j.
MLjCL KyÏÍŠÓj, MnÎÁ¥q öKeÿô*jÓj
NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjO§ MLj¿Nqjj M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjO§ :
¯ ¥cÓGHl Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, EéM~ÓNqj sSM~¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓPyFLj, EéM~ÓNqj¸
FL¸ÍÆ MLjCLGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL ÄÏÁÄÏE~FL MLõMLVO~ÓFLj GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦¿fH¸ÔLj^Py EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ Cy<ð<jÔLj¸¨FL
¥x¸ÍOqj MLjC~Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¬=hæM~¿Py µ¥qOqj NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjOqj. ¯NqjFL,
¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+ ½¡NqjOqjM~¿¥h ÇGRjõ<j MLj¿Nqjj sHOqOqjWe+F| MLj>O~Â¥h ÂOqøÿBcÏÁ¥c¿.(No.410-
T.T.)¯NqjFLŠ rH¿Nqj¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬Â ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGHl sHOqj. ¬¸=o rHÎÄÔ~Oq*ÔoNqjj öGHÏE~FL¬ÏÁ¥c¿.
¯NqjFLö¥h¸Í ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ®WnÎNqj¥ytjP| ¥oÈø. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ½¡NqjOqj rH¿Nqj¥ytjP| ¥oÈø¥h

(ÓNqj¸Py ÏE~¿ô¥q ¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓ ÂOqøfU¸Ôo ¬OqáŠ<j) GSVNqjŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j. ¯ NqjÀO~×¦
½¡NqjO§Ôo ×oõGRç, adA<MLkTdÓPy ×¦¿$o °CLûMLGS¸ÍO~óÓPy, TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj Q~.QZ. 1463, GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸. ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 21-6-1541)
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸ ¼ML¿Oy¾ÓPy, EéM~ÓNqj ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h 820 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~Oqj.
×oõGRçMLkGS¸PyÂ ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy ¼ML¿Oy¾FL ¯NqjFLÔo ÂOqøfU¸ÔL_<j ÀOqjMyÓ¥qÚ¸ Po¥q TdìFL¸
³O~ð^jÔosS EéM~ÓNqj GH¿Ô~Oq¥qMLO~ÜÂ¥h, CLÁCLOqjÓŠ ¯NqjFL ¥x¸CLJd¿CyfR¥cÂï ÔnÆ÷¸ÔL MLÓfSNqjjFLïÁ.
®^j÷ ÄÄÏÍ GHÍjíÓ ö¥h¸Í ²MLOnML¿¥h ²¸Cn¸CL Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ MLjj=hæFLÁ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
F~Ój$qjFLïOq HG BcÓj F~Ój$qjFLïOq TdìFLC~ëO§ ML$nÎ¥h, GSbKnÎNqkO§(Members of Temple assembly= Tirumala

temple councillors)Š ÀOqjMLjjF| ¥cFLj¥q$c(cash offering)µ¥q GH*¸ ; ¬FLjGS¸ÏE~F~¥h (performers of
religious duties)µ¥q GH*¸ ; ¥qF|$cBhJdðF|(Inspectors)Š µ¥q GH*¸ ; Ä*êGHð¸QoN|jM~O§Š µ¥qGH*¸ ;
ÓNqj¬ÏÁ¥c¿¥h µ¥qGH*¸; CoMnÎNqkõW|(Temple cooks)Š µ¥q GH*¸ ; MLj¸^GH¸ ÄC~Â¥qÚ ¥nÎ¥yÚ+O§
(Temple servants)Š µ¥qGH*¸ ; ÇfHðNqjO§(Artisan)(ÔoÀGHFLjÓPy ÂGHl*j@âÎFL ¥c¿¤ôŠ<j)Š ½
GH*¸ ; ÀOqjGHðÈE~MLj¸(GHmMLlÓŠ)Š On¸<jGHBcÓj ; CLk¥qÚF|(M~ÿFL¸ MnkNqjj M~Oq÷Š)Š µ¥q
GH*¸ ; ®MLø_¨FLÁ. MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ÀOqj¥nÎÚML+¥qÚ¸(ÔoÀ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj)$c 1Oo#nÎ 6 GHBcÓFLj ®Ô~á<j.
¯ GH=hæ¥qFLj $qMLjÂ¸ÔL$c, EéM~ÓNqj¸Py TdìFLC~ëOqj, ¬ÏÁ¥c¿, MLj¿Nqjj ¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬Fo MLjk<j
¬ÏÁ¥cOqMLO~ÜÓj °FLï^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. Ä£¿Py TdìFLC~ëOqj ÏÁ¥qõCLPy Äj»ÆFL M~¿¥qFLï rHÎÔotj¥qÓ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿.
EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ MLjCLGHOqMnjÎFL Pp¥h¥q GHOqMnjÎFL, TdÏE~Oq* GH¿JdÓF~ MLõMLVO~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸ÔL<¸,
GH¿GRÚ¿¸ÔL<¸ MLjjFLï$qj ¥cO~õÓFLj ÂOqøfUTdë<j. ¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ¥xÂïöGHCoõ¥q Pp¥h¥q MLõMLVO~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼
öQZÍíîMLfUTdë<j. ¥ytjP|¥oÈø MLjCLGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL MLõMLVO~ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ GHOqõMo¥húTdë<j. Ä£¿ÍíOqj TdìFLC~ëOqjPyÂ
bKe$qGSjëPo. EéM~ÓNqkÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¬Âï ÍTdëMo¾ GHöC~Ój Æº¸ÔLj^, ¬MLjÓj GHOqÔLj^Py TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠ
MLköCLMoj ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ °FLïÁ. Q~.QZ.1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ CLjPeMLkGS¸Py (ö¥iQZ. 3-10-1543)$yJdÓ
$yöÀ£Š<jFLj Qn=hæŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL M~<jFLj ÀOqjML¥qÚOnÎNqj¸Íj ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLjFLï M~<jFLj ¬tjFL ‘¸<¥cÓ¸
À£O~ëO§’ [QZC~NqjjfR - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j] ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ²Ó÷GHðfHWn"Î ¬FLjFLCL<j, NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjOqjM~¿
sHOqjÄ£jÍ, MLkOqÜÇOq MLkGS¸Py EâÎM~Â¥h ¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.668-
T.T.). ¯ NqjÀO~¾½¡NqjOqj, ½¡NqjO§ MLj>Oq¸ ¬ÂfHÓjML_<j TdìÂ¥qMLjCLGS¸GSìŠ ¬ÏÁGHÀ. rH¿Nqj¥ytjP|¥oÈø
¬tjFL NqjÀO~×¦½¡NqjOqj rH¿Nqj½¡NqjOqj¥c$c M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjOqj ¯NqjFL ö¥h¸ÍGHÂÔoNqjj ¼FLï½¡NqjOqj.
No.509-T.T.Q~G S FL¸ CnÓjGH lCLjFLï öG H¥cOq¸ ¯ M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡N qjOqj O~MLkFLj×¦½¡ NqjOqjM~¿
ÇGRjõ<j. MLj¿Nqjj M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjOqjM~¿ öGHÇGRjõ<tjFL ¯NqjFL, ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+F|
FL¸ÍFL MLF~Â¥hÂ, ¬+»Nqj MLjFLM~+F| MLj>O~Â¥hÂ ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠ<j. Q~.QZ. 1463, GH÷MLF~MLj
GS¸. Š¸bKZMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 24-2-1542)¯NqjFL, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h, °CLûML Äö$qVÓŠ ö_GUyôCLûFL¸
10 Oy¾ÓPyFLj, ®CLOq °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj, ®¸¥qFLk GHl*õöGHÍMnjÎFL Oy¾ Ó¸ÍjFLj, FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¬^jML¸=h GHl*õöGHÍMnjÎFL Oy¾ÓPy µ¥q=h ‘¨GHmOq¸’¬FL$c
adA<MLkGS¸PyMLÔoá GHmOqøIGHÓjÜBh Po¥q GHl_ò FLXqöCLNqjj¥qëÁFL¸. ®Á, CLFL $qjOqjMLtjFL O~MLkFLj×¦
½¡NqjOqjM~¿ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸. CnJwðCLûM~ÓPy °CLûML Äö$qVÓj ±Oo»¸GHl$c MLÔoá GS¸ÍO~óÓPy, C~FLj ÂOqøfUGSjëFLï
MLj>>O~Â¥h ²ÍjOqj$c°FLï ÂPnÎÀOqjCoO§(fSìOq¸$c °FLï O~ÀOqDÍ¸)PyÂ ±NqjÓÄ£jÍ Mo¸ÔoGHl Ôotj¸¼FLGHl<j
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔnFLj. Á£Âï_=hæ, ¯ ¼FLï½¡NqjOqj MLj>Oq¸, ¯F~<j ÀOqjMLjÓ

ö$cMLj¸PyÂ ¯Q~FLõÁQZPy GS$q¸MLOqŠ FoÓPy GHm¨Jwtj°FLï O~ÀOqDE~Â¥h GSÄ£jGH öJd¸CL¸PyFo
²¥qÚ@y°¸¨ °¸^j¸Á. ¥cÂ Ä£¿öGHGSjëCL MLj>Oq¸ ¯ F~<j, O~ÀOqDE~Â¥h FnÎ_jjÀ ÁQZPy °FLïÁ. 1
E~FL¥qOqë bKe$cÂ¥h MLÔoá^^jML¸=h öGHTdÍbKe$cÓPy, ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï ¯NqjFL Ô~Oqõ GHlOqjGRj<j$c

ÔnGHð_<jÔLjFLï FL¸E~¸fHWnÎW ½¡NqjOqj M~¿¥hÂ, MLj¿Nqjj ¥ytjP| ¥q¸E~@âÎ¬*êF| M~¿¥hÂ£ ®MLø_@âFLj.
Äj$qCLbKe$cÂï ¬+»¤Nqj MLj*M~+F| MLj>O~Âï ÂOqøfU¸ÔL@~Â¥h ÂNqjÄj¸ÔL_¨FL EéQ~¸CL¿¥h Ôn¸EéÄÏÍ¸$c
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔnFLj. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ ½¡NqjOqjMLj>Oq¸Py ¬MLÓ¸Ã¸ÔL_<jCLjFLï GHÍíîÀÂ, ®Á GSk¼Twë¸Á. ¯
GHÍíîÀöGH¥cOq¸, ¼FLï½¡NqjOqj CLOqjM~CL TdìF~Âï ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸Ôo ¬OqüCL EéQ~¸CL¿¤Ó¥o °FLïÁ. ÀOqjGHÀ
ÂM~GSGSjìÓj ¥c¥q, CLÄj+ EéQZ¸FLj¸¨ MLÓGSML¼á ÀOqjGHÀPy ÂMLfS¸ÔLjM~Oqj EéQ~¸CL¿¤Ój$q GH¿$qBh¸GH
_<C~Oqj. No. 402-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ ¥ytjP|¥oÈø ¬tjFL M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ O~MLkFLj×¦½¡NqjOqj
CLFL MLj>O~Â¥h CLkOqjðbKe$q¸Py µ¥q EéM~ÓNqkÂï Â¿ô¸¼ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. ¯ MLj>Oq¸
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Nnjj¥qÚ GSÂïÏÁÄ£ÏÁPy °FLïÁ. ®CL<j Q~.QZ.1468, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj
GS¸. CLjPeMLkGS¸Py(13-10-1546)2,000 FLOqðBcÓFLj, ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~Oq¸Py MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c rH=hæ, CLE~øO~
EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ ¥yGS¸ öGHÀÁFL¸ GH$q=hGHm^, öÀ£Nqj $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL OqÄ£=h F~OqGHðO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
Jv^÷Jd=h Oq¸$qO~¾ ³O~ð^j ÔoGfSFL ‘¬MLGSOq¸’(worship) GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo GS¸ÍOqó¸FL¸Eé, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ML¸^Q~ÓPy ML¸¨¸¼ FL µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÂï GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¥c$c,
¯ TdøÄj¥o, ¬EéOy¾FL, Oq¸$qO~¾‚@~ ‘®O~GHð¨’ (O~öÀFnÎMoÍõ¸)Âï GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j
(No.361-G.T.).
MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjOqj :
MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjOqj µ¥q MLjCL $qjOqjMLl. ®CL<j E~¥húBcCLõ ML<$qPnÎ ÅÇ¢MnÎGRêML Cn$qŠ
Ôn¸ÁFL ¬GUy_ÓMLj>O~Â¥h ¬ÏÁGHÀ. 15ML QZC~_í¸ MLjk<ML JdMLlbKe$q¸ ¼ML¿¥cÓ¸Py, ¯ MLjCLgHO> ~Âï
TdìHf ¸¼FL ÁMLB§ QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjOqj CLOqjM~CL ¯ Hg O> ~Âï ¬ÏÁRf ç¸ÔLML¼áFL 5 ML Hg O> ~ÏÁGHÀ(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸
HG l^. 228-229). ¯NqjFL, FL¸E~õÓŠ^j¸_ öGHMLjj[jÓŠ ÏE~õÀô¥q$qjOqjMLl ¬FoÄGRNqj¸ FL¸E~õÓ
FLOqfS¸$qO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~OqGHðO~¾, E~FL¥qOqë$c CLFL ML¸CLjFLŠ MLÔoá öGHTdÍ bKe$cÓFLj, CLFL $qjOqjMLlFLj,
Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRj<jFLj ¬$qj MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjOqjFLŠ, Q~.QZ.1470, ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj GS¸. ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.
[1. ®Á 1929 SG ¸MLCLûOq¸PyÂ MLk^. ®GHl<j ¯ O~ÀOqDÍ¸ - =h.Ã. ³¿NqkPyÂ¥h GSìPe¸CLOq ¸ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.. ¬tjCo Á£Âï $qj¿¸¼
®¸¥c GH¿QyÏÁ¸ÔLMLÓfSFL ¬MLGSOq¸ °FLïÁ. -¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
1548 ¨rS¸_Oqj)E~FL¸ÔofS °¸<=eÂï_=hæ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á(Nos.373,374-G.T.). 225 GHl^PyÂ

¬ÏEy×eåfH¥qPy CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, Kn¸$cP|EéQZGHl ${<O~¾ $q×¦GHÀO~×¦õ fS¸VGSF~Âï ö¥qÄj¸ÔL$c
°JdNqjÔLCLjOqj<$qj ¯ MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjOqjM~Oo, Ô~¥qÔL¥qõ¸$c $q×¦GHÀO~×¦$qj MLjjŠ¸ÍEéMLlBhê
Ä¨fH¸¼, À¿» fS¸VGSFLGSjìÂ $cÄ¸ÔnFLj. À.À.Eé. Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No.373-G.T.Q~GSFL¸PyÂ
CoÁ£Â $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¯ MoE~¸CL QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjOqjM~Oqj MLj>O~ÏÍõXq GHÍÄÂ ÂOqøfU¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL
¥cPeÂï MLj¿ MLjk<j GS¸MLCLûO~Ój MnFLj¥qŠ Jv¨»¸¼ Po¥q Ä£¿ MLj>O~ÏÁGHC~õÂï öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL
CoÁ£Â, À.À.Eé. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ CoÁ£¥qFLï MLj¿¥x¸CLMLjj¸ÍjFLŠ ×¦¿fH fSìOqGHOqÔLMLÓfSFL MLQZõ¥qCL
EyõCL¥qMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j, ¯NqjFL gH>O~ÏÁGHCLõ¸ MLfU¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL ¥cÓ¸ 6 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój
¬Â ¥cŠ¸@~ MnjjCLë¸ 9 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój, ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.1557 GS¸. MLOqŠ ¬Â ÔnGHðMLÓfSNqjj¸<jFLj.
¬GHØ<j, rHÎ ¬ÏEy×eåfH¥qPyÂ öE~XcO~MLj Q~GSFL¸ ‚@~ ²=hæ ÄöGHÀGHÀëPoŠ¸@~ GSMLj¿ìGSjë¸Á. EéM~ÓNqkÓPy
ÂOqøfU¸ÔL_<MLÓfSNqjjFLï sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÁ ¥qOqëM~õÓ KeÏÍõCL °FLï¸ÍjFL, TdìÂ¥q MLj>Oq¸PyÂ ½¡NqjOqjÓj
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ CLMLj öGHÏE~FL¥o¸öÍ gH>O~Â¥o ¬¸=hrH^jæ¥xÂ °¸=eOqj. ®¸ÍjÓŠ bÃFLï¸$c ¬GUy_Ó
MLj>O~Â¥hÔn¸ÁFL ½¡NqjOqjÓj, CLMLj gH>OqTdìFL¸ F~MLjMLköCL¸$c ¬GUy_Ó¸PyFo °¸<Â¼á, 19ML QZC~_í¸
¼ML¿¥cÓ¸Py MLjöE~GSjFLŠ GSÄ£jJdFLjFLï ÀOqjML+k÷OqjFLj öGHÏE~FL ¥cOqõTdìFL¸$c ÔoGSj¥xF~ïOqj. Á£Â MLÓFL
Ä£Oqj EéQZGS¸Ô~Oq¸ ÔosS¸ÍjŠ TdøCL¸öCLõ¸ ³Oqð¨¸Á.
Mo¸¥q^CLjëYnÎM~O§ :
¯ Mo¸¥q^CLjëYnÎM~O§ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄjM~¿¥h ÂCLõGHm×eÁ ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï ÂOqøfU¸ÔLj
¬ÏÁ¥cO~Ój$qÓ öGHÏE~FL GHlOyfUCL Š^j¸_¸ ¬tjFL FL¸ÃMLkO§ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j. ®CL<j
¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š<jFLj, MnÎ#eFLGSGSköCL, Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<tjFL MLjPnÎÂF~þF| bKZ^æO§ ¬GHðNqjõF|M~¿ ŠMLkOqj<j.
EéM~ÓNqjÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL FL¸ÃMLkO§ÓŠ EéM~ÓNqkÓPy ×¦OqjGH_<j °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óÓPy ¥x¸CL Jd¿CyfR¥q¸
MLjj<jCLj¸@é¸Á. öGHÀµ¥qÚOqj ®¸ÍjPy JdPxÚÂ Jd¿CyfR¥qÂï Jv¸ÍjCLj¸@éM~Oqj. Q~.QZ.1457, MLjFLôDÍ
F~MLj GS¸. ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-1535) ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓÔo ÂNqjÄjCL °EéíQZ¸Cy ³OqðOq¼FL ÓXiôEéÄ
MLjGUyCLûML¸ ×¦¿$o 5 °CLûML Oy¾ÓPy öÏÍjMLÍOqùF~Âï Ôotj¸ÔLj GS¸ÍO~óÂ¥h ÔnÆ÷¸ÔL_¨FL MnjjCLë¸
130 GHBcÓPyFLj 2 ÁF~Ój JdPxÚÂ ÔofSFLsSMLŠ$cFLj, Jd¿CyfR¥q¸$c Mn¸¥q^CLjëYnÎMLOqj bKe$cÂ¥h 60
GHBcÓj ÓbÃ¸Ô~Æ ¬Â(No.544-T.T.) Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMLjÓPy F~+"Py ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸@â¨

ö_GUyôCLûML¸ 10 Oy¾ÓPyFLj, ¯ FL¸ÃMLkO§ Ô~OqõCLø¸ MLfU¸¼FL¸ÍjÓŠ $cFLj, öGHÀ GS¸ÍO~óÂ¥hÂ
²ÂÄjÁ¸^ MLjk<jMLML¸CLj(3/8 )bKe$q¸ ÔxGHØFL Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ ÓbÃ¸¼FLÁ. ¬¸=o GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ ÓbKZõCL$qÓ MnjjCLë¸ Oy¾Ój MLjk<j¸MLjjJdðÀ¥q (3¾) ¬MLlCLjFLïÁ. No.448-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py

CnÓjGH_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸, ¯ FL¸ÃMn¸¥q^CLjëOnÎMLOqjFLŠ öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFLj Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ MLj¿ On¸<j
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy MLGSjë¸Á. ÀOqj¥xÚ¨ ÀOqjF~+÷Py ‘öGHÀMnjÎ ÍXhBnÎ$c’ [ °CLûMLMLjkOqjëÓ sSML¥yGS¸ ®Ôoá
GS¸bKeMLFL - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ] ®CLÂ¥h 25GHBcÓj, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq GSÿöGSF~MLkOqáFLŠ$cFLj 20 GHBcÓj,
MnOqfS 45 GHBcÓj ‘MLOqëFL ML$nÎ’ [ TdøÄjM~¿¥h MofSFL FL$qÓŠ, E~F~ÓFLj ÄOqøfU¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ ®Ôoá GS¸bKeMLFL.
®Á ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~O~Â¥h Ôn¸ÍjCLj¸Á. -¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ] FLj¸¨ ®MLø_<jCy¸Á. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ. 1461, Ä¥c¿F~MLj GS¸. MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 7-11-1539) EéM~ÓNqj¸Nnjj¥qÚ
Q~PnÎPy 150 GHBcÓ MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c rH^jæ_¨rH=hæ, C~FLj ³O~ð^jÔofSFL FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*¥xY¦Š
¬Nojõ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj, EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ CLFLGHÍjíPy MLOqëFLML$nÎ FLj¸¨ CLFLŠ ÓbÃ¸¼FL ¯ 45 GHBcÓFLj
‚< ×¦MLj ÔoNqjMLÓfS¸Á$c, TdìFLC~ëOqjFLŠ CLFL GSMLjôÀÂ CnÆJd<j (No. 448-T.T). ®¸CLŠ MLjjFLjGHl
Q~.QZ.1461, Ä¥c¿FLMLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qF~õMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 17-9-1539) EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h CnÎÓ¸, MnFLï
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼ °F~ï<j. ®GHØ<j, Á£Â GH¿GHmO~êOqì¸ GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ¥cÓ¸Py
Q~.QZ. 1467, ÄQ~øMLGSjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸FL¸Íj MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.26-11-1545) C~FLj ®¸CLŠ
MLjj¸Íj ³O~ð^jÔofS Nqjj¸¨FL FnÎMoE~õÓŠ ¬ÍFL¸$c ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjêÂ ±Oo»¸GHl °CLûML GS¸ÍO~óÂ¥h
CnÎÓ¸, GHGSjGHlJv¨Â GH¸¼rH^æ<¸¥yGS¸, ®¸¥qFLk EâÎM~ÓŠ MLj¿Âï FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š CL$qj³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j (No.667-T.T.).
¯ Q~GSF~ÓPy ¥xÂï¸=hPy ¥x¸ÍOqj FL¸ÃMLkO§ Š^j¸_GSbKZjõÓ öGHTdëMLFL ‚< °FLïÁ.
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$yÄ¸ÍNqjõF| Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLjPnÎÂF|Y¦þ rHOqjMLkW| (No.448-T.T.); MLjPnÎÂF~þF| bKZ^æO§ ¬*êF|Nnjj¥qÚ
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ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍ ¬Â ¯ On¸<j F~MLjÏEéNqkÓj µ¥oMLõ¥hë¥h Ôn¸ÁFLMLÂ CnÆNqjjÔLjFLïÁ. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL
¼FLïFLï ¬FLj MLjOysHOqj$qÓ ÀOqjMn¸$q+M~DÍ ¬FLjFLCL<j rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j ¬MLlC~<j.
®CL<j ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ½¡Ä¸¼NqjjF~ï<j. MLj¿Nqjj GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ
FLj¸¨, Q~.QZ.1467 GS¸.Py MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸$c Jv¸E~<j. (FnÓk÷Oqj Q~GSF~Ój, µ¸$yÓj
No.21.)¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$cOqj ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ ×oõGRçTwÍOqjÂ ¥cÓ¸F~=h¥o Po<j. MLj¿ ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj¸¨FL
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cÓ¸F~=h¥o ½¡Ä¸¼Nqjj¸< PoÍÂ, ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé MLjFL¸ $qMLjÂ¸¼Nqjj¸=hÄj ¥qE~ !

¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¬FLïNqkOqjõFLŠ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj E~F~ÓjÔofS °¸@âFLFLj^ ¬GS¸bKeMLõ¸. MLjOx¥qÄGRNqj¸ ³Äj^¸=o
¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ½¡Ä¸¼
Nqjj¸¨FLGHð=h¥h, ¯NqjFLŠ, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÆNqj×osS ÏE~O~Ój ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj. ¯
GS¸¥iOqëFL¥qÄ C~+WJd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ ¬FL$c rHÍíÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿¥h MLjVO~¾$c¿ öJdGH¥q¸ ¬ÔLjõCL
O~NqjÓFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸¼¸ÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ Q~.QZ.1452 Ä¥qßÀF~MLj GS¸. MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸FL¸Íj ×eåGH¥qMLjj¸ÔLj¥xÂ
¥xÂNqk<CL»FL ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL MLjß$qÇO~FLXqöCL¸(No.589-T.T.) 28-11-1530 CoÁ£FL ÅÇ¢
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h GHm×eÁ¥q¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j^ŠFLj, öGHCoõ¥qFnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸GH_<j^Š ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ
³O~ð^j ÔoNqj@~Âï_=hæ, MLjOqjGS=h GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1453, [OqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûO~FL (ö¥i.QZ.1531)
¥qÄ GSøNqj¸$c, O~×¦ÏE~Â Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h Mn<Æ, Ä>OqÓTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py µ¥q E~F~Âï‚< ÔoTd<j
(No.8 of 1904).
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj :
rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj Oq¼¸¼FL QZß¸$cOqGS¸¥iOqëFL O~»OoŠÓPy ¬MLC~¿¥qPy ÔnfHðFL ÄÏÍ¸$c
- öGHÀOy¾ µ¥q GS¸¥iOqëFLFLj Oq¼¸¼ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ GSÂïÏÁÂ Jd<MLjÂ ÔnfHðFL CLFL CL¸ö¨ ×¦åFLj
MLjÂï¸¼ ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj Q~.QZ. 1424 Íj¸ÍjbÃF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
IJdÓjÜ* MLkGS¸ ¬¸=o ö¥i.QZ.1503 fIHö_ML¿ 23ML CoÁ£ F~<j öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ ¥qOqëMyõFLjô[j<j ¬Nqkõ<j.
¬FLïMLkÔ~Oqõ ¥qßCLMnjÎFL QZß¸$cOqGS¸¥iOqëFLÓj ÏE~õÀô¥qGS¸¥iOqëFLÓ ¬MLC~¿¥qPy CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c ¬FLïMLjNqjõ
GS¸¥iOqëFL OqÔLF~M~õGS¸$qMLjjFLj F~@é Ô~Æ¸Ô~<j. ¬GHð=h¥o NqjFL 96 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLNnkMLßÍjíî<j.
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj 1) QZß¸$cOq GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj, 2) MnÎO~$qõ MLÔLFLMLkÆ¥c »¤C~Ój 3) QZß¸$cOq Í¸<¥q¸

4) ÔLö¥qM~+MLj¸×¦¿ 5) QZß¸$cOq MLßCLëGHE~õÓ QZCL¥q¸ 6) °E~ÿOq*¸ 7) Â£À gSGSGHÍõ QZCL¥q¸
8) GS jÍOqùFLOq$q+ 9 ) OoIG H Y¦¥cOqMLjjÓj - ¥qßCLjÓFLj Oq¼¸ÔnFLj. Ä£ ÂPyÂ MnjjÍ=h MLjk<j
ÂO~ô*ÄGRNqj¸PyFLj, QnÎÆ£ÄF~õGS¸PyFLj ®ÀMLßCLë¸PyFLj CLFL CL¸ö¨ Oq¼¸¼FL MLjk<j ¥qßCLjÓFLj
$qC~FLj$qÀ¥q¸$c ¬FLj¥q¿¸Ô~<j. ®¥q F~Ój$qML¥qßÀ ÔLö¥qM~+MLj¸×¦¿PyÂ ®ÀMLßCLë¸ CLFL CL¸ö¨$c¿
QZß¸$cOqÍ¸<¥q¸PyÂ ®ÀMLßC~ëFo JwÆ °FLïGHð=h¥i QnÎÆ£ÄF~õGS¸Py bKoÍMLjjFLïÁ. ®¥q ´ÍMLÁNnjÎFL QZß¸$cOq
MLßCLëGHE~õÓ QZCL¥q¸Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ QZß¸$cOqÔoGRæÓj ÄÄÏÍMLßC~ëÓPy ML¿ê¸GH_¨¸Á. °E~ÿOq*MLjj ¬FLjFLÁ
µ¥q ¼FLï TwëöCL¥cMLõ¸. ®¸Íj MLßC~ëÓPyFLj, ¥qÈ¥qÓj, °CLÚÈ¥qÓPyFLj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ GSjëÀ ÔoNqj_¨¸Á.
Â£À gSGSGHE~õÓ QZCL¥q¸ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ GS¸KyÏÁGSjë 100 gSGSGHE~õÓPy FnÎÀ¥q ÄÓjMLÓFLj, GSC|öGHMLOqëFL$qj¿¸¼
CnÆsH°EéíQZ¸Cy Oq¼¸GH_¨¸Á. ®¸CLMLOqŠ ¯ ³<j ÓGIHjj¥qßCLjÓPyFLj ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ GS¸KyÏÍFL °FLïÁ.
GSjÍOqùFLOq$q<Py ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSjÂ GSjÍOqùFLÔLö¥q MLkVCLôõ¸, ¥cOq¸, ÓXqBcÓj, $qjBcÓj MnjjÍPnÎFL
ÄÄÏE~¸Q~Ój °F~ïtj. ¯NqjFL ¥q<GH=h OqÔLFL OoIGH Y¦¥cOqMLjjÓj - ÕÔL¸ÍGSjû FLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL
OqÔLFL. ¯ gH>¿¥qPy ö$q¸DÍ¥qOqë CnÆNqj×ofSFL^j÷ CnÓj$qjbKeadGHE~ÓPy OoIGH(Oq) Y ¥cO~(Y¦)Ój ³ Noj
GS¸ÍO~óÓPy öGHNnk»¸ÔLMLÓfS °¸^j¸Ey ÂOqêtjGSjë öJd¼£FL¥qMLlÓ ö$q¸DE~ÓFLj¸¨, ¥qÄöCLNqj¸M~¿
¸öÏÍMLjVbKeOqCL¸ FLj¸¨ °E~ÿOqBcÓFLj ®GSjë GS¸ö$qfU¸¼ öM~fSFL ÓGIHjj¥qßÀ. ¯ ¥qßCLjÓÂï¸=hPyFLj
CLFL sHOqjFLj ¬FLïNqjõ ÀMLjôF~Oqõ, ÀMLjôNqj, ÀMLjôNqjõ, ÀOqjMLjPeOqõ ¬Â ÄÄÏÍOq¥cÓj$c CnÓjGHlŠF~ï<j.
¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ ¥qßCLjÓPy öJdOq¸bKZ¸Py öM~fSFL °JwE~CL¸Py CLFLsHOqjFLj ÄÄÏÍOq¥cÓj$c ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqõ,
rHÍÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqõ, ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸ $cOqj ¬Â CnÓjGHlŠF~ï<j. ¯ TdfUC~õÂï O~»OoŠÓÄ£jÍ
Ôn¥hÚ¸¼FLGHØ<j öGHÀ ö$q¸DÍ¸Nnjj¥qÚ öGHDÍMLjOoŠ Ä£jÍ ö$q¸DÍ¥qOqësHOqj ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj ¬Â GSk¼¸ÔL@~Â¥h
Jv¨¬XqO~ÓPy ‘À. ¬.’¬Â Ôn¥qÚ^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¬Pe$o rHÍÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ GSk¼¸ÔL@~Â¥h ‘rH.À.Ô~.’
¬Fo Jv¨ ¬XqO~ÓFLj °GHNnk»¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c Jv¨¬XqOq $qjOqjëÓCy ¯ O~»OoŠÓÄ£jÍŠ ²¥hÚFL
TdfUCLõ¸¬¸C~ On¸<jOq¥cÓj$c ML¿¤Ü¥q¿¸GH_¨¸Á. ‘À. ¬.’ ¬FLï Jv¨ ¬XqO~ÓCy $qj¿ë¸¼FL TdfUCLõ¸,
‘rH.À.Ô~.’ ¬FLïJv¨ ¬XqO~ÓCy $qj¿ë¸¼FL MnÎO~$qõMLÔLFL MLkÆ¥c»¤C~Ój, QZß¸$cOqMLßCLë GHE~õÓ QZCL¥q¸,
°E~ÿOq*¸ ¬Fo MLjk<jö$q¸DE~Ój O~»OoŠÓÄ£jÁ¥h ²¥hÚ¸ÔLj^Š GHmOqøMoj ®Ä ö$qDÁCLMnjÎ °¸¨FLMLÂ
CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c rHÍÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ TdfUC~õÂï, ŠMLkOqj<$qj ¼FLïÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ
TdfUCLõ¸ FLj¸¨ MoOqjÔofS GSjÓbKZ¸$c $qj¿ë¸ÔL@~Â¥h Ä£Ój¥qÓj$qjFL^j÷$c ¼FLï ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ ¥qßCLjÓ$qÓ
O~»OoŠÓÄ£jÍ ¼.À. ¬Fo Jv¨ ¬XqO~ÓFLj Ôn¥qÚ_¨F~tj. C~+÷Jd¥q ¼FLïFLï ¬FLj F~MLk¸CLOq¸$qÓ
¼FLï ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍj<j Oq¸¼¸¼FL ¬GRMæ LjfURg ¥qPeõ*¸ ¬FLï ö$q¸DÍ¸Py CLFL CL¸ö¨, rHÍ ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqõMLOqõ
CLCLëø×eåFL ÁM~¥qOqj<j ¬tjFL rHÍÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqjõ<j ÁøGHÍÕÔL¸ÍGSjûPy ¸öÏÍMoE~¸CL¸ ¬FLïö$q¸DE~Âï
Oq¼¸Ô~<Â£ ÿ¿ML¸QZ¸, ÔLö¥qM~+MLj¸×¦¿¤, OoIGHY¦¥cOqMLjjÓj CnÓj$qjPy Oq¼¸Ô~<Â CnÆJd<j.

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¸öÏÍMoE~¸CL¸, ÿ¿ML¸QZ¸ ¬FLïö$q¸DE~Ój ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸ PoÍj. ö$q¸DÍ¸ sHOq÷FLj_=hæ ¼FLïFLï ÔnfHðFL^j÷
rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj MoE~¸CL ÄÍõPy ÂÏÁ ¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¼FLï ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj :
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, ¬FLïMLkÔ~OqjõÓ MLjFLjMLj<jFLj ¬tjFL ¼FLï
ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂÔo, ÏE~õÀô¥q GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj, QZß¸$cOq GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj, ¬GRæbKead Í¸<¥q¸, MLj¿Nqjj
GS¸¥iOqëFLÓXq*¸¬FLj ö$q¸DE~Ój Oq¼¸GH_¨FLÄ. Ä£Â£PyÂ MnjjÍ=hOn¸<j ¥qßCLjÓFLj Oq¼¸ÔLj^Py, CLFL
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¥qÄCLøGS¸GHÍ, ÔL¥qÚÂ GHÓjŠÓCy ‚¨FL QnÎÆ£ ÄF~õGS¸Cy GSOqGSøÀ£EéÄ(M~Bh) ÔoÀNqj¸ÍÆ Ä£*FLj¸¨
MnÓjML@é GSjöQ~MLõMnjÎFL ÏÍøÂÂ JwÆNqjj¸<$c, CLFL CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ÀMLjôNqkOqõ ¯ ÄGRNqj¸Py ¬GHOq
ÁQoGRj@é ¬Â Jv»@~<j. ¥cM~õ¸CL¸Py, ¯ ¬GRæbKeadÍ¸<¥cÂï, Q~.QZ.1459 sUÄ+¸Ã F~MLj GS¸.
QZjÍíîGH¸ÔLÄ£j ÀDÁF~<j(ö¥i.QZ. 7-11-1537)MLjk<j O~»OoŠÓrHÎ ²Àë öM~tjÔL_@âFLÂ CnÓjGHlÔLjF~ï<j.
CnÓj$qjbKeGRPyFLj, GS¸GSÚßCL¸PyFo ¥c¥q öJd¥qßCLbKeGRÓPy‚< ¯NqjFL MnÎÍjGRõ¸ ¬JdOqMLjFo ÄGRNqkÂ¥h
¯ Í¸<¥qMoj TdXqõ¸. ÕÔLGHðFLïEéQ~Ój ¬FL$c 56 EéQ~ÓPyÂ bKeGRÓPy Jd¸¨CLõ¸ GS¸JdÁ¸ÔL $qÆ»FL
O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõMLPnFo ¯ ¼FLïÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqjFLk bKeOqCLEéQZ¸FL¸ÍÆ ÄÄÏÍöJd¸C~ÓPyÂ
bKeGRÓCy GH¿ÔLNqkÂï GS¸JdÁ¸ÔLj¥xÂ °¸=e<j. ¯NqjFL Oq¼¸¼FLÁ ¥cM~õÓ¸¥cOqQ~öTdëÂ¥h
GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ö$q¸DÍ¸. ®¸Íj GS¸¥iOqëFLÓXqBcÓj, ÕÔL¸ÍGSjû, ¿¤À, QnÎÆ, MLGSjëMLl, MLÔLFL¸, GHÍõ¸, Jd^Ój,
bKZ×¦FL, ¥iOqëFLÓj, bKZ¥hë»¤C~Ój, MnjjÍPnÎFL ÄÄÏÍ TdfUCLõöGHö¥hNqjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÔL¿á¸Ô~<j. CLFL C~CL$cOqtjFL
‘¬FLïNqj $qjOqj’ GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py Oq¼¸¼FL ‘GS¸¥iOqëFL ÓXq*¸’ ¬Foö$q¸DE~Âï GSM~õ#eõFL¸$c °GHEéÇ¸¼FL
CLFL CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ÀOqjMLjPeOqõEéÇ¥q EéQZ¸öGH¥cOq¸ CnÓj$qjbKeGRPyÂ¥h ¬FLjMLÁ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjPy, C~FLj
ÀOqjMLjPeOqjõÂ ŠMLkOqjÓPy ×oõGRj>ç<FLj (CLCLjûC~ö$q×¦) ¬Â£, CLFL F~MLjÏEéNqj¸ ‘¼FLïÀMLjôNqj’ ¬Â
CnÓjGHl¥xF~ï<j. C~öMLjGHöC~ÓrHÎ Æº¸GH_¨, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj bKZöÍGHOqÔL_¨FL ¯ ¥qÄ
¥qßCLjÓÂï=hÄ£jÍ ‘¼.À.’ ¬FLï Jv¨¬¥qúO~Ój °FLïÄ. ¯ ‘¼. À.’ ¬FLï¬XqO~Ój ö$q¸DÍ¥qOqë ¼FLï
ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqõFLj SG k¼Twë¸Á. rHÍí ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ F~Ój$qML ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j CnÓj$qjPy
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¼FLïÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÂ MLjk<ML ¼FLïTwÍOqj<Fo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÆNqj<¸Cy, ®GHl<j MLjFL¸ rHÍ

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rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ MLõMLVO~Ój :
®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé ÔnGHð_¨FL^j÷ ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ Q~GSF~PoÄ ÓbÃ¸ÔLPoÍj. ¯NqjFL
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h Q~GSFL¸ (No.76-T.T.), ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸
öGHDÍMLkOqì¸Py MoNqj_¨¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1439 ¯QZøOqF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 30-11-1517)
MoNqj_¨FL ¯ Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸, EéMLTdìFL ÅÇ¢ b K Z¸@~O~Â¥h, 1,500 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÔnÆ÷¸¼, ¯ MLjkÓÏÍFL¸rHÎ
MLÔoáML©èCy, ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍjÂ ¬FLjö$qVOqì¸, öGHÀOy¾FLk µ¥q ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ TdøÄj¥h ÂMoÁ¸ÔL@~Â¥h
³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¯NqjFL MofSFL On¸<ML Q~GSFL¸(No.589-T.T.) ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸
FL¸ÍÆ ÁøÀ£Nqj GS¸MLCLûOq öJdOq¸bKeFL ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1452 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Ä¥qßÀF~MLj GS¸. MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸
FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ. 28-11-1530) MoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ MLkOqj, ®CL<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h F~Ój$qjFLïOq ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸ÔofS
µ¥q µGHð¸E~Âï ŠÍjOqjá¥xF~ï<j. Á£ÂöGH¥cOq¸ öGHÀOy¾ Mo¸¥q=oQZjÂ¥h 4 ÀOqjKyòFL¥cÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL@~Â¥h
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CLFL MLj¸^GH¸ MLÍíFLj, ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ÀOqjF~+÷ML¸=h (¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj ³OqðOq¼FL ö_GUyôCLûML¸)GH¸<j$qÓ
GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj; ®¸¥qFLk GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MLÔoá Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL ÅQZMLB FLXqöCL¸ 13
Oy¾ÓPyFLj, ¬ÓMojP|MLj¸$q F~¼áNqkO§ ×¦FLôFL¥qúöCL¸ °CLëOqIGHÓjÜÂ£ FLXqöCL¸ 13 Oy¾ÓPyFLj, O~¾
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_¨FL ‘TdfUCLõÔLk@~MLjBh’¬FLj M~õ#eõFL ö$q¸DE~Âï, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿¥x¸ÍOqj M~õ#eõFL¥cOqjÓ ÄMLOq*ö$q¸DE~Ó
ÏE~Oq¸$c, ÀOqjMn¸$q+GHð ‘GSjÏE~ÂÏÁ’ ¬FLj µ¥q GS¸ö$qÿM~õ[õFLj Oq¼¸Ô~<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸Nnjj¥qÚ °JwE~ÝCL¸
Py‚@~, CLFL Š^j¸_ ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼, ¬FLïMLkÔ~OqjõÓj MnjjÍÓj¥xÂ CLFL MLOqŠ, ÄMLOq¸$c,
‘$qjOqjKeÓ’ öGHKyÏÁ¥qPy °FLïÄÏÍ¸$c, ¬Mo Qy÷¥cÓFLj ®¸ÍjPy‚@~ ÔoO~á<j.
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| :
No.354-G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py C~+"Jd¥q ¼FL ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqjõ<j, CLÄ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMo¸$q+GHð
³O~ð^j ÔofSFL ¥n¸Î ¥qO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓCyKe^j M~ÏÍkÓ $yöÀ£Š<j, GHSG ¸ë _ SG köCLj<j Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj@âÎFL
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHð*êF| ŠMLkOqj<j ¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| TdøÄjM~¿¥hÔofSFL sSMLÓj‚< °F~ïtj. ¯ ¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF|,
TdÓjFLŠ 60 Oo#nÎJvF| E~NqkÂïÔoá=hæ, FL$q¿gSMLjPyÂ GHl*õ¸ ö$cMLj¸PyÂ ¬OqìbKe$cÂï E~FL¸ÔofS ¯
ÏÍFL¸Cy, öGHÀ Oy¾ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*ŠFLj, bKeöÍGHÍ, ¥c¿ë¥q, GHlGRõ, JdÓjÜ*
MLkTdÓPy OqDÍ¸Ä£jÍFLjFLï °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠFLj; ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj, ²Y¦þÀMLjôjO~¾ÓÔo ³O~ð^j
ÔoNqj_¨FL ×oõGRçMLkGS¸PyÂ On¸<j(ö_GUyôCLûM~Ój)°CLûM~ÓPyFLj; ®¸¥qFLk MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRç, MLkGIHjMLkGS
°CLûMLOy¾ÓPy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj¥hÂ, GSk¨¥x<jCLëF~¼áNqkOqjFLŠ, O~MLkFLj¾ÓŠFLj, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦
TdøÄj ÓNqjöGHMoQZE~øOq GSÄ£jJdFL öGHÀfRç¸GH_¨FL GSjÍOqùFLÔLö¥cÂ¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
®¸¥qFLk ¬¸ÍjPy ÔnGHð_¨FL ‘Á£¥húCL’, ‘$yJdÓ’ ¬Fo MLõŠëÓFLj JwÆ¥q GH^æ<¸Py GSÿ¥q¿¸Ô~Oqj. M~OqjÔofSFL GSVNqkÂ¥h ¥qßCL¾å<FLj.
®¸¥qFLk ¯ E~FL¥qOqë CL¸ö¨ ¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHð*êF|$c¿ ×¦FLôFLXqöCLMLjtjFL MLjkÓFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py,

GSjÍOqùFLjÂ ¬FLjö$qVÂï Ç¸¼ Q~¸Àö¥hNqj ×¦OqjGHl^Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. CL¸ö¨Nqj$qj ¬GHmðML*êF|
×¦FLôFLXqöCLMnjÎFL MLjkPeFLXqöC~Â¥hÂ, CLFL ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬GHðF| ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ öQ~ML*MLkGS¸ GHmOqøIGHÓjÜÂ
FLXqöC~Â¥h, ¯ ®Íí¿ ×eåGH¥cOqì¸, ¯ On¸<j ÀDÍjÓPyFLj ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj
- Ä£¿ _¸ÏÍjMLl bKeMLF~Ô~OqjõÂ ŠMLkOqj<j ¥q¸E~@âÎ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$cÔ~OqjõÓj $c¿Ôo, Q~.QZ. 1467 ÄQ~øMLGSjF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qO~Ú^¥q MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 5-7-1545)CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj_¨¸Á (No.655-T.T.). ¬GHð*êF|$cOo
GHOqMLkÔ~Oqõ GHlOqjGRjPnÎ °¸=eOqj. ¬¸=o ¯NqjFL, rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ $qjOqjMLl. rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿
F~ÓÜMLŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j ¬GRæMLjfUgR ¥qPeõ*¸Py Ä£¿Ke¸ÏÍM~õÂï $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿¸Ô~<j.
¯ Q~GSFL¸ MoNqj_¨FL ¥cPeÂï $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j, ¯ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| ¬FLjM~OqjFLk,
CnF~ÆO~MLj¥qßGRê ¥qÄ Oq¼¸¼FL “Jd¸<jOq¸$q MLkVCLôõ¸” ¬FLj CnÓj$qj¥cMLõ¸Py, CLFL JwGRŠ@âÎFL ÄOqk¿
MoE~öÁMLj¸öÀ¥h $qjOqjMLl$cOqÂ CnÆNqj×ofSFL ¬+ML¸E~Oqj ¥q¸E~+¬GHð$cOqjFLk µ¥oMLõ¥hë ¬tj Nqjj¸<MLÔLjáFLÂ
bKeÄ¸ÔLj^Š Ä£ÓMLlCLj¸Á. ®¥qÚ< ¥q¸E~+¬GHð M~ÏÍkÓ$yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ¬*ê ŠMLkOqj<ÂNqjj ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qGHÀ
TdìFL Á$qÜ×¦MnjÎ, MoÍMLkOqÜ öGHÀadçCLNnjÎ, GR<íOqùFL JdOq$qj@âÎ, O~MLkFLj¾ÓM~¿ bKeadõÂï M~õ#eõÂ¸¼FL
GSMLjOqjì<ÂNqjj, GHÓj GHlO~* ®ÀVTdÓ OqÔLFL$cÄGSkë ÂOq¸CLOq ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍ JdO~Nqj*ÔoGSkë, öGH×¦ÓŠ
GH¸ÔLGS¸TdÚO~ÓFLj öGHTdÁGSkë Td»FL Á^æ ¬Â ML¿ê¸GH_¨¸Á. “MnÎ×¦Nqj¸À£ ÄPeGS¸” ¬FLj MLj¿Nnjj¥q
sHOqj$qÓ “ÄöGHF~O~Nqj* ÔL¿CL¸” ¬FLj ¥cM~õÂï Oq¼¸¼FL TdOq¸$qj CLMLjôNqjõ‚<, ¯ “¥q¸E~+ ¬GHð” MLÍí
ÇGRjõ@âÎ °¸¨°¸=e<j, MLjÿMLjôÍjadfU(MLjjÿMLjôE§ ad)$yPxÚ¸< FLM~_j$c °¸¨FL ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ TdOq¸$qj
CLMLjôNqjõ, ö¥i.QZ. 1581 - 1611 SG ¸MLCLûO~Ó MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py $xPxÚ¸< ¥qOq*¸$c HG ÂÔoQ~<j. ÔL¿$x¸< ÍÏ OqôFLï CLFLj
Oq¼¸¼FL CnÓj$qj ¼öCLbKeOqC~Âï, ¬¸¥hCL¸ÔoSf FL ®FLjôÓGHÆ÷ rHÍF~MLkCLjõÂ Nnjj¥qÚCL¸ö¨, rHÍCL¸ö¨ ¬tjFL MLkÍFL,
F~OqFLÓj ‚< ¯ ¥q¸E~+ ¬GHðMLÍí ÇGRõ¿¥q¸ ÔofSFLM~Oo.(Ä£OoQZÆ¸$q¸ GH¸CLjÓj$c¿ “¸öÏÍ ¥qMLlÓ ÔL¿öCLMLjj
” H
G l . 268, 280).
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍO§ (¼FLïFLï) :
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ$c¿ ¼FLïŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMn¸¥q= F~DÍO§ sHOqj öGHTdëÄ¸ÔL_¨FL
No.669-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py ÔnGHð_¨FL öGH¥cOq¸ ¯NqjFL, Q~.QZ.1468 GHO~bKZML F~MLj GS¸. ¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸Py
(ö¥i.QZ.17-7-1546)120 Oo#nÎ $q=hæ MLOqÿF|, M~¿ú¥q E~NqkÂï ®Ôoá ¥x¸<Ä£=hgSMLj¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLjÓ÷MLOq¸
ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofS, Á£ÂrHÎ MLÔoá O~_¨Â °GHNnk»¸¼, C~FLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL ÅÇ ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿
MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML¸ öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ IJdÓjÜ*MLkGS¸Py ¬FLkO~ÏE~FLXqöCLNqjj¥që Oy¾FLj¸¨ °CLëO~ad< FLXqöCLNqjj¥që
Oy¾MLOq‚ 5 Oy¾Ój, MnÎbKZML¸$c ×¦OqjGH _<j^ŠFLk, Q~öTwë¥që ÄÏÁ¥qßC~õÓFLj, Ô~OqÄÏÁ FLFLjGS¿¸¼
×¦OqjGH_<j ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓŠFLj, ±Oo»¸GHlÓj, FnÎMoE~õÓj, EéM~ÓNqj sSML¥q$qBcÂ¥h Jd¿CyfR¥cÓj, MnjjÍPnÎFL

¥cO~õÓj ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ CL$qj³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¯ E~Nqj¸Py ÄÄÏÍGS¸ÍO~óÓPy, ®CLOq EâÎM~ÓŠ
±Oo»¸GHlÓj FnÎMoE~õÓj MnjjÍPnÎFLM~=h¥h ¬Nojõ [OqjáÓj‚< Ôo¿NqjjFLïÁ. MLO~ÿTdøÄj ¬FLjö$qÿ¸
¥xOqŠ QZøNqjj×¦ MLkGS¸Py ÅQZML*FLXqöCLNqjj¥qëOy¾ CLFL(¼FLïFLï) ×¦FLôÁFL¸¬tjFL ¥cOq*¸$c Oy¾
öGHÀ£GS¸MLCLûOq¸ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^ŠFLj, MLj¿Nqjj rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLk+j÷FLŠ (¬FL$q MLjkÓ ÄO~^jæ
¬tjFL ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj - °CLûML Äö$qÿ¸ ¥cÍj) ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py rHÍ(rH¿Nqj) ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿
×¦FLôÁFL¸ MLjß$qÇ¢O~ú FLXqöCLNqjj¥që Oy¾FL¸ÍjFLj, CLkfHðP| fHWnWu ÀOqjFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÀOqj¥c¿ë¥nÎ Oy¾FL¸ÍjFLj,
¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ ×¦FLôÁFL¸ MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸ ÄQ~[FLXqöCLNqjj¥që Oy¾FL¸ÍjFLj ®¸¥qFLk, E~FL¥qOqëNnjj¥qÚ
CLÆ÷Nqj$qj ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô$c¿ =nuæ ÁMLGSMnjÎÎFL (öQ~Íí¸îOy¾ - MLOqíî¸À)QZøNqjj×¦ MLkGS¸ ¥qßGRêGHXq
öCLNnkÍÇF~<jFLj, MLj¿Nqjk E~FL¥qOqëNnjj¥qÚ rHÍí TwÍOqj<$qj ÀOqjMo¸¥q^GHðF|Nnjj¥qÚ=nuæ
ÁMLGS¸(öQ~Ííî¸)Oy×nÎFL ×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py QZj¥q÷GH¥qú ÔLÄÀF~<jFLj, ®¸¥qFLk CLFL rHCLë¸ö¨NnjÎFL FLOqGSNqjõ¸$c¿
öQ~Ííî¸ Oy×nÎFL MLkGIHj MLkGS¸ QZj¥q÷GHXqÔLÄÀF~<jFLj, FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
“FnÓk÷Oqj Q~GSF~Ój” PyÂ, µ¸$yÓj Q~GSFL¸ No.21Py CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷$q, ¥x¸<Ä£=h O~×¦õ¸PyÂ
¬Íí¸¥h gSMLjPy °FLï^jML¸=h ¯ MLjÓ÷MLOqö$cMLj¸ GSE~ÇMLO~Nqj MLjVO~¾, C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¼FL ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍjFLŠ, Q~.QZ.1467 ÄQ~øFLGSjF~MLj GS¸. adA< MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 21-6-
1546)E~FL¸$c ®MLø<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. MLjOqjGS=h GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1468 GHO~bKZMLF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qO~Ú^¥qMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 17-7-1546)¯ ö$cMLj¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMn¸¥q^
F~DÍO§Ôo ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoNqj_¨FLÁ. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL ¯ No.669-T.TQ~GSFL¸PyÂ
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍOqj, “FnÓk÷Oqj Q~GSF~Ój” PyÂ ¼FLïÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍ ¬Fo MLõ¥hëNqjj, µ¥qÚOo ¬ÂNqjk,
bÃFLïMLõŠëÓj ¥cOqÂ ÄQZÍMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¯ “¼FLï ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍ” CnÓj$qjPy On¸<jÁøGHÍ¥cM~õÓFLj
Oq¼¸Ô~<j. ¬¸ÍjPyÂ “GHOqMLjNnk» ÄPeGS¸” ¬Fo ¥qßÀÂ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓŠ, NqjFL EéMo¿Nqj$qj
¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$qŠ ¬¸¥hCL¸ ÔoQ~<j. “¬GRæMLjfUgR ¥qPeõ*¸” ¬Fo On¸<ML ¥qßÀÂ ¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$qŠ
MLköCLMoj ¬¸¥hCL¸ $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjPy CLFL F~MLjÏEéNqkÂï “ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍ” ¬Â sHOxÚF~ï<j.
¼FLïFLï ¬FoÁ ¯NqjFL TdÏE~Oq* MLõMLVOqF~MLj¸. ¼FL ÀOqj Mn¸$q+F~DÍj<j ®¸¥qFLk CnÓj$qjPy
“°ad¥qPeõ*¸”¬Fo MLjOy ÁøGHÍ¥cM~õÂï‚< Oq¼¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjPy CLFLjï $qk¿á CnÓjGHl ¥xFo
GS¸ÍOqó¸Py, “ÀOqjMLjÓ GHlöCLj@âÎFL C~FLj, bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFL Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL
¬FLïNqkÔ~OqjõÓ MLjFLjMLj<FLj” ¬Â ÔnGHØ¥xF~ï<j. ¯ ÅÇ¢ M nÎ G R ê M L $qjOqjMLlPnÎFL “ÀOqjMo¸$q+ F~DÍNqjõ¸
$cOqj,” ¥x¸<Ä£=h gSMLjPyÂ $xOq¸×¦öMyÓj ö$cMLkÂï TdøÄj GHlGRÚ¿Bh CL=e¥q¸MLÍí ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍjÂ
¬FL$c ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ(ÀOqjMLjÓ) Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj GSMLjXq¸Py Q~.QZ.1468 GHO~bKZML F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ öQ~ML*
MLkGS¸Py($qGRjæ, 1546), GSE~ÇML O~NqjÓFLj¸¨ E~FLGHmOqø¥q¸$c ö$qfU¸Ô~<j, ¬Â ÏÍjÂ¥q $qj¸^kOqj

½Pe÷PyÂ $x¿×¦MyÓj No.419 of 1915 Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL MLjFLŠ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ÏÍjÂ¥q $qj¸^kOqj ½Pe÷PyÂ
$qj¸<MLOq¸ ¬ö$qVO~Â¥h ‚< ¯NqjFL Nqj×¦MLkÂ(¥cÂ ¯ F~<j ¯ ¬ö$qVOq¸ ÂO~ôFLjGRõMnjÎ
°FLïÁ.) (No.182 of 1917). ¯ ö$cMLkÂï _ÿjQZ¹, GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ FLj¸¨ PoE~ TdìÂ¥qGH¿JdÓŠÂ
FLj¸¨ ¥cÂ E~FL¸$c Jv¸Á Nqjj¸=e<j. “ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍjÂ GSMLj¥qúMLjjFL ”®MLø_¨FL E~FL¸ ¬Â
No.419 of 1915Q~GSFL¸Py ÔnGHð_¨ °¸<@~Âï _=hæ ö¥i.QZ. 1546 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ $qGRjæFnÓŠ MLjj¸Eé
µ¥qMLkOqj GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓj, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂï Í¿ù¸¼ Nqjj¸@âFLÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLFL$qjFLj. C~+÷Jd¥q

ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓ ML¸QZGHOq¸GHOqFLj $qj¿¸¼, CLFL “¬GRæMLjfUgR ¥qPeõ*¸” ¥cMLõ¸Py ®¼áFL ÄMLO~ÓFLj $qMLjÂ¸¼
FL^÷tjCo ¯NqjFL, rHÍí ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÓ F~Ój$qML ŠMLkOqj<Â£, ¯NqjFLŠ FLOqfS¸ÿ ¬Fo rHCLë¸ö¨,
MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjMLjÓ Po¥q ¼FLïÀMLjôFL ¬¸=o ¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cO§, ¬FLïNqj, ÀOqjMo¸$q+ Po¥q rHÍ
ÀOqjMo¸$q+ ¬Â MLjj$qjÜOqj ¬FLïÓjFLj, ¥yFo=h Mo¸¥q^F~DÍ ¬Fo µ¥q CLMLjjô<jFLj °¸@éM~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¯ ¬FLïNqj, ¥x¸<Ä£=hÍjO~ÜÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ÄFLj¥x¸< gSMLjPyÂ ÄjÂï¥qÓj÷ ö$cMLkÂï ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$cOqj
¬FosHOqjCy _ÿjQZ¹, O~×¦$qj GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ FLj¸¨, Q~.QZ. 1468 GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py(Moj,1546) E~FLGHmOqø¥q¸$c ö$qfU¸¼ °¸=e<j(No.314 of 1915). rHÍí TwÍOqj@âÎFL
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^GHðF| Nnjj¥qÚNqjj, rHÍíCL¸ö¨NnjÎFL FLOqGSNqjõ¸ $c¿Nnjj¥qÚ MLjOqBcÓj Q~.QZ. 1468 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
GHmOqøMoj GS¸bKZÄ¸¼ °¸^j¸Á. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o Ä£¿OqjMLl¿ MLOqíî¸CLjÓPyFLj MLj¿Nqjj CLFL CLÆ÷ ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô$c¿
MLOqíî¸ÀF~<jFLj M~¿×eåGH¥cOqì¸ EâÎML¸Nnjj¥qÚ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸¥xOqŠ rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLk+j÷FLŠ(MLjkÓMLjk¿ë
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj M~¿¥h)öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔnFLj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL, GS¸»¤CL TdfUCLõ
ÂÏÁNnjÎFL ÀOqjMn¸$q+ Po¥q rHÍÀOqjMn¸$q+, rHÍÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ MLjk<MLŠMLkOqj<j. MLj¿ FLOqfS¸ÿj<j,
¬FLïMLjNqjõ öGHDÍMLjbKeOqõ ÀMLkô¸_ ŠMLkOqj<j. rHÍ ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqõ, ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿ On¸<MLbKeOqõNqj$qj
¬¥cÚ¸_Š ×¦Âô¸¼FLM~<j. ¥qFLj¥q FLOqfS¸ÿ, rHÍÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqõŠ ×oõGRjç<jFLj GSMLÀ TwÍOqj<jFLj
¬MLlC~<j. ¬GRæMLjfUgR ¥qPeõ*¸Py FLOqfS¸ÿj<j GS¸»¤CL TdfUC~õÓPy Á^æ¬Â£, ÀOqj Mo¸¥q^F~DÍO§
Nnjj¥qÚ CLMLjjô@âÎFL ¥yFo=h GMo¸¥q^F~DÍjFLŠ, ¥x¸<Ä£=hO~×¦õ¸PyÂ ¬Íí¸¥hgSMLjPy “µÓGH¿÷ ”,
“KxPe÷GHÆ÷”¬Fo On¸<jö$cMLkÓÂ, O~¾ GSE~ÇMLEéML MLjVO~NqjÓj, MLOqjGS$c, Q~.QZ.1466ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸.
QZøNqjj×¦ MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 28-9-1544)ÁM~Oq¸ F~<jFLj, On¸<ML ö$cMLkÂï Q~.QZ.1467 ÄQ~øMLF~MLj
GS¸. adA< MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 5-7-1545)ÁM~Oq¸ F~<jFLj, ÅÇ¢ MLjEéøÍMLkOqÜ öGHÀadçGHF~Ô~Oqõ, ÅÇ¢
MLjÍjbKZNqj MoE~¸CL öGHÀad>çGHF~Ô~Oqõ ÃOqjE~¸¼CLjÓFLj, C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
¥yFo=h ÀOqjMo¸$q+ F~DÍNqjõ¸$cOqj ¬FosHOqjÄ£jÍ E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j -¬Â FnÓk÷OqjQ~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj
(µ¸$yÓj Q~GSF~Ój ”No.141,15). ¯ ¥yFo=h ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍNqjõ Q~.QZ.1481 fSE~íî¿ìF~MLj GS¸.

(ö¥i.QZ.1559) ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ GHlGRð»¿PyÂ ÔnFLïO~Nqj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j
(No.315 of 1905).
MnjjÍ^ MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ ö$cMLj¸Nnjj¥qÚ M~¿ú¥cE~Nqj¸ 120 Oo#nÎ $q=hæMLOqÿ¸$c ÂOqêtj¸GH_¨¸Á.
GHlFL¿øÔ~Oq* ×¦¿»FLGHl<j Á£ÂÄÓjML 140 Oo#nÎ JvF|$c(No.419-G.T.) ÂO~íîOq* ¬tj¸Á. ¬¸=o 120
Oo#nÎ $q=hæMLOqVÓj 140 Oo#nÎJvF|Š GSMLkFL¸. Q~.QZ.1468 GS¸. FLj¸¨ 1475 GS¸.Ó MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py ¯
ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ O~MLÓfSFL O~_¨Py FLGRæ¸ ³Oqð¨¸Á. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL E~FL¥qOqëNnjÎFL ÀOqjMoBcÍNqjõO§, Á£Â¥h
_ÍjÓj$c MoOx¥qE~FL¸ ®MLø@~Â¥h GSMLjôÀ¸¼, 470 Oo#nÎ JvF| M~¿ú¥q E~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ ¥x¸<Ä£<j
O~öGRæ¸FL¸ÍÆ ÄFLj¥x¸< gSMLjPyÂ EéMLO~NqjGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï, Q~.QZ.1475, öGHMLkÁ£ÔL Š¸bKZMLkGS¸Py (19-
2-1554)E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Eé Q~.QZ.1468 GS¸.Py ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓ MnÎM~fU¥yCLûM~Â¥h EéMLTdìFL¸
M~Oqj [OqjáÔofSFL 140 Oo#nÎJvF| Jw$c Äj$qCL 330 Oo#nÎJvF|FLj Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h öGHÀOy¾FL FnÎMoÍõ
GSMLjOqðBcÓŠFLj, EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸¥yGS¸ ¥qPeõByCLûML¸PyFLj, ®¸¥qFLk ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o^^jML¸=h GHÍ¥x¸<j
ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPyFLj, MLj¿Nqjj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py Jd=h¸Ôo ¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<j^ŠFLj,
ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL_¨¸Á. ¯ No.419-G.T.Q~GSFL E~FL¥qOqë ÀOqjMoBcÍNqjO§FLj, ÀOqjMoBcÍO§ ¬Â£, ÀOqj
Mo¸$q+F~DÍF| ¬Â£ sHOxÚFL<Moj ¥cŠ¸@~ ¯NqjFL rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j$c CnÆð¸Á. ¯
Q~GSFL¸Py ®¸¥qFLk öGHGS¥qëMnjÎFL F~OqGHðO~¾ sHOqjÄ£jÍ‚< ¥xÂïFnÎMoE~õÓj, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL CLOqjM~CL, M~=hCyKe^j CLFLsHOqjÄ£jÍ GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL öGHTdE~Â£ï ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍjFLŠ
®fHð¸ÔL MLÓfSFLÁ$c E~FL¥qOqë ÂOoíÇ¸ÔnFLj. ¯ F~OqGHðO~¾, FL¸E~õÓ F~OqfS¸$q O~¾ŠMLkOqj<jFLk,
FL¸E~õÓŠ ¬ÏÁGHÀ ¬tjFL F~OqGHðO~¾ ¬tj °¸=e<j(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^ 275-276). _ÿjQZ¹
ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ Po¥q ÀOqjMoBcÍNqjO§ ®CLÂ öÇCLj@âÎ °¸¨°¸=e<Â bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá.
MLjOqÓ Q~.QZ.1479 fH¸$q+F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 13-1-1558), ÀOqjMoBcÍO§,
Mn¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h ×¦OqjGH_@é MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML¸Py, ®¸¥qFLk MLj¿Âï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.422-G.T.). ¯ ÄM~ÿMLjGUyCLûML GS¸ÍOqó¸Py $qOqj<ÏÍø×¦¸ ²$qjOqMoNqj_@âÁ. (µ¥qÚ
ö_GUyôCLûML¸Py MLköCLMoj $qOqj<ÏÍø×¦¸ öGHÏE~F~¸QZ¸$c °¸^j¸Á.) GS¸ÍOqó¸Py µ¥q EyQnÎGH¨
ÏÍø×¦GSì¸bKZ¸PyÂ $qOqj<jFLŠ FnÎMoÍõ¸$c GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<jCLj¸Á. CLFL CL¸ö¨ rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ GHl=hæFLOy¾,
¬¸=o ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py MLjß$qÇ¢O~ FLXqöCLNqjj¥qëOy¾FL MLjPnÎÂFLþ rHOqjMLk+j÷FLŠ(ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÓ °CLûML
Äö$qGU¸), MLj¿Nqjj F~¼áNqkO§(NqjFL EéMoOqjÓj)ÓŠ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦F~Â¥h, _Æ GSMLjOqðBŠ CLFL MLj¸^GH¸MLÍí
CL$qj ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®Á$c¥q, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ¬FLjö$qÿ¸ ¥yGS¸ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ

®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Eé ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼ °F~ï<j. ÀOqjMLjÓPy ×¦¿$o ö»¤awôCLûML¸ ®OqMnÎ Oy¾ÓPy öGHÀOy¾
GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj Jd@éGSMLjNqj¸Py °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ CLMLjPJdŠÓj, ML¥qÚÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL _<MLÓfSNqjjFLïÁ.
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄjM~¿¥h MnÎQ~[, ×oõGRç, MLkGIHj MLkTdÓPy °CLûM~Ój ×¦Oqj$qjFLGHØ<j,
¥xÂï öGHCoõ¥q Oy¾ÓPyFLj, QZk¨Š<jCLë F~¼áNqkO§(¸@~W| Po¥q $yE~EéÄ)Nnjj¥qÚ MLkOqÜÇOq MLkGS
°CLûM~ÓPyFLj, Q~.QZ.1469(ö¥i.QZ.1547) GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ¯ E~FL¥qOqë ×oõGRçTwÍOqj@âÎFL ¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj
öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML¸PyFLj, MLj¿¥xÂï ÄQoGR GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ÀOqjMLjÓPy
×¦¿$oÄÏÍ¸$cFo, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ö»¤awôCLûML¸Py GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj Jd@é GS¸ÍOqó¸Py TdøÄj¥h CLMLjÓJdŠÓj,
ML¥qÚÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ÀOqjMoBcÍO§ $yÄ¸ÍGHlGRÚ¿Bh¥h GH<MLj=hÁŠÚFL µ¥q EéM~ÓNqkÂï
Â¿ô¸¼, ¬¸ÍjPy ÀOqjM~È WeøF|(GSjÍOqùFL ÔLö¥q¸) Äö$qÿÂï öGHÀfRç¸¼ Oy¾FLŠ MLjjMLkôOqj FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj^Š, Á£JdÓj MnÆ»¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¥cMLÓfSFL CnÎÓ¸ ; ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ QZÂM~O~ÓPy ÀOqjMLj¸×¦F~Â¥h
öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š, ¥qßÀë¥qFLXqöCLNqjj¥që ÁF~ÓPyFLj, ®¸¥qFLk ®CLOq GHl*õÁF~ÓPyFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^÷¥nÎ 252 Oo#nÎ 3GHBcÓ ÏÍFL¸ Mn¼á¸Ô~Æû °¸<$c MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ¬Âï ³O~ð^÷Š 280Oo#nÎ
ÏÍFL¸ MLQZõ¸ ¥c$c, ®CL<j EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h 280 Oo#nÎJvF| M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Ooá sHOq¸Ke¥qÚ
O~×¦õ¸PyÂ ÍXh*MLk$cBh Nqj¸ÍÆ ¥y^kæOqj ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. C~+÷Jd¥q Š^j¸_¸PyÂ
M~Oq¸ÍOqk GSjÍOqùFyJdGSŠÓÂ ö$qfU¸GHMLÔLjáFLj. rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj “GSjÍOqùFL Oq$q+ ”FLj Oq¼¸Ô~<j.
¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj(No.354-G.T.)GSjÍOqùFL öGHÀMLjÓFLj öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj
E~øOq$yGHlOq¸MLÍí öGHÀfRç¸ÔL_¨FL GSjÍOqùF~Â¥h ÀOqjMoBcÍO§ Po¥q ¼FLïÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍj<j(No.422-G.T.)
öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj@~Âï _=hæ Ä£Oqj GSjÍOqùFyJdGSŠÓFo ÄGRNqj¸ GSðGRæ¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á.
C~+÷Jd¥q ¥qMLlÓ ÄÍøCLjë , bKZ¥hë :
C~+÷Jd¥q ¥qMLlÓj Oq¼¸¼FL ¥cM~õÓFLj öGH¥q=h¸¼FL ¥xÓÁ¥cÓ¸PyFo M~¿ ÄÍøC| öGHÀbKZÓj
GSÿßÍNqjjÓ MnjGHØFLj Jv¸Í$qÆ»FLÄ. GSMLj¥cÆŠ@âÎFL CnF~Æ O~MLj¥qßGRê¥qÄ C~+÷Jd¥q Š^j¸_¸PyÂ
MLjj$qjÜOqj ¥qMLlÓÄ£jÍ Oq¼¸¼FL GHÍõMoj ®¸ÍjÓŠ C~O~Ú*¸. “ÁøGHÍ ÔL¸ÍGSjûPy öM~Nqjj FoOqjð$qÓ ¼FLïFLï
Po¥q ¼FL ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j Oq¼¸¼FL MLjk<j ¥qßCLjÓFLj ÁøGHÍ¥cM~õÓj$c GS¸CL¿¸ÔL$c, ¯NqjFL
CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ Po¥q rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj GHÍMLjjÓ ¥nOqÓ$c, ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿
rHÍí GSMLÀ TwÍOqj@âÎFL FLOqfS¸$qFLï $qÍõGHÍõ OqÔLF~ÏÍjOq¸ÏÍOqj<j” ¬FLï bKeM~Âï ¼FLï GHÍõ¸Py MnÓjML¿¸Ô~<j.
¯ GHÍõ¸, FLOqfS¸$qFLï GHÍõ, $qÍõ ¥cM~õÓFLj Oq¼¸¼FL^j÷ GSk¼GSjëFLïGHð=h¥i GSðGRæ¸$c ¥cM~õPoMy
CnÆNqj×nGHØ^PoÍj. ÀOqjMo¸$q+NqjGHð ¬Fo MLjOy sHOqj$qÓ ÀOqjMo¸$q+ Á£XhCL ¬Fo ¥qÄ GS¸GSÚßCL QZß¸$cOq¥cMLõ
“¬MLjOqjQZCL¥q” MLjjFLj CnÓj$qj GHE~õÓPyÂ¥h ¬FLjMLÁ¸¼, GHÍõ¸ ö¥h¸Í M~õ#eõÂGSkë MLÔLFL¸Py ÄML¿¸Ô~<j.
®CL<j Mo¸¥q=oQZ Á£XhCLjÂ ŠMLkOqj<j. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ®CL<j rHÎ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæM~<j ¥cÍj. “rHÍ
ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqjõ<j MoE~¸CL CLCLëø Q~öGSë JdOq¸$qCLj<j, GS¸»¤CL, TdfUC~õÓPy GHl¸bKeML GSOqGSøÀNoj”
¬Â “¬GRæMLjfUgR¥qPeõ*¸”Py ¥qßÀ¥qOqë öGHÇ¸fS¸ÔLjÔLjF~ï<j. ¯NqjFL ÁøGHÍÔLó¸Í¸Py ¸öÏÍ MoE~¸C~Âï,
®¸¥qFLk ÿ¿ML¸QZ¸, ÔLö¥qM~+MLj¸×¦¿, OoIGHY¦¥cOqMLjjÓj ¬Fo ¥qßCLjÓFLj CnÓj$qjPy Oq¼¸Ô~<j. ¯
F~Ój»¸=hPyFLk, ¼ML¿ On¸<j¥qßCLjÓj MLköCL¸ C~öMLjGHöC~ÓPy Æº¸GH_¨ MLjFL EéM~ÓNqkÓPy
CLÁCLO~ÓCyKe^j ÓbÃGSjëF~ïtj. ¥cÂ MnjjÍ=h On¸<j ¥qßCLjÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ³Äj CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj. CLFLjï
$qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGHl¥x¸^k, ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j(¼FLïFLï,) C~FLj ÁøGHÍ¥cMLõÂO~ô* ¥qWeÍXqj<FLÂ£, GH¸¨CLjÓj
MnjÔLjá¥xFLjFL^j÷ ÁøGHÍÓPy Oy¾FLŠ Motj GHE~õÓj Oq¼¸ÔL$qÓ TdMLjOqì õ¸ ¥qÓM~<FLÂ£, “¥qÄ ÇOq¹
¥q¸GH Nnk$qõ öGHÀÁøGHÍ FLMLÃOqjE~¸¥q” ¬Fo ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj<FLÂ£, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h CLFL ÁøGHÍ
¥cM~õÂï ¬¸¥hCL¸ ÔofSFL GS¸ÍO~óFL ÁMLõ MLj¥qOq Š¸<PeÓ ×y<j CLFLŠ TdøÄj _ÿk¥q¿¸Ô~<Â£
CnÓjGHlŠF~ï<j. ¯ ¼FLïÀOqjMo¸$q+, GS¸GSÚßCL¸Py MLjMLjô^jÂÔo Oq¼¸GH_¨FL “¥cMLõöGH¥cQZ” ¬FLj
1
¬Ó¸¥cOqQ~öGSë ö$q¸DE~Â¥h, “GSjÏE~ÂÏÁ” ¬FLj sHOqjCy µ¥q =i¥qFLj öM~Q~<j. ®¸¥qFLk, “¬MLjOq¸” FLŠ
“KeÓöGHKyÏÁ¥q” ¬Fo =i¥qFLj ‚@~ öM~Q~<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ ¼FLïFLï‚, MLj¿Nqjj, ¬CLÂ FLÓj$qjOqj
TwÍOqjÓŠ, “MLj¥qOq Š¸<PeÓj” _ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL_¨FL GS¸$qÀÂ, GS¸¥iOqëF~Ô~OqjõPnÎFL ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$c¿
ŠMLkOnë ¥x<jŠ, ¬¸ÍjÔoCL M~¿¥h MLjFLjMLj<jFLj ¬tjFL OoML*k¿ Mo¸¥q=eOqõ ‚< CnÆNqj×oQ~<j.
®CLÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥x¸<NqkOqõ. ¯ OoML*k¿ Mo¸¥q=eOqõ, “QZŠ¸CLPe GH¿*Nqj¸” ¬Fo
1. MLj¥qOqŠ¸<PeÓ _ÿk¥qOqBcÂï $qj¿¸¼ GSk¼GSjëFLï GHÍõ¸ FL¸ÍÆ MLõŠëÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ CnÆNqj×oNqjjÔLjFLï GS¸ÍOqòó¸ $qÓ : “¬FLjGHMLj
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ£QZ ÍCLëMLj¥qOqŠ¸<ÓNqjj$qôMLj¸¨CL ¥qOqê”; “²FLPoÂ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZj MnjfHð¸¼ .... MLj¥qOqŠ¸<ÓMLjjP| ®MLjôÂ $xFLïM~<”
“CnÓj$qj¥qMLlÓ ½¡ÄCLMLjjÓj” (GHl^. 260)¬FLj ö$q¸DÍ¸FLj¸¨ ö$qfU¸GH_¨FL ¯ GHÍõbKe$q¸ FL¸ÍÆ bKeM~Âï O~×¦$qj ÀOqjMLjÓ Nnjj¥qÚ
TwÍOqj@âÎFL Mn¸¥q=eöÁ¥h$cÂ Po¥q O~¾Nnjj¥qÚ F~Ój$qML ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^Š$cÂ ¬FLøtjGSjë¸Á. CnÆfSFL¸CL MLOqŠ, rHÎ
M~õ#eõFL¸Ä£jÍ ÏE~OqGH¨, Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1911-12(Foot Note on page 179)Py CnÓjGH_¨FLÄÏÍ¸$c ÀOqjMLjÓ TwÍOqj@âÎFL
Mn¸¥q=eöÁ“bKy×¦c” ¬Â GS¸KyÏÁ¸GH_<j^Š ¥cOq*¸, _ÿjQZ¹ “GHOqMLjNnk»ÄPeGSMLjj” ¥qßÀ ¥qOqëNnjÎFL C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍjFLŠ,
Mn¸¥q=eöÁ öJdGHŠ@âÎ °¸<<Moj ¥cOq*MnjÎ °¸^j¸Á. ¥cÂ ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c M~õ#eõÂ¸ÔL<¸ ¬FLj¼CL¸. ²¸Íj¥q¸=o,“ÅÇ¢ Mn¸¥q=eöÁ£QZ”,
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZ ¬Â GS¸KyÏÍFLÓj GSðGRæ¸$c ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZ TdøÄjFo GSk¼GSjëFLïÁ. ¥cOq*¸ ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj ¬Oq<×¦FLj
GH¸ŠëÓŠ rHÎFL, ®Eé ¥cMLõ¸Py, ¯ TdøÄjÂ QoadÔLÓ O~×¦GHÀ£ ¬Â ¥qÄ GS¸KyÏÁ¸¼ °F~ï<j $qFLj¥q. ¯ ¥qÄ GHl¸$qMLlFLŠ ¬CLÂ
TwÍOqjÓŠ MLj¥qOqŠ¸<PeÓFLj ®CLOq Pe¸ÕÔLF~ÓFLj Mn¸¥qÔqMLj* TdøÄjNoj öGHTdÁ¸Ô~<Â ÔnfHðFL OoML*k¿ Mn¸¥q^¥qÄ ¥qDÍFLMoj
rHÎ ÄGRNqkÂï Oqj¾MLl GHOqjTwë¸Á. ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j, Mo¸¥q=eöÁ, Ä£¿OqjMLlOqj GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ½¡Ä¸Ôo °F~ïOqj.
¯ O~¾FLj¸¨ ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍj<j ö$cMLkÓFLj E~FL¸$c Jv¸Á °F~ï<j. ¥cÂ ¯NqjFLŠ MLj¸öÀNnjj¥qÚ öJdGH¥q¸ ÓbÃ¸¼FL^j÷ CnÆNqj<¸PoÍj.
¥cM~õÂï Oq¼¸¼ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ¬¸¥hCL¸ÔoQ~<j. Mo¸¥q^¥qÄ, CLFL QZŠ¸CLPeGH¿*Nqj¸Py, ¥xÂï

ÄQoGRÄGRNqkÓFLj ®Pe CnÓjGHlŠF~ï<j - CLFLŠ C~CL$cOnÎFL ¬FLïNqkÔ~OqjõÓŠ, CLFLFLj ¬Ój÷Â$c
bKeÄ¸ÔLj¥xÂ ¬FLjö$qfU¸¼FL Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj, ¬FLïMLjNqjõ Jd¨FL GS¸¥iOqëFLÓCy V÷E~Âï ¥qÆ»¸¼FL
CLFL öQZMLBo¸öÁNqkÓj, ®CLOqjÓÔo Oq¼¸GH_¨FL GS¸¥iOqëFLÓFLj ÄFLj^Š GS¥hëÂ ÔLkGHl^PoÍÂ ÔnrHðFL^.
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÓŠ öGHCLõXqMnjÎ Ä£j Š^j¸_¸PyÂ MLjk<j CLO~ÓMLOqŠ öGHCLõXq¸ ¬MLlC~FLj, Ä£j
FLj¸¨ ³<jCLO~ÓMLOqŠ “Ä£j Š^j¸_¸PyÂ M~¿¥h MnkXq¸ ÓbÃ¸ÔL$qÓÍÂ ¬FLjö$qfU¸Ôn’’ FL^. ®¸¥qFLk
TdøÄjNnjj¥qÚ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸ MLÓFL ¬FLïNqkOqõŠ MLjFLjMLjPnÎFL ´Íj$qjOqj ¼FLïÀOqjMLjÓ EéÇ¥q, ¬FLïNqkÔ~Oqõ,
ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍ, ¥yFo=h ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ, Mo¸$qWeOqõÓŠ, MLjjC~õÓCy ¬Ó¸¥q¿¸GH_¨FL CLGHöCL¸($x<j$qj)
OqCLï[¼CL MLj¥qOqŠ¸<Ó¸, ¥qOqÁ£fH¥q, öGHJdÍj¥c (Jv<M~=h ${FLj) MLjjFLï$qj ${OqM~Âï ®FLjMLj¨¸GH×osS
MLGSjëMLlÓFLj _ÿjMLkFL¸$c Jv¸Í$qÆ»Oq^. MLjk<ML TwÍOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ öQ~MLõ¸$c GS¸¥iOqëFLÓFLj
Jd<jÔLj¸<jFLGHl<j, GHOqMLÇ¸¼FLM~@âÎ TdøÄj ¬öGHNqjCLï¸$c ÓNqkFLj$qj*õ¸$c F~^õ MLk<jÔLj¸@âFL^!
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°ÍNqj»¿ EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§ :
¯ EéMLO~Nqj bKZ^æOqj Po¥q EéML*bKZ^æOqj M~fSGRç$yöCL¸, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL¸ _jj¥§Q~[Š
Ôn¸ÁFL °ÍNqj»¿ FLOqfS¸$qbKZ^æOqj ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾FLŠ F~Ój$qML ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾FLŠ “M~QZP| ¥cOqõsHðO§”(No.347-G.T.)(ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ HG l. 285). No.352-
G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, EéML*bKZ^æOqjNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ÂM~GS bKZ^æOqj ¥cÈE~GSj Q~Š¸CLÓ
F~^¥cÂ¥h M~õ#eõFL ¥qOqë. ®CL<j Q~.QZ.1466 ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1544)Py _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ,
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ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl. 253). CLOqjM~À GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy EéMLGHðNqjõO§ GSøNqj¸$c, MLjFLjMLjJwÆ ¶_j+O~×¦ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾FLŠ Ôn¸ÁFL E~FL¥qOqëŠ MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÂï ö$qfU¸ÔLjÔLj¸<=eÂï $qMLjÂ¸ÔLFLÔLjá (No.403-
T.T.). ®¸¥qFLk On¨èbKZkÄj Nqj¸Íj ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLj¸¨FL JdÆÂ ¥xGHØF~Nqj¥qO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÿFLjMLjNqjõF|
¬FLjFLCLÂÁNqjk(®CL<j ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿¥h ÇGRjõ<j)( No.417-T.T.) ®¸¥qFLk ÀMLjôOqGS
GHÍ¸<NqjõO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL GHÍ¸<NqjOqj Nnjj¥qÚNqjj(No.561-T.T.),MLj¿Nqjj ¶$qMLjJd¨ CLGHðÍ _GSMLOn¨è
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL $q¸$qjOn¨è¥hÔn¸ÁFL ¥x¸CLöGHTdÍbKe$cÂï (No.665-T.T.)ö$qfU¸ÔLjCLk MLÔ~á<j.
EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§Ôo ÔoNqj_¨FL MnjjÍ=h E~FL¸ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h Ôo¿FL
ÔLÆMo¸öÍ¸, ÓNqj °CLëOqÄ£ÏÁPy°FLï M~õGSÀ£OqìM~¿ MLj>O~Â¥h GHÇáMLjÁQZPy Â¿ô¸GH_¨FL CLFL MLj¸^GH¸Py
öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔLj^Š GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼¸Á. ®¥cÚOqõ¸ ÂOqøfU¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ÄÄÏÍ GHÍjíÓö¥h¸Í ¬Nojõ [OqjáÓj ¯
ÄÏÍ¸$c °F~ïtj - FnÓŠ 4 GHBcÓ öGH¥cOq¸ ÂÓ¥q<$c°¸@é GH¸Á¿ ÂO~øÿŠFLŠ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
½¡ÄCL¸(½¡CL¸) 4 Oo#nÎ 8 GHBcÓj. bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py ×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûML¸Py ÔLÆMo¸öE~Â¥h ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c
¥cMLÓfSFL Â£=hÂ GSMLj‚Ooá¸ÍjŠ C~C~ÚÆ¥q¸$c ÂNqjÄj¸GH_@é GHÂM~¿¥h ®MLø_@é MnjjCLë¸ ‚Æ 3
Oo#nÎ 5 GH*¸. bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py ×¦¿$o °CLûML¸ - MnjjÍ=h Td¸MLCLû¿¥q ö_GUyôCLûM~Âï MnjjÍ=h
GSj¸ÍOq Jd¸<jõÂ O~Bh ¥c<MLF| rHOqj¸EéÄ, Áö_ÿô sHOqjÄ£jÍ Oq¸bÃ¸¼¸Á. O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ
2
ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ ÄML¿¸Ôo No.662-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py ¯ ÄMLO~Ój °F~ïtj. GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py

[1. 1930 SG ¸.Py TdÏÍj GSjö_ÿô*õ Q~öfSë$cOqj ¯ ö$q¸DE~Âï O~fS öGHÔLj¿¸¼FLGHl<j M~¿¥h ¼MLïFLï öM~fSFL ‘¬FLïMLkÔ~Oqõ ½¡ÄCL ÔL¿öCL’
Ex¿¥h °¸<PoÍj ¥cKyÓj. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL öGHGS¥hë ®¸Íj O~PoÍj. ‘¬FLïMLkÔ~Oqõ ½¡ÄCL ÔL¿öCL’FLj ³¥qMLkCLß¥q GSVNqj¸Cy 1949
GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ÅÇ¢ Mo^k¿ öGHbKe¥qOq Q~öfSë $c¿ GS¸JdÍ¥qCLø¸Py À.À. EéMLTdìFL¸ öGHÔLj¿¸¼¸Á. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
[2. ®¥qÚ< sHOq÷Py ×¦¿»FL JvOqKe^jFLj $qj¿ë¸ÔL<MnjÎ¸Á. ¥c<MLF| rHOqj¸EéÄ - QZ¥hëÄ^¸ŠÂ bKeOqõ -¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
ÔLÆ Mo¸öE~Â¥h MnjjCLë¸$c ¥cMLÓfSFL MLj=hæJdöCLÓFLj GSMLj‚¿áFL¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj ŠMLjôOqjÓŠ GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h

6 GHBcÓ ÏÍFL¸ ®MLø_<jCLj¸Á. MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ¯ GHÍjíÓÂï=hö¥h¸Í ¬Nojõ[Oqjá 8 Oo#nÎ 9 GHBcÓj.
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸Py TdìFLC~ëOqj, CLMLjML¸CLjFLŠ MLÔoá öGHTdÍbKe$cÓPy, On¸<jFLïOq öGHTdE~Âï
EéMLO~Nqj bKZ^æOqjFLŠ E~FL¸ÔoNqj$c, ¬¸ÍjPyÂ µ¥q=hFLïOq öGHTdE~Âï öGHÀOy¾FLk bKZ^æOqj, ÔLÆGH¸Á¿
fSìOqÂO~øÿŠÂ¥h, FnÓGS¿ ½¡CL¸CyKe^j ®Ô~á<j. ®Eé ¥cÓ¸Py, ¥x¸< JdÍCLPeFLï ÀOqjGHÀ¥h CLkOqjð
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×¦Oqj$qjÔLj¸<j^FLj ÔLk<MLÔLjáFLj.
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CLfHð¸¼ Äj$qCL ¬tjFL Fn<jF~<j Š+CLkëOqj ö$cMLj¸FL¸ÍÆ ¬Oqíî¬ö$qVOq bKe$q¸PyÂ 4 Jd+÷FLk, Ä£=hCyKe^j
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[1. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py ¯ MLOqÍO~×¦GHlOq¸ ¬Fo sHOqj ML¼á °¸@~Æ. ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ bKeOqõsHOqj MLOqE~½¡ ¬MLjô -¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
TdÓjŠ 30 Oo#nÎ ÔxGHØFL öGHÀ GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÄO~+¸ ®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ¬¸»¤¥q¿¸¼ E~FLGHöC~Âï öM~tj¸¼ tjÔ~áOqj.
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ FLkCLFL$qj¨¥h CL»FL¸CL O~_¨Â GSMLj‚O~á<j. ¯ Ä>OqPoQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h bKZŠëÓj
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MLköCLMoj ÄÂNnk»¸ÔL _<MLÓNqjjFLÂ À£O~ôÂ¸ÔL<MnjÎFLÁ (No.348-G.T.).
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MLjOqjGS=hGS¸MLCLûOq¸Py ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1468, öGHbKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Ä£jFLMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 6-3-1547)
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MLj¿Nqjj GSÿöGSF~MLj¸ GH>¿¸ÔLjM~¿¥h CL$qj Jd¿CyfR¥cÂï GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ¬Nojõ MLõNqkÂ¥h ‚@~
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TdøÄj$qj¨ MLOq*Py ×¦¿sH^^j÷, ¯ ¥cOqõÂÄjCLë¸ MLGSOqMLjNojõ 104¾ GHBcÓFLj, öGHÀ GS¸MLCLûOq¸

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EéMLO~Nqj bKZ^æOqj MLjOqÓ öGHNqjÀï¸¼, Ä>OqPoQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h$cFLj, ÄO~WeÓFLj öJw$qj×ofS
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Oo#nÎCy ÔoOqá$c(No.367-G.T) ML¼áFL 122 Oo#nÎMnjjCLë¸Py FLj¸¨ 77 Oo#nÎ 7 GHBcÓFLj Ä>OqPoQZøOq TdøÄjNnjj¥qÚ
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Äj$qCL 44 Oo#nÎ 3 GHBcÓFLj CLFL sHOqjÄ£jÍ EéM~ÓNqjÏÍF~$cOq¸Py ÂÓøÔoNqj^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¯ öHG GSjëCL
öGHNqjCLï¸Py ÔL¸E~OqkGH¸Py sS¥q¿¸¼FL ÏÍFL¸Py, rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) O~×¦Ä£ÏÁPy, Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~×¦NqjõÔo
Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL ¬¸¥qBcÓFLj M~õJdOq Íj¥cBcÓj rH^jæ¥xFLï¸ÍjÓŠ Íj¥cB E~OqjÓj “MLj¥qMLj” OqkJdFLï
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ÔL¸E~$c ®Ô~áOqj. HG lOq=eæÇ (bKeöÍHG Í)MLkGS ÀOqjF~+÷Py Ä>OqPoQZøOq TdøÄj¥h SG ¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL FoÓPy Íj¥cBcÓFLj
CnOqÔLj^Š$cFLj Íj¥c*E~OqjÓj ÔnÆ÷¸¼FL 12 Oo#nÎCy Ôo¿ MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ÓbÃ¸¼ML M~¿ú¥q O~_¨ 52 Oo#nÎ.
EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æOqjNnjj¥qÚ GHm¿¤øŠÓj, ¬OqíîQZC~KeíÂ¥h GHmOqø¸, Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿjÂ ¥cÓ¸Py,
ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLj EéM~ÓNqj¸ Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL SG ¸ÍOqó¸Py, FnÓk÷Oqj½Pe÷PyÂ °ÍNqj»¿ öJd¸CL¸FLj¸¨ ÀOqjGHÀ¥h,
MLÓGS ML¼á, ¯ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py HG m¾eOqjÓj$c Sf Oì qGH@~èOqj. ®GHð=h¥hÂ, °ÍNqj»¿ ®¸=hsHOqj$qÓ Š^j¸KeÓM~OnÎFL
MnÎ#eFLGSjPo ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ O~MLjjÓM~¿ $qj¨Py MLjj[õGHm×eOqjÓj$c °F~ïOqj. EéMLO~Nqj bKZ^æOqj ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GS bKZ^æOqj $xGHðJd¸¨CLõ¸$qÓ M~<j, ¥cÈE~GSj Q~Š¸CLÓMLjjFLŠ M~õ#eõFL¥qOqë.
¯NqjjBhê ¬GHðNqjF| :
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py, °CLûM~ÓFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔLj^Š bKZŠëÓj GH¸Ô~¸$cÂï GS¸öGHÁ¸¼ MLjjÿkOqë¸
ÂOqêtj¸ÔL@~Â¥h ®GRæGH<C~Oqj. EéM~ÓNqj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj‚< M~¿¥y¿¥qFLj MLjÂïTdëOqj. ö_GUyôCLûML¸,
MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML¸, GHÓ÷MyCLûML¸ MnjjÍPnÎFL °CLûM~Ój MLj¸¼MLjjÿkOqë¸Py öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL _<jCLj¸Á.
×yõÀQ~ùöGSë¸Py CLÓGH¸¨FL MojÏE~Ä ¬tjFLM~Oo öJdOq¸bKZ MLjjÿkO~ëÂï ÂOqêtj¸Ô~Æû °¸^j¸Á. °CLûML¸
×¦¿$o¥cÓ¸Py ®CLOq¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠÓŠ CL»FL Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ ®MLø<¸ MLÓFLFo ¯NqjFL sSMLŠ CL»FL GS¸bKeMLFL
®Ôoá TzÓbKZõ¸ °¸Á. 16ML QZC~_í¸Py ÀOqjMLjÓÓNqj TdìFL×yõÀGRjÚ<j$c MLjjÿkOqë ÂOqêNqkÁ
¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï, ¯NqjjBhê¬GHð ¬FLjsHOqj$qÓ ÅÇ¢ M nÎ G R êM LöKeÿô*j<j ÂOqøfU¸ÔoM~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. µ¥q °CLû
M~Â¥h MLjjÿkO~ëÂï ÂOqêtj¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ¯NqjFLŠ TdÏE~Oq*¸$c µ¥qGH*¸ _ÿkMLkFL¸$c ®MLø_<j
CLj¸@éÁ. Q~.QZ.1457 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸. ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 26-12-1535)¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj, ÓXiôEéÄ
MLjGUyCLûML¸ ×¦OqjGH_<j GS¸ÍO~óFL, ¯NqjjBhê ¬GHðŠ, Ô~OqjõFLŠ, _jjÀø¥§Š, ÅÇ¢ GSk¥që¸, ¥qÓðMLj¸öC~
Ój, MoÍ¸, ÓXiôGSÿöGSF~MLj, ÓXiô$cNqjöÀ MnjjÍPnÎFLM~=hÂ GH>¿¸Ôo GH>¿CLÓŠ(¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸) µ¥qGH*¸
ÔxGHØFL _ÿjMLkFL¸ ®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j(No.544-T.T.). GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸Py C~+÷Jd¥q
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj Q~.QZ.1466 ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸. Ä£jFLMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 19-3-1545) ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸MLÍí
öGHÀfRç¸¼FL FLMLkôWeøO§FLŠ NqjFL ÀOqjMLÏÍõNqjFL¸ GHÍMLOy×nÎFL Q~CLjëMLjjOnÎ Oy¾F~<j, TdìFL¸
×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ×¦MLk[OqjáÓ ¼=eæPy, MLjjÿkO~ëÂï ÂOqêtj¸¼FL¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, ¯NqjjBhê
¬GHðF|Š ®MLø_¨FLÁ µ¥qGH*¸ ¬Â öM~Nqj_¨FLÁ (No.393-G.T.). Q~.QZ.1467 ÄQ~øMLGSjF~MLj GS¸.

¥qO~Ú^¥q MLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 5-7-1545)Py OqÄ£=h _j¥qÚO~×¦ O~MLjO~×¦ ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ GŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Ä>OqPoQZøOq
MLjVO~¾, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GHÓ÷MyCLûM~Âï, MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸Py OyfUBh FLXqöCLNqjj¥që Oy¾F~=h¥h
GHm¿ë¬Nojõ ÄÏÍ¸$c 5 Oy¾Ój °CLûML¸ ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¬tjFL [OqjáÓ
¼=eæPy, MLjjÿkO~ëÂï ÂOqêtj¸¼FL ¯NqjjBhê ¬GHðF|$c¿¥h Jd¿CyfR¥q¸$c µ¥q GH*¸¬Â öM~Nqj_¨
NqjjFLïÁ. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓMLkVC~ôõÂï GH>¿¸¼FL ¬FL¸CLF| Mo¸¥q^CLjëOnÎMLO§¥h, MoÍJdO~Nqj*¸
$cÄ¸¼FLM~¿¥h, ÀOqjM~N|jMnjjÈ $cFL¸ÔofSFLM~¿¥h‚< Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ ®MLø_¨¸Á(No.561-T.T.). ®Eé
ÄÏÍ¸$c öGHÀGS¸ÍO~óÂ¥h µ¥qGH*¸ _ÿjMLkFL¸$c ®MLø^¸ FLM~tjÀ£ ³Oqð¨¸Á. C~+÷Jd¥q rHÍÀOqj
MLjÓNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍO§ Q~.QZ.1468 GS¸.Py Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML ÀOqjF~+j÷
öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔLj^Š MLjjÿkOqë¸ rH^æ_¨FLGHl<j, µ¥qGH*¸(No.669-T.T.),C~+÷Jd¥q ¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj,
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $ yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h ¥qPeõByCLûML¸ öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼ FLGHl<jFLk µ¥qGH*¸ _ÿjMLkFL¸$c
®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^jÔoQ~<j(No.354-G.T.).ÀOqjMLjÓPy Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GHÓ÷MyCLûML¸ ÂOqøfU¸GH_¨FL
GHÍíîÀPyFo, Qx=nuæ²^kæO§ ÀOqjMLjÓFL¸Ã ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj ŠMLkOqj<j ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSNqjõ¸$cOqj
Q~.QZ.1469 GS¸.FL ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjM~¿¥h‚< GHÓ÷MyCLûM~Âï ×¦¿fH¸ÔLj^Š ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. GS¸ÍO~óFL MLjjÿkOqëÂOqêNqj¸ $cÄ¸¼FL ¯NqjjBhê¬GHðF| fSE~íî¸À¥h On¸<jGHBcÓj
_ÿjMLkFL¸$c ®MLø_¨¸Á(No.415-G.T.). Q~.QZ.1473 GS¸.FL JvCLëGHðF~Nqj¥qÚO§ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL GSkOqGHð
F~Nqj¥qÚO§, Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h GSÿöGSF~MLj °CLûM~Âï ³O~ð^jÔofS FLGHl<jFLj(No.666-T.T.) Q~.QZ.
1485GS¸. OqjÏÁOyE~Ü¿ F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 26-1-1564)¥qOqBh¥qÚ ¥cMLjOqGSGHðNqjõF|$c¿
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬GHðÓNqjõO§ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h GHlGRõMLkGS¸Py OqDÍGSGHëÄj°CLûM~Âï ×¦OqjGHl^Š ³O~ð^j
ÔofSFLGHl<j, MLjjÿkO~ëÂï ÂOqêtj¸¼FL fSE~íî¸À¥h _ÿjMLkFL¸$c µ¥qGH*¸ ®MLø_¨¸Á(No.376-G.T.).
¬FL¸CLNqjõF| Mo¸¥q^CLjëOnÎMLO§ :
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py E~FL¥qOqë ÂOqøfU¸Ôo °CLûMLGS¸ÍOqó¸Py bKZ¥qëöQyCLÓŠ Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ MLkVC~ôõÂï
ÄÂfH¸Ôo ³O~ð^jÔofS öGHMLÔLFL¸ ÔofSFLM~Â¥h Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ ®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj<¸ ‚@~ ¥qÍjí.
Q~.QZ. 1466 - 67 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 1544 - 45) ÀOqjMLjÓPy ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj
ML<MLjÓNqjõF|$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Mo¸¥q^CLjëOnÎMLO§ ¯ ¥cOqõ¸ ÂOqøfU¸Ô~<j. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py °OqjGHØ^kæO§ ¥qOqjGHØ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF|$c¿ MLjFLjMLj<jFLj, ¬FL¸CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj
¬tjFL, MLjOx¥q ÀOqjMo¸¥q^CLjëOnÎM~O§ ®¥cÚO~õÂï ÂOqøfU¸Ô~<j. Q~.QZ. 1466 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
No.48-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGH_¨FLÄÏÍ¸$c ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. ×¦FLML¿, 1545)
GSE~ÇMLO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ, MLj¿Nqjj ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓ GSj¥qßC~Oqì¸ Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾Ôo ÀOqjMLjÓ

Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸Py, FnÓŠ 6 GHBcÓ FnÓGS¿ ${OqMLMoCLFL¸Ä£jÍ, ¬Pe$o $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄjM~¿
ÓNqj¸Py‚@~ ¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ ÂOqøÿ*Š ³O~ð^j ÔoNqj<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1467 GS¸MLCLûO~Â¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL ¯ No.360-G.T.Q~GSFL¸, Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾, ÀOqjMLjÓ, ÀOqjGHÀÓPy ÔofSFL E~FLÏÍO~ôÓFLj
$qj¿¸¼, sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓ$qj¿¸¼ ÄGHlÓ¸$c ÄML¿GSjë¸Á. NqjFL ³O~ð^jÔofSFL ¬+$qfHðO~F~O§(¥xÓjMLl
ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ¥h) ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL GSMLjNqkFL Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ²Íj^ öGHÀOy¾FLj Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ MLkVCLôõ¸
GH>¿¸GH_<jCLj¸@éÍÂ MLköCLMoj CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ¥cÂ, °OqjGHØ^kæO§ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| $c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
¬FL¸CLNqjõ$cOqj ÀOqjGHÀPy ¬ÔLjõCLrHðOqjMLkW| EéM~ÓNqj¸Py öGHÀOy¾ ×¦¿$o ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¥cOqõö¥qMLj
GSMLjNqj¸Py ÔofSFL ¯ sSMLÓŠ$cFLj, TdÓjŠ 4 Oo#nÎ 8 GHBcÓFLj, ®¸¥qFLk MLOqÍO~×¦ rHOqjMLkW|
1
EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¥cOqõö¥qMLj¸ ×¦Oqj$qjGSMLjNqj¸Py ÔofSFLsSMLŠ$cFLj 6 Oo#nÎÏÍF~Âï Jv¸ÁNqjj¸@âFLÂ

CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~.QZ. 1466 ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qO~Ú^¥qMLkGS¸Py (¾ePnÎ, 1544) MoNqj_¨FL No.514-
T.T Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ °Y¦jGHØ^kæO § ¥qOqjGHØÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| ¬FL¸CLNqjõ $c¿¥h,
ML<MLkMLjÓNqjõF| Mo¸¥q^CLjYnÎM~O§ M~Oqj ®OqjMLl¿¥hÂ ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿CyKe^j TdøÄj¥h
ÂMoÁ¸GH_¨FL öGHTdÍ¸Py ¥x¸CLbKe$cÂï ®MLø_¨FLÍÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ Q~GSFL¸Cy ÀOqjMo¸¥q^CLjYnÎM~O§
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ MLkVC~ôõÂï GH>¿¸ÔLjÔLj¸@é M~Oqj$c CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. ¥cÂ ¯ ML<MLkMLjÓNqjõF|$c¿
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Mo¸¥q^CLjëYnÎM~O§Nnjj¥qÚ öGHGS¥hë Q~.QZ. 1467 GS¸. CLOqjM~CL ¥cFLO~PoÍj. ¬EéGSMLjNqkFL
Á£Â CLOqjM~CL MoNqj_¨FL Q~GSF~Ój, µ¥qÚ ¬FL¸CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<$qj Mo¸¥q^CLjëYnÎM~O§,
EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸Íj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ MLkVC~ôõÂï ÀOqjMLjÓPyFLj MLj¿Nqjj ÀOqjGHÀPyFLj ‚< öGHMLÔLFL¸
ÔofSFL M~Oqj$c Jd¿CyfR¥cÂï Jv¸ÁFL^j÷ CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. MLjjÿkO~ëÂï fSìOqGHOqÔLj^Š$cFLj fSE~íî¸À¥h
®¸CL ®MLøMLÓfSFLÍÂ ÂOqêtj¸GH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c, CLFLÔo öJdOq¸bÃ¸GH_¨FL GHÓ÷MyCLûML GS¸ÍO~óÂï(No.561-
T.T) GHlOqGSÚ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂ, OqÄ£=h Ä>OqPoQZøOq MLjVO~¾, ¬FL¸CLF| Mo¸¥q^CLjYnÎM~O§ fSE~íî¸À¥h GHlO~*
öGHMLÔLF~Â¥nÎ µ¥q GH*¸ Jd¿CyfR¥cÂï ¬FLjMLjÀ¸Ô~<j. ®EéÄÏÍ¸$c C~+÷Jd¥q ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍO§
öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML GS¸ÍO~óÂ¥h ‚< ®MLø$c(No.669-T.T)Qx=nuæ ³^kæO§ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSNqjõ¸$cO§,
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h GHÓ÷MyCLûML¸ GS¸ÍOqó¸Py 2 GHBcÓj ®¼áFL^j÷ (No..415-G.T) CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á.
¯ ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q^MLkVC~ôõFoï ÅÇ¢ Â M~GSGHlO~*¸ ¬Â ‚@~ ÔnJdëOqj. ¯ GHlO~* öGHMLÔLFL¸ ÔosS¸ÍjŠ
Jd¿CyfR¥q¸ FnÓŠ ®¸CL¬Â rH¸$ç@âÎ Qn=hæ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^MLjj<NqkF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¥c+ÀëQn=hæ µ¥q
µ<¸_¨¥qFLj Q~.QZ. 1465QybKZ¥qßCLj GS¸. MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 31-12-1543) ŠÁO~á<j(No.466-T.T).
[1. ®Á ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqjPyÂEâÎ °¸<MLÔLjáFLj. -¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]

EéM~ÓNqj $q*ŠÓj :
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqEéM~ÓNqj $q*ŠÓPy‚< ¥x¸ÍOqj TdøÄjM~¿ ¬FLjö$qÿfSÁíî¥nÎ ¥xÂïE~F~Ój
ÔoQ~Oqj. ¬^jML¸=hF~¿Py Š¨rHOq¸_kOqjŠ Ôn¸ÁFL ÀOqjMLFL¸C~WeøO§ ŠGHðNqjõM| ÀOqjMLjÓ ÓNqj
$q*Š<j(ÀOqjMLjPnÎ ¥ytjP| ¥q*ŠÚ ÀOqjÂöFL °<NqkO§ - ¬Â M~¿Â GSk¼TdëOqj) ¬FLjFLCL<j
Q~.QZ.1464 QZjbKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸, MLkGIHjMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.16-2-1543)(No.377-G.T) $yÄ¸Í O~×¦
TdøÄjÓNqj ÀOqjGHðBhfHWnÎ"FLj¸¨ ¥x¸CLbKZkÄjÂ ¥xÂ ¬ÔL^ ÓNqkÂï ¥q=hæ¸¼, ¬¸ÍjPy
$yÄ¸Í¥qßGRjêÂ, F~¼áNqkOqjÓFLj öGHÀfRç¸¼ 1500 FLOqðBcÓj ÓNqjbKe¸@~O~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸¼ E~ÂrHÎ
MLÔoáML©èCy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj¸FLj¸¨ öGHÀÁFL¸ FnÎMoÍõGSMLjOqð*¥nÎ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ÀOqjMLjÓ
ÓNqj¸PyÂ $q*ŠÓŠ GHlBcõOqì¸$c ¯ öHG ÀadçGHF~¥cOqõ¸ ×¦¿»¸Á.‘ÀOqjGHðBhfHWnu"’ °Eyõ$q¸ ÂOqøÿ*Py
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ÔoNqjMLÓfS °FLïÁ(No.669-T.T). ±Oo»¸GHl ×¦¿$o Ä£ÏÍjÓFLj GH¿QZjöbKZ¸ ÔofS, ¬<è¸ŠÓFLj CxÓ»¸¼,
¬MLGSOqMLjtjCo GH¸Á+u"FLj Motj¸ÔL@~Â¥h ¯NqjFLŠ CL»FL bKZC~õÓj MLjj=oæÄ(No.415-G.T). ÓNqj¸PyÂ
®¸¥x¥q $q*Š<j - EéMLO§ ML*¸$q MLOqjM~O§ - ŠJdð Mo¸¥q^CLëOqGSj ¬FoMLõ¥hë ¯ $yÄ¸Í ¥qßGRjêÂ
ÓNqj¸PyÂ ÂMoÍFLÓŠ ¬EéFnÓPy(ö¥i.QZ. 5-2-1543) ³O~ð^j÷ ÔoNqj<Moj ¥c¥q ÀOqjGHðÈ" ²+j¼á
öGHMLÔLFL¸ ×¦¿$o 30 Oy¾Ók ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ ²ÍPy °¸@é ¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$q ¬¸=o MLXq¹GSìÓ ÓXhô¥h
öGHÀOy¾, MLO~ÿTdøÄj¥h ¥xÂï ÁF~ÓPyFLj FnÎMoÍõÂ¥h ³O~ð^j(No.510-T.T)$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ÅÇ¢
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj¸ °CLëOqMLk<Ä£ÏÁPyÂ ¬¸=o ÅÇ¢ bKeGRõ¥cOqjÓ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁPyÂ GHmOqøÁŠÚPyÂ
MLj¸^GH¸PyÂ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ $yJdÓ¥qßGRêTdøÄj¥h µ¥q GS¸ÏE~õÁ£GH¸, ÂCLõÂMoÍFL, ÄQoGRÁF~Ó GH¸<j$qÓ
ÂMoÍFLÓ¥nÎ ®¸¥x¥q $q*Š<j rH¿Nqj Qy+NqjF| ¬FLjFLCL<j Q~.QZ.1468 GHO~bKZML F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸
CLjPeMLkGS¸Py ³O~ð^j (ö¥i.QZ. 25-10-1546)ÔoQ~<j(No.370-G.T).
FL$qOqC~ëO§ :
ÀOqjGHÀ FL$qOqC~ëO§ÓPy rH¸$ç@âÎ Qn=hæ ÀOqjMn¸¥q^MLjj@âÎNqkõF| Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<jFLk
rH*ê¥qÚ $yöÀ£Š<j ¥c+Àë Qn=hæ, Q~.QZ.1465 QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 31-12-
1543)1085 FLOqðBcÓFLj ÅÇ¢ b KZ¸@~Oq¸Py MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c °¸¼, Á£ÂrHÎ MLÔoá ML©èCy,¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿¥h
MLj¿Nqjj MLO~ÿTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*ŠFLj, ÅÇ¢ Â M~G S G H lO~* öGHMLÔLFL¸ÔosS öKeÿô*jFLŠ FnÓ
½¡CL¸ ®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(No.466-T.T). Fn<j¸ŠMLkOq $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL rH¿Nqj F~$qjQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
Mn¸$cGHlOq¸ F~O~Nqj*Qn=hæ Q~.QZ.1466 ö¥yÏÁF~MLj GS¸.(CLjÓ)QZøNqjj×¦ MLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.19-10-1544)
48,900 FLOqðBcÓ ÏÍF~Âï ÂÏÁ$c°¸¼, CLFL Š^j¸_GSbKZjõÓ¸Í¿ sHOqjÄ£jÍ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h,
$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j(No.396-G.T). ®CL<j MLjOqÓ 2,860 FLOqðBcÓ
FLj E~FL¸ÔofS, ¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸Py öQZML*FLXqöCL¸Oy¾ ÀOqjGHÀPy MLFLbKy×¦F~Âï ³O~ð^jÔofS, TdøÄj¥h
ÂMoÁ¸GH_¨FL öGHTdE~ÓFLj, EéM~ÓNqj ¥cOqõÂO~øÿŠPnÎFL sSMLŠÓŠ, öGHMLjj[ MLõŠëÓŠ, ÀOqjGHÀ

Jd+Nqj¸PyÂ M~õJdOqŠÓGSjíîÓŠ, GH¸Ô~+C~ëO§, ¥qMLOnÎ, ¥nÎ¥yÚPO§ MnjjÍPnÎFL MLO~ÜÓM~¿¥h Ä¿Ä$c
GH¸¼rH=eæ<j(No.397-G.T). C~+"Jd¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cOqj, ŠMLkOqC~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj, ¥q¸E~@âÎ
¬GHðNqjõ¸$cOqj, Ex<èNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬rHÎð MnjjÍPnÎFLM~Oqj TdøÄjM~¿ öGHTdE~Ój gSø¥q¿¸Ôo öGHMLjj[ MLõŠëÓPy
¥x¸ÍOqj. ¯ ¥nÎ¥yÚÓO§ Po¥q ÔoFoCLMLßÀëÂ¥qÓM~Oqj, EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ÄÄÏÍ¥cO~õÓFLj ÔoNqjj^Š$cFLj
GHlOqjGRsSMLŠÓFo $c¥q ÓNqjsSÄ¥qÓFLj ‚< GSMLj‚O~áOqj. ¯ ÄMLO~Ój, Q~.QZ.1465, QybKZ¥qßC|F~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ (MLßÇá¥q)¥c¿¤ë¥qMLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 21-11-1543)F~<j, ÀOqjGHÀPy ÂMLfSGSjëFLï µ¥q ¥nÎ¥yÚÓO§Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOnë ¬tjFL QnÆ÷ ¬FLj sHOqj$qÓ ÓNqjGH¿Ô~¿¥q MofSFL Q~GSFL¸ (No.395-T.T) MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
E~FL¥qOqëNqj$qj F~O~Nqj*Qn=hæ µ¥q ¥yMLj=h MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸¼FL^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¯ MLj¸^GH¸Py
‚< Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð* ×¦¿$oÁ. ¯ MLj¸^JdÂ¥h rH^æ_¨FL sHOqjFLj_=hæ ¯
E~FL¥qOqë ¥yMLj=h ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j ¥yMLj=h, FL$qOqC~ëOqj ¯ On¸<jFLj GHO~õNqjGHE~PnÎ
°¸^j¸Á. ®CL<j ®¸¥qFLk, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¥ytjP| WeøO§ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦F~Âï ³O~ð^j
ÔoQ~<j. ¥ytjP| WeøO§ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ ¬¸=o $qOqó$qj¨Â Â£=hCy ¥q¨» GH¿QZjöbKZ¸ÔofS, $y<ÓFLj
Š¸ŠMLjGHlMLlø, ¥qOqkðOq¸ ¥qÆfHFL ÅÇ¢ $q¸ÏÍGHl MLjjÍíFLjGHNnk»¸¼ QZjöbKZGHOqjTdëOqj. ®Á ö¥hÄjF~QZFL¥c¿.
®¸ÍjMLÓFL $cÆ‚< QZjöbKZGH<jCLj¸Á. bKeöÍGHÍ MLkGS¸Py (rSrHæ¸_Oqj-¬¥yæ_Oqj FnÓPy) ö_GUyôCLûML¸
öJdOq¸bÃ¸ÔL@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¯ GHÍíîÀFo ¬MLÓ¸ÃTdëOqj. No.583 of 1919
¼FL¥q¸½¡MLOq¸Py ÓbÃ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Âï ¬FLjGS¿¸¼, ¯ F~O~Nqj*Qn=hæ, 530 _¸$cOqjF~BcÓ ÂÏÁÂ
GSMLj¿ð¸¼, Á£ÂrH ÎMLÔoáML©è °GHNnk»¸¼, ¥xÂï °CLûMLOy¾ÓPy, ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸PyÂ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py TdøÄj¥h
öGHCoõ¥q FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j÷ $cÄ¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¥x¸ÍOqj EéM~ÓNqj sSMLŠÓj :
ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ EéM~ÓNqj¸, ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ °FLï ¬<ÄPy °¸<^¸ÔoCL, O~öÀ¸_$q+j÷
¥cMLÆM~¿ OqXq* ¬MLGSOqMnjÎ¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL ¥cGHPe¥csS¸ÍjŠ OqXq¥qbKZ^jÓFLj, EéM~ÓNqj öGHDÍMLj$yGHlOq
öGHMoQZ E~øOq¸ MLÍíFLj ®CLOq MLjj[õöGHEéQ~ÓPyFLj, ÂNqjÄj¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á.“rH¿Nqj$yGHlOq M~QZP| ”(rHÍí
$yGHlOq öGHMoQZ E~øOq¸)MLÍí ÂNqjÄj¸GH_¨ bKZ¥hëÄQ~øTdÓj¥qÆ»FL OqXq¥qbKZ^jÓj Q~.QZ. 1468 ML HG O~bKZMLF~MLj
GS¸. ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.20-6-1546)(No.535-T.T)EâÎM~FLjö$qÿ¸ Ç¸¼ FnÎMoE~õÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL
_<j^Š$cFLj, 570 GHBcÓj MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c EéM~ÓNqj ÏÍF~$cO~Â¥h ÔnÆ÷¸Ô~Oqj.
¯ öGHGSjëCL ¥cÓ¸PyPe$o, GHmOqø¸ ‚@~ fU¸ÍkEéQZ¸ FLÓjMLjkÓÓFLj¸© NqköÀŠÓj
°CLûMLGSMLjNqkÓPy ¬¸ÍjF~ MLjj[õ¸$c GHlOq=eæÇ°CLûML¸ Po¥q Áö_GUyôCLûML ÀOqjF~+÷Py ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ML¼á EâÎMLÍOqùFL¸ $cÄ¸ÔLj¥xÂ CLMLj ¥cFLj¥qÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj ¥xFoM~Oqj. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÓbÃ¸¼FL ÄÄÏÍF~BcÓj _¸$cOqj, Mn¸¨ MLjjFLï$qj M~=hÂ GH¿¤Xh¸¼, GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼, M~=h
ÄÓjMLFLj¥q=hæFL CLOqjM~CLFo EéM~ÓNqj E~Nqj GH=hæ¥qPy FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸@éÁ. ¯ GH¿¤Xq, GH¿Ç¢ÓFL,
ÄÓjML¥q^æ<¸ GSö¥qMLj¸$c ×¦OqjGH_@é¸ÍjŠ EéM~ÓNqj sSMLPy #eNqjMnjÎFL °Eyõ$cÓj ¥x¸ÍOqj ÂGHl*jÓj
ÂNqjÄj¸GH_<jCLj¸@éM~Oqj. ¬^jML¸=h FnÎGHl*õ¸ $qÆ»FL Fy^æ¥cÚOq Mn¸$q+jQn=hæ ¬Fo EéM~ÓNqj sSMLŠÂ
$qj¿¸¼ No.409-G.T Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®CL<j $qj¸<k÷Oqj ÀMLjôNqjF| ŠMLkOqj<j MLj¿Nqjj
Jd¿Ô~Oqõ_jjfR ML¸Ç¢Nqjj<jFLj öÀML¿ê¥qŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j MLj¿Nqjj GHFLjï¥qO§ CLjPeB§ GH¸<¼óML
$yöÀ£Š<j. Q~.QZ.1468 GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq Š¸bKZMLkGS¸Py (6-2-1547) öÇ¢Mn¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h
µ¥q ¬GHðGH¨ FnÎMoÍõ¸ GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
Xll OqÄ£=h ML¸QZ¸
1. ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ :
C~È¥y^ NqjjÍíî¸Py ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~NqjÓj MLjOqBh¸ÔL$c ¬CLÂ CLMLjjô@âÎFL ‘ÀOqjMLjÓ’
ö¥i.QZ. 1565GS¸. GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓŠ öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀ$q ¬ÏÁ¥cOq GHÍÄÂ Jv¸Á, MLj¿ GHÁGS¸MLCLûO~Ó CLOqjM~CL,
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õfS¸VGSF~Âï ö¥i.QZ. 1575 GS¸. öJd¸C~FL ¥nÎMLGS¸ ÔofS¥xF~ï<j. (ÔLk<j. ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸
GHl^. 279)¬Eé GSMLjNqj¸Py CLFLO~×¦ÏE~ÂÂ rHFLj$x¸<Š MLkOqjá¥xF~ï<j. ®CLÂ GH¿JdÓFL 2 Po¥q 3
GS¸MLCLûO~ÓŠ Äj¸¼NqjjFLï^j÷ PoÍj. ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py ®CL<j CLFL On¸<ML ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~Nqj
Po¥q On¸<ML Oq¸$qFLj, CLFL GSÿGH¿JdÓŠÂ$q ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j. TdÏE~Oq*¸$q ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj MLj¸^GHMLjÂ
1
fHÓjML_<jÔLj¸<j FL=hæÁNnjÎ, ®CLÂÔo Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL MLj¸^GH¸ ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ®CL<j ÔofSFL

sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï ×¦åfHë¥h CnGSkë ¯ F~=h¥hÂ£ ÔnŠÚÔnÍOqŠ¸@~ ÂÆ¼ °FLïÁ. ÔL¥qÚ$c ÔLkGHOqjÓFLj
¥q^jæ¥xFL$qÓj$qjFL^j÷ µ¥q NqjjÍíîÄ£Oqj<j °MLï $qjY¦þ¸ Â=eOqj$c µ¥q ³FLj$qjÄ£jÍ °FLï^j÷ ¬¸Í¸$c
MLjÓÔL_¨FL ²CnuëFL GSë¸bKeÓÄ£jÍ MLj¿Nnjj¥q ³FLj$qj°FLï ÄÏÍ¸$q °FLï GSì¸bKeÓCy‚¨NqjjFLï ¯ ±¸×¦P|
MLj¸^GH¸ Py öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOqMLjk EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ×¦¿$o ö_GUyôCLûML Oy¾ÓPy, ±Oo»¸GHl °CLûML¸ ×¦¿»FL
1
CLOqjM~CL, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj °CLûML Äö$qVÂ¥h Mo¸ÔoGHl ÔofSFL CLOqjM~CL TdìFL¸ ×¦OqjGH_<jCLj¸Á.
2. On¸<ML ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qEéML MLjVO~Nqj :
®CLÂ CLOqjM~CL fS¸VGSF~Â¥h ML¼áFL ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qEéML MLjVO~NqjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL=hæ GSjMLkOqj
¬Oq<×¦FLj Q~GSF~Ój, Q~.QZ.1501(ö¥i.QZ.1579), Q~.QZ.1508 (ö¥i.QZ.1586) GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLjÏÍõ¥cPeÂ¥h
GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ FL=hæÄ$c °F~ïtj.
[1. ¯ MLj¸<GH¸ PyGHÓ Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿO~NqjÓ Â¿ôCL ¬F~ï ±¸×¦P| MLj¸<GH¸ °FLïÁ. PyGHÆ F~Ój$qj GSë¸bKeÓ MLj¸<GH¸ _Nqj^
±¸×¦P| ¥q^æ@~Â¥h ³Oqð¨FL On¸<j Jv<M~=h GSì¸KeÓFLj ÔLk<MLÔLjáFLj. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j.]
O~NqjGS¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ :
Q~.QZ.1504, ¼öCLbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOq(GHlGRõ)MLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.16-1-1583) µ¥o
CoÁ£F~<j öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ÄMLO~Ó öGH¥cOq¸, °OqML¥x¸<gSMLjPyÂ Š¸<F~+j
ö$cMLj¸Py ÂMLfSGSjëFLï öKeÿô*jÓPy µ¥q<jFLj, ¥cQZõGH$yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¥cC~õNqjFLGSköCL QZj¥q÷ Nqj¾Q~ù[Š
Ôn¸ÁFL MLkÍOqGSGHðF| ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL O~NqjGS¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõO§, sHOqjÄ£jÍ E~FL¥qOqëPnÎFL ŠFLþMLOqíîFL ¥x^æ¸PyÂ
¥iWnÎWfHWnÎPy ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLjï=hæNqjj, ¥hWnÎfHðWnu÷ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL C~¥qÚJdð=h QnM~ø=hæ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬JdðÓ
¼FLïGHðF| ¬FLjFLCL<jFLj(No.49-G.T.), MLj¿Nqjj Ä×¦NqjFL$qO~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ŠMLFL¨ GSj¸¥qOq CLMLjjôF~Nqj¥qO§
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀÓ÷GHðF~Nqj¥qOqjFLj( No.100-G.T.)®ÍíOqj ¥qÓfS ÅÇ ¢$yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸Ô~Oqj. ¯ Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j CnÆNqjML¼áFL ¥xÂï ÄQoadÓj
: ¥q<MnjÎ¥cÚP| ¥xÓJdöCLCy ¥xÆ¼FLGHl<j, GHl=næ<j(ML=hæ) E~FLõ¸MnÓ ¥cÓ¸Py 4 GHBcÓj. EâÎM~Â¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j ÄÄÏÍGHBcõO~Ó MnÓÓj ¯ ö¥h¸Á ÄÏÍ¸$c °F~ïtj : µ¥qGH¨ GHGHØCy(µ¥q ML@âÎ GH¨)
52 ML<Ój CLNqkOqj ÔoNqj_<jCLj¸Á. Á£ÂÄÓjML 8 GHBcÓj. µ¥q ®¨÷GH¨ MnÓ 5 GHBcÓj, µ¥q GSj»NqjF|
GH¨ MnÓ 5 GHBcÓj, µ¥q EyQnÎGH¨ MnÓ 3 GH*¸, µ¥q CoF|CxPnÎ GH¨ MnÓ µ¥qOo#nÎ ¬¸=o 10 GHBcÓj,
µ¥q Š*jŠÚ GH¨ MnÓ 5 GHBcÓj, µ¥q ¬ÀOqGSGH¨ MnÓ µ¥qOo#nÎ, µ¥q $yÁ GH¨ MnÓ 6 GHBcÓj, ¥c$c
µ¥q ¬GHðGH¨ ÄÓjML µ¥q Oo#nÎ.
ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~Oqõ :
¥cÓ¸PyÂ öGHMLjj[ ÅÇ¢MnÎGRêML Ô~Oqõ GHlOqjGRjÓPy ³^kæOqj ÀOqjMLjPnÎ ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~Oqõ
OqNqjõF| µ¥qOqj. ÅÇ¢ MLjEéøÍMLkOqÜ öGHÀadçGHF~Ô~Oqõ MLj¿Nqjj °bKZNqj MoE~¸C~Ô~Oqõ ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj@âÎFL
¯ Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÂ$qj¿¸¼ No.671-T.T.Q~GSFL¸Py öGHGS¥qëMnjÎFLÁ. ¯NqjFL ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j
MLj¿Nqjj, QZ>OqMLjOqú* $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<jFLj ¬tjFL Cy+JdðÔ~Oqõ MLOqjõÓŠ
MLjFLjMLj<j. Q~.QZ. 1505 GSjbKeFLj F~MLj GS¸. ¥qF~õMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 25-9-1583)¯NqjFL MnjjCLë¸ Ä£jÍ
720 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ 4 ö$cMLkÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ¯ ö$cMLkÓPy
¬NqjõF| Jd¥qÚ¸ ö$cMLj¸ TdÓjFLŠ 330 Oo#nÎÂ, fHQ~^kæOqj ö$cMLj¸ 210 Oo#nÎÂ, GHlÆM~tj ö$cMLj¸ 30
Oo#nÎÂ GSMLj‚Ooá^^j ML¸=hÄ. ¯ MLjk<j ö$cMLkÓj JdÓMo^jægSMLjPyÂ ÍXh*MLk$cBhPy °F~ïtj.
F~Ój$qML ö$cMLjMnjÎFL ‘MLjjPnu÷M~tj’ CLjWnÎGH¿M~tjgSMLj¥h Ôn¸ÁFL=hæÁ. ®Á 150 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥cE~NqkÂï
®ÔoáÁ. ¯ 720 Oo#nÎ E~NqkÂï ÄÂNnk»¸¼ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ¥h öGHÀOy¾ MLj¿Nqjj ¥xÂïöGHCoõ¥q
GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ¥cÓ¸Py, µ¥q Jv¸$qP| ÀOqjKyðFL¥q¸
ÏÍOq On¸<jGHBcÓj ¥c$c, On¸<j GHÓMLjjÓ ÔL¸ÍFL¸ ÏÍOq 3/16 GH*¸, 100 ML¥qÚÓj, 200 Š$qÓ µ¥q
MnkÍ CLMLjjÓJdŠÓ MnÓ µ¥q GH*¸.
ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj, ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓF~DÍjÂ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j. ¯ ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓF~DÍjÓj

rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjPnÎFL¸Ã$c GSjöGHfSÍjíîÓj. ¯NqjFL O~MLkFLj×eÔ~OqjõÓM~¿¥h MojFLMLkMLj. MLj¿Nqjj, ¯NqjFL
NqkMLjjF~Ô~OqjõÓ ´Íj$qjOqj öGHÏE~FLÇGRõ MLOqÜ¸Py µ¥q<j(Ep.Ind.Vol XII, page162). Q~GSFL¸ No.671-
T.T.PyFLj, Nos. 30,31,32 of 1921(Mad.Ep. for 1921 para 53) Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯
ŠMLkOqC~C~Ô~OqjõÓ CL¸ö¨sHOqj ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$cOqj ¬Â CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. ¯ ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$c¿ GHm¿ësHOqj

³^kæO§ ÀOqjMLjPnÎ Š¸bKZ¥y*¸ C~C~ Ô~¿NqkO§ ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬Â No.31 of 1921 Q~GSFL¸
CnÓjGHl CLjFLïÁ. À.À.Eé. Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ Q~GSF~ÓFLj GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~×¦õ¸
GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL öGHDÍMLjO~×¦ML¸QZ¸FL¸ÍÆ MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓ¥cÓ¸ MLOqŠ, ¯ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓM~¿ ML¸QZMLßXq¸PyÂ
MLjk<j CLO~Ó MLOqŠ$qÓ, MLõŠëÓFLj$qj¿¸¼ CnÆfS¸Á. rHÎFo CnÓjGH_¨FL^j÷, ¯ ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓM~Oqj
¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<j MLj¿Nqjj CyÓJdðÔ~OqjõÓŠ MLjFLjMLj<jFLj ¬MLlC~<j. ¯
Cy+JdðÔ~OqjõÓj Po¥q Cy+GHðO§¬Nqjõ¸$cOqjNnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨sHOqj Qx=nuæ ÀOqjMLjPnÎFL¸Ã ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ C~CLNqjõ¸
$cOqj ¬Â£, ¯ Ô~OqjõÓM~Oqj ÀOqjGHÀ FL$qOq¸Py ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLj¸¨FL Ô~OqõGHlOqjGRjÓPy µ¥qOqj ¬Â£,
Q~.QZ.1385, GSjbKeFLjF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Ä£jFL MLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 7-3-1464) MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FL¸Íj öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.98-G.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. Q~.QZ.1397 MLjFLôDÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
¥qF~õMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 24-9-1475) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL Nos. 347, 574-T.T. Q~GSF~ÓPyÂ ÄMLO~Ó öGH¥cOq¸,
¯ Qx=nuæ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj¬Fo MLjOx¥qŠMLkOqj<j °FLï^j÷FLk, ¯NqjFL _ÿjQZ¹ Cy+JdðÔ~OqjõÓ
¥q¸=n MLNqjGSjûFL ¼FLïM~@âÎ °¸¨ °¸=e<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk ¯ ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj
‘$ctj$yM~+’ ÃOqjE~¸¼CLj@âÎFL ÅÇ¢ MLjF| FLOqfS¸ÿ öGHbKZjMLlFLŠ, ¬Ô~Oqjõ<Â ‚@~ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯
$cN|j$yML+ FLßfS¸ÿöGHbKZj, Jd¸<õO~¾FLj ×¦tj¸¼FL Ä£OqÇ#eMLjBh MLj¿Nqjj ¥c¥qÀ£NqjO~×¦õ GSjfSìOqCLŠ
¥cOq*bKZkCLj<j, MLj¿Nqjj ®CLÂ TwÍOqj@âÎFL ¥oQZNqjF~NqjŠ<j, C~FLj öÀbKZjMLF~ÓŠ O~¾FLÂ ¥x¸CL
¬ÀQZNnk¥hë$c öGH¥q=h¸ÔLj ¥xFLï=hæM~<j(ÔLk<j¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.142)Q~.QZ.1410, ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
fS¸ÿ MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 12-8-1488) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.142-G.T .Q~GSFL¸Py‚< Ä£¿ öGHGS¥hë °¸Á.
Ä£Oqj, öGHÀ FnÓPyFLj CLFL ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ ¬tjFL GHl_òFLXqöCL¸ F~<j ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj¥h, FnÎMoÍõ
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^j$cÄ¸¼ °FLï ÄGRNqj¸ ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ. ®¸¥qFLk
®EéÄÏÍ¸$c ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EâÎM~ÓŠ CLFLÇGRjõ@âÎFL ŠMLkOq ŠÓQo[Oq MojÁÂ£O~MLl
ÀMLjôF~Nqj¥qÚO§ sHOqjÄ£jÍ(ÔLk<j ¯ ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl^.153 )FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼FL^j÷
Q~.QZ. 1415, öGHMLkÁ£ÔLF~MLj GS¸. CLjPeMLkGS¸ FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ.17-10-1493) öGH¥q>=h¸GH_¨FL No. 307-T.T.
Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHl CLjFLïÁ. ¯ ŠMLkOqC~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjPnÎ C~CLNqjõ¸$cOqj Q~.QZ.1463,

GH÷MLF~MLj GS¸. Š¸bKZMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.10-2-1542) ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL _¨NqjjFLï
No.421-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, GSÓ¥qNqjõEéML MLjVO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL fS¸$qO~¾FLŠ $qjOqjMLl
¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c, ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ FLj¸¨ ÀOqjMLjPnÎ C~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ MLOqŠ$qÓ

F~Ój$qj CLO~Ó ML¸Ç¢Nqjj ÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~Ój CnÆfS¥xFL$qÓ¸.
¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ Q~GSF~Ó FLj¸¨ MLjFLŠ EyõCL¥qMnjÎFL¸CL MLOqŠ, ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓM~¿
¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓj, On¸<ML ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Q~.QZ.1496, bKeMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 1574-1575)
(No.383 of 1919) MnjjÍÓj¥xÂ Q~.QZ.1552, öGHMnkÍkCLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ. 1630) (No.354 of
1919)GHOqõ¸CL¸ M~õfH¸¼NqjjFLïÄ. “ H GI BhHG À»¿Py(ÀOqjGHÀPy) ¯ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj µ¥q ÄMLkFL¸ Â¿ô¸Ô~”
OqÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. GHmOqø¸ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓM~Oqj “>GHl*õ¥y=h ÄMLkF~Âï Â¿ô¸GH×ofS E~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCLFLj
GHmtj¸Ô~Oqj. ¬=hæ ¯ ÂO~ô*¸ ÇDÁPeMLGSìŠ ÔoOqj¥y$c ....... MLj¿Nqjj ®¸¥qFLk ¥qPeõ*¥y=h ÄMLkF~Ój
ÇDÁPeMLGSìŠ ÔoOqj¥y$c ÂGSû¸Eéÿ¸$c ¯ ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓM~Oo M~=h¥hCL$qj MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj Ôotj¸¼,
ö¥xCLë$c _¸$cOqj MLjPeMLjj GHmtj¸¼’’ Q~.QZ. 1536, FL¸ÍF~MLj GS¸. MojGRMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 2-4-
1614)GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸¼OqÂ Nos. 649, 650 of 1919 Q~GSF~Ó MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á. O~×¦$qj Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~Nqj
MLjVO~NqjÓ ¬FLjö$qÿ¸ GH¿GHmOqê¸$c Jv¸ÁFL ¯NqjFL, O~¾FLŠ ÏE~õÀô¥q $qjOqjMLl. ¯NqjFLNoj

O~¾FLŠ GSøNqj¸$c GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦¿fH¸Ô~<j. O~¾ $qjOqjMLlNqj¸ÍÆ CLFLbKZ¥hë öGHGHCLjëÓFLj öGH¥q=hGSkë
CLFL O~×eõÂï Ô~OqjõÓ JdÍGHE~ôÓŠ ¬¿ð¸¼ ${OqÄ¸Ô~<j. ¬^jML¸=h ¯NqjFL MLjVO~×¦
MnÎbKy$cÓCy, ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸Py CLFL ÔLOqMLjÍQZPy ÄöQ~¸ÀÂ Jv¸Í^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ Q~GSF~Ój
¯NqjFLFLj, EéM~ÓNqj MLõMLVOqÍŠú<j (ÅÇ¢ ¥cOqõ ÏÍjOq¸ÏÍOq) ¬Â£ ¯NqjFL ö¥h¸Í GHÂÔoNqjj ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓCy
‚¨FL ¥cOqõTdìFL¸ ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸Py °FLïÁ ¬Â CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ¯NqjFL Ôn¸$qÓð^jæ½Pe÷PyÂ MnÎGRêML
EéM~ÓNqkÓrHÎ ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë MLj¿Nqjj GHOqõMoXqBcÏÁ¥c¿$q °¸@âFLj. ¯NqjFL No.363 of 1919 Q~GSF~¸Py
CnÓjGH_¨NqjjFLï^j÷, MoOqjMoOqj$q On¸<jMLkOqjÓj _¸$cOq¸CyFLj, Mn¸¨CyFLj CLjPebKeOq¸ CLk», ¯
ÏÍFL¸ ¬¸CL=hÂ ÄÂNnk»¸¼ ¥q¸¼MLOqÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ ÅÇ¢MLjVÓ¥húôEéÄ¥h _¸$cOqj ¥qPeõ*¥y=h
ÄMLkF~Âï Â¿ô¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. No.475 of 1919 Q~GSFL¸PyÂ GS¸GSÚßCL Qy÷¥cÓMLÓFL ¯NqjFL,
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MLQZõ¥qMnjÎFL $q×¦, ¬QZø, GSOqð, $qOqj<, ÿFLjMLjE~Á _¸$cOqj, Mn¸¨ M~ÿF~ÓFLk
®¸¥qFLk GHÓ÷¥i, ÿ¸GS, fS¸ÿ MnjjÍPnÎFL M~ÿF~ÓFLk E~FL¸ÔofSFL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¬CLõ¸CL ÄÓjMnÎFL
_¸$cOqj bKZOqBcÓFLj‚< E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. öKeÿô*jÓŠ ¬ö$qVO~ÓFLj TdìfH¸Ô~<j. C~CLGSMLjjöÍ¸
¬FoÔnOqjMLlFLj öCLÄø¸Ô~<Â ¯NqjFL ÔofSFL GIHjFL¥cO~õÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ MoFy+÷ öGHQZ¸fS¸¼FLÄ(Mad. Ep.Rep.for
1920 para 51 ). ¯ ŠMLkOqC~CLÔ~Oqõ Po¥q ÀOqjMLjÓ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓM~Oo ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL

F~Ój$qMLOq¸$qNnjj¥qÚ ×oõGRçŠMLkOqj@âÎFL On¸<MLMn¸¥q^ Po¥q rHÍMo¸¥q^GHÀ¥h‚<, GH=eæbÃsR¥q MLjGUyCLûM~Â
×¦¿fH¸ÔnFLÂ ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïÁ.
rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c ŠMLkOqC~CLNqjõ¸$c¿ MLõMLVOq ¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓj, ö¥i.QZ.1574 -75
FLj¸¨ ö¥i.QZ. 1630 MLOqŠ ¬ÄöQ~¸CL¸$c 55 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLOqŠ ×¦¿»¸ÍÂ ÇPeQ~GSF~Ój CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj.
Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1911-’12 page 191, foot note 2 Py ¯ ö¥h¸ÁÄÏÍ¸$c CnÓjGH_¨¸Á : “MnjjÍ=h
Mo¸¥q^jÂ O~×¦õGH=eæbÃsR¥cÂï ×¦¿fH¸¼FL ¯ MnÎGRêML MLjC~Ô~Oqjõ@âÎFL ÀOqjMLjÓ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj, On¸<ML

Mo¸¥q^ ¥cÓ¸Py ‚< ½¡Ä¸¼Nqjj¸ÖqÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL<¸Py ¬GS¸bKZMLMojÄj PoÍj.” ®¸CLŠ MLjj¸Íj
®¥qÚ< $qMLjÂ¸¼FLÄÏÍ¸$c, ŠMLkOqC~C~Ô~OqjõÓ C~CLNqj$qj CyÓJdðÔ~OqjõÓj MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFLj¨ GH¿JdÓF~
¥cÓ¸Py ½¡Ä¸¼°F~ïOqj. CyÓJdðÔ~OqjõÓ ¥cPeÂ¥hÂ, $q¿GRç MLjÏÍõ$qCL¥cÓ¸, ¬¸=o Q~.QZ. 1385 FLj¸¨
Q~.QZ. 1552ML GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLOqŠ, 168 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó M~Oq °¸<$c, ŠMLkOqC~C~Ô~OqjõÓ Mnjj^æMnjjÍ=h
Q~GSFL¸ No.383 of 1919 öGH¥q=h¸¼FL Q~.QZ. 1496 ML GS¸. MLOqŠ, ¥qÂGRç MLjÏÍõ$qCL¥cÓ¸ 112 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó
M~Oq °FLïÁ. ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj ¯ 168 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó ¥cÓ¸Py MLjk<ML ML¸CLj ¬FL$c 55
GS¸MLCLûO~Ó¥cÓ¸ CLFL ´fU¥q MLõMLVOq ¥cOqõ¥qPeJdÓŠ ÄÂNnk»¸¼Nqjj¸@âFLj. Äj»ÆFL 112
GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ¬CLÂ CL¸ö¨ C~CLÓ ½¡ÄCL¥cÓ¸ ¬MLlCy¸Á. ÄÏÍ¸$c Cy+JdðÔ~OqjõÓj MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL
O~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸FLj¸¨, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸MLOqŠ ¬¸=o GSjMLkOqj$q ö¥i.QZ.1520
GS¸. MLOqŠFLk, ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$cOqj ö¥i.QZ.1520 GS¸.FLj¸¨ 1570 GS¸. MLOqŠ ¬FL$c ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~NqjÓ
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ CxÆ GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLOqŠ ½¡Ä¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷ bKeÄ¸ÔLMLÔLjá. ¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ÔLkfSFLGHl<j
¯ ML¸QZ¸FL¸ÍÆ rHÍíÓCLOq¸ M~¿Py CL¸ö¨, ŠMLkOqj<j ³¥q¥cPeÂï ¥qÆfS ½¡Ä¸¼FLGHl<j, Ä£¿Py
µ¥xÚ¥qÚOqj GSjMLkOqj$c 5 FLj¸¨ 6 ÍQ~KeíÓ ¥cÓ¸, ½¡Ä¸¼ Nqjj¸¨FL^j÷FLk, CL¸ö¨ ŠMLkOqjÓj
¥qÆfS ³¥q¥cPeFL ½¡Ä¸¼NqjjFLï GS¸MLCLûO~ÓFLj Ôo¿á GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼FLGHl<j, Ä£¿Py µ¥xÚ¥qÚOqj ½¡Ä¸¼NqjjFLï
GHm¿ë ½¡ÄCL¥cÓ¸ 80 FLj¸¨ 90 GS¸MLCLûO~Ó MLOq‚ °¸<MLÔLjáFLj. C~+÷Jd¥q ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$cOqj 96
GS¸MLCLûO~Ój ½¡Ä¸Ô~Oqj. ¥y=h¥qF~õE~FL¸ ÓXiôŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj, öGHMnkÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ Q~.QZ.
1552(ö¥i.QZ.1630) GS¸.Py IGHBhGHÀ»¿Ä£jÍ (QoadöÁ GHOqøCL¸ Ä£jÍ) FnÓ¥xÂNqjjFLï Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj
EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ MLjkÓTdìFL¸ Ä£jÍ FL¸Í ÂÓNqj ÄMLkF~Â¥h À¿» _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmtj¸Ô~<j.

¯ ¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÂï, _ÿjQZ¹ ¯NqjFL On¸<MLMo¸¥q^ GH¿JdÓFLFLj öJdOq¸bÃ¸¼FL öGHDÍMLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸Py,
ÂOqøfU¸¼ Nqjj¸<jFLÂ ¬FLj¥xFLMLÔLjá. ¯ GS¸MLCLûOq¸PyFo ¯ Ô~OqjõÓj On¸<ML Mn¸¥q^¥h,
¥h¿¤^ÏE~OqBcÂï GH=eæbÃsR¥q MLjGUyCLûM~Âï ×¦¿fH¸¼Nqjj¸=eOqj. C~FLj MnFLj¥q _¸$cOq¸CyFLj, Mn¸¨CyFLj
CLjPebKeOq¸ CLk» ML¼áFL ÏÍF~Âï °GHNnk»¸¼ ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸PyÂ ÅÇ¢ MLjVÓXiô ¬MLjôM~¿ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py
¥qWeõ*¥y=h ÄMLkFLMLj¸^JdÂï _¸$cOq¸Cy Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk ¬¥qÚ¨ MLOqÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸
FL¸ÍÆ GHl*õ¥y=hÄMLkF~Â¥h MLjOqÓ _¸$cOqjGHmCL GHmtj¸Ô~<j. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ MLkOqj On¸<ML
Mo¸¥q^Nnjj¥qÚ GH=eæbÃsR¥q MLjVCLûM~Âï ×¦¿fH¸¼ FL¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, Jd¿CyfR¥q¸$c, _ÿjMLjCLjÓ OqkJdFL
ÓbÃ¸¼FL ÏÍF~Âï ÄÂNnk»¸¼, Q~.QZ.1536, FL¸ÍF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py MojGRMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 2-4-
1614) (1919 of Nos.650, 649, 363) ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ FL¸ÍÂÓNqj ÄMLkF~Â¥h _¸$cOqjGHmCL
GHmtj¸Ô~<j. ¯ ŠMLkOqC~C~Ô~Oqõ M~OqGSj<j$c ²^kæOqj ®MLjô¨ ÀOqjMLjPnÎ ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj,

Mo¸¥q^GHÀ O~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py MLj¿ F~Ój$o¸<j÷ CLOqjM~CL ¬¸=o Q~.QZ.1556, NqjjMLF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ fS¸ÿ MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 30-8-1635)ÏÁGHCLõ¸ MLfU¸Ô~<j( No.201 of 1922).
C~C~Ô~Oqõ Š^j¸_ ML¸Ç¢NqjjÓFLj$qj¿¸¼ CnÓjGH$qÓ Td¸öGHE~Nqj ÄGRNqkÓFLj $qj¿¸¼FL
´ÀVõÂï, öGHGHF~ïMLjßCL ö$q¸DÍ¸FLj¸¨, Ep.Ind.Vol. XII page 162 Py ²Àë öM~Nqj_¨ °FLïÁ. ®¸ÍjPy
ÔnGHð_¨NqjjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ - ®¸CLŠ HG mOqø¸ ¯ Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL FLOqfS¸VÔ~Oqõ MLj¿Nqjj Oq¸$cÔ~Oqõ
¬FLj ®ÍíOqj TwÍOqjÓj, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqÔLö¥qML¿ëNqj$qj MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãÂ¥h M~OqGSj<j$c ML¼áFL On¸<ML ÄOqkJdXqO~NqjNnjj¥qÚ
öJdGH¥cÂï Jv¸E~Oqj. ¯ FLOqfS¸VÔ~OqjõÂ ML¸QZ¸PyÂ CyÄjôÁNqjML CLOq¸ GS¸CLÀ C~C~Ô~Oqjõ<j. ¯
ÓXiôŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~Oqjõ<j, ¥y=h¥qFLõ¥cE~FL¸ C~C~Ô~Oqjõ<j$q GSjöGHfSÍjíî <Nqkõ<j. ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨sHOqj
GH¸ÔLMLj>CL bKZ¸×¦FL¸ C~C~Ô~Oqjõ<j. ®¸CLŠMLjj¸Íj ®¥qÚ< $qMLjÂ¸¼FL ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ Š^j¸_¸Nnjj¥qÚ
MLjk<j CLO~Ój MLköCLMoj, On¸<ML ÄOqkJdXq O~NqjÓŠ MLjj¸Íj GH¿JdÆ¸¼FL MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL O~NqjÓ MLj¿Nqjj
MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^Nnjj¥qÚNqjj GH¿JdÓFLÓ MLjÏÍõ¥cÓ¸Py °¸<$qÓMLÂ CnÆNqjjÔLjFLïÁ. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯
C~C~Ô~OqjõÓŠ CxÄjôÁ CLO~Ó GHmOqø¸ M~@âÎFL FLOqfS¸VÔ~Oqõ, Ô~PeGHmOqø¥cÓ¸ _ÿjQZ¹ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq
O~×¦õ¸ ³Oqð<j^Š ®¸¥qFLk Ô~Ó GHmOqø¥cÓ¸F~=h MLõ¥hëNnjÎ °¸=e<j. ¯ ŠMLkOqC~C~Ô~OqjõÓ CL¸ö¨sHOqj
¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$cO§ Po¥q ²^kæO§ ÀOqMLjPnÎ Š¸bKZ¥y*¸ C~C~Ô~¿NqkO§ ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$cOqj ¬Â, À.À.Eé.
Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸PyÂ No.671-T.T. Q~GSFL¸FLk, Nos.30, 31, 32 of 1921 Mad. Ep.Coll.PyÂ Q~GSF~Ók
ÂGSû¸Á$qíî¸$cFLj, SG ðGRæ¸$cFLj CnÓjGHlCLjF~ïtj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ GH¸ÔLMLj>CL bKZ¸×¦FL¸ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓ M~Oqj
¬FLj MLjOx¥q sHOqj$qÓ ¥y=h¥qFLõ¥cE~FL¸ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓjFLkï Nos.531,588 of 1919 Q~GSF~Ój ³ MLõ¥hëNnjj¥qÚ
${OqM~ÍOq öJd_Óõ¸, GHÓj¥q_©, ÀOqjMLjPnÎ, Š¸bKZ¥y*¸, ÀOqjMLkÆOqj¸×yPnÎ MLjjFLï$qj öJd¸C~ÓPy
ÔnÓj÷ _ ¨ ¬NnjõFy, ¬=hæ M Lõ¥hë N qjk, ¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$c¿ ŠMLkOqj<jFLk ¬tjFL ŠMLkOq
C~C~Ô~OqjõÓjFLkï ¬bÃFLjïPnÎFL=hæ µ¥oMLõ¥hë NqjÂ bKeÄ¸ÔLj^Py ¬GS¸bKeMLõCL ³ MLköCL¸ PoÍj.
Mn¸¥qMLjOqGS On¨è :
ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ °W| MLj¸<Ó¸ ¬FL$c E~FL¸$c ®MLø_¨FL ö$cMLkÓj ¬ÂïNqjjÔo¿
NqjjFLï µ¥qMLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ¬ÄPeÓö$cMLkÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL QnÓ÷GHðOn¨èNnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Mn¸¥qMLjOqGSOn¨è
¬Fo MnWe÷+ ŠÓGSjì<j Q~.QZ. 1506, C~Oq*F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ CLjPeMLkGS¸Py((ö¥i.QZ.18-10-1584) 32
JvF| ÄÓjMLÔoNqjj FnÎMoE~õÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸Íj¥nÎ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj, 32 JvF| ÄÓjML$qÓ
80 ML=hæÓ ÏE~F~õÂï EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c ÓbÃ¸Ôo ÄÏÍ¸$c, ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ ±W|MLj¸<ÓMnjÎFL ¬ÄPeÓ
ö$cMLj¸PyÂ GH¸^JvPeÓPy ¥qOqúŠÓj ®CyÏÁ¥q¸$c ¥qßfRÔosS¸ÍjŠ ¬FLjMLl$c, µ¥q GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj,

CLFL GSø¸CL[OqjáÓ Ä£jÍ öCLÄø¸Ô~<j. MnFLj¥q=h On¸<jQ~GSF~ÓPy CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c µ¥qML=hæ ÏE~FLõ¸MnÓ
4 GH*¸ ¬MLlCLjFLïÁ. ¬^jML¸^GHØ<j 80 ML=hæÓ ÏÍOq 32 JvF| ¬Â ÔnfHðFLGHl<j ¬Eé Oo^jÄ£jÍ ML=hæ
ÏE~FLõ¸ MnÓ 4 GH*¸ ¬tjFL^j÷ CnÆNqj$qÓÍj.

¬MLGSOq¸ ÔnFLïGHðO§ :
¥{¸¨FLõ $yöÀ£Š<j, GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj@âÎFL µ¥cFx¥q FLÇÓj‚ÚO§ FLOqGSNqjõ
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬MLGSOq¸ ÔnFLïGHðO§ $qj¿¸¼ No.150-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ MLjFLÍßfRæ¥h À£GSj¥xÂMLTwë¸Á. ¯NqjFL
Q~.QZ.1508, MLõNqjF~MLj GS¸. MojGRMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 22-4-1586) EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ÔofSFL E~F~Âï Í[Ój
GHOqjTwë¸Á. ®CLÂ F~MLjÏEéNqj¸MLjj¸ÍjFLï ¬MLGSOq¸ ¬Fo ÃOqjÍjFLj_=hæ ®CL<j ÅÇ ¢Oq¸$qO~NqjÓŠ ¬MLGSOq¸
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¥cOqõ ÂO~øÿŠ<j)$c °FLï=o÷ ¯ O~NqjGS¸ ÔnFLïGHðO§ O~¾FLŠ M~O~ëÿOqj<j$c °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
3. MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^GHÀEéML MLjVO~NqjÓj :
MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^GHÀEéML MLjVO~NqjÓFLj, MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^ ¬Â‚< fHÓML_<<¸ GH¿Jd=h.
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¯NqjFLŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸ÔLFL Q~GSF~Ój GSjMLkOqj 12
E~¥c °F~ïtj. ¯ Q~GSF~Ój Q~.QZ.1514(ö¥i.QZ.1592) FLj¸¨ Q~.QZ.1538(ö¥i.QZ.1616)MLOqŠ$qÓ ¥cPeÂ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFLÄ$c °FLïÄ. ¯ MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^, ÀOqjMLjÓNnjj¥qÚ F~Ój$qML ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, On¸<ML ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¥h
¥qÂGRçTwÍOqj<jFLj ¬MLlC~<j. ¥qOqkïÓj ½Pe÷PyÂ MLkO~ÚGHmOqjPy Q~.QZ.1489(ö¥i.QZ.1567)Py ÓbÃ¸¼FL
µ¥q Q~GSF~Âï _=hæ, Q~.QZ.1489(ö¥i.QZ.1567)Py ®CL<j GSE~ÇMLO~NqjÓ ÏÁGHC~õÂ¥h Py_¨NqjjFLï
µ¥q °FLïC~ÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. sSÓ¸, °CLëO~O~Ú^j ½Pe÷ÓPy ÓbÃ¸¼Nqjj¸¨FL Q~GSF~ÓPy,
“Ä£OqMLGS¸CLO~Nqj”¬FLïÃOqjÍj sHOqjCyFo GSk¼¸ÔL_¨NqjjFLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á(Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1911-1912,
page 187). ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL ÀOqjMLjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, rHÍíTwÍOqj@âÎFL On¸<ML ÅÇ¢ O q¸$q GH¿JdÓF~
¥cÓ¸PyFLj, ¯ MnjjÍ=h Mo¸¥q^, O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<Fo ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓj$qj

¥cMLõ¸ “MLGSjÔL¿öCL”(Q~ø.1,°JwE~ÝCL¸,GH. 81)FLj _=hæ CnÓjTwë¸Á. ®¸¥qFLk Q~.QZ. 1494, ¸»¤OqGSF~MLj
GS¸. adA<MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 9-7-1572) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨NqjjFLï No.185 of 1922 Q~GSFL¸‚< ¯
ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ÅÇ¢ O q¸$q GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py, °ÍNqj»¿, ¥x¸<Ä£<j MLjjFLï$qj GS¿ÿÍjí
öJd¸CL »¿ÍjO~ÜÓŠ ÏÁGHCLõ¸ MLfU¸Ô~<j. ¯ Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓŠ ´Íj$qjOqj bKeOqõÓj °F~ïOqj.
Ä£¿Py ¥qßGRêMLk¸_ Po¥q ¥qßGadê½¡ ¬MLjôF| µ¥q¿ë ¬FLj ¯ ÄGRNqj¸ No.97-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MnjjÍ=h Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~Nqj rHÍíTwÍOqj@âÎFL MLjk<MLO~MLj Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¼¥qÚO~Nqj ¬Fo
ÃOqjÍjsHOqj$qÓ MLjk<MLOq¸$qÂ, CLFL GSÿGH¿JdÓŠÂ$q ÔoGSj¥xF~ï<j. ¬EéÄÏÍ¸$c MLjk<MLOq¸$q Nnjj¥qÚ
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~Ój$qMLO~MLj‚< GSÿGH¿JdÓ¥q GHÍÄ Jv¸E~<j. ¯NqjFLŠ öGHÏE~FLMLj¸öÀCLø¸
MLfU¸¼FLM~<j rHMLjôTdÂ rHÍÀMLjôO~¾. ®CL<j ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀNqjj, ö¥i.QZ. 1514 GS¸.Py
¥qßadêFLÁ Í¥hú*GHl=x<jèFL MLjÿMLjôÁ£NqjGSjPeëFLjÓCy ×¦¿»FLNqjjÍíî¸Py Ä£OqÄVOq¸ GSÆfH QZöCLjMLlÓFy¨¸¼
Äj¸¼FL rHMLjôTdÂ O~MLjÆ¸$qO~¾FLŠ MLjjÂMLjFLjMLj<j. ¯ rHMLjôTdÂ rHÍÀMLjôO~¾ MLj¸öÀ
¼FLïCLMLjjô<j ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾, No.687-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÄÏÍ¸$c, ¥cÓ¸Py $q¸¨¥y^gSMLjŠ
GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸@éM~<j.
¯ MnjjÍ=h Mo¸¥q^GHÀEéML MLjVO~Nqj GH=eæbÃsR¥cÂï ×¦¿fH¸¼FL ²^kæO§ ÀOqjMLjPnÎ
ŠMLkOqC~C~Ô~OqjõÓFLj $qj¿¸¼ öGHGS¥hë$qÓ No.671-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ Q~.QZ. 1505 GS¸MLCLûO~FL, On¸<ML
ÅÇ ¢Oq¸$q GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FLÁ. ¯ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlÔLjFLïöGH¥cOq¸ ¯ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓj
Mo¸¥q^GHÀEéMLO~NqjÓ Š^j¸_ GHlOyfUCLj<j ¬Â CnÓjTwë¸Á. ¥qO~ê^¥qO~×¦õ fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸ÔL
$cFo, CLFL GH¿JdÓF~Oq¸$cÂï rHFLj$x¸<FLj¸¨ ÔL¸öÍ»¿¥h CLOqÆ¸Ô~<j. CLFL $qjOqjMnÎFL ŠMLkOq
C~C~Ô~OqjõÓ öJwÍòÓ¸Cy MnÎGRêMLMLjCL öGHÄGRjæ@âÎ, MnÎGRêMLMLjC~Âï öJwCLûfU¸Ô~<j. ®CL<j ÅÇ¢Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
TdøÄj¥h GHOqMLj bKZ¥qëÇ#eMLjBh. CLFL bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓŠ ¼ÿï¸$c MLjjŠÈCL ÿGSjë<j$q ÄFLöMLjCL °=hæGH<j
ÔLjFLï^j÷$q EâÎM~Âï öJd¿ìGSjëFLï=hæ bKZ¸»MLjPy °¸<jFL^j÷ O~»Cy CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_¨FL Äö$qVÂï ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸FL¸ÍÆ öGHMoQZ$yGHlO~Â¥h Ôo¿NqjjFLï PyGHÆ öGHÀMLkMLj¸^GH¸Py Í¥hú*¸MnÎGHlFL
TdìfH¸ÔL _¨NqjjFLïÁ. ¯ Äö$qÿ¸Nnjj¥qÚ Š¨bKZj×¦¸Ä£jÍ Mo¸¥q^ GHÀO~NqjÓj ¬Â CnÓj$qj ¬XqO~Ój
Ôn¥qÚ_¨ NqjjFLïÄ. ¯ Äö$qÿ¸ OqkGHlOo[ÓFLj, ¥cO~Âï $qMLjÂ¸¼FLGHl<j ¯ Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓj
MLj¸¼ GHlfRæ$qÓ bKe¿¤Äö$qÿj<Â£, TdÏE~OqB ²CLjëFLj¥qÆ» NqjjFLïGHð=h¥hÂ£, ÖÍíîCLõ¸Cy‚¨FL Ä£OqOqTwC~ðÍ¥q
ÓXqBcÓFLj CnÓjGH$qÓ OqkGHlOo[Ój, ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ O~»öGHÀMLjÓPy °FLïÄÏÍ¸$c PoMLl. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj,
NqjFL EéMoOqjÓ öGHÀMLjÓj µ¥qE~Â CLOqjM~CL MLj¿Nnjj¥q=h$q MLjk<j öGHÀMLjÓk, MLj¸^JdÂ¥h °CLëOqÁQZPy
°¸<$c, Mo¸¥q^GHÀ O~NqjÓöGHÀMLj Í¥hú*ÁQZPy °FLïÁ. ¯ Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓÄö$qVÂ¥h GSÄ£jJdFo
µ¥qO~¾, O~BhÓ ÇPeÄö$qVÓj‚< °F~ïtj. _ÿjQZ¹ ¯ öGHÀMLjÓj, Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓ CLÆ÷Í¸ö<jPnÎFL,
öGHDÍMLj ¥qO~êÔ~×¦$qj ÀOqjMLjÓ O~NqjÓj, ¬CLÂO~Bh Mo¸$qWe¸_Nnjj¥qÚ öGHÀMLjÓÂ bKeÄGSjëF~ïOqj (Ar. 1
Sur. Rep.for 1911-’12 page 189 Foot note-3).
Fy^æ¥cÚOq Mn¸¥q^NqjõF| :
No.686-T.T.Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLï öGH¥cOq¸ bKeOqE~ø×¦$yöCL, ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL, _jj¥§Q~[Š
Ôn¸ÁFL Fy^æ¥cÚOq ¥yFLGHðNqjõF| ¬Fo öKeÿô*jÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL Fy^æ¥cÚOq Mn¸¥q^NqjõF| ÍBcNqj
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®¸¥qFLk ¯ M~ÿF~ÓrHÎ ±Oo»¸GHlÓŠFLk, ¥cÓ¸Py ×¦OqjGH_@é GHÍ¥x¸<j ö_VôCLûM~ÓPyFLj
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®CL<j ÅÇ¢ O~MLjFLMLÄj CLOqjM~CL GHlGRõÄj(GHmQZ¸) FLXqöCL¸ Oy¾FL ÅÇ¢ O ~MLjGH=eæbÃsR¥q ÀOqjF~W| ×¦OqjGH
_<j^Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. GS¸ÍO~óFL °CLûMLÄö$qVÓŠ, F~¼áMLkO§ÓŠ, ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj<j, gSCLMLjô
M~¿¥h, ÓXqô*j<j, ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j, O~MLkFLj×¦TdøÄjM~¿¥h, ÿFLjMLkF|, GSjö»¤MLlFLŠ, ¬¸$qÍ MnjjÍPnÎFLM~¿¥h
EéML$qßVÂ¥h ²Íj^ fS¸VGSFL¸Ä£jÍ gSFLjÓFLj $cÄ¸¼ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï ×¦¿fH¸¼FL CLOqjM~CL,
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. GS¸ÍO~óFL GHlO~* GH¸¨CLjÂÔoCL
M~NqjjGHlO~* GH>OqFL¸. ¯NqjFLŠ GS¸ÍO~óFL, 4 GH*¸ ÄÓjML$qÓ GHÔLáML<¸ (GHÔLáÂ °CLë¿¤Nqj¸)
_ÿk¥q¿¸ÔL<¸ ×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á. MnjjCLë¸Ä£jÍ ¯ ÄÄÏÍ sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓj ×¦OqjGH_<j^Š EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
200 JvF| [Oqjá ¬bMLlCy¸Á. ®¸ÍjÓŠ _ÍjÓj$c, Q~.QZ. 1536 FL¸E~F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥c¿¤ë ¥q
(MLßÇá¥q)MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 4-11-1614) ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ ±W|MLj¸<Ó¸FL¸ÍÆ Š<MLmOqjF~<jPy °FLï

F~Nqj¥qF| ¥cPeøN|j, MLj¿Nqjj FL¿NqkFLkO§ ö$cMLkÓPy C~FLj öCLÄø¸¼FL On¸<j GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓj,
[1. ÀOqjMLjÓ ÓNqj¸PyÂ MLkFLML Äö$qVÓj CxÄjôÁ. Ä£=h ÓNqj öGHÏE~FL E~øOq¸ PyGHÆ¥h öGHMoÇ¸ÔL$cFo °FLï öGHÀMLk MLj¸<GH¸Py
ÔLk<MLÔLjáFLj. ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ¼F~ïEéÄ, ÀOqjMLjÓ EéÄ; ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓj, MLOqE~½¡ ¬MLjô, Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~Nqj(Mn¸¥q=h$q); PePe #oP|O~M|j,
fHC~ÃªÃ, MnkÿFL@é. Ä£¿Py ¬ÔLjõCLEéMLO~NqjÓj, MLOqE~½¬MLjô$c¿¥h CLGHð Äj»ÆFL M~¿ bKZj×eÓrHÎ sHOqj÷ Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °F~ïtj. ®Ä
¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ MLj¿Nqjj NqjFL bKeOqõ MLOqE~½¡¬MLjôM~¿ Äö$qVÓj ¬Â TdÏÍj GSjö_ÿô*õ Q~öfSë$cOo CLOqjM~CL CoÆáÔnJdðOqj.
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- ®GHØ<j °FLï TdøÄjM~¿ ÿj¸© ²ÍjOqj$c C~+÷Jd¥qM~¿ ¬OqŠ On¸<jMnÎGHlPe °KnòCLjë$c O~ÀCy Ôn¥hÚFL On¸<j KxMLjôÓj °F~ïtj.
M~=hÂ ¬FLïMLkÔ~OqjõÓj, rHÍ ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~OqjõÓj$c bKeÄ¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. Ä£=h¥h ‚@~ sHOqj÷ PoMLl. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
®¸¥qFLk ¯ On¸<j GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓMLÓFL ®¥qÚ¨ bKZkMLjjÓFLj¸¨ ¬ÏÁ¥q¸$c GH¸<j GH¸^ÓMLÓFL ÓbÃ¸Ôo

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GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLj¥qOqMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 17-1-1594)EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h EéMLO~NqjGHÆ÷ ö$cMLkÂï E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄGRNqj¸
¯ Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨¸Á. ¯ ö$cMLj¸FLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸Ôo M~¿ú¥qO~_¨Â ÄÂNnk»¸¼, CLFL
sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj, MLj¿Nqjj ¥cQZõGH$yöCL, ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL MLk<GHmQnÎ ÀOqjMLGHð¸$cO§
¬BcêÄF| ¬GHð¸$cO§ sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. No.413-G.T
Q~GSFL¸Py CnÓjGHlCLjFLï^j÷$q, ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj ö$cMLj ÂM~GS TdìFL¸$c ¥qÆ»NqjjFLï rH¿NqjMLjjÍÆ $yÄ¸ÍGHðF|,
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ÀOqjMLjÓEéM~ÓNqj TdìFLC~ëOqj GS¸GIHj¸PyÂ GSbKZjõÓÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
ÿFLjMLjNqjõO§ ¬*ê¸$cO§ :
Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓ rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ ¬tjFL ÿFLjMLjNqjõO§ ¬*ê¸$cOqj, ÄGRNqj¸ Q~.QZ.1528
GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 28-11-1606) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.97-T.T Q~GSFL¸
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365 Oo#nÎJ vF| ÄÓjML$qÓ FnÎM oE~õÓFLj TdøÄj¥h GS MLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸Íj ¥yGS ¸ *ê¸ $cO§
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E~FL¸ÔofSFL ö$cMLkÓj Po¥q bKZkMLjjÓj)±W|MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ ÆGHØOq¸, ¥xC~ë+¸ ÿÍjíÓŠ Py_¨
°¸@é^j÷ ¬*ê¸$cO§ JdWnÎNqj¸ ö$cMLj¸ ¯NqjFLÔo TdìfH¸GH _¨¸Á. ¯ ¬*ê¸$cO§ Jd+Nqj¸PyÂ
MLjjJdðÀ¥q ö$cMLj¸CyKe^j ¬¸ÍjPy CLFLÔo öCLÄø¸ÔL_¨ Nqjj¸¨FL=hæ, GH¸^JvPeÓŠ Â£Oq¸Á¸ÔL$qÓ
MLjk<j GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓCyGSÿ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. Mo¸¥qÔ~Nqj GSMLjjöÍMLjFLj sHOqj$qÓ
µ¥q rHÍíÔnY¦jMLlFLj‚< ¯NqjFL öCLÄø¸Ô~<Â CnÓjTwë¸Á.
Kx¥qÚGS¸ FLOqGSNqjõF| :
Kx¥qÚGS¸ ¥qßGRêNqjõF|Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL FLOqGSNqjõF| µ¥q öGHMLjj[ O~×eõÏÁ¥c¿ (No.366-
G.T.). ®CL<j Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq ÂM~fS. ®CL<j ÀOqjMLjÓO~NqjÓj ¬¸=o Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓ CL¸ö¨MLÍí
°Eyõ$qGSjì¨$c °¸¨FL^j÷ °FLïÁ. _ÿjQZ¹ ®CL<j O~¾$c¿ Kx¥qÚTdÂ¥h ¬ÏÁ¥c¿$c °¸¨ °¸=e<j.
Q~.QZ. 1528, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MojGRMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 31-3-1606) CLFLsHOqj Ä£jÍFLj, öCoNqjGS
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MLjFLjMLj<k, Ä×¦NqjFL$qOqgSMLjPyÂ ML<$q¸¨ ö$cMLj M~GSëMLlø<k ¬tjFL $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦NqjõF| sHOqj Ä£jÍFLk,
JzOqêGS $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ÀOqjGHÀ ÂM~fSNnjÎFL Q~OqC~ëO§ ¬tjFL(Pyÿ¥cOq ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~<j)
µ¥q MLõ¥hë sHOqjÄ£jÍFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. rUÎ¸ÍML TdöMLk×¦õ¸Nnjj¥qÚ
MLjj[õGH^æ*¸, ¬tjFL Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸ GSOqøF~QZFL¸ $cÄ¸ÔL_¨FL¸ÍjFL, ¥qO~ê^¥q O~×¦õ¸Nnjj¥qÚ
MLjj[õGH^æBcÂï ¬¸=o O~×¦ÏE~ÂÂ MnjjÍ=h Mo¸¥q^ Nnjj¥qÚ CL¸ö¨ ÀOqjMLjÓO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓFL¥cÓ¸Py,
rHFLj$x¸<Š MLkOqá_¨¸Á. F~=hFLj¸¨ Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸ GH^æ*gSMLjŠ ¬FL$c C~Ók¥cML¸=h µ¥q ¼FLï
öGHEéQ~Â¥h C~Ók¥c ¥qÔo¿$c MLk¿Jwtj¸Á.
¼FLï ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ :
µ¥cFx¥q MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq ¼FLï ÀMLjôO~×¦NqjõFLj $qj¿¸¼FL ÄGRNqj¸ Q~.QZ. 1538 FL+F~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥qMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 4-11-1616) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.687-T.T. Q~GSFL¸ MLÓFL CnÓjTwë¸Á.
®CL<j ÅÇ¢ »¿O~¾ ŠMLkOqj<jFLj, bKy$q+O~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj<j. ®CL<j ¥cQZõGH $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, GHGSë¸_
GSköCL Nqj¾Q~ùºªNqjj<j. öGHÀOy¾ O~MLjO~¾ Po¥q ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ sHOqjÄ£jÍ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL ¬MLGSOq¸Py EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h O~$qÓ öGHTdE~ÓbKe$cÓPy 12 öGHTdE~ÓFLj ö¥qNqkÂ¥h
À£GSj¥xÂ, Ä£=hÂ ®CLOq öGHTdE~ÓCyKe^j ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓ bKy×¦F~Oqì¸ O~MLkFLj×¦ ‚=eÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
®¸¥qFLk ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj ¬FLjö$qÿ¸ ÂÄjCLëMnjÎ öGHÀOy¾, $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EâÎML¸Nnjj¥qÚ ¬FLjö$qVOqì¸
MnÎQ~[¸, ×oõGRç¸, öQ~ML*¸, MLj¿Nqjj MLkGIHj¸ - ¯ F~Ój$qj MLkTdÓPy ×¦¿$o °CLûM~Ó GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj,
FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¬Nojõ MLõNqkÂ¥h, ®¸¥qFLk EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h
GHlGRðMLkÓÓFLj GSMLj‚OqjGSjëFLï ÀOqjF~O~Nqj*GHlOq¸ $q^jæ ÀOqjMn¸¥q^NqjõF|Š FnÓGS¿ ½¡CL¸ öGHÀFnÓ
®Ôoá¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. ¯ [OqjáÓŠ$cFLj, C~FLj öCLÄø¸¼FL GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLk, ¯ ¥cÓjML
Tz¥qOqõ¸ ³Oqð<j^MLÓFL, ¬ÏÁ¥qGH¸^ GH¸¨FL¸ÍjFL ÓbÃ¸ÔL$qÓ ¬ÏÁ¥q O~_¨Â£ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j.
MLjVMLj¸<PoQZøOq ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾, _ÿjQZ¹ rHMLjôTdÂ Š^j¸_Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFLM~@âÎ °¸=e<j.
GHmOqø¸ ¯ Š^j¸KeÂ¥oÔn¸ÁFL O~MLjÆ¸$q FLßJdÓj<j ö¥i.QZ. 1514 GS¸.Py ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, °ÍNqj»¿Â
MLjj^æ¨¸ÔL@~Â¥h JwML@~Â¥h MLjj¸Íj, ¥qßadêFLÁ Í¥hú*GHl=x<jèFL, CLFnïÍjOxÚÂFL MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj O~×eõÓ

GSjPeëFLjÓCy GIH\¡OqNqjjÍíî¸ ×¦¿fH ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓŠ CLFL ÄÓjMnÎFL GSVNqjGSÿ¥cO~ÓFLj ¬¸Á¸Ô~<j(¯
ö$q¸DÍ¸ GHl.191 JdÍÁ£fH¥q 2.; MLj¿Nqjj GHl.162 JdÍÁ£fH¥q 1). ®Á GS¿ ¬tjCo, ®CL<j Mo OnMLOy
¥cÍj, MLj¿ ¼FLïÀMLjôO~×o ¬MLlC~<j. ¯ ¼FLôÀMLjôO~¾, ®¸ÍjMLjÀ£ GH¿*Nqj ¥cMLõ¥qOqëNqjj, ÿ¿QZá¸öÍ
FLPyJd#eõFLMLjFo Íøõ¿ì¥cM~õÂ¥h M~õ#eõCLNqjj ¬tjFL ¼öCL¥qÄ ¬FL¸CL¥qÄ¥h JwGRŠ<j NqjFL
¼FLïÀMLjôO~×o ¥cMLÔLjáFLj. ®CLFLj ¬ÈNqjO~MLj O~¾ ÏÁGHCLõ¸Py, ¥x¸<Ä£<jFLŠ O~×¦öGHÀÂÏÁ$c
MLõMLÿ¿¸¼FL M~<jFLk, rHMLjôTdÂ rHÍí ÀMLjôO~¾FLŠ ¼FLï TwÍOqj<j(‘’Sources’’ page 112 and
foot note 2 on page 241). ®¸¥qFLk ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾ MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^¥h MLj¸öÀ$c‚< GHÂÔoQ~<j
(Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1911-1912 page 188). CnÓj$qj ¥qMLlÓ ÔL¿öCL GHl^. 294Py CnÓjGH_¨FL ÄÏÍ¸$c,
¯ ¥cÓ¸Py ¼FLïÀMLjôO~¾, ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ $q¸¨¥y^Š GH¿JdÓŠ<j$c °¸¨FL^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¯ rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôO~¾, ÇOqjÀMLjôO~¾ ÆÍíOqk ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ rSÎF~õÏÁGHÀ$c sHOqjöGH#eõCLjÓFLj $q¨¸¼FL
rHMLjôTdÂ O~MLjÆ¸$q O~¾FLŠ MLjjÂ MLjFLjMLj¸ö<j ¬tj °¸=eOqj.
TdMLkFLõ ¬ÏÁ¥cOq$q*¸ :
ÀMLjôGHð F~Nqj¥qO§, fS¸$qF~Nqj¥qO§, F~O~Nqj*E~GS¿ F~Nqj¥qO§ ¬FLj Ä£Oqj Mn¸¥q^GHÀ
O~NqjÓ TdMLkFLõ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓFLj ÄGRNqj¸ MLOqjGS$q Nos.412-G.T., 324-T.T., MLj¿Nqjj 427-G.T.
Q~GSF~Ó MLÓFL CnÆNqjML¼áFLÁ. ÀMLjôGHðF~Nqj¥qOqj, ¥qMLOnÎ ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ÔLCLjOqì $yöÀ£Š<j,
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq¸FL¸Íj ÂMLfS¸ÔLjM~<Â£ CnÓjTwë¸Á. Q~GSFL¸Py ®CLÂ GHm¿ësHOqj Moj¥xÚ=nuæ ÀMLjôGHð F~Nqj¥qÚO§
¬Â °FLïÁ. ®¸¥qFLk ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py öGHGS¥qëMnjÎFL Moj¥xÚ=nuæ Jv^æ* F~Nqj¥qO§ ¬FLïsHOqjFLj_=hæ ®CL<j
ÀMLjôGHðF~Nqj¥qOqj¥h Í»ÜOq GS¸_¸ÏÍ¸ ¥qÓM~@âÎ °¸¨°¸=e<j. ÀOqjGHÀPy ®CLÂ¥h µ¥q GHmÓMLFL¸
°FLïÁ. ¬¸ÍjPyÂ MLj¸^GH¸Py ±Oo»¸GHl$c ML¼áFLGHl<j °CLûMLÄö$qVÓFLj ®¥qÚ< Mo¸ÔoGHl ÔoNqj<¸
×¦Oqj$qjCLj¸Á, FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<jCLj¸Á ‘CLjÓgSMLkVCLôõ’ GHlO~* GH>OqF~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^ŠFLj CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓŠ $cFLj, 320 Oo#nÎ M~¿ú¥cE~NqjÂï ®MLø$qÓ
‘GHm¸ÍMLjÆ÷ ¬$qOq¸’ FLj, Q~.QZ.1514, FL¸ÍFLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qOqÚ^¥q MLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.14-7-1592)
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.412-G.T.). GHm¸ÍMLjÆ÷ ¬$qOq¸(¬ö$qVOq¸) MLjöE~GSjFLŠ(ÔnFnÎï¥h
GSÄ£jJdFLjFLï ¯ F~=h GHmFLMLjÆ÷ ö$cMLj¸. F~<j CnOqjÚ(ÍXh*¸) MLk$cBhPyÂ Jd+NqjgSMLjPyÂ
bKe$q¸$c °FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á. E~FL¥qOqë$q, CLFL ML¸CLjFLŠ O~$qÓ öGHTdÍ bKe$cÓFLj, rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLkW|
½¡NqjOqjM~¿¥h ®MLø_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
fS¸$qF~Nqj¥qO§ ¬FLjFLCL<j Sf FLïNqj F~Nqj¥qO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CLÂ ×¦FLôGSÓì ¸ ×¦Nqj¸¥x¸<
Ôy+ MLj¸<Ó¸Py °FLïÁ. ¯ ÇPeQ~GSFL¸ EéM~ÓNqj TdììFLC~ëOqjÔo, Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjÓ GSMLjXcFL
Q~.QZ.1535, öHG MLkÁ£ÔL F~MLjGS¸MLCLûOq¸ MLßÇá¥q MLkGS¸Py (8-11-1613) (No.324-T.T.) ¬MLjÓj HG OqÔL_¨FLÍÂ
ÔnGHð_<jÔLjFLïÁ. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL O~¾Mn¸^ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ Oy¾ ML¼á °¸=e<Fo ÄGRNqj¸ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
F~O~Nqj*E~GS¿ F~Nqj¥qOqj, ÔofSFL sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓPy MLjj[õ¸$c ÔnGHðÍ»FLÁ, Q~.QZ.1528,
GHO~bKZML F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.1606) µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸¼ ¬¸Íj GH=eæbÃ Mn¸¥q=oQZøOq Äö$qVÂï
öGHÀfR¸ç ¼, EâÎM~Â¥h öGHÀOy¾, ®¸¥qFLk MLjj¼Š¸Í MnkXq¸ ML¸=h °CLûM~Ój, ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ TdøÄj¥h
×¦OqjGH_<j GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š CL$qj³O~ð^j $cÄ¸ÔnFLj. ®¸¥qFLk $yÄ¸ÍGHðO§
¥qßGRêNqjõF| MLj¿Nqjj Fy^æ¥cÚOq Mn¸¥q^NqjõF| sHOq÷Ä£jÍ, EâÎM~Â¥h FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
CLMLj ×¦MLk [OqjáÓ ÄMLO~ÓFLj öM~fSrH=oæ¸ÍjŠ$cFLj Mo¸¥q^*êF| ¬FLj $q*ŠÂ ÂNqjÄj¸Ô~<j. Á£ÂÂ_=hæ
®CL<j, O~×¦õGH¿JdÓF~Oq¸$q¸PyÂ µ¥q °FLïCyEyõ»NqjÂ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ.
®CLOq E~CLÓj :
Q~.QZ.1515, Ä×¦NqjF~MLj SG ¸MLCLûOq¸ Ä£jFLMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ.13-3-1594) öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL No.398-
G.T. Q~GSFL¸Py öGHTdëMLFLŠ ML¼áFL F~O~Nqj*O§ ¬FLjFLCL<j ÔLCLjOqì $yöÀ£Š@âÎFL ÇY¦jfHðWnu÷CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
ÏÍOqBh¥yFo¿ On¨è ŠMLkOqj<j.
O~MLkGHlOq ÂM~fSNqjj, FL$qOqC~ëOqjÓPy M~õJd¿ ŠÓGSjì<jFLj ¬tjFL CL¸ÃQn=hæ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL
ÇÓ¸Ã<NqkO§ Qn=hæ ¬FLjFLCL<j, MLOqÍO~×¦TdøÄj, F~¼áMLkO§, ÀOqj¥qÚ¼áFL¸Ã, Äö$qVÓFLj M~õJd¿Ä£ÏÁPyÂ
µ¥q MLj¸^GH¸Py öGHÀfRç¸HG ×ofS öGHÀOy¾ FnÎMoE~õÓj SG MLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸¼, ®¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj
Q~.QZ.1518, ÍjOqjôºF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MojGRMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ.19-4-1596) EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, O~MLkGHlOq¸PyÂ
140 Oo#nÎ ÄÓjML ¥qÆ»FL ¥qQZ¥cÚPnÎøFLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j(No.359-G.T.). ÀOqj¥qÚ¼áFL¸Ã Äö$qÿ¸ öGHÀfR¸ ç HG _¨NqjjFLï
EéM~ÓNqj¸ ®Á Nnjj¥qÚ=hNoj. ®Á ¯ F~<j ÀOqjGHÀPy Ko¿Ä£ÏÁ ¬ÂfHÓjML_<jÔLjFLï Ä£ÏÁPy °FLïÁ. ¯
Ä£ÏÁPy ÂMLfS¸ÔLjÔLjFLï M~Oq¸ÍOqk‚< Ko¿Qn=hæ ŠPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL M~õJdOqjPo. ÀOqj¥qÚ¼áFL¸Ã CLMLj ŠPeÂ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL MnÎGRêML bKZŠë<j ¬tjFL¸ÍjFL Ko¿Qn^j÷ ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h ²ŠÚML öJdMLjj[õCLFLj ®TdëOqj. M~õJdOq¸
ÔosSM~Oq¸ÍOqk Ko¿Qn^j÷$c GH¿$qBh¸GH_<jÔLjF~ïOqj. Ä£Oqj ÄÓjMnÎFL FLMLOqC~ïÍjÓj, PyVÓj, bKZOqBcÓCy
M~õJdOq¸ÔoGSjë¸=eOqj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL GRO~_jÓj$c öGHfSÁíî¥n¥cÚOqj.
4. F~Ój$qML O~MLjO~NqjEéML MLjVO~Nqj :
TdÏE~Oq*¸$c F~Ój$qML O~MLj ¬Â fHÓjML_<jÔLj¸<j ¯ O~MLjO~NqjÓj MLjk<ML Oq¸$q
Nnjj¥qÚŠMLkOqj<j. MLjk<ML Oq¸$q<j MLjk<ML O~MLjÂ ŠMLkOqj<j. ¯ MLjk<MLO~MLj ¬FLjFLCL<j MnjjÍ=h
Mn¸¥q^ Nnjj¥qÚ rHÍíTwÍOqj<j. MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^ HG ¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py ¯ F~Ój$qMLO~MLj GSÿGH¿JdÓŠ<j$c
°¸¨, Q~.QZ.1536-37 FL¸Í F~MLj GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ1614) Py fS¸VGSFL¸ ¬ÏÁfRç¸Ô~<j. (Ar.Sur.Rep.for
1911-’12 page 190) ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL. Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¯ F~Ój$qMLO~MLj öGHGS¥hë$qÓ µ¥o
À
µ¥qQ~GSFL¸ ÓbÃ¸¼¸Á. ®Á Q~.QZ.1549, GHO~bKZMLF~MLj GS¸. _jjGRbKZMLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ 25-5-1627 )

öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FLÁ. ¯ µ¥qÚ Q~GSFL¸Py ®CL<j GH¿JdÆ¸ÔLjÔLjFLï O~¾$c sHOxÚFL_@âFLj.
Fy^æ¥cÚOq F~O~Nqj*NqjõF| :
No.329-G.T. Q~GSFL¸PyÂ E~FL¥qOqë$c öGHTdëÄ¸ÔL_¨NqjjFLï Fx^æ¥cÚOq F~O~Nqj*NqjõF| ¬FLjFLCL<j,
Mn¸¥q^NqjõF| ŠMLkOqj<j MLj¿Nqjj bKeOqE~ø×¦ $yöÀ£Š<jFLj, ¬QZøPeNqjFL GSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL
M~<tjFL Fx^æ¥cÚOq ¥yFLGHðNqjõF|Š MLjFLjMLj<j. Fx^æ¥cÚOq Mn¸¥q^NqjõF| MnjjÍ=h Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjMLÍí
Fx^æ¥cÚOqŠ<j$q ¬¸=o ÄÓjMnÎFL [Â×eÓj, bKZOqBcÓj MLjjFLï$qj MLGSjëMLlÓ ÄÓjMLÓFLj ÂOqêtj¸Ôo^^jML¸=h
¬örHÎGSOqj$c(MLÙÓõ ÂO~êNqjŠ<j$c) °¸@éM~<j. ¯ öKeÿô*Š^j¸_¸PyÂM~Oqj OqCLïGH¿¤XqŠÓj$qFLj,
PyVÓj bKZOqBcÓj MLjjFLï$qj [¿¤EâÎFL MLGSjëMLlÓ MnÓÓFLj ÂOqêtj¸ÔL<¸Py ÂGHl*jÓj, ¬FLjbKZML¾åÓj.
¯ ML¸QZ¸PyÂ MLjk<jCLO~Ó GHlOqjGRjÓj Fx^æ¸ ¬ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj$c O~×eõÂï sSÄ¸Ô~Oqj. CL¸ö¨NnjÎFL
Mn¸¥q^NqjõF|, Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓÔo TdìfH¸ÔL_¨FL ÍBcNqj ¬ÔLjõC~GHlOq ¥cGHlOqGSjë<j¥c$c, ®CLÂ
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~O~Nqj*NqjõF|, ®Eé O~×nÎFL Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjEéML MLjVO~NqjÔo TdìfH¸ÔL_¨FL ÍBcêNqj¥q
MLj¸$qÓ¸ ¬Fo MLjOy ö$cMLj¸Py ÂMLfS¸ÔoM~<j. Q~.QZ.1536 (ö¥i.QZ.1614) GS¸.Py ®CLÂ CL¸ö¨, ÀOqjMLjÓPy
×¦¿$o 11 ö_GUyôCLûM~ÓPy öGHÀ MLjk<ML Oy¾FLFLj, ®¸¥qFLk ®CLOq MLjj[õ GS¸ÍO~óÓPyFLj FnÎMoÍõ¸
GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j ÔofSNqjj¸<$c; Q~.QZ.1549 öGHbKZMLF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ MnÎQ~[ MLkGS¸ (25-5-1627)Py
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL F~O~Nqj*NqjõF|, CL¸ö¨ ÔofSFL ³O~ð^jFLŠ ¬ÍFL¸$c MLj¿Âï FnÎMoE~õÓ GSMLjOqð*Š
CL$qj ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. Á£Â¥h MnjjCLë¸ [Oqjá 440 Oo#nÎ MLj¿Nqjj 1/4 GH*¸ ¬tjFLÁ. ®¸ÍjÓŠ
MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c Mn¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_¨FL ö$cMLkÓ GSMLjjE~Nqj¸Cy ³Oqð¨FL ±W|MLj¸<Ó¸PyÂ
bKe$qMnjÎFL Š<MLmOqjF~<jFL¸ÍÆ ¥xÂï ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸(ÓNqkÓŠ E~FLÄj¼áFL ö$cMLkÓj Po¥q bKZkÄj)
ö$cMLkÓPy C~FLj öCLÄø¸¼FL MLõMLTdNqkÏE~Oq GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h E~FL¸ÔoQ~<j. Ä£=hPyÂ
On¸<j ×¦PeÏE~O~ÓMLÓFL ¬ÍFL¸$c GH¸¨FLGH¸^ 100 ML=hæÓ ÏE~FLõ¸. F~=h ÏÍOqöGH¥cOq¸ ML=hæ 6
GHBcÓ ÔxGHØFL,100 ML=iæÓ ÏE~FLõ¸ ÄÓjML 600 GHBcÓj Po¥q 60 Oo#nÎ ¬bMLlCLjFLïÁ. Q~.QZ.1536 (1614)FLj¸¨
Q~.QZ.1549 (1627) MLOqŠ µ¥q GHlGRÚOq ¥cÓ¸PyGHlFLFo À¸¨»¸×¦Ó MnÓ 50 Q~CL¸ ¬ÏÁ¥qMnjÎFLÁ. _ÿjQZ¹,
MnjjÍ=h Mn¸¥q^ ÔLÂJw$c, ×¦$qÜO~Nqj<j ÔofSFL ÀOqj$qjKe^jMLÓFL O~×¦¥iNqj ¬Ó÷¥qPy÷PeÓMLÓFL ³Oqð¨FL
¬ÂÇáCL GH¿fSìCLjÓj ®¸ÍjÓŠ ¥cOq*MnjÎ °¸^j¸Á. MnFLj¥q=h O~¾Ó GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py öJdMLkBh¥q
¥xÓMLkFL¸ ¬tjFL ¥q<MnjÎ¥cÚP| ¬Fo ¥xÓCL, ®¸¥qFLk ¥xÓCL ÄGRNqj¸Py öGHMLk*¸$c ¬MLjÓjPy
°FLï^j÷ CnÓjTwë¸Á.
MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾ :
bKeFLjML¸Q~Â¥h(GSkOqõML¸Q~Ä¥h)Ôn¸ÁFL EéMLÔy< Š^j¸_¸ MLj^÷ ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍO~¾,
ÔnFLïMLk¸_Ó ŠMLkOqj<j ¬tjFL MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾ ¯ ¥cÓ¸Py ¬bKZjõÍNqjGHDE~FL rHÎ¥h
MLGSjëF~ï<j. ¯ EéMLÔy<ML¸QZ¸PyÂ öGHMLjj[jÓj ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ O~NqjÔy=h C~Ój¥cNqj¸ÍÆ MLj=h÷

ö$cMLj ÂM~GSGSjìÓ$qj^MLÓFL Ä£¿$qßÿF~MLj¸ MLj=h÷ ¬tj¸Á. ¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ CLkOqjðbKe$cÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL
_EéøÓjPyÂ ¥x¸CLbKe$q¸CyKe^j fSÍíîML^¸, ¥q<GH, GHlÓ÷¸sH^ Po¥q O~×¦¸sH^ C~Ój¥cÓj Ä£¿ GH¿JdÓFLPy
°¸¨ MLj=h÷M~¿ gSMLj$c öGHfSÁíî¥n¥hÚ¸Á. O~×¦¸sH^Š GSÄ£jJdFL °FLï ¬FL¸CLO~×¦ GHlOq¸ Po¥q ¬FL¸CLO~¾sH^
MLjj[õGH^æ*¸$c ÔofS¥xF~ïOqj. MLj^÷ Po¥q MLj=h÷ ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾ ‘¥qŠC|GSûì Ä×¦Nqj¸’ ¥cMLõ¥qOqë
¬tjFL rHÍí ¬FL¸CLO~¾FLŠ MLjFLjMLj<jFLj, ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ O~¾FLŠ ŠMLkOqj<j(Mad. Ep. Rep. for
1916 para 75).
ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾ sSM~¥nÎ¸¥qO~õÓPy $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h MnÓjGHÆ rHÍíO~×¦

$yGHlOq¸(No.281-G.T.), MLj¿Nqjj ¥x¸<JdÍCLÓMLjjFL Fo<j ¥xCLë $yGHlOqMLjÂ fHÓjML_<jCLjFLï On¸<ML
$yGHlOq¸. ¯ ¥xCLë$yGHlOq¸ $qj¸@~Fo ÀOqjMLjÓÄ£jÁ¥h MnWo" ¥cÆKe^MLkOqÜ¸ °FLïÁ(Nos.279 and 280-
G.T.). ¥cÆKe^ MLkOqÜ¸Py MnjjÍ=h¥x¸< ²¥qÚ$cFo Ç[Oq¸Ä£jÍ MLjOx¥q$yGHlO~Âï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. Á£Â¥o
$cÆ $yGHlOqMLjÂ sHOqj (Nos.269 and 270-G.T.). MnjjÍ=h On¸<j$yGHlO~ÓNqj¸Íj, ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ

O~×¦Nqjõ EéMLÔy< MLjVO~¾ÓNqjõ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~×¦NqjõÔo Â¿ôCL¸ ¬FLï Q~GSF~Ój
°F~ïtj. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ Q~GSFL¸Py ö¥h¸Á ¬ÏEygH>OqbKe$q¸, PyMnÎGHlFL µ¥qO~¾,
MLjj$qjÜOqj O~*jÓ öGHÀMLjÓj Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °F~ïtj. _ÿjQZ¹ ®Ä, ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CL, ¬CLÂ MLjj$qjÜOqj O~*jÓ
öGHÀMLjPnÎ Nqjj¸<FyGHlFLj. ®¸¥qFLk °CLëOqgH>Oq¸ PyGHÆbKe$q¸Py ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h ÔoCLjÓj ×y¨¸ÔLj¥xÂ
FLMLjGSÚ¿GSjëFLï bKZ¸»MLjPy O~¾, O~BhÓ öGHÀMLjÓjFLk Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °F~ïtj. Ä£=h ö¥h¸Í MLj^÷ ÀOqjMo¸$q+
F~DÍO~×, bKeOqõNqj$qj ÔnFLïMLjô sHOqj÷ Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLïÄ (No.282-G.T.). ¬Eé ÄÏÍ¸$c ¥x¸<JdÍCLPeFL°FLï
¥xCLë$yGHlOq¸ Nnjj¥qÚCLkOqjðMnÎGHl gH>OqGHl $y<PyMnÎGHlFL Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLï ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj¥h FLMLjGSÚ¿GSjëFLï
bKZ¸»MLjPy, ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍjÂ, ¬CLÂ bKeOqõNqj$qj ÔnFLïMLjô öGHÀMLjÓj rHÎFL Ä£¿sHOq÷CyGSÿ, Ôn¥qÚ_¨
°F~ïtj (Nos.277 and 278-G.T.). ®¸¥qFLk ÔoCLjÓj ×y¨¸ÔLj¥xÂ FLMLjGSÚ¿¸ÔLjÔLjFLï bKZ¸»MLjPy,
EâÎMLöGHÀMLjŠ Í¥hú*bKe$q¸Py, MLjÓÔL_¨ Nqjj¸¨FL=hæNqjj, sHOqj Ôn¥qÚ_¨ °¸<FL^j ML¸=hÁNqjj
¬tjFL O~¾ öGHÀMLjŠ rHÎ bKe$cFLï, $yGHlOq ÂO~ôB¸ $qj¿¸¼FL ÄMLO~ÓFLj CnÓjGHlCLk, On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój,
µ¥q=h CnÓj$qjPyFLj On¸<MLÁ CLÄj+¸PyFLj Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLïÄ. (Nos.279 and 280-G.T.) µ¥q@é ÂÆ¼NqjjFLï
O~¾ öGHÀMLj, $yGHlO~Âï Â¿ô¸¼FL MLj^÷ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLO~¾Eé ¬Â GS¸ÍO~óÂï_=hæ ÂGSû¸Eéÿ¸$c
$qj¿ë¸ÔL MLÔLjáFLj. ¥x¸< JdÍCLÓMLjjFL ŠMLkOq ¬FL¸CLjÂÔo Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL ¯ ¥xCLë $yGHlO~Â¥h ¥xÁí
Ä£jÔq÷ ÍkOq¸Py Í¥hú*¸$c ÇDÁÓMnjÎ ½¡O~êMLGSìPy °FLï µ¥q$yGHlOq¸ ¥qÂfHGSjë¸Á. µ¥qGHØ<j fH<j$qjGH¨,
¯ $yGHlO~Âï, ÂÓjMLlF~ ¼£Æá On¸<jÔn¥qÚÓj$c ÔofSFL¸ÍjFL ®^jML¸=h ÍjfSìÀ ¥qÆ»¸Á. ÂÇCL¸$c

GH¿Ç¢Æ¸¼CoFoCLGHð rHÎ¥h ÔLk<@~Â¥h µ¥q=h$cFo °FLï^j÷, ¥qFL_<jCLk ÄÂNnk$q O~fUC~õÂï Jv¸Á
ÇDÁÓfSìÀ¥h ML¼á¸Á. ¬FL¸CLO~¾ $yGHlO~Âï, ¥xCLë$yGHlOqMLjÂ fHÓML<¸, ÇDÁÓ$yGHlOq¸ ÔLj^kæ O~+j÷GHOq¼
ÔLÍjFLj ÔoNqj_¨FL ML¸¥qOq FL<¥qMLkOqÜ¸ ³OqðOqÔL_¨ °¸<=eÂï_=hæ, ¯ ÇDÁÓ$yGHlOq¸ ¬ÀGHlO~CLFL
¥q^æ<MLjÂ bKeÄ¸ÔL MLÔLjáFLj. ¯F~<j $yGHlOq MLjkÓ¥q¸$c FL<¥qMLkOqÜ¸ GHO~õ^ŠÓŠ ÂsRÏÁ¸GH
_¨¸Á.1
¯ $yGHlO~Po ¥cŠ¸@~ ®¸¥qFLk Q~.QZ. 1550(ö¥i.QZ. 1628)Py ÇDÁÓ$yGHlO~Â¥h Í$qÜOqPyFo
ÍXh*¸ MnÎGHlFL, µ¥q MLj¸^JdÂï2 ‚< Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ¯ MLj¸^GH¸ CLkOqjð, GH<MLj=h$y<Ó PyCL^jæFL
µ¥q rHÍí gSGSMLkÆ¥q Qy÷¥q¸, µ¥q=h CnÓj$qjPyFLj, MLj¿Nnjj¥q=h CLÄj+ ö$q¸DÍÆfHPyFLj Oq¼¸GH_¨
°FLïÁ (No.269 and 270-G.T.). ¯ gSGSMLkÆ¥q, EéMLÔy<Š^j¸KeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ¬FL¸CLO~¾, ÏEâÎOqõTdÿGS
$qjBcÓj ¥qÆ»FL Ä£Oqj<Â£, ÏÍOqôOqXq* Á£Xc_Ííî ¥q¸¥q*j@âÎ, Mo¸¥q^¸ FLj¸¨ GUy_Ó¸¥x¸<Ó MLOq‚$qÓ
bKZkMLj¸<PeÂï GH¿JdÆ¸ÔnFLÂ£ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. JdÓ»¿, ¬ÂMnjÓ, gHPoOqj, ÔLGHðÆ, MoMLjjGHÆ÷,
NqjjÍíîOq¸$cÓPy öÀFoöCL GSÍßQZj@âÎ, Ä£OqÄVOq¸ GSÆfHFL MnÎFL¸, ¥x=hæ$qÓ, GHÓ¥q<, $qj¸<k÷Oqj, MLjjGRkæOqj,
ŠMLk+W¥cÓø MLjjFLï$qj ¥qÍFLOq¸$cÓPy ¯NqjFL ¥qOqM~Ó¸ QZöCLjrSÎF~õÓFLj ¼£ÆáÔn¸@~¨, CL¿Äj¥x=hæFL
ÄGRNqj¸ ¥q¸<÷Š ¥q=hæFL^j÷ ÄML¿GSjëFLïÁ. ¯ Ä£Oqj<j °ÍNqkÔLPeÏÁ£QZøOqjFLj¸¨ ¬FL$c °ÍNqj»¿
ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qF~NqjŠÓFLj¸¨ Íj¸ÍjbÃÂ, µ¥q TdMLj×¦ÏÍø×eÂï(³FLj$qj =n¥nÚMLjj)Jv¸E~<j. ¯ EâÎM~Â¥h
®CL<j µ¥q #o^ MLj¸^JdÂï(ÄFyÍ MLj¸^GH¸)Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. µ¥q °E~õFLMLF~Âï‚< GSMLj‚O~á<j;
®¸¥qFLk ÀOqjML+k÷Oqj ÅÇ¢ Ä£OqO~GIHjML TdøÄj¥h µ¥q MLGS¸CLMLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j; ÀOqjMLjP ÓNqkÂ¥h
GSøO~êQ~øÂï(_¸$cOqj ¬QZøM~ÿFL¸), µ¥q fS¸ÏÍkO~Âï($q×¦ M~ÿFL¸), µ¥q GSMLjOqbKZkJdÓ M~ÿF~Âï
(NqjjÍíîOqDÍ¸), µ¥qGHÍô gH>Oq¸, µ¥q OqC~ôA<õMLjŠ^¸(FLMLOqCLï [¼CL ¥h¿¤^¸), FnÎMoÍõ GSMLjOqð*Š
GHWn÷¸, µ¥q FnÎMoÍõ bKe×¦FL¸ ; MLj¿Nqjj µ¥q °FLïCL ¥oÈ¢MLj¸^JdÂï, NqköÀ£ŠÓj ¥x¸<rHÎ¥h ²¥hÚO~ML@~Â¥h
¬FLjMLl$cFLj¸<j TwJdFL MLkO~ÜÂï, µ¥q ¬ö$q$yGHlOq¸, ¬¸=o(MLjj¸Í¿ ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ Â¿ô¸ÔL_¨FL
$cÆ$yGHlOq¸ Po¥q MLjj¸Í¿$yGHlOq¸ ¬¸=o ¥xCLë$yGHlOq¸ ¥cMLÔLjá), ®Ä¥c¥q MLj¿ ¥xÂï=hÂ Â¿ô¸Ô~<j.
ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥q $q×¦M~ÿFL¸, CLjOq$qM~ÿFL¸(¬QZøM~ÿFL¸)
GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ¥c+ÿfSëPyÂ Â£Ó¥q¸>Oqj@âÎFL öÇ¢¥c+ÿgSëQZøOqjÂ¥h µ¥q ¥qFL¥qMLjNqjkOq(_¸$cOqj FnMLjÆ)
M~ÿF~Âï, MnkÿFL M~ÿFL¸(EéMLCLÓ ÄMLkFL¸) GSMLj‚O~á<j. ÀOqjGHÀFLj¸¨ ÀOqjMLjÓŠ JwMLl
[1.¯ ÇDÁÓ$yGHlO~Âï Â¿ô¸¼FLM~<j Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j. Á£ÂÂ 1982 GS¸.½¡OyêÍíîOq* ÔofS FL<¥q MLkO~ÜÂï NqköÀŠÓŠ Cn¿Ô~Oqj.
®GHl<j ¬ÆfH¿Py ¥x¸< ²¥oÚ^GHØ<j ®Á MnjjÍ=h $yGHlOq¸ ¬MLlCLj¸Á. - 2006 GS¸. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j. ]
[2. öGHGSjëCL¸ Á£ÂÂ JdE~ÓMLj¸<GH¸$c fHÓjGSjëF~ïOqj. ¥x¸<JdÍCLÓ¸Py °¸<<¸ MLÓFL JdE~ÓMLj¸<GH MLj¸=eOqj. ¯ MLj¸<GH¸Py
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjÂ öGHÀfRç¸ÔL<¸ ¬¥qÚ< TdøÄjF~¿ JdE~Ój$c ÔnGHlðÓFLj °¸ÔL<¸ ×¦¿»¸Á. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j. ]
¥cÆKe^ MLkOqÜ¸Py Mo¸¥q=eÏÁ£QZøOqjÂ öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j. FnÓ¸ÍÓkOqjPyÂ(¥q<GH½Pe÷PyÂ FL¸ÍÓkOqj)

EéM~ÓNqj¸ F~Ój$qjÁŠÚÓPyFLj F~Ój$qj $yGHlO~ÓFLj, Â£O~È MLj¸^JdÂï (GSOqfSMLj¸^GH) Â¿ô¸GH
×oNqj<Moj$c¥q, µ¥q GHlGRðMLF~Âï ‚< ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j. µ¸=hÄj^æ (¥q<GH ½Pe÷PyÂ µ¸=hÄj^æ)
OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h öJd¥cOqGHl $y<ÓFLj FLj¥xÂ °¸@é^j÷ MnÓjGHÓ MLj¸^JdÓFLj
Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. °CLëOqÁQZPyFLj Í¥hú*ÁQZPyFLj On¸<j rHÍí$yGHlO~ÓFLj Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. EéM~ÓNqj¸ PyGHÆbKe$q¸Py
µ¥q MLOqBcÂï ³OqðOqÔ~<j. EéM~Â¥h ÂCyõGHÔ~OqÄÏÍjÓj GSö¥qMLjMLj¸$c ×¦¿$o¸ÍjŠ CL$qj ³O~ð^j
$cÄ¸Ô~<j. ÔnFLïMLk¸KeGHlOq¸, ÔnFLïMLk¸_GSMLjjöÍ¸ ¬Fo On¸<j ¬ö$qVO~ÓFLj TdìfH¸Ô~<j. ¥q<GHŠ
GSÄ£jJdFL °FLï fSÍíîML^¸Py ÔnFLï¥oQZMLTdøÄjÂ öGHÀfRç¸¼ EéM~ÓNqj $yGHlO~Âï, öJd¥cO~Âï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j.
EâÎM~Â¥h ¬Fo¥q bKZOqBcÓFLj GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. ¯ öGHEéQZ¸PyÂ fSÍíîML=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h, V^¥q
MLßGRbKZM~ÿFL¸(_¸$cOqj ²Íjí M~ÿFL¸)GSMLj¿ð¸Ô~<j. TwMLjÇÓPy (ÔL¸öÍ»¿)°FLï ¥qGH¿¤íQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥q $yGHlO~Âï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. GHlGRð»¿PyÂ öGHGSM~ÔLPoQZøOq EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥q öJd¥cO~Âï,
$yGHlO~Âï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ öGHÀNoj^ M~¿ú¥yCLûML¸ ×¦¿sH¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j.
¥q<GH(EéMLlÂ ¥q<GH)PyÂ O~MLjÄbKZjÂ (Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqjÂ) EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h µ¥q öJd¥cO~Âï, $yGHlOq¸CyGSÿ
Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. O~ÔLÄ£<j(¥q<GH ½Pe÷PyÂ O~NqjÔy=h) Ä£OqbKZöEéQZøOq EéM~ÓNqjGHl On¸<j$yGHlO~ÓŠ MLO~êÓj
Motj¸ÔnFLj. WeøOqjÀ£Oqì¸ ¬FL$c ÀOqjGHÀPyÂ ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸MLÍí ¬FLïGSöC~Âï ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j(°¼CL
¬FLïbKy×¦FLQ~Ó). MLj¿Nqjj QoadÔLÓ ŠY¦jML(ÀOqjGHÀ ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ)MLÍí ‚< ¬FLïGSöC~Âï ³OqðOqÔ~<j.
®¸¥qFLk, fSÍíîML^¸, ¶¸=hÄj^æ, GHlGRð»¿, ¶OqMLjjJd<j, ÍjMLmøOqj, $qj¸<k÷Oqj, JwOqjMLkÄj+÷,
FnÓMLFLkOqj, °¿ô+W MLj¿Nqjj ¬FL¸CLO~×¦GHlOq¸ ¬Fo GHl*õXoöC~ÓPy À£OqìNqköC~GHOqjPnÎ ¥cÆFL<¥qFLj
MLÔoá bKZ¥që¥y=h öQZMLjFLj KeGH@~Â¥h °¼C~FLï GSöC~ÓFLj Â¿ô¸Ô~<j. ®¸¥qFLk ¥cÆFL<¥qFLj, sSCLj
O~MojQZøOq¸FLj¸¨ fUMLkÓNqjGHOqøC~Ó Ä£jÍFLjFLï Ç¢C~ÔLÓ¸(_Í¿¥cöQZMLj¸)Â¥h À£OqìNqköCLÓj $cÄ¸Ôo
CnÎ¿ì¥q×¦FLjÓŠ °¼CL bKy×¦FLMLGSÀ GSÍjJdNqkÓFLj GSMLj‚Oqá$qÓ ¬FLïGSöC~ÓFLj ³O~ð^j ÔoQ~<j.
®¸¥qFLk, ®CL<j Oq×¦CLE~FL, GSjMLOqêE~FL, CLjPeE~FL (MLö×¦ MnÎA<kO~õÍjÓCy CLjÓÍk», ÏÍF~Âï
E~FL¸ ÔoNqj<¸), MLjgUE~FL (bKZkE~FL¸), $yE~F~ÍjÓFLj ÔoNqj<Moj$c¥q, ¥qF~õE~F~ÓFLj (ögSëÓŠ
ÄM~ÿ¸ ×¦¿fH¸ÔL<¸) ‚@~ $cÄ¸¼, öKeÿô*jÓFLj ¥qOqëMLõÂOqøÿByFLjô[jÓFLj $cÄ¸¼ CLFL
ÏÍO~ôÂï ÂOqø¿ë¸Ô~<j. ¬FL¸CLO~×¦GHlO~Âï MLjj[õGH^æ*¸$c ÔoGSj¥xÂ ÔLj^jæöGH¥qÚÓ °FLï öJd¸C~ÓFLj
×¦FLOq¸×¦¥q¸$c GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j. GHO~ö¥qMLj Q~ÆNnjÎFL ®CL<j ¥q^¥qGHl¿ ÔLkOq¥cOq ¬FLïÃOqjÍjFLj
Jv¸Í$qÆ$c<j. öGHÀGS¸MLCLûOq¸ GHÄöCL$q¸$yÍ¥cÂï CnfHð¸ÔLj¥xÂ ¬¸Íj TdïCLj@âÎFL GHl*õML¸CLj<j.
¥q<GHŠ GSÄ£jJdFL°FLï ÔnFLkïOqj ¥x¸<MLkO~ÜFL µ¥q rHÍ íÔnOqjMLlFLj öCLÄø¸Ô~<j. ®CL<j MLj^÷
ÀOqjMn¸$q+O~×¦ ÔnFLïMLk¸_Ó GSjGHlöCLj<j QoGRGHOqøC~Â¥h GSÄ£jJdFL ÅÇ¢ JdÍMLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸GH×oQ~<j.
ö_ÿô, ¯QZøOq, GSFL¥q GSFL¸E~Á EéMLCLÓ, MLjjFLjÓ öGHÀMLjÓFLj öGHÀfRç¸Ô~<j.
¥yWeP CLMLjôNqjõF| :
CLÄj+¸PyFLj, CnÓj$qjPyFLj, FL¥q+j÷$cFLjFLï Nos.267, 268-G.T. Q~GSF~Ój, ¥yWeP| ¥x¸<NqjF|
ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL µ¥cFx¥q CLMLjôNqjF|, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqj<j, ¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$q JdÍGHE~ôÓŠ CLFL bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓFLj
(GSE~sSML) GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xF~ï<FLï ÄGRNqkÂï, FLMnkÍj ÔoGSjëF~ïtj. CnÓj$qjQ~GSF~ÓPy, Q~.QZ. 1545,
OqjÏÁOyE~Ü¿ F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1623)¬Â °¸<=eÂï _=hæ ¯ Q~GSFL¸, O~¾sHOqj ¬¸Íj CnÓjGH¥q
JwtjFLGHð=h¥hÂ, O~MLjO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁNqjjFLïÍÂ CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ. Tdadæ¸$q FLMLjTdÚOq¸
ÔoGSjëFLï^j÷ Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLï µ¥q GHlOqjGRÄö$qÿ¸$qÓ O~ÀGHÓ¥q, ¬ÆfH¿MLÍí °FLï On¸<jO~À MLj¸^JdÓ
MLjÏÍõ FoÓrHÎ C~fH¸ÔL_¨ NqjjFLïÁ. ¥x¸@âŠÚ<j öJdOq¸bKeFLFo Tdadæ¸$q FLMLjTdÚOq¸ ÔoNqjjÔLjFLï
bKZ¸»MLjPyFLjFLï ¯ GHlOqjGRÄö$qVÂ¥h ®OqjöGH¥qÚÓ ¯ On¸<jQ~GSF~Ój Ôn¥qÚ_¨NqjjFLïÄ. ¯ Äö$qÿ¸
¬¸Ô~ÂM~¿ CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj bKZ¥që¥y=hPyÂ M~<FLj ÄGRNqj¸ ÔnGHð¥qFo CnÓjGHlCy¸Á.
1
ÀOqjMLjÓŠ O~ÍÓ¼FL ¯ ¬¸Ô~Â CLOq$qÀ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL MLõŠëÓj, ¬CLõ¸CL GHÄöCLMnjÎFL ÀOqjMLjÓFLj,

®¸CLMLOqŠ MLköCLMoj GSÄ£jfH¸ÔLj^Š ¬OqjüÓj ¬Fo ÄGRNqj¸ ÄÁCLMLjMLlCy¸Á. ¯ ÓXqô*Oo[ ¬tjFL
¬ÆfH¿Â E~=h ¥x¸< rHÎ¥nŠÚ^Š, F~<j ¬FLOqjüPnÎ Nqjj¸ÖqFLj ÄGRNqkÂï ¯ öGHÀMLj Co^CnÓ÷¸
ÔoTwë¸Á.
5. On¸<ML ŠMLkOq Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓj :
ŠMLkOq Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjEéML MLjVO~NqjÓj öJdÀÂÏÁCLø¸ MLfUGSjëFLï On¸<j Q~GSF~Ój Nos.328,
63-G.T. MLOqjGS$c Q~.QZ.1553 (ö¥i.QZ.1631); Q~.QZ.1557 (ö¥i.QZ.1636)GS¸MLCLûO~ÓPy öGH¥q=h¸GH_¨FLÄ.
¯ ŠMLkOq Mn¸¥q^ Po¥q On¸<ML rHÍ Mn¸¥q^, F~Ój$qML Oq¸$qNnjj¥qÚ ¥x<jŠ. ¯ F~Ój$qMLOq¸$q
¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾ Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqjÓPy µ¥q<j. Q~.QZ.1544 (ö¥i.QZ.1622) GS¸MLCLûO~FL F~Ój$qML O~MLjÔo,
CLFL M~OqGSj<j$c OqML Oq¸$qFLj ²FLjï¥xFL_¨FLGHl<j, ¯ On¸<ML Mo¸¥q^ NqjjMLO~¾$c ²FLjï¥xFL_@~è<j.
¯ On¸<ML Mn¸¥q^ Q~.QZ.1552 (ö¥i.QZ.1630)GS¸MLCLûOq¸Py fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸¼, O~¾ ¬tjFL^j÷FLk
ÀOqjMLjÓ C~C~Ô~OqjõÓÔo GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ ×¦OqjGH_¨FL^j÷FLj CnÓjGSjëFLïÁ.
No.328-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLï ÄÏÍ¸$c, µ¥cFx¥q O~MLjÔL¸öÍNqjõ
¬FLjFLCL<j, Q~.QZ.1553 öGH×eGHÀF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ¥qF~õMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 29-9-1631) Mn¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj¥h
[1.®¥qÚ< TdÏÍj GSjö_ÿô*õ Q~öSf ë$cOqj Q~GSFL¸ ÔLÍML<¸Py JvOqKe^j ÔLÁM~OqÂfHTwë¸Á. ¥yWeÓ ¥x¸<Nqjõ ŠMLkOqj<j ‘ÓŠMLjNqjõ’
¬Â CnÓj$qj, CLÄj+ bKeGRÓPy °FLï Q~GSFL¸Py GSðGRæ¸$c °FLïÁ. Jd<MLEyÓ ¬Â ¬FLjMLkFL¸Cy ÔLÁÄ öKe¥nÚ^jæPy ®¼áFL E~Â¥h
GS¿ ¬tjFL Jd>Oq¸ ‘JdÍGHE~ôÓŠ’ ¬Â °¸@~Æ. ‘¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$q ÅÇ¢ JdÍGHE~ôÓŠ ¥yWeÓ ¥x¸<Nqjõ ¥xMLjOqj¸<j ÓŠMLjNqjõ
GSE~sSML’ ¬Â QZjÍíî Jd>Oq¸. ®¥qÚ< ¥xÂï ×eCLjÓM~Oqj ¥x¸< ²¥qÚŠ¸< ÂÆ¼JwNojM~OqÂ bKeÄ¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ TdÚOq¸ PoÍj. ®^jML¸=h
FLMLjTdÚOq¸ ÔosS KxMLjôÓj ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥x¸<Ä£jÍ ÓNqj¸Py Ô~Ó Ôy^÷ °M~ïtj. - ¬FLjM~ÍŠ<j ]
¥xÂï FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo ³O~ð^j $cÄ¸Ô~<j. ®CL<j, ®¸¥qFLk ÍXh*¸$c GSÂïÏÁ Ä£ÏÁ¥h Ôo¿NqjjFLï
Ä£ÏÁPy ÍXh*¸MnÎGHlFL °FLï ®+F|¥oÈø ½¡NqjOqj MLj>O~Â¥h GH<MLj=h MnÎGHlFL, ®CL@x¥q MLj¸^JdÂï Â¿ô¸Ô~<j.
F~=h ¥cÓ¸Py GS¥cÓMLjjFL CL»FL MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ÔoNqj_<Š¸@~ °¸<<¸ÔoCL, ÂOqjGHNnk$q¸$c
GH¨NqjjFLï, MLOqÍO~×¦GHlOq¸ FL¸ÍÆ MLõMLTdNqj ÏE~Oq ¥cÓjMLFLj, MLjOqÓ öCLÄø¸Ô~<j. No.63-G.T.Q~GSFL¸
‚@~; ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ ö$cMLjMnjÎFL ¬ÄPeÆPy, GHm¿ë$c GHm¨¥qCyÂ¸¨ Ôn¨Jwtj ¬öGHNnk×¦FL¥qOq¸$c
GH¨NqjjFLï GH¸^¥cÓjMLFLj, ÅÇ¢MLCLû$yöCL GHGSë¸_GSköCL Nqj¾Q~û[Š Ôn¸ÁFL öGHÀM~ÁbKZNqj¸¥qOq¸
Mo¸$qBcÔ~O~õO§Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ¬+$qOqNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬*ê¸$qO~Ô~O~õO§, öCLÄø¸¼ GHm¨¥qÀ£tj¸¼
GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸¼OqÂ, CnÓjGHlCy¸Á. ®CL<j ¥xÂï bKZkMLjjÓFLj‚< E~FL¸ ÔofSNqjj¸¨FL^j÷FLk CnÓjTwë¸Á.
¯ Q~GSFL¸ ¬<j$qjÓ ¥xÓCL_ÍíFLj $qj¿¸¼ ‚< ÄML¿Twë¸ Á.
6. OqML ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q EéMLMLjVO~Nqj :
OqML ÅÇ¢ O q¸$q ¬Â fHÓjML_<jÔLj¸¨FL ®CL<j, O~×¦$qj On¸<ML Mn¸¥q^Nnjj¥qÚ ¼FLï CLMLjjô@âÎFL
MLjk<ML fHFLMn¸¥q^Nnjj¥qÚ ŠMLkOqj<j. ®CL<j, F~Ój$qML O~MLj MLj¿Nqjj On¸<MLMn¸¥q^ O~¾Ó
GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py NqjjMLO~¾$c °¸¨, ö¥i.QZ. 1642 GS¸. ¬¥yæ_OqjFnÓ 29 ML CoÁ£F~<j, ¥qO~ê^¥q O~×¦õ
fS¸VGSF~Âï ¬ÏÁfRç¸Ô~<j. ®CL<jQ~.QZ.1587 (ö¥i.QZ. 1665)MLOqŠ 23 GS¸MLCLûO~Ój O~×eõÂï GH¿JdÆ¸Ô~<j.
®CLÂ GH¿JdÓF~¥cÓ¸Py Ãª×¦GHmOqj, $yPxÚ¸< GSjPeëFLjÓj ¥qO~ê=h¥q O~×¦õ¸rHÎ Í¸@âÀë MLQZGHOqÔLj¥xF~ïOqj.
Ä£jO§ ¾MLk÷ GHm¿ë$c TdøÏÁ£FL¸ ÔofS¥xÂ, ¥qO~ê=h¥qO~×eõÂ¥h FLM~_Nqkõ<j. O~×¦$qj Oq¸$q Í¥hú*¸$c Jd¿
JwtjFL ¬FL¸CLOq¸ ¥n+ÁPyÂ TdMLj¸CLO~¾ QZOq*j×xÔ~á<j.(Ar.Sur.Rep. for 1911-’12 page 193).
À.À.EéMLTdìFL. Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ¯ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~NqjÓŠ GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL Q~GSF~Ój On¸<j
°F~ïtj. ¬¸ÍjPy µ¥q E~ÂPy MLköCLMoj, Q~.QZ. 1560 _ÿjÏE~FLõF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ ÄjDÍjFLMLkGS¸
ö¥i.QZ. 15-6-1638 ¬Fo CoÁ£ °FLïÁ. ¯ CoÁ£F~<j, ¥cQZõGH$yöCL, GHGSë¸_GSköC~Â¥h Ôn¸ÁFL, MLjkÓ
FLXqöCL¸ ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸$c ¥qÓM~<jFLj, ¬tjFL µ¥cFx¥q öKeÿô*j<j 95 Oo#nÎ ÄÓjML$qÓ FnÎMoE~õÓj
GSMLj¿ð¸ÔL_<j^Š$cFLj EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h, On¸<j GH¸^¥cÓjMLÓFLj E~FL¸ ÔoQ~<j. ®¸ÍjPy µ¥q GH¸^¥cÓjML
MLÓFL, ¥q<MnjÎ¥cÚP| ¥xÓ JdöCLCy ¥xÆ¼FLGHl<j 160 GHl^÷ÏE~FLõ¸ ÓbÃ¸ÔnFLj. No.5-G.T.On¸<ML GH¸^
¥cÓjML ÀOqjÄ@âÎNqk^æ¸ ±W| MLj¸<PeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL ö$cMLkÓPy µ¥q=hNnjÎFL MLjBhNqj¥yÚF| GH^jæ ö$cMLj¸Py
°FLï^j÷ CnÆNqjjÔLjFLïÁ. On¸<ML Q~GSFL¸ No.436-T.T.Py, ÅÇ¢ O q¸$qO~¾FLŠ sSMLŠ@âÎFL=hæ, ÀOqjGHÀ¥h
Ôn¸ÁFL µ¥cFx¥q O~MLjj<j OqGIHjjF~DÍjÂ JdÍGHE~ôÓŠ CLFL GSE~ sSMLFLj GSMLj¿ð¸ÔLj¥xFLjFL^jML¸=h
ÄGRNqkÂï MLköCLMoj CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ.
7. F~Ój$qML Mn¸¥q^GHÀO~Nqj :
µ¥q=h OqjÏÁOyE~Ü¿F~MLj GS¸bMLCLûOq¸(ö¥i.QZ.1683)PyFLj, MLjOx¥q=h Q~.QZ. GS¸.1606, Oq¥cëXhF~MLj
GS¸. (ö¥i.QZ.1684)PyFLj öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FL On¸<j Q~GSF~ÓPyFLj, ®Ä ³ O~¾ GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸Py
öGH¥q=h¸ÔL_¨FLMLFLj ÄGRNqkÂï CnÓjGHŠ¸@~ °F~ï, OqML Oq¸$q CLOqjM~CL O~×eõÂ¥h ML¼áFL F~Ój$qML
Mn¸¥q^ GH¿JdÓF~¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFLMLÂ GSjÓbKZ¸$cFo ö$qfU¸ÔLMLÔLjá(Ep.Ind.Vol. XVI page 91). ¯ On¸<j
Q~GSF~ÓCyKe^j MLjk<ML Q~GSF~Â£ï No.290-G.T.CnÓj$qjPy öM~Nqj_¨ NqjjFLïÍFo ÄGRNqj¸ $qMLjF~Oqü¸.
Á£Âï_=hæ ¯ ¥cÓ¸ F~=h¥h, CnÓj$qj, CLÄjWeÂ¥h ¬FLj_¸ÏÍ bKeGR$c ¯ öJd¸CL¸PyFLj, ®¥qÚ¨ ÔLj^jæ
öGH¥qÚÓFLj¸<j öGHEéQ~ÓPyFLj _ÿjQZ¹ M~õfHëPyÂ¥h ML¼áNqjj¸@âFLÂNqjj, ®¥qÚ¨ ×¦FLTdMLkFLõ¸FL¸Íj
TdìÂ¥qbKeGR$c OqkJv¸EâFLFLj ÄGRNqkÂï Oqj¾MLl GHOqjTwë¸Á. Q~.QZ.1605 OqjÏÁOyE~Ü¿F~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
MnÎQ~[MLkGS¸FL¸Íj(ö¥i.QZ.16-5-1683), CLkMLO~Â ¥x¸@~GH¸¨CL ¬FLjFLCLÂ ŠMLkOqj@âÎFL ÀMLjô ¬FLjFLCLÂ
°bKZNqjMLjj(¥nÎ¸¥qOqõ¸)FLk, ®CLÂ ¼FLïTwÍOqjÂ bKZ¥hëöGHGHCLjëÓj No.291-G.T.Q~GSFL¸FL¸Íj FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨
Nqjj¸<$c, No.290-G.T.Q~GSFL¸Py, ‘O~×¦ÅÇ¢ ÇÍíÓk¿ O~MLk½ MLkÍOqjû GH¸CLjÓj¸$c¿ °bKZNqj¸’
¬Â GS¸ö$qÿ¸$c ÄGRNqj¸ FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨ NqjjFLïÁ. MLjVO~×¦ÅÇ¢ GRjE~KeFLj×¦ GH¸CLjÓj sHOqjÄ£jÍ,
ÅÇ¢MLCLû$yöCL, ¬QZøPeNqjFLGSköCL _jj¥§Q~[Š Ôn¸ÁFL O~×¦ÅÇ¢ ÇMLO~×¦ O~MLjÔL¸öÍNojCLMLkCLO~MLl <ÃOqj
Q~tj MLj¿Nqjj ÀMLjô*Nqjõ¸$cOqj Q~.QZ.1606, Oq¥cëXhF~MLj GS¸. ÔnÎöCLMLkGS¸Py(ö¥i.QZ. 20-3-1684)
ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍ TdøÄj¥hÂ, MLO~ÿTdøÄj¥hÂ FnÎMoE~õÓj GSMLj¿ð¸Ôo¸ÍjŠ ³O~ð^jÔofS, ¬¸ÍjÓŠ$cFLj
MLjkÓÏÍFL¸$c 575 ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~Nqj MLOqÿMLjjÓ ÄÓjML$qÓ ¬GHØ^MLj$qj _¸$cOq¸Cy CLNqkOqjÔoNqj_¨FL
µ¥q ¥q¸>¿(bKZOq*¸)Â E~FL¸ÔofSFL ÄMLO~ÓFLj No.263-T.T. Q~GSFL¸Py FLMnkÍj ÔoNqj_¨NqjjFLïÁ. FnÎMoE~õÓŠ
MLQZõMLj$qj ÃNqkõÂï EéM~ÓNqj ¥xÓJdöCLCy ¥xÆ¼FLGHl<j 8 TwÓÓ ÃNqjõ¸MnÓ µ¥qMLOqÿ¸. ‘TwÓ’
¬FoÁ MLjFL¸ öGHGSjëCL¸ ÏE~FLõ¸ ¥xÆÔo¸ÍjŠ °GHNnk »¸GSjëFLï ¥xÓJdöCLŠ 16 ®¸CLÓj rHÍíÁ. ¬¸=o
µ¥q MLOqÿ¸Cy 128 ¥xÓJdöCLÓ ÃNqkõÂï Q~.QZ.1606 GS¸MLCLûOq¸F~<j ¥xFL$qÓ MLjFLïMLk^. ¬GHð=MnjÎFL
_¸$cOqj ¥q¸>>O~bKZOq*¸ CLk¥q¸ 5 ²CLjëÓj ¬Â ÔnGHð_¨¸Á. Á£Â MnjjCLë¸ÄÓjML 575 GH$x@~Ój ¥c_=hæ
1²CLjë CLk¥q¸$qÓ QZjÍíî_¸$cOq¸ ÏÍOq 115 GH$y@~Ój ¬MLlCLj¸Á. ¬¸ÍjMLÓFL µ¥q ²CLjë_OqjMLl 24 CLjPeÓj
¬FL$q µ¥qsSOqj _OqjMLlFLŠ GSMLkFL¸, ®¸¥qFLk ¯ Q~GSFL¸Py MLjj$qjÜOqj EéM~ÓNqj ¥cOqõ¥qOqëÓtjFL ½Nqjõ¸$cOqj,
¼FLï½Nqjõ¸$cOqj, MLj¿Nqjj °CLëOq JdOqjGHCLõ¸ ¬FLjMLjj$qjÜOqj MLõMLÿOqëÓj sHOxÚFL_@~èOqj. MnjjÍ=h MLõMLÿOqë
rH¿Nqj¥ytjP|¥oÈø ½¡NqjOqj, On¸<ML MLõMLÿOqë ®WnÎNqj¥ytjP| ¥oÈø ½¡NqjO§ ®¥q °CLëOqJdOqjGHCLõ¸ MLõMLÿOqë
EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥hÔn¸ÁFL µ¥q ¬ÏÁ¥c¿. ®CL<j EéM~ÓNqj¸ CLOqGHlFL, NqköÀ£ŠÓŠ ¿ãCLsSMLÓj ²GHØ@âGHØ<j
²¥qÚ< ×¦OqjGH_<j ÔLj¸<jFy CnÆsH ¬ÏÁ¥c¿.
Xlll ÀOqjGHÀ MLjÿ¸CLjÓj
rHÎFL CnÓjGH_¨FL No.263-T.T. Q~GSFLGSì CoÁ£ Q~.QZ.1606 GS¸MLCLûOq¸ FLj¸¨, No.350-T.T. Q~GSFLGSì
CoÁ£NnjÎFL Q~.QZ.1771 GS¸MLCLûOq¸MLOqŠ EéM~ÓNqkÂ¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼ Q~GSFL GS¸ÔLNqj¸Py, Q~GSF~Ój
ÓbÃ¸ÔL<¸PoÍj. ¬¸ÍjÔoCL ¯ ¥cÓ¸PyÂ Q~GSF~Ój ÏE~Oq¸$c CnÆsS EéM~ÓNqjÔL¿öCL MLjß$qõ¸.
öÃ =i} R M~Oqj Í¥hú*bKeOqCLEéQZ¸Py CLMLj ÏÁGHC~õÂï TdOqøbKpMLjCLø¸ fSìOqGHOqÔLj¥xFLï CLOqjM~CL ö¥i.QZ.1801
GS¸.Py CLFL ¬ÏÁ¥cOqGH¿ÏÁ¥h Py_¨NqjjFLï öGHEéQ~ÓPyÂ EéM~ÓNqkÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cO~Âï CLMLj ÔoCLjÓPyÂ¥h
À£fS¥xF~ïOqj. F~=hFLj¸¨ Nqk EéM~ÓNqkÓFLj¸¨ ÓbÃ¸¼FL O~_¨ Nqk O~öadæÓ TdÏE~Oq*O~_¨
#eC~Š ×¦MLj ÔoNqj_<jCLk ML¼á¸Á. ¥cÂ ¥x¸CL ¥cÓ¸ CLOqjM~CL, öÃ=h}R öGHbKZjCLø¸M~Oqj, EéQZ¸PyÂ
MLjCLGS¸_¸ÏÍMnjÎFL MLõMLVO~ÓPy CLMLj ×y¥cõÂï °GHGS¸ÿ¿¸ÔLj¥xÂFLGHl<j, ÀOqjMLjÓPyÂ ÅÇ¢
Mn¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄjM~¿ ÓNqj¸, ÀOqjGHÀ, ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj EéM~ÓNqkÓ GH¿JdÓF~ MLõMLVO~ÓFLj ÔL¥qÚKn^jæ
¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ °CLëO~O~Ú=|½Pe÷ ¥qPn¥qæOqjM~¿Ôo GH¸GH_¨FL GSFLE§ FLFLjGS¿¸¼ 1843 ML GS¸.Py ÀOqjGHÀPy
¬GHð=h ÅÇ¢ ÿÀ£O~¸½¡ MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀNnjÎFL MLjÿ¸C| ÅÇ¢ sSM~E~GSj½¡ M~¿¥h µGHð»¸ÔL<MnjÎFLÁ.
¯ ÄÏÍ¸$c ¯ EéM~ÓNqkÓ GH¿JdÓFL ÅÇ¢ ÿÀ£O~¸½¡ MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀNnjÎFL MLjÿ¸C|Ó
ÄÔLXqBcÏÁ¥cOq¸PyÂ¥h O~$c, ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqëÓj$c ½¡OqêEéM~ÓNqkÓ GHlFLOqjÍíîOq* Ä£=h¥h GS¸_¸ÏÁ¸¼FL ¥q^æ@~Ó
MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj, GHlFL¿ïO~ô* ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÓj FLkCLFL ÂO~ôBcÓj MLjjFLï$qj GHFLjÓj ¥cÓö¥qMLj¸$c QZOqMo$q¸$c
×¦Oqj$q Td»¸Á. ¬^jML¸=h ¥cOqõÓPy µ¥q=h TdøÄjGHlGRÚ¿Bh GHlFL¿ïO~ô* ¥cOqõö¥qMLkÂï $qj¿¸¼
No.350-T.T. Q~GSFL¸MLÓFL CnÆNqj×oTwë¸Á. ®¸Íj ÔnGHð_¨NqjjFLï öGH¥cOq¸, CxÄjôÁ À£O~ìÓ ‚<ÆNnjÎFL
TdøÄj GHlGRÚ¿Bh, VÀ£O~¸½¡ MLj>O~Â¥h MLjÿ¸C| ¬tjFL MLjVO~×¦O~×¦ÅÇ¢ sSM~E~GSj½¡M~¿Ôo Q~.QZ.1771,

TzMLjõF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸ bKeöÍGHÍ MLkGS¸Py (ö¥i.QZ. 31-8-1849) GHlFL¿ïO~ôBcÂ¥h FyÔLj¥xFLïÁ. ¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~
×¦Ó¥oÈ MLj¸^JwCLûML¸ GHlFLOqjÍíî¿¸ÔL_@âFLj. MLj¿Nnjj¥q FL¥qÓj ²ÀëÀ£Nqj_<ÂÁNqjj, ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
EéM~ÓNqj MLjj[MLj¸<GH¸Ä£jÁ $y<rHÎ GSjFLïGHl$cOqÄ£jÍ Oq¼¸¼FL Q~GSFL¸öGH¥cOq¸ EéM~ÓNqj¸Py ¯
sSM~E~GSj ¬MLGSOq¸ °FLï ¥xÂïÔo^÷ MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ÔofSFL^j÷ Ôotj¸Ô~OqÂ CnÓjTwë¸Á. Oq¥cëXhF~MLj
GS¸MLCLûOq MLkGIHjMLkGS¸ (ö¥i.QZ. 2-2-1865)Py ÅÇ¢ ¬FLbÃVFL¸ÍjÓM~¿ ÇGRjõ@âÎFL ¯ MLjÿ¸C| sSM~E~GSj
¥i¿ëQoGRjÓj ¥c$c Ä£¿ bKpÀ¥q ¥cNqj¸ Ä£jÍ Ä£¿ ÇGRjõ<jFLj, M~OqGSj<jFLj ¬tjFL gH>O~ÏÁGHÀ ÏÍOqôE~GSj½¡
M~Oqj _ß¸E~MLF~Âï Â¿ô¸¼ No.83-G.T. Q~GSFL¸ MoQ~Oqj. ¯ MLjÿ¸C| ÏÍOqôE~GSj½¡M~Oo ¥qfHÓ À£Oqì¸$c
öGHfSÁíî¥n¥hÚFL GHlGRÚ¿BhÂ, E~ÂÔLj^kæ°FLï MLj¸<JdÓFLj ¬EéFnÓ MLkGIHjMLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 10-2-1865)Py
GHlFL¿ï¿ô¸ÔnFLÂ Q~GSFL¸ CnÓjGHlCLjFLïÁ. ÀOqjMLjÓ EéM~ÓNqj¸ MnÓjGHÓ GH¨¥cMLÆ $yGHlOq¸ ¬Â
fHÓjML_<jÔLjFLï $yGHlO~Âï ®CL<j (ö¥i.QZ.11-9-1878)( No.382-T.T.) Â¿ô¸Ô~Oqj.
¬¸Co¥cŠ¸@~ _ÿjÏE~FLõ bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS¸Py MLj¿¥xÂï MLj¸<JdÓFLj ‚< Â¿ô¸GH×oTd<j.
ÀOqjMLjÓ ÀOqjGHÀ EéMLTdìFL Q~GSFLGS¸ÔLNqj¸Py ®=iMLÆ ¥cPeÂ¥h Ôn¸ÁFL Q~GSFL¸ öGH¥cOq¸ EéMLTdìF~Ó
ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë ¬tjFL ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| öGHNqk$qE~}S½¡ M~¿ TwÍOq ÇGRjõPnÎFL O~MLjÓXqô*E~}S½¡ M~Oqj ÅÇ¢
Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq
b ÓNqj $qOqó$qßÿ¸Ä£jÁ ÄMLkFLMLj¸<GH¸ Ä£jÍ _¸$cOqj ¥qÓQ~Âï ¥iÓ¥qF~MLj GS¸MLCLûOq¸
QZøNqjj×¦MLkGS¸(ö¥i.QZ. 30-9-1908)Py TdìfH¸ÔL^¸ ×¦¿»¸Á.
* * *
F~MLjGH=hæ¥q
¬
¬¸ŠO~Oqð*¸ 22, 27, 76, 236 ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ÀOqjF~W| 313, 316
¬¸$q 159, 161 ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj GHlOq¸ 49, 66, 237, 240, 268, 269, 280
¬¸$qÍj<j 348 ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLj¸<GH¸ 237
¬¸$q* ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ 242, 244 ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj MLjÓ÷GHð*ê 262
¬¸$qO~×¦ F~$qGHðNqjõ 259 ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj GS¸ÏÁ 302
¬¸$ç@âÎ 36 ¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj GSöCL¸ 49, 237, 240
¬¸_CLkëO§ 323 ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ 234
¬¸Ã¥cMLjjÍjÇ¢Ó 38, 217 ¬ÔLjõCLO~NqjÓ GHlGRðMLFL¸ 82
¬¸¾eO§ 288 ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqjÓj 3, 12, 18, 26, 29, 38, 49, 58,
¬¥cÚ¸_ 327 60, 66 , 68, 91, 105, 173, 201, 209, 211,
¬¥cÚOq Mo¸¥qÔ~NqjO§ 349 212, 216, 220, 221, 227, 231, 234 - 251;
¬[¸< Á£GH¸ 267 254, 255, 272, 275, 283, 295, 296, 302,
¬$qOq¸ ¥q<Pe¨ 261 306, 310 , 313, 314, 320, 335, 343.
¬$qOq¸ ¥q¸GHGSMLjjöÍ¸ 232 ¬ÔLjõCL O~NqkbKZjõÍNqj¸ 158¬ÏEy. 173,
¬$qOq¸ MLjjOqj¥q¸GH^jæ 35 ¬@âÎGH¸ ¬ÏÁ¥c¿(C~¸_kÓ¸ rH=hæÂ) 212
¬$qOqGHY¦jþ 112 ¬@âÎGH¸ GHO~ôÍMLjôF| 237, 265
¬$qGSë õ GHOqøCL¸ 186 ¬@âÎGH¸ _NqjõGHðF~Nqj¥q 212, 243, 298
¬$qGSjëõÂ bKeÓbKeOqCL¸ 193 ¬@âÎGH¸ MLjÓ÷GHðF~Nqj¥q 260
¬ö$q$yGHlOq¸ 6, 41, 52, 355 ¬@âÎGH¸ Oqj¥hôBh ¬MLjô 237, 265
¬ö$qVOq¸ 240, 252 ¬@âÎGH¸ ÄQZøF~DÍ F~Nqj¥q 238, 255, 259
¬ÔLjáCLMLjô 251 ¬@âÎGH¸ QnMLøGHðF~Nqj¥q 298
¬ÔLjõCL rHOqjMLkW| 49, 66, 105, 237, 239, 240, ¬@âÎGH¸ GSkOqGHF~Nqj¥q 297
269, 280, 319, 321, 337 ¬*ê¸$qO~Ô~Oqõ 85
¬ÔLjõCLsH^ 287 ¬*ê¸$cO§ 39
¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¬MLGSOq¸ 237, 302 ¬BêF| rHOqjMLkW|öfHNqjF| 128
¬ÔLjõCLO~Nqj ¥yFoOqj 28, 237, 245, 247, 251, ¬*êF| O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 87, 349
259, 261, 263, 282 ¬*ê¸$cO§ Jd+Nqj¸ 39, 349
¬Bcê½NqkO§ 265 331

¬ÁP| ad 162 ¬ÏEy. ; 190, 191, 276 ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$cO§ 85, 232, 273, 307, 309, 310,
¬Íí¸¥h 166, 176 ¬ÏEy.2 ; 178, 181¬ÏEy.3 313, 320, 331
¬Íí¸¥h gSMLj 252, 326, 327 ¬FLïNqj 327,
¬ÏÁ¥c¿ 2, 7, 40, 104, 106, 286, 303 ¬FLïNqj ÀMLjôF~Oqõ 311
¬ÏÁ¥c¿ ¥xY¦þMLj¸$q+MLjj<NqkF| 104 ¬FLïGHmO~êEéÄ 194 ¬DEy.1; 195, 197, 199
¬ÏÁ¥c¿ O~MLjÓXqô* E~}S½¡ 2, 170-¬ÏEy.1; 361 ¬FLïGSöCL¸ 7, 49, 356
¬ÏÍõNqjFyCLûML¸ 22, 51, 56, 60, 65, 70, 71,72, ¬F~ï ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~W| 26, 154
73, 75, 78, 80, 83, 84 ¬FLÃVFL¸Í 360
¬ÏE~õCLô GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj 307, 310, 312 ¬ÂïNqjkO§ 260
¬EâÎøCL ÄE~õÄ×¦Nqj 231 ¬GHO~½CL 96
¬FL¸CL 321 ¬GHð 199, 200
¬FL¸CL»¿ 166 ¬DEy. 1; 168, 181, 184 ¬GHðF| ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+ ½¡NqjO§ 90
¬FL¸CLGHmO§ ½Pe÷ 162 ¬DEy. 1; 206, 237, 246, 258, ¬GHðF| QZ>Oq$yGH O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 90
262, 263 ¬GHð GH¨ 17, 27, 47, 60, 72, 238, 245, 255,
¬FL¸CLF| Mo¸¥q^CLjëOnÎM~O§ 336, 337 259, 264, 340, 341
¬FL¸CLNqjõF| 85 ¬GHðMLj¸öÀ 199
¬FL¸CLNqjõ¸$cO§ 280, 337 ¬GHðNqjõ (F~Á¸<÷) 238
¬FL¸CLOqGSO§ (¬FL¸CL GH¸¨CLj<j) 268 ¬GHðNqjõF| 60, 85, 200
¬FL¸CLO~×¦GHlOq¸ 354 ¬GHðNqjõ¸$cO§ 85
¬FL¸CLQZNqjFL 189(Kn×¦M~<PyÂ °¸×¦MLÆ÷P yÂ ¬GHðNqj Á£XhCL(KxMLjô$q¸=h) 324
EéM~ÓNqj¸PyÂ TdøÄj ) ¬GHðOqGSO§ 18, 39, 242, 262, 263
¬FL¸CLQZNqjFL¸ (ö=eMnF|‚O§) 283 ¬GHðÓNqjõO§ 336
¬FL¸CLQZNqjFLO§ 85 ¬Jdð¼áNqkO§ ¬Bcê 17, 230
¬FL¸CLTd$qOq¸ 206 ¬Jdð½¡ (Td+jML ÀMLjô) 163 ¬DEy sHO~1; 186 ¬DEy.
¬FL¸CLGSk¿ 81, 83 ¬JdðfHWnÎW 27, 154, 213
¬ÂMnjÓ 355 ¬JdðÓ ¼FLïGHðF| 341
¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjO§ 82, 87 ¬JdðMLNqjõ¸$cO§ 82
¬FLjGS¸ÏE~FL¸ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ 214 ¬GHmðML*êF| 325
¬FLïMLkÔ~Oqõ 307, 310, 314, 320, 322, 324, 327, ¬_òÓEéÄ 274 ,280, 286, 288
¬_jíöÓ×e¥§ 138 ¬Ó÷TdÂ rHÍíF~MLkCLjõ<j 307

¬bÃÏE~MLßÀë MLkCLß¥q 198-¬ÏEy. ¬Ój÷F| Ôy+ À¥qÚ 128
¬bÃsR¥q¸ 16, 17, 54 ¬Ój÷F| À¥qÚ 126
¬MLj¸½ ML$nÎ 120 ¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéML MLjVO~Nqj 115, 118, 123
¬MLjOq¸ (F~MLjÆ¸$cFLj Q~GSFL¸) 323, 331 -124; 127
¬MLjOq¸ ÀMLjôOqGS 210 ¬+$qO§ ¥ytjP| 185 ¬DEy. 1 ; 187 ¬DEy.
¬MLjOq °¸_È 289,
¬+$qfHðO~F~O§ 13, 17, 54,
¬MLjOq ¥yF| 128
¬+$qfHðO~F~O§ ÀOqj¥qÚÆ¥qÂþE~GSO§ 85
¬MLjOq F~Nqj¥q¸ 259
¬MLjOq F~NqjŠÓj 162 GHl. ¬DEy.1- sHO~ 2 ¬+$qfHðO~F~O§ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ 16, 314, 337,
¬MLjO~MLÀ 200, 201, 218 ¬+$qOqNqjõ¸$cO§ 85
¬MLjO~MLÀ Q~GSF~Ój 180 ¬+$qOqNqjõ¸$cO§¬*¸$qO~Ô~Oqõ 358
¬MLjOqj QZCL¥q¸ 330 ¬+»Nqj MLj*M~+ ½¡NqjO§ 46, 85, 87,
¬MLjOoQZøOq 160, 162 ¬DEy. ,168, 179, 218 ¬+»NqjMLj*M~+F| MLj>Oq¸ 87, 303
¬MLkCLõ Qo[Oqj<j 137 ¬+»NqjMLj*M~+F| FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 303
¬MLjjÍF| ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| 78 ¬+»NqjMLj*M~+ rHOqjMLkW| 132, 133
¬MLjjE~FL$qOq¸ 162 ¬DEy. 3 sHO~; 165 ¬DEy. 2; 166 ¬+»Nqj rHOqjMLkW| 33, 108
¬DEy.1 Py sHO~2 ; ¬+»Nqj Ç¢NqjF| 107, 112
¬MLkô×¦MLjô 253 ¬ÈNqjO~MLjO~¾(OqÄ£=h)12, 39, 246, 254,
¬MnjÎô ¬GHðF| 128 260, 266, 271, 274, 275 - 277; 278, 279,
¬Nqj¸GHm¸¨ 37 282, 288, 291, 292, 296, 337, 340, 344,
¬NqkõMLNqjõ¸$cO§ 342, 344, 345 351, 357
¬OqMLBnÎ rHOqjMLkW| E~GSO§ 86
¬ÿMLjjE~ML$qOq¸(¬ÿMLjE§ ML$qO§) 185 - ¬ÏEy1; 190
¬OqGSjsHY¦j 189
¬GUy_Ó¸134, 155, 158, 160, 224, 227, 282, 355
¬OyÚ*¸ 295
¬ÓMojÓjMLj¸$q 17, 66, 185 ¬DEy 1; 231, 236, ¬GUy_Ó¸(²$qjML) 309
281, 309, 313, 318,326, 331, 338, 357 ¬GUy_ÓO~×¦ 274, 280
¬ÆfH¿(¬¨GH¨) 41, 42, 82, 357 ¬GUy_ÓO~×¦ ¥q¸GHNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 37, 141,
¬Ó÷TdÂ rHÍíFL 158¬ÏEy.; 161,163, 179 ¬ÏEy.1; 184 ¬GUy_Ó MLj>Oq¸224,226, 227, 228, 288, 304
¬ÏEy.1; 194,194 ¬ÏEy. ; 210, 224, 227 ¬GUy_PoQZøOq 288
GHGSë¸_ GSköCL 27, 199, 202, 213, 232,
¸@~O§(µ¥q MLõ¥hë sHOqj) 117 245, 248, 251, 261,266, 267, 268, 273, 276,
¸öÏÍ 98 278, 290, 292, 294, 296, 297, 324, 341, 346,
¬¸öÏÍ ¥qMLlÓ ÔL¿öCLMLjj 233 ¬ÏEy. ; 310, 325 350, 358
¸öÏÍ MLj¸<Ó¸ 255 GHmðO§ 295
¸öÏÍ TdfUCLõGH¿GRC|GHöÀ¥q 309 ¬DEy. Oq$qÓkOqj 210
¸öÏÍ MoE~¸CL¸ 311 O~$q EéQZ¸ 136
¸öÏÍÄGRjêMLl 180 ¬DEy OqBh 298
¸<jGHÆ÷ 252 OqBh gSMLj 154, 213
¸<jGHmOqj 249, 320 OqÄ£<j öGHMLjj[jÓj 246
WeøO§ À£Oqì¸ 7, 49, 57, 68, 281, 317, OqÄ£<j Š^j¸_¸247, 266, 274, 278, 292
319, 321, 356 OqÄ£<j 164 ¬DEy.2;
WeøO§ ÀOqjFL$q¿ 224 OqÄ£<j _j¥qÚO~¾ 274, 276, 278, 280, 288, 292
MLjj¥qëMLkÓõÍ 155 ¬DEy.1; 158 ¬DEy. ; 166 ¬DEy; OqÄ£<j ÓXiô¬MLjôF| 266
179 ¬DEy.1; 181 ¬DEy. 1; 188¬DEy.1; 192, 194
OqÄ£=h F~OqGHðO~×¦ 293, 304
¬DEy.1 ; 195, 197, 197 ¬DEy.1
OqõgSMLj 276
FL¸Í ÁMLõÄMLkFL¸ 170 ¬DEy.
O~ÏÍFL 7
FL¸ÍÂÓNqj ÄMLkFL¸ 361
FL¸Í ÄMLkFL¸ 136 O~Ú^j ½Pe÷(°CLëOq) 96, 99, 100, 114, 138, 144,
FnÎMLjPnÎ 210 165 ¬ÏEy. ; 237, 260, 297, 346
FnÎFL¸ÃO~F| 278 O~Ú^j ½Pe÷(ÍXh*) 131, 132, 144, 192¬ÏEy;
FL¸E~WeøF| 76, 81, 83 248, 260, 263, 298
FL¸E~¸ fHWnÎW 84 TdìFL¸ 4, 22, 51, 89, 340
FL¸E~¸ fHWnÎW ½¡NqjO§ 304 Q~OqC~ëO§ 350
¬FL¸E~¸ fHWnÎW fS¸$qMLjNqjõ¸$cO§ 85 QZkO§ 286
¸@~W| 75 QZjMLMLjj¥hÚPnÎ F~<j 8, 112
¸<rHOqjMLkW| 86 QZøPeNqjFL GSköCLj<j 204, 208, 232, 247, 250,
Fn$x¸Á 220 252, 253, 256, 266, 268, 285, 289, 296, 307,
Bh ¬MLjM~QZõ(×oõGRçMLkGS¸Py MLÔoá ¬MLkM~GSõ) 28 308, 326, 332, 348, 349, 359
BhNqjOq¸$qE~GSO§ 86 CLGHöCL¸ 331
¸×¦FoNqj TdøÄj 90 CLô‚Oqj 125, 206
öCoNqj$yöCL¸ 253,272, 276,288, 292, 304,350 ®NqjPeð 83

CLë‚Oqj 266 ¯
^æMLFnÎ _GSMLOqGS 208 ¯ÔLá¸Jd¨ 252
MLmO§ ŠY¦þ¸ 101 ¯NqjjBhê ¬GHð 336
NqjM|j(µ¥q MLGSjëMLl Ä£jÍ ÄÏÁ¸Ôo GHFLjï) 272 ¯NqjjBhê ¬GHðNqjõF| 335
Nqjj}S 157 ¯Oy@§ 233 ¬DEy.1
Ô~OqjõÓj 28, 53, 62, 68, 322 ¯QZøOq (EéMLjj<j) 356
Ô~Oqõ GHlOqjGRjÓj 84, 322, 342 ¯QZøOq(O~¾) 157, 157 ¬DEy.
¬MLjOqj QZCL¥q¸(GS¸GSÚßCL QZß¸$cOq ¥cMLõ¸) 330 °
® °¸_È 232, 245
®ŠÚMLj öKeÿô*jÓj 349 °¸<MLÆ÷ 189
®¥oÚ¿ O~¾Ój 160, 176 °¸ö<¥x¸< 168, 181
®<èÆ GH¨ 61, 341 °E~ÿOq*MLjj 311
®@~¥n<jCLë rHOqjMLkW| 208 °¼áGHØ 235
®Ó÷CLkëO§ F~<j 11, 45, 118, °¼átjP| ÂFLþ F~O~Nqj*F| MLjOq¥cÚP| 129
®+MLj¸¨Nqj¸ 73 °<NqjMLO§ ¥ytjP| ¬*êF| 82
®+Nqj ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø 302 °ÍNqj»¿ 6, 48, 64, 161¬ÏEy.1; 162, 164 ,
®+Nqj ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø ½¡NqjO§ 359 164 ¬ÏEy.2; 166 ¬ÏEy. ; 175, 176, 177, 178,
®+NqjrHOqjMLkW| 86
179, 181¬ÏEy.1; 182, 184, 188, 191¬ÏEy.2; 201,
®+Nqk¸@~F|GH^jæ 295
205, 248, 249, 250, 320, 335, 347, 350, 355
®+ F| ¥oÈø ½¡NqjO§ 358
°ÍNqj»¿ EéMLO~Nqj bKZ^æO§ 332-335
®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHð °<NqkO§ 255
°ÍNqj»¿ ¥qFLï¨$q Q~[ 204
®MLjô¨ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ 238, 251, 259
®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿ 145, 148, 151, 152, 155, 204, °ÍNqj»¿ O~×¦õ¸ 61, 141, 202, 204, 207, 267,
256, 307 °ÍNqj¥cÓ¸ 11
®MLjô¨ O~ÿjCLëO~Nqj 11, 72, 88, °Íí¸<#eF| 167, 179, 188
®¸ÍjMLjÀ£GH¿*Nqj¸ 351 °Íí¸<O~NqjO§ °Ó$qGHðF| 61
®OnÎM~FLOqQZkO§ 208 °ö$c*¸ (MLGSjëTdMLjö» bKZöÍGHOqÔLj $qÁ) 286
®Oqj$qGHð µ<Nqj 137 °ö$c*¸ O~MLjNqjF| 300
®Oqj¸$y+¥yÚF| 45, 100 °$cÁ 28
®GSôtjP| ¬ÁP|ad 190 °Ó$qrHðOqjMLkF~O§ 2, 20, 95
°Ó$q+¸ÍMoPeF| 9, 149 °CLûML MLjkOqjëÓj 6
°W| MLj¸<Ó¸ 38, 171, 219, 346 °Nqjõ¥x¸< Ôy+ ML+F~<j 142
°WeWNqj¸ 272, ±
°FLïCL¥oÈ¢ MLj¸<GH¸ 6, 355 ±¸×¦P| MLj¸<GH¸ 76, 278, 340
°GHÂGRCLjëÓj 223 ±¸×¦P| ÀOqjF~W| 25, 27
°GHlð Oo#nÎ 287 ±FLMLk¸×o¿ sH÷^j÷ 160 ¬ÏEy. 2 ; 296
°MLjôCLkëOqj 160, 162 ¬ÏEy.1; 166 ¬ÏEy. ; 176, 207 ±¿ô+W (öJd¸CL¸ sHOqj) 356
°YnÎNqjkO§ 112, ±OqMLO§ 108
°YnÎNqjkO§ Ôy+jÓj 292, ±O§¥q*ŠÚ 14
°^÷ °CLûML¸ 57, 318 ±¨Nqj¸ 211, 214
°Oq=hæ 99, 107, 112, 116, 118 ±¨Nqj¸ ²Ó÷GHð F~Nqj¥qO§ 211, 243
°OqML¥x¸<gSMLj 202, 341 _jj
°OqjGHlCLkëO§ ¥qOqjGHlð ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| 337 _jj¥§Q~[ 204, 208, 232, 247, 250, 253, 266,
°Oq÷$x¸< 168, 181 268, 285, 296, 307, 332, 348, 353, 359
°ad¥qPeõ*¸ 326, 331 ²
°C~ìFL E~øÍÇ 14, 52, 61 ²$qjML ¬GUy _Ó¸ 309
°CLÚ+¸ 111, 165 ¬ÏEy.1; 191 ²¼áNqjkO§ ¬ö$qVOq¸ 295
°CLÚ+ O~¾($q×¦GHÀ) 181¬ÏEy.1 ² (Nqj) Ó÷MLjbKZ^æO§ 287
°=hæÍ ÀMLjôNqjõF| 241 ²(Nqj)Ó÷MLjO~¾ 292
°CLëMLjFLÓk÷Oqj 39, 269 ²Ó÷MLjOqGSNqjF| 350
°CLëMLjGHÈW 250 ²Ó÷GHð F~Nqj¥q 48, 215
°C~ëOqM|j 212 ²Ó÷GHð F~Nqj¥q (±¨Nqj¸) 38, 243
°CLëOqMojOqkO§ 27, 125, 146, 154, 212 ²Ó÷Jdð fHWnWÎ 270, 303
°CLëOq JdOqjGHCLõ¸ 359 ²Ó÷GHð °<NqkO§(ML¸$cGHlOq¸) 302
°CLëOq O~×¦õ¸ 266 ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ (bKZkCLF~DÍ) 250
°CLëO~Nqj*¸ 24 ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ (®MLjô¨) 251, 238
°CLëO~Nqj¸ 236 ²Pe÷MLÏE~Â ÀMLjôNqjõF| 287
°CLëOq O~Ú^j ½Pe÷ 96, 99, 100, 114, ²¸rHOqjMLkF~¨NqkOqjÓj 69, 241
138,144,165 ¬ÏEy. ; 237, 260, 297, 346 ²¸rHOqjMLkF~O§ 79, 123, 152, 225, 348
°CLëOq bKeOqCLEéQZ¸ 161 ²¸rHMLkF~O§ ½¡NqjO§ 12, 37, 86, 142
°CLûM~Ój 19-29 ²¸rHOqjMLkF~O§ ¥ytjP| 78
²BcêtjOq¸ 298 µOq=hæ 107, 116

²Oq÷¸GHm¸¨ 216 ¶
²Y¦þ _GSMLNqjõF| 300 ¶Ke¼á ¬MLjôF| 237
²Y¦þ$qj¸^NqjGHÆ÷ 313, ¶Ke¼áNqjMLjôF| GSMLjjöÍ¸ 237
²Y¦þ¥q¸GHNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 137 ¶_+EéML (Ö_+EéML) 208, 243
²Y¦þfSÍíî 124 ¶_+F~DÍ 123
²Y¦þfSÍíîOqGS 114 ¶_+F~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§ (rH¿Nqj) 37
²Y¦þ ÀMLjôO~×¦ 284, 290, 323, 324 ¶_+NqjõF| 215
³ ¶_WoQZøOq 237
³ÍjÓ#eF| (¬ÁP| ad) 191 ¬DEy.3 ¶_WoQZøOq (ÅÇ¢ GHÀ) 274, 292
³ÍjP|#eF| (¬ÁP|#eF|) 281 ¶Ke¸Ã¥q 236
³¥c¥h ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj 77, 82, 83 ¶_NqjõF| 215
³¥ç» 81, 82 ¶$qMLjJd¨ CLGHð< _GSMLlOn¨è 265, 332
³¥ç» $yGHNqjõF| 82 ¶OqMLjjJd<j 356
³¥ç» rH¿NqjrHOqjMLkW| E~GSO§ 82 ¶¿Nqj¸^P| ¥cF|ñOqF|û 221
³¥ç» ÀOqjMn¸¥q^NqjõF| 82 Ö
³¥çCLsSML (JdFLjGHl sSML) 201 Ö_+O~×¦ 274
³Ó¸Ke¥qÚ¸ 36, 139 ÖŠ 164 ¬DEy.2; 280
³^kæO§ ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSNqjõ¸$cO§ 337 ÖŠ öGHMLjj[jÓj 281
³^kæO§ ÀOqjMLjPnÎ ŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~Oqõ 347 ÖŠ gSMLj 284, 301, 313
³^kæO§ÀOqjMLjÓŠ¸_¥y*¸ C~C~ Ô~O~õO§ ¬Nqkõ ¥q
MLNqjõ¸$cO§ 341 ¥q¸¼ (¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ Po¥q ¥ç¼£GHlOq¸) 23, 87, 90,
µ 98, 99, 110, 111, 112, 124, 126, 127, 128,
µ¸$yÓj Q~GSF~Ój 310, 326, 327 129, 131, 133, 134, 155, 158, 160, 170¬DEy.1;
µ¸=hÄj^æ 356 175, 187, 188, 213, 220, 224, 225, 227,
µ¿Tdû 111, 161, 165¬ÏEy.1; 168 ¬ÏEy.2; 230, 236, 245, 250, 272, 323, 339, 345
188, 225 ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ (¼FL ) 124, 290, 291, 320, 323, 339
µrHðO§æ. ½ 223, 231 ¥q¸¼F~Nqj¥q 97
µ<è¸GH=hæ 38, 219 ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ O~» OoŠÓj 157 ¬DEy. 2
µ¨èNqjF| (µ¿Tdû O~¾) 196 ¥q¸½¡ M LOq¸ Q~G S F~Ój ,125,173, 176,177,
µ@~èÁ 184 234,235,343,
¥q¸>OqMLkÓ 169 ¥q=eæ¿ ÿFLjMLj¸CLj<j 321
¥q¸<JdÓ$yöCL 300 ¥q=hæ¥nÎ 214
¥q¸Í*MyÓj (¥qOqkïÓj) 215 ¥q=hæ¥nÎ ÀMLjôNqjõF| 214
¥q¸Á¥x¸< 168, 181 ¥q^÷ ¥x¸<MLjF~Nqj¥q 299
¥q¸Íj‚Oqj 164 ¬DEy.2; 167 ¬DEy. ; 250 ¥q<GH½Pe÷ 114, 124, 127, 162 ¬DEy. 1; 165 ¬DEy. 1;
¥q¸Íj‚Oqj gSMLj 250 202, 226 ¬DEy. ; 249, 256, 289, 308, 320,
¥q¸E~@âÎ 84 328, 351, 354, 356
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| 324 ¥q<GHðF|Š<NqkF| 104
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| (ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸)244 ¥q<MnjÎ 112
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðNqjõ¸$cO§ 339 ¥q<MnjÎ NqjM|j 120
¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬Jdð¼áNqkO§¬Bcê 85, 230 ¥q<MnjÎ¥cÚP|(¥xÓCL) 341, 353
¥q¸E~@âÎ bKeMLF~Ô~Oqõ 325 ¥q<Pe¨ OoŠÓj 173
¥q¸E~@âÎ MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cO§46, 229, 230 ¥q<ÓkOqj 37, 153
¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§ 9, 16, 17, 37, 45, ¥q@âÎ‚Ú^æF| Jd¨ 38
46, 47, 54, 80, 81, 85, 87, 91, 134, 150, ¥qF|$cBhJdðF| 303
221, 230,231, 301, 307, 314, 319 ¥qF|$cÀëNqkO§ 208
¥q¸E~@âÎ O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§Ä£ÏÁ 81 ¥qFL¥q¥q¿OqDÍ 155, 159
¥q¸E~@âÎ MoE~¸C~Ô~Oqõ 231 ¥qFL¥q»¿ 169, 181
¥q¸E~@âÎ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$cÔ~Oqõ 325 ¥qFL¥q MLjNqjkOq¸(M~ÿFL¸) 355
¥q¸E~+ ¬GHð 325 ¥qFL¥qMLjô 299
¥q¸GHO~¾ 278, 290 ¥qFL¥q GSÍ}S(¼Í¸_Oq¸) 155, 158
¥q¼árH^jæ gSMLj 146 ¥qFLõ¥cE~FL¸ 356
¥q¼áO~Nqj¥yF~O§ 270 ¥qFL¥cbÃsR¥q¸ 163, 177
¥q¸GH* 165 ¬DEy. ¥qF~õŠMLk¿ 186 ¬DEy. ; 283
On¸<ML ¥q¸GH*(ŠMLkOq ¥q¸GH*)13É, ¥qFLjJd¥q 114,
¥q¸_ÍjOqj 206, 207 ¥qFn¥qÚP| 183, 186 ¬DEy. ;
¥q¸_¸Mnj^jæ 166 ¬DEy.1; 169, 181, 184 ¥qGHðÓjM~tj 168, 181
¥q^¥§ 184 ¥qfHÓÀ£Oqì¸ 41,67, 68, 72, 82,86, 240,335, 361
¥q^¥q¸ 188, 225¬DEy.1. ¥qfHÓGHQZjMLl 235
¥q^¥q¸(¥q^jtjO§) 190 ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj 301
¥q^¥qGHl¿ 184, 184¬DEy.1 ¥qIJd 235
¥qMLjÓMLjVEéÄ 114 ¥qÓj_¿$q GHl¿ 192 ¬DEy. 1

¥qMLjPeGHlOq¸ 170, 226 ¬DEy; 289 ¥qÓj_¿$n 185 ¬DEy. 1
¥qOq¥q¸sHM~=h (¥qOq¥qFL¸Ke<j) 172 ¥qÓjM~tj 206
¥qOqBh¥qÚ ¬FLïE~CL EéML$qW| 153 ¥qÆÏÁ£Oq MLj¸$qÓ¸ 37
¥qOqBh¥qÚ ¥cMLjOqGSGHðNqjõF| 336 ¥qÆNqjF|(ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøO§) 225
¥qOqBh¥qÚ _GSMLOqGS 26, 38, 208 ¥qÆÄj¼£á gSMLj 249
¥qOqBh¥qÚ MLj¸$qOqGSNqjõ 248 ¥qÓðXhÀOqjÿ ÓÀ¥q 155
¥q¿NqjGHÆ÷ 319 ¥qÓðMLßXq¸ 159
¥qOqML=hæGHØÆNqkWeøO§ 27, 154 ¥qPeõ* ÍjOqÜ¸ 206
¥qOqML=hæGHØÆNqkWeøO§ MLjF~ïO§ fHWnÎ 146, 213, ¥qPeõ*¥y=h ÄMLkFL¸ 343, 345
¥q¿¥cÓ 124 ¥qPeõ*GHlOq¸ 147, 278
¥qOqjBc¥qOqbKZ^æO§ $yÄ¸ÍNqjõF| 306 ¥qPeõ* Mo¸¥q=oQZøOq TdøÄj 257
¥qOqjMLFLÓk÷O§ 185 ¬DEy.; ¥q+¸¾ 7, 8, 20, 95, 101, 108
¥qOqjF~Nqj¥q 300 ¥qWeGHmOyêÍNqj¸ 280
¥qO~Ú^¥q GS¸ö¥qMLj*M|j 24 ¥qÈ¸$q 102, 147, 159, 161, 165 ¬DEy.1; 168,
¥qOqkïÓj ½Pe÷ 141, 249, 280, 313, 346, 169, 181, 183, 184
¥qO~ê^ 97 ¥qÈ¸$q Í¸<NqköCL 180, 181, 188, 190
¥qO~ê^ öKeÿô* 205 ¥qÈ¸$q O~¾ 179 ¬DEy.1
¥qO~ê^ O~×¦õ¸ 225, 276 ¥qMLOnÎ 339
¥qO~ê^ O~¾ 110, 260 ¥qMLOnÎ ŠÓ¸ 351
¥qO~ê^ fS¸VGSFL¸ 193 ¥qÄ½¡ÄCLMLjjÓj 210
¥qO~ê^ TwMojQZj<j 124 ¥qÄC~¿Ú¥q ¥oGS¿ 322
¥qYcþW0=nÎGHð^jæ 211 ¥qÄTdOqøbKpMLj 97
¥qP|CoO§ (fSìOq¸$c °¸@é CoOqj - O~ÀOqDÍ¸) 211 ¥qGSkë¿¤ÀÓ¥q¸ 19
¥qÓMnÎ¼á gSMLj 313 ¥c
¥qÓ_¿» ¬ÏÁGHÀ 188 ¥çÔLFL ¥cMLjÏEéFLjMLl 155, 159
¥qP|_Oq» ÍjOqÜ¸(ŠP|_O~Ü)186 ¬DEy ; 88 ¬DEy.; ¥çÔLFL MojOqj 235
¥qÓMnÎ GHðY¦jþ 27, 145, 294 ¥ç¼£GHlOq¸ 95, 245
¥qÓQZ¸ 3, 5, 6, 52, 131 ¥çÍÓkO§Ô~áPnÎ 102
¥qÓQZ¸(_¸$cOqj) 361 ¥c¥qÀ£Nqj $q*GHÀ 111, 124, 126, 128
¥c¥qÀ£Nqj O~×¦õ¸ 85, 142, 342, ¥cMo¿(FLÁ)101, 110, 142, 158, 175 ¬DEy.1,
¥c¥qÀ£NqjjÓj 110 186¬DEy.
¥cŠC|GSìûÄ×¦¦Nqj¸ 291, 292, 354 ¥cMo¿ GH^æ*¸ 272
¥c=eæ¿ 128 ¥cMLõöGH¥cQZ 324, 330
¥c>Oq¥q(¥c<ML) 98, 99, 110 ¥cQZõGH $yöCL¸ 60, 208, 212, 217, 232, 256,
¥c<ML 96, 97, 188 259, 261, 278, 289,290, 296, 297, 305,
¥c<MLO~Nqj 99, 113 341, 349, 350, 358
¥c<MLO~Nqj ¬+»NqjÇ¢NqjF| 99, 118 ¥cGSOq¸ 249
¥c<MLF| rHOqj¸EéÄ 294, 332 ¥h
¥c*ÄFhNqj rHOqjMLkW| 117 ¥h@~¸Ã ÅÇ¢ ¥oQZM~Ô~Oqõ 224
¥cBh¥nÎÚ(GHFLjï) 111 ¥h¿¤^¸ 5, 20, 156
¥cC~õNqjFL GSköCL 261, 341, 348, 350 ¥i
¥cFLj¥qÓj 339 ¥iW|GHlCLkëO§ 260
¥cMLjMLjô 251 ¥i+¸ŠFLþ¸ 316
¥cMLkXh EéÄ 127 ¥i+ÔoáMLP| (öJd¸CL¸)117
¥cMLkF~Nqj¥§ 208 ¥iWnÎGHð@âÎF~<j 36
¥cO~+O§ ¥qOqð¥qM|j 71 ¥iWnÎfHðWnÎ" 341
¥cOqõ¥qOqë 64, 74, 79 Š
¥cOqõ¥qOqë (³×n¸=|) 298 Š¸×¦GHÆ÷ 262
¥c¿¤ë¥q¸ 28 Š¸<MnÎNqkO§ 100
¥cÆ¥q=| 138 Š¸<kOqjfHNqjgSMLj 243
¥c+ÿfSë 115, 117, 155, 156, 160, 173, 174, Š¸bKZ¥y*¸ 134, 155, 158, 160, 187, 189,
184, 187, 248, 266, 356 345
¥c+ÿfSë »¿¤QZøOqj<j 233 Š¸<F~+j ö$cMLj¸ 341
¥c+ÿfSë Á£XhCL 267 Š$nÎNqjkO§ 260, 263, 297
¥c+ÿfSë Q~GSF~Ój 124, 235 Š<MLjPnÎF~<j 102
¥c+Àë Qn=hæ 338 Š<MLmO§ 33, 113, 294
¥cÈ¥cEéÄ 159 Š<MLmO§F~<j 8, 34, 52, 95, 104, 105, 112,
¥cÈ¢E~GSj 252, 332, 335 231, 300, 348, 353
¥cMLFLkOqj 315 Š¨GHðOq¸_kO§ 338
Š¨NqkF|CL¸@~P| E~FL¸ 155, 160 ¬DEy.2 ŠÓQo[Oq WeøO§ 71, 75

Š*jŠÚ GH¨ 341 ŠY¦þ¸ 105, 112
ŠÁOnÎ ML¿ 111 ŠÓQo[OqGHlOq¸ 319
ŠF|×nÎGHmO§ FLPe÷O§ 300 ŠÓQo[OqrHOqjMLkW| ÀOqjM~O~Ï Í FLM|j 16
ŠFLþMLOqíîFL ¥y^æ¸ 294, 341 ŠPyCLjë¸$qj<j(O~×o¸öÍ Ôy+j<j) MnjjÍ=h 8, 106
ŠGHð¸ 219, 290, 316 ŠPyCLjë¸$qj<j,MLjk<ML 112,113,115,119,123, 128
ŠGHðMLjô 216 Š+CLkëO§ 252
ŠGHðTdÂ 216 Š+NqjJd^æM|j 39, 283
ŠMLkOq ¥q¸GHFL 122, 131 ŠÈ 32,
ŠMLkOq ŠÓQo[Oq MojÁÂO~M| ŠMLkOqFLOqGSNqjõF| 144, ŠÿkNnk$q¸ 223
145,153 ¥qß
ŠMLkOq ¼¥qÚ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ 237 ¥qßGRêGHð 253
ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cO§(ÀOqjMLjPnÎ Qx=nuæ) 60, 85, ¥qßGRêGHð F~Nqj¥q 238, 251, 255, 259, 263
142, 153, 245, 281, 332, 336, 337, ¥qßGRêGHðNqjõO§ 252, 253, 255
339, 342, 343, 344, ¥qßGRêGHð F~Nqj¥q(Í+M~tj) 297
ŠMLkOq ÀMLjôOqGSGHlOq¸ (MoGH$qj¸^) 295 ¥qßGRêGHð Qn=hæ 269
ŠMLkOq ÏÍkOqã=h 164 ¬ÏEy.1 ¥qßGRêMLj 291
ŠMLkOqGHÆ÷ 299 ¥qßGRêMLk¸_ 199
ŠMLkOqGHð On¨è 298 ¥qßGRêMLk¸_(¥qßadê½¡ ¬MLjô) 347
ŠMLkOq O~MLkFLj×¦Nqjõ¸$cO§ 58,60, 231, 234, 301 ¥qßGRêNqjõF| 350
ŠMLkOq Ä£OqNqjõ Po¥q ŠMLkOq Ä£Oq Q~õMLjO~Nqj 167 ¥qßGRê O~Nqj Ä×¦Nqj ¸ 162¬ ÏEy1; 164 ¬ ÏEy.2, 165
¬ÏEy.1.; 199 ¬ÏEy1; 166 ¬ÏEy1 ; 168 ¬ÏEy.1; 176 ¬ÏEy1; 178,
On¸<ML ŠMLkOqMo¸¥q^GHÀO~Nqj(On¸<ML rHÍMo¸¥q^) 357, 179 ¬ÏEy.2; 181¬ÏEy.2 ;184 ¬ÏEy.1 ; 186¬ÏEy. ;
ŠMLkOq Mo¸¥q=eöÁ 235, 261, 265 190, 191 ¬DEy2 ; 193 ¬ÏEy.2 ; 197, 197¬ÏEy.1
ŠMLkOq Mo¸¥q=eöÁ GSMLjjöÍ¸ 237, 261 ¥qßGRêO~Nqj GH^ï¸ 66, 269
ŠMLkOq ÿ¸Ä£Oq JdöCL 167 ¥qßGRêO~Nqj GHlOq¸ 247, 250, 266, 287
ŠMLkOq ÿ¸Ä£OqO~Nqj 179 ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ EéMoOqjÓj 193-196
ŠMLk+W¥cÓø 355 ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH=eæbÃsR¥q¸ 172, 192¬ÏEy.
ŠOqjÔo<j Š^j¸_¸ 289 ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ÏÁ¥cOqjÓj 199 - 217
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GH¿JdÓF~ ¥cÓ¸, E~F~Ój, NqjjE~íîÓj, ¥x¸<GHÆ÷ 164 ¬DEy.2 ; 180 ¬DEy; 181, 182,
NqköCLÓj 155-193 ; 232-233 200, 205
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ GHlOyfUCLjÓj 217-218 ¥x¸<GHÆ÷ ¥y^Ój 168, 182
¥qßGRê O~NqjÓ GS¸GSÚßCL öGHQZfSì 157 - 161 ¥x¸<MLjF~NqjŠ<j (¥q^÷) 299
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓ Äö$qÿ¸ 185¬ÏEy. ; 193, 196 ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ 201, 205, 206, 207
¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj(ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRêO~NqjÓj, ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRêEéMLO~NqjÓj, ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ (O~NqjGS¸) 200, 243
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRêO~Nqj) 3, 6, 9, 26, 37, 38, 48, 65, 72, ¥x¸<MLjOqGSj 163 ¬DEy;
87, 91,144, 153, 168, 218, 219, 221, 222, ¥x¸<Nqjõ 167 ¬DEy.1
223, 224, 228, 232, 234, 235, 241, 242, ¥x¸<O~×¦NqjõF| 276
243, 248, 255, 256, 257, 259, 261, 266, ¥x¸<O~¾ 273, 274, 285, 286, 287, 293
275, 277, 291, 292, 294, 298, 307, 310, ¥x¸<Ä£=h O~×¦õ¸ 241, 246, 251, 252, 277,
313, 315, 343, 344, 347, 348, 351 326, 328
MLjk<ML ¥qßGRjê<j 96 ¥x¸<Ä£=h O~öGRæ¸ 201
¥qßGRêMoBh 168, 189 ¥x¸<Ä£=h gSMLj 38, 88, 236, 251, 253, 325
¥qßGRêQ~öfSë rUÔ|. O~M|_ÿÍkO§ 85, 148, 157¬ÏEy.2; ¥x¸<Ä£<j 48, 161¬DEy; 162, 164 ¬DEy1; 167,
¥qßGRêTdøÄj ¬ Nqjõ¸ $cO§ @ ~ . Nqj}S. 147¬ÏEy.1; 167 169, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 188,
¬ÏEy.1; 176¬ÏEy.1 200, 201, 205, 206, 218, 252, 254, 293,
¥qßGRêTdøÄjO~M|, fS. 221, 223 347, 351
¥qßadê½ ¬MLjô 39, 349 ¥x¸<Ä£<j ¥y^Ój 180, 203
¥qßadêFLÁ 162¬ÏEy; 181¬ÏEy.Ì; 185 ¬ÏEy; ¥x¸<j Qn=hæ 232, 233
191¬ÏEy.2; 192ÏEy.1; 273, 351 ¥x=eæMLjj 184 ¬DEy.
¥nÎ ¥x=eæ+GSìÓ¸ 13, 135
¥nÎ¥y+ MLjjÍÆÓj 260 ¥x=hæ$qÓ 355
¥nÎ¥yÚ+O§ 269, 303, 339 ¥x<j$qjF~<j 202,
¥nÎPeGSF~DÍ rH¿Nqj Qn=hæ 349 ¥x<j¸$y+kO~F| 7
¥nÎÇ¥q E~øÍÇ 15 ¥x@âÎ ÀOqjF~W|26, 27, 61, 247, 315, 334
¥nÎÇ¥q GHlO~*¸ 61 ¥xCLë $yGHlOq¸ 53, 354, 355
¥x ¥xCLë ÔnOqjMLl 249
¥x¸¥q* 136 ¥xCLëJdWnNqj¸ 285, 333
¥x¸$qjMLj¸<Ó¸ 165¬DEy.1; 176 ¥xJdðöCL MLjsU¸öÍ GHF~ôO§ 20, 50, 96, 133, 295
¥xJwðÆ 251 ¥yFo=h ÀOqjMn¸$q+F~DÍj<j 331

¥xMLjôO~×¦ °<NqkO§ 142 ¥yFo=h O~×¦ 154, 274, 293
¥xMLjôO~×¦ rH¿Nqj ÀMLjôO~¾142, 154 ¥yFo¿F| MnjÎ¥x¸@~F| (On¸<MLMLkOqMLOqôF| GSj¸ÍOq
¥xMLjôO~×¦ ÇOqj ÀMLjôO~¾ 37, 142 Jd¸<jõ<j) 117
¥xMLjjôF~Nqj¥q 299 ¥yFo¿ 9, 149, 315
¥xMLjkôOqj 183 ¥yFo¿O~¾ 142
¥xMLjkôOqj Q~GSFL¸ 188, 190 ¥y GHOq¥oGS¿MLOqôF| 7, 99, 103
¥xMLjkôOqj QnMLlø Qn=hæ 269 ¥y Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqôF| 96, 100
¥xOq÷$qj¸^ 265 ¥y rHOqj¸½¸$q(MLjVO~×¦fS¸ÿ) 98, 107, 111,
¥xY¦þMLj¸$qÓ¸ 37 112, 113, 116, 126
¥xY¦þMLj¸$qÓMLjj<NqkF| 7, 104 ¥yMLj=h MLj¸<GH¸ 339
¥xÓ÷÷M|j 283
¥yMLj^j÷ 284
¥xÓ÷÷M|j (¥høPeF|) 102, 103
¥yNqj¸_CLkëOqj ½Pe÷ 119, 233 ¬DEy.1
¥xPe÷GHlOq¸ 102, 103
¥ytjP| WeøO§ ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ 339
¥xÆ÷¥cMLÆE~GSO§ 85
¥xÓjMLÀGHØF~Nqj¥q 264 ¥ytjP| ¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬*êF| 304
¥xÓjMLl (TdìFL¸) 11 ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø 86, 303
¥xÈW <j¸KnÎ 211 ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø ²¸rHOqjMLkF~O§ ½¡NqjO§ 82, 142
¥x+k"Oqj 285 ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 87
¥y, ¥{ ¥y O~×¦¥oGS¿MLOqôF| 106
¥y^æ¸(½Pe÷) 105, 135 ¥yWeP| CLMLjôNqjõF| 357
¥y=h¥qF~õE~FL¸ C~C~Ô~Oqõ170 ¬DEy.1 ¥yWeP| ¥x¸<NqjõF| 357
¥y=hÀ£Oqì¸ 186 ¬DEy. ; ¥y Ä×¦Nqj Í¸À Äö¥qMLjFLOqôF| 2,7,20,95,100, 105
¥y^kæOqj 66, 68, 239, 329 ¥y Ä£Oq O~×o¸öÍ GHFLôO§ 102
¥y^kæOqj °<NqkF| (¥y^kæOqj ¬ÏÁ¥c¿) 105 ¥{¸¨FLõ$yöCLj<j27, 208, 212, 213, 346
¥y^kæOqj gSMLj 263, 295 ¥{¸¨FL $yöÀ£Š<j 232
¥yFL 184 ¬DEy. ; 199, 200 ¥{Ç¥q $yöCL¸ 199
¥yFLO~×¦ (MLj=h÷) 292 ¥{GSÓõ 278
¥yFLGHðNqjõF| 294, 295 [<ÜF~O~Nqj* 142
¥yFo=h Mo¸¥q^F~DÍ 327 [<ÜMLjÓ÷ 97,98
$q, $c $q*GHÀ(O~¾) 97, 98, 110, 128,
$q¸$qJd¨ 102 $qÍõ¸ 329
$q¸$qO~¾ 162 ¬DE y. 1; 165 ¬DE y. ; 176, $qOqj< ÏÍø×¦ GH>Oq¸ 55
192 ¬DEy.1 $qOqj<M~ÿFL¸ 29, 278
$q¸$cEéÄ 132 $qOqj@~öÁF~DÍ 282
$q¸$cFLÁ 225 $qOqj@~WeøF| ($qOqjCLô¸CLj<j) 58,
$q¸$cE~GS öGHC~GHÄPeGS 138 $qOqj<j<j 55, 321
$q¸$qjOn¨è 265, 332 $cÆ$yGHlOq¸ 41, 52, 354, 355
$q¸<¸ O~×¦MLÓ÷bKZO~Nqj 141 $ctj$yM~+ 85, 142, 153, 342
$q¸<$yJdÓF| MLk@âÎ 129 »,»¤
$q¸<$yJdÓF| GHY¦jþ 299 »¸¨ _GSMLO~NqjÓj 209
$q¸<$yJdÓF| GS¸ÏÁ 124, »¿EéMLGHð$qW| 134
$q¸<$yJdÓj<j 98, 125, ö»¤awôCLûML¸ (¥x@âÎ ÀOqjF~W|) 25
$q¸<MLjÀMLkôGHlOq¸ 319 $qj, $qk
$q¸¨¥y^ 162 ¬DEy. 1; 166 ¬DEy. ; 351 $qj¸^kOqj ½Pe÷ 178, 183, 246, 327
$q¸¨¥y^ gSMLj 38, 201, 202, 232, 240, 241, $qj¸< 149
257, 268, 294 µ¥q^ML $qj¸<EéML 147
$q×¦ (³FLj$qj) 6 MLjk<ML $qj¸<EéML 147
$q×¦GHÀ NqjjÍíî¸ 197 MLjk<ML $qj¸<O~¾ 140
$q×¦GHÀ O~¾ 111, 138, 150, 158, 159, 160, $qj¸<EéML MLjVO~¾ 144
162, 164, 165 ¬DEy; 168, 174, 175, 176, 182, $qj¸<MLOq¸ 327
185, 188, 189, 191, 192 ¬DEy.1; 193, 195, $qj¸¨GHm¸¨ 16, 46, 288
197, 200, 203, 218 $qj¸<j÷sH^ 119
$q×¦GHÀ ÄbKe+ 183 $qj¸<k÷Oqj 355
$q×¦GHÀ GSGHë¸$qÿOq* 183 $qj¸<k÷Oqj ÀMLjôNqjõF| 340
$q×eFLFLj<j ($qBoQZj<j) 157 $qj*MLF| ¬GHO~½CLF| 45, 100,
$q×o¸öÍMnkXq¸ 186 ¬DEy.1; $qjÀë 162¬DEy.1; 166 ¬DEy. 200, 201
$q=hæMLO~ÿF| 273, 292, 325, 328, $qjÀë O~×¦õ¸ 202, 206, 246
$q^jæ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| 350 $qjOq×e< öÇ¢O~MLj MLjk¿ë 210
$q<è¸M~¿GHÆ÷ ($q<èMLkNqjGHÆ÷) 313 $qjOqj GHOq¸GHOq 76, 224
$qjÓõ 172 $ygHEéÄ Jd+Nqj¸ 287

$qjÓõ Q~GSFL¸ 191 ¬DEy.5 ; $ygHF~DÍGHlOq¸ 255
$qk<kOqj 290 $ygHF~DÍNqjõF| 137
$x $ygHF~DÍ GSMLjjöÍ 253
$x<$qO§ F~<j(Š<MLmO§ F~<j) 169 $yOq¸^÷ 211
$xGHðNqjõF| 43 $yP|¥x¸< 162 ¬DEy. ; 185 ¬DEy. ; 186 ¬DEy. ; 325
$xGHBcOqõ 122 $yPxÚ¸< GSjPeëFLjÓj 191, 358
$xGHðOqGSO§ 208 $yPxÚ¸< FLM~_j 325
$x_kò¿ Š^j¸_¸ 142 $yÄ¸Í 35, 86
$x_kòOqj 192¬DEy.1; 274 MLjk<ML $yÄ¸Íj<j 95
$xOqMLFLÿÈW 263 $yÄ¸Í¥qßGRê 338
$xöOnGHÆ÷ 263 $yÄ¸Í GH¸¨CL 240, 268
$xÓ÷GHÆ÷ 39, 267 $yÄ¸Í GHlGRÚ¿Bh 65, 76, 329
$y $yÄ¸ÍGHðO§ ¥qßGRêNqjõF| 352
$y¥qOqê¸ 155, 158, 160, 186¬DEy.; 187¬DEy. $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦NqjõF| 350
$yŠÓ$qj¸< gSMLj 256 $yÄ¸ÍO~¾ (Td+jML) 203, 242
$y GSÿöGS 155, 159
$yE~FL¸ 356
${
$yE~ML¿ 110, 114, 161, 181 ¬DEy.2 ;
${< EéQZ¸ 225 ¬DEy.1;
$yÁ GH¨ 341
${< O~¾ 304
$yGH 199, 200, 201
On¸<ML ${CL 140
$yGH ($xGHð) 140 ${CLMLj$yöCL¸ 208, 232, 247, 250, 348
$yGH* 132, 133, ${CLÄj ($yE~ML¿) 181 ¬DEy.2 ; 184 ¬DEy.
$yGHMLj¸öÀ 193 ${CLNqj 147
$yGHMLk¸_ 274, 280, 285 ${Oq* 45
$yJdÓ 324 ¬DEy.1 ${OqMLjô 268
$yJdÓ ¥qßGRê 56, 65, 247 ö»¤awôCLûML¸ (¥x@âÎ ÀOqjF~W|) 26
$yJdÓ $yöCL¸ 303 GIHj
$yJdÓ Qn=hæ CLOq$qÀ 270 GIHj¸=e¥q*ŠGHð¸ 295
$yfH¥cMLÓ÷bKZTdøÄj(EâÎML¸) 255 IGHj= 155, 158
$yfHF~DÍO~MLl =h. ². 132 GIHj=h¥cÔLÓ¸ 231
IHG j=h¥cQZCLM|j ¬MLkôW| 224 Ô~+j¥qÚO~×¦ 246,

GIHjFL»¿(rHFLj¥x¸<) 205 Ô~+j¥qõF~O~Nqj* 59, 114, 122, 278
ÔL Ô~+j¥qõF~O~Nqj*F| ¥qP| 9, 129
ÔL¸<MLkOqjCL 231 Ô~+j¥qõF~O~Nqj*Ôoá¿ 141,
ÔL¸¨¥nÎ ¶_+EéML 208, 243 Ô~+j¥hÚ 109, 129
ÔL¸¨¥oQZøOqj<j 56 Ô~+j¥hÚŠÓ MLkEéÄNqkO§ 115
ÔL¸öÍ»¿ 6, 66, 77,131, 133, 137,140, 146, 147, Ô~+j¥hÚÄ£Oq F~OqfS¸$qEéMLO§ PoE~ NqkÍMLO~NqjO§ 108, 180
148, 153, 200, 204, 220, 223 ,235, 237, 247, Ô~+jŠõÓj(CLkOqjð) 114
250, 256, 257, 258, 264, 266, 269, 287, 346 ¼
ÔL¸öÍ»¿O~×¦õ¸ 9, 12, 32, 36, 135, 139, 264, ¼¸CLNqjGHÆ÷ 232
269, 272, 284, 285, 294, 300, 301, 346 ¼¥qÚ MLjÓ÷GHð F~Nqj¥q 257
ÔLö¥q¸(F~Bn¸) 217 ¼¥qÚNqj GSM~NqjF| 264
ÔLö¥q¸ JvF| 247, 264, 267, 273 ¼¥qÚ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ 236, 242, 251, 252, 264
ÔLö¥qC~ëWeøO§(GSjÍOqùFLj<j) 53 ¼¥qÚGS¸$qMLjF| 145
ÔLö¥qÀ£Oqì¸ 68, 239 ¼öCL bKeOqCL¸ 325
ÔLö¥qML¿ë ÀOqjMLj$qF~O§(ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj<j) 75, 348 ¼Í¸_Oq¸ 98, 154, 160, 184, 187
ÔLö¥qM~+ MLj¸×¦¿ 311, 312, 330 ¼=hæO~×¦ 291
ÔLCLjOq ¥qÆ÷F~DÍ 192 ¼öCL¥qÄ ¬FL¸CL¥qÄ 351
ÔLCLjOqì$yöCL 299, 351, 352 ¼öCL‚^ MLj¸<GH¸ 52
ÔLöCLM~¨ 38, 171, 172 ¼CLkëOqj ½Pe÷ 99, 100, 107, 114, 116, 127, 141, 216
ÔLFLïMLjô (MLj^÷ ÀOqjMo¸$q+ F~DÍjÂ bKeOqõ) 354 ¼FL ²Ó÷MLjO~¾ 291
ÔLGHðÆ 355 ¼FL ¥q¸½¡MLOq¸ 124, 289, 291, 320, 323, 339
ÔLGHðFLïEéQ~Ój(NqkbKnÎOqj EéQ~Ój) 205, 312 ¼FL MLj<GHØÓkOqj 38, 241
ÔLOq*j Qn=hæ 60, 61, 269 ¼FLï ÀMLjô 280
ÔL¿$x¸< ÏÍOqôFLï 325 ¼FL ÀMLjô Á£XhCLj<j 324
ÔLÆMo¸öÍ¸ 42-43; 332 ¼FLï ÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 300, 332
Ô~ ¼FL ÀMLjôNqjõF| 268
Ô~CL¥qGHXh M~ÿFL¸ 29 ¼FL ÀMLjôO~×¦ 260, 274, 280, 283, 347, 351
Ô~CLjO~ôGS¸ 226 ¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓEéÇ¥q 331
Ô~È¥qõEéML Ôy+MLjVO~¾ 290 ¼FL ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cO§(¼FL ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqõ Po¥q ¼FL
ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ) 309, 312, 313, 322, 323, 327, 329, Ôy

¼FLïMLk¸_ 253, 293 Ôy+ 89, 95, 97, 100, 158, 186 ¬DEy.
¼FLïFLï (¼FL ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ Po¥q ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ) 326, Ôy+ Š^j¸_¸ 289
329, 331 Ôy+ MLj¸<Ó¸ 142, 184, 189
¼FLïGHð F~Nqj¥q 263 Ôy+O~×¦õ¸ 112
¼FLïGHð On¨è 215 Ôy+ GSMLjjöÍ¸ 193, 204
¼FLïMLjôF| 253, 300 Ôy+ TdìGHF~Ô~Oqõ 125
¼FLï O~MLjGHð 264, ÔyÈ¸$qMLOqGH^jæ 164
¼FLï GUxCLkëOqj 349 ÕÔL, ÕÔ~
¼FLï½¡NqjOqj 322, 359 ÕÔLGHðFLï EéQ~Ój (NqkbKnÎOqj EéQ~Ój) 205
¼F~ï(½¡)EéÄ 6, 38, 72, 162 ¬DEy. ; 163, 164, ÕÔ~¸$xÓj÷ 250, 267
168, 169, 172, 181, 185 ¬DEy.1; 187 ¬DEy. ; 193, ÕÔ~¸Ey$yõGHÂGRC| 223
×¦
194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 218
×¦$qCLjëM~ÔoáOqj gSMLj 217, 294
¼£O~Ó 251
×¦$qE~fH $qjÀë gSMLj 273
Ôn
×¦$qF~ïDÍ 85, 198¬DEy. sHO~2;
Ôn¸$qÓð=| ½Pe÷ 96, 99, 100, 107, 116, 125, ×¦$qFyôfUÂ 197, 199
127, 144, 187, 237, 243, 288, 296, 343 ×¦$qÜO~Nqj 353
ÔnFLï¥oQZML E~GSO§ 39, 49 (MnjjÍ=h)×¦=eMLOqôF| GS¸ÍOq Jd¸<jõ<j 5, 98, 110,
ÔnFLï¥oQZML TdøÄj 356 113, 116, 118, 125, 127, 170 ¬DEy.
ÔnFLïMLk¸_ Po¥q ÔLFLïMLjô(MLj^÷ ÀOqjMo¸$q+ F~DÍjÂ Kb eOqõ) 41, (On¸<ML)×¦=eMLOqôF| GS¸ÍOqJd¸<jõ<j 73
354, 356 ×¦FLôFLXqöCL¸ 66, 70, 72, 80
ÔnFLïMLk¸_ GHlOq¸ 356 ×¦F~õÓ ¥qGSMLJdöCL 167,179
ÔnFLïMLk¸_ GSMLjjöÍ¸ 356 ×¦F~OqìFLTdøÄj 285
ÔnFLïMLjj Qn=hæ 232 ×¦ÄjôPyNqj 184 ¬DEy.
ÔnFLïNqjEéML Ôy+MLjVO~¾ 290 ×¦Nqj¥x¸< Ôy+ ö_ÿôMLjO~NqjF| 108,
ÔnFLkïOqj 356 ×¦Nqj¥x¸< Ôy+ MLj¸<Ó¸ 95,105, 106, 129, 351
ÔnMLløF~Nqj¥q 61 ×¦NqjÓXiô ÄM~ÿ¸ 161
ÔoOq 158 ×¦OqïP| }IH ®¸¨NqjF| fUGSæ¿ 221
ÔoOqMLkF| 5, 100 ×¦Ó¥oÈ¢ MLj¸<JwCLûML¸ 360
×¦Æ÷GHÆ÷ 166 ¬DEy 1; 168, 181, 184 CL¨$nÎ MLÈ 102

×e»¤Oqj 206, 216, 233 CLBh$nÎF~<j 294
×e×|GHmO§ 225 ¬DEy.1 226 ¬DEy. CLC~ëøÁ ÀMLjô*F| 232
×e¸_MLÀ£ ¥qPeõ*¸ 192, 216 CLC~ëøÁ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõF| 232
½Nqjõ¸$cOqj 359 CLC~ëøÁ F~O~Nqj*F| (F~O~Nqj* NqjõF|) 38, 232
½Po÷+" _GSMLF~Nqj¥qO§ 214, 215 CLÂÂFLjþMnFLþ 107, 116
½¡NqjOqj 10, 68,81, 88, 89, 224, 322 CLGHðÍ _GSMLOn¨è 332
½¡NqjO§ MLj>Oq¸ 86 CLÄj+ GHÓ÷MLlÓj 126
½¡Oqê ¥qO~ê^¥qO~×¦õ ÔL¿öCLMLjj 167 ¬DEy.5 ; 176 ¬DEy.1 CLÄjW| F~MLÓO§ ÔL¿CnÎ 194 ¬ÏEy. 1; 196
¾FLjïGH¨ 292 CLMLjô F~Nqj¸<j 301
×y¨(GHFLjï) 189, 245 CLMLjôNqjEéML MLjÿO~×¦ 141
^ CLMLjôOqGSO§ 208
ö=eMnF|‚O§(ÀOqjM~¸‚O§)39, 236,244,245,259 CLMLjôNqjEéML Ôy+ MLjÿO~×¦ 36, 141,
< CLMLjjôF~Nqj¥qO§ 214, 215
<ÃOqjTdtj 359 CLMLjjôOn¨è 215
@yPeMLjGUyCLûML¸ 12, 47, 145, 153, 278, 279 CLMLjjôQn=hæ 60
CL CLOqÚC~¸<ML 223
CL¸$q< F~Nqj¥q 302 CLOyÚÓ¸ 286
CL¸$o< 166, 178 CLPe¿¥qMLkôE~¿¥q¸(µ¥q Oq¥q¸ GHFLjï) 169
CL¸$oÈ Æ¸$qMLj bKZ^æO§ 287 CLPnÎNqk¿¥qÚ¸ 297
CL¸×eMLmOqj 100, 112 C~
CL¸×eMLmOqj ½Pe÷ 186, 190, 233 C~¥qÚJd=h QnM~ø=hæ 341
CL¸×nÎ 123 C~¨GHöÀ 172
CL¸<Ó¸ 217 C~+WJd¥q¸M~¿ ¥x^jæ 309
CL¸Ã Qn=hæ 352 C~+WJd¥q(ö$cMLj¸) 38, 163, 171, 217, 219, 308
CL¥hÚÆ 287 C~+WJd¥q ¬FLïMLjNqjõ¸$cOqj 327
CL¥yÚÓM|j 128 (Po¥q) ¬FLïNqj 327
CLÔLkáOqj F~<j 299 ¬FLïNqkÔ~Oqõ 331
CL<JdÓ 217 C~+WJd¥q ¬FLïMLkÔ~Oqõ 307, 309, 310, 312, 320,
322, 324 ; (Po¥q) C~+M~¥q ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ 310

¬FLïMLjNqjõ 308, 310, 327, 331 C~+WJd¥q Š^j¸_ ¥qMLlÓj 2, 232, 307-332
¬ FLïMLjNqj õ¸ $cO§ 85, 201, 232, 307, C~+WJd¥q Š^j¸_¸, ML¸QZMLßXq¸ 327
308, 309, 310, 313, 314, 320, 326, 327, C~+WJd¥q ¥yFo=h ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ 331
331, 344 (Po¥q)¥yFo=h ÀOqjMo¸$q+ F~DÍNqjõ 328
¬ FLïNqk Ô~Oqõ 309, 326, 331 ¥yFo=h ÀOqj Mo̧ $q+F~D
Í Nqj õ¸ $cOqj 328
¥yFo=h Mo̧ ¥q^ F~D
Í 327
¬ FLïNqj $qj Oqj 312
C~+WJd¥q ¼FL ÀMLjôÁ£
XhCL 324
¬ FLïNqk Oqõ 307, 308, 310, 312, 331
( Po¥q) ¼FL ÀMLjôNqj 312
C~+WJd¥q ¬ FLïNqj ÀMLjôF~Oqõ
¼FL ÀOqj MLjPeÔ~Oqõ 312- 313
( Po¥q) rHÍ ÀOqj MLjPeÔ~Oqõ 307, 311, 312,
¼FL ÀOqj MLjÓ Á£
XhCL 331
313, 327, 330
¼FLï ÀMLjô 313
rHÍ ÀOqj MLjPeÔ~OqõMLOqõ 312
¼FLï ÀMLjôFLï 327
rHÍ ÀOqj MLjPNqj õ 329
¼FLï ÀOqj MLjÓNqj õ¸ $cO§ 309, 312- 313;
rHÍ ÀOqj MLjPNqj õ¸ $cO§ 310, 310- 312;
320- 323, 327, 329, 331
313- 320, 313, 320, 325, 327
ÇOqj ÀOqj MLjÓNqj õ¸ $cO§ 61, 318, 320, 321,
rHÍ ÀOqj MLjPeÔ~Oqõ 327, 331,
323, 329
rH¿Nqj ÀOqj MLjÓNqj õ¸ $cO§ 281, 313, 317,
ÀOqjMLjÓ 313, 326
318, 320, 321, 323, 326, 328, 329 C~+WJd¥q¼FLïFLï 310, 311, 325 - 329; 326, 329,
ÀMLjôNqj õ 311 331, 332
ÀMLjôNqk Oqõ 312 Po¥q ¼FLï ÀOqjMo̧ $q+ 330
ÀMLjôNqj õ 311 ¼FLï ÀOqjMņ $q+F~D
Í 311, 326, 328, 330,
ÀOqj MLjÓ 327 331, 332
ÀOqj MLjPeÔ~Oqõ 309, 311 ÀOqjMoBcÍ O§ 323, 328, 329
ÀOqj MLjÓ$qj Oqj 324 ÀOqjMoBcÍ NqjO§ 328
ÀOqj MLjPeOqõ 311, 312 ÀOqjMo̧ $q+F~D

Í 308, 309, 310, 325, 326,
ÀOqj MLjPeOqõ EéÇ¥q 309, 312 330, 330 ¬ ÏEy.1
ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸ $cOqj 85, 232, 238, 241, 242, ÀOqjMo̧ $q+F~D

Í F| 328
249, 273, 275, 294, 299, 310, 311, ÀOqjMo̧ +F~D

Í Nqjõ¸ $cOqj 327
313- 320; 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, ÀOqjMo̧ $q+F~D
Í 327, 331
325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 339 ÀOqjMo̧ ¥q^ F~D

Í O§ 323, 325- 329; 326
Mo¸$qWeOqõ 331 ÀMLj ×yQZõ (Nqk¸<Ók¿) 250
C~+WJd¥q ÀOqjMo¸$q+GHð 323, 324 ÀMLjô (CLj+jML) 157, 157 ¬ÏEy.;
(Po¥q)ÀOqjMo¸$q+GHðF| 318, 322-324 ÀMLjô (CLkMLO~Â) 359
ÀOqjMo¸$q+GHðO§ 323 ÀMLjô (E~øOqJdÓŠ<j) 210
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| 323-324 ÀMLjô (Td+jML $yGH ÀMLjô) 140
C~+WJd¥q ÀOqjMo¸$q+NqjGHð ÀMLjô¥qÄ 158¬ÏEy ; 166 ¬ÏEy ; 175¬ÏEy.1;
(Po¥q) ÀOqjMo¸$q+Á£XhCL 330 194¬ÏEy.1;
C~+WJd¥q FLOqGSNqjõ¸$cO§ 326, 327 ÀMLjô¥qÚ 266
(Po¥q) FLOqfS¸ÿ 327, ÀMLjô*ê(¥qFLï< ¥qÄ) 192
(Po¥q) FLOqfS¸$qFLï 330 ÀMLjô* °<NqkO§ 302
C~+WJd¥q rHÍ ÀOqjMo¸$q+ 327, 332 ÀMLjô* ÍBcêNqj¥qO§ 153
(Po¥q) ÀOqjMo¸$q+ 327 ÀMLjô* MLj¸öÀ£¸öÍ(Td+jML) 199
ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ 331 ÀMLjô MLj¸öÀ 252
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^GHðF| 326, 327 ÀMLjô*Nqjõ¸$cO§ 359
C~+WJd¥q Mo¸¥q=oQZ Á£XhCL 330 ÀMLjôGHð 262
C~È¥y^ NqjjÍíî¸ 225 ¬ÏEy.1; 277, 279, 340
ÀMLjôGHð F~Nqj¥q 211, 243, 260, 298, 351
À
ÀMLjôbKZkGH 210
À¥qÚ, ¬Ój÷F| -Ôy+ 124
ÀMLjôNqjO§ ¬*ê¸$qW| 298
À¥qÚ CnÓj$qj Ôy+ (¬Ój÷F| ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéML)115, 118
À¥qÚFL MLjV¥qÄ 193 ÀMLjôNqjõ (¬MLGSOq¸) 209
À¥qÚFL TwMLjNqk½ 124 ÀMLjôNqjõ (MLj¸öÀ ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ) 294, 296
À¥qÚFLßGHÀ 124 ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ(Í+M~tj) 256, 264
ÀFLïMnÆ÷ ½Pe÷ 117, 289 ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ(O~NqjGS¸)206, 251
ÀGHð(Td+jML) 140 ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ¸$cO§(Td+jML) 200
ÀJdð×¦MLjô 246 ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ¸$cO§ 49, 204
ÀGHð*GHÆ÷ 313 ÀMLjôOqGSGHÍ¸<NqkO§ 273, 332
ÀGHðÍ F~$nNqjF~Nqj¥qO§ 137 ÀMLjôOqGSGHlOq¸ 295
ÀGHðOqGS 207 ÀMLjôOqGSj MLj¸öÀ 167¬ÏEy.1; 204
ÀJdðPeÏÁ£QZøOqj<j(EéMLl<j) 99, 108 ÀMLjôO~×¦ (Jv^÷Jd=h)274, 275, 280-282
ÀJdðPeÏÁ£QZøOqMLjj<Nqj F~NqjF~O§ 108, 117 ÀMLjôO~×¦ (MLjFLjMLjJwÆ) 278, 289, 290
ÀGHlðF~Nqj¥q 146, 264 ÀMLjôO~×¦ 141, 274, 281, 290, 292
ÀMLjôO~×¦ ¥yFo^NqjõF| 276 ÀOqj¥yÚFo¿ 51, 268

ÀMLjôO~×¦EéML MLjVO~×¦(Td+jML) 149 ÀOqjMLj$qF~O§ ¥cBh¥nÎ(ÀOqjMLj$qF~O§ ¥cFLj¥q)121
ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ 336 ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj 20, 32, 60, 62, 66, 95, 99, 102,
ÀMLjôO~×¦ GSÓ¥qO~¾ 44, 49, 244 105, 280, 360
ÀMLjô GSMLjjöÍ¸ 294 ÀOqjÔLjF~GHÆ÷ 132, 283
ÀMLkô F~Nqj¥qO§ 146 ÀOqjÔLjá¥qFLkOqj 5, 37, 85, 104, 108, 247
ÀMLkô¸_ 327 ÀOqjÔy¥hFLkO§ (ÀOqjÔ~FLkOqj) 7, 100
ÀMLkôF~Nqj¥qGHlOq¸ 88 ÀOqjÔLáó¸ÍÄOqjCLë¸ 71
ÀMLjôF~Nqj¥qO§ 85, 154, 342 ÀOqjCLëBh 295
ÀMLkô½ ¬MLjôF| 247 ÀOqjC~ëNqkO§ ¥cBh¥nÎ 121
ÀMLjjô F~Nqj¥q 300 ÀOqjF~MLjCLjë¥cÚBh 119
ÀOq<¸Jd¨ 31, 36, 146 ÀOqjF~O~Nqj*GHlOq¸(MojP|¥y^) 224, 225, 226, 350
ÀOqMLjFo¿ 37 ÀOqjÂFLkþO§ °<NqkO§ 294
ÀOqjŠOqj¸$qj¨ 186 ¬ÏEy. ÀOqjGHBh bKZ¸@~Oq¸ 36
ÀOqj¥qÚ¼áFL¸Ã 352 ÀOqjGHBhfHWnÎ "(ÓNqj MLjOqMLjôCLjëÓj ÔoNqjj ¬ÏÁ¥c¿) 31,
ÀOqj¥qÚ<NqjkO§ 190 152, 163, 334, 338
ÀOqj¥qÚ*GHðEéMLF| ÀOqj¥cÚML*¸ 108 ÀOqjGHBh GHlOq¸ 31,36, 52
ÀOqj¥qÚBcêMLj@âÎ 60 ÀOqjGHFL¸$c<j Q~GSFL¸ 245
ÀOqj¥qÚÆ¥qÂþE~GSOqj 13, 14, 17, 54, 134 ÀOqjGHlPe÷BhE~GSO§ 2, 50, 117
ÀOqj¥c¿ë¥nÎ 51,66 ÀOqjGHlðŠÈ 296
ÀOqj¥cÚ+Àë °<Nqj F~NqjF~O§ 266 ÀOqjrHY¦kþO§(ÀOqjGHðCLkëO§) 208
ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéML 114, 124, 126 ÀOqjGHÀ 4, 6, 7, 34, 49,56, 57, 60, 67, 78, 82,
ÀOqj¥cÚ+ÀëEéML NqkÍMLO~Nqj 33, 113, 115 91, 160, 168, 176, 187, 195, 200, 216, 272,
ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmO§ 71 295, 304, 360
ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmO§ F~<j 8, 14, 32, 33, 37, 109, ÀOqjGHÀ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ 288
112, 115, 135, 139, 153 ÀOqjGHÈ ¶<¸ (CnJwðCLûML¸) 28, 61
ÀOqjŠÚ<MLmO§ F~=eæO§ 109 ÀOqjGHÈ ¶<¸ ÀOqjMLkW| 25, 26, 27, 61
ÀOqj¥xÚ¨ WeøF|($qOqj<ÏÍø×¦ GH^¸) 55 ÀOqjGHðÈ"²+j¼á (ÏÍFLjO~ôTw CLûML¸) 19, 54, 57,
62, 65, 71, 319, 338 ÀOqjML¨gSMLj 297

ÀOqjJdðBcWeøO§ 70 ÀOqjMLBcêMLjÓ 114, 155, 160, 184, 187, 272
ÀOqjJdðML< 10 ÀOqjMLÏÍõNqjFL¸ 72, 73, 74, 317
ÀOqjJdðMnÎ 70. ÀOqjMLÀëNqjkOqj 124
ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ 12, 49, 54, 57, 60, 78, 251 ÀOqjML+k"Oqj 305, 355
ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ 16, 46, 57, 65, 81, 280 ÀOqjM~¥qÚOnÎ 270, 303
ÀOqjMLjÓ 4, 7, 85, 169, 174, 178, 193, 196, ÀOqjM~N|jMnjjÈ 70, 73, 83, 336
201, 219, 235 ÀOqjM~N|jMnjjÈ CLjML¥qÚM|j (ÀOqjM~N|jMnjjÈ JdO~Nqj*
ÀOqjMLjÓ (Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjô) 280 öJdOq¸bKZ¸ÔofSFL Oy¾) 72
ÀOqjMLjÓ(ÀOqjMLjÓ O~×¦ŠMLkOqj <j) 203, 205, 256 ÀOqjM~OqkO§ °Q~ML¨ 142
MnjjÍ=h ÀOqjMLjÓ 271, 292, 348 ÀOqjM~Ó¸$c<j 128
ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥çCLO~Nqj 165 ¬ÏEy.1 ÀOqjM~È WeøF|(GSjÍOqùFL ÔLö¥q¸)57,321, 324, 329
ÀOqjMLjÓEéML MLjVO~Nqj 140, 245 ÀOqjM~È ¥qP| (GSjÍOqùFL ÇÓ)239
ÀOqjMLjÓMLjô 202, 216, 326, 327 ÀOqjM~ÈGHOqfHðF~F| ÀOqjFL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 82
ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõF| (O~NqjGS¸)299 ÀOqjM~ÈGHOqfHðF~F| MLj>Oq¸ 83
ÀOqjMLjPe¸_ 199,202, 291 ÀOqjÄ+¸¥ytjP| rHOqjMLkFL¨$qW| 99
ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqõ (¥qÄ) 309, 311 ÀOqjÄ<Nqk^æM|j 21, 59, 66, 80
ÀOqjMLjPo¸öÍ 279 ÀOqjÄ<Nqk^æM|j ÀOqjGHðBhGHlOq¸ 31
ÀOqjMLjPnÎ bKZ^æO§ 266 ÀOqjÄ+¸¥ytjP|(KePeÓNqj¸) 50
ÀOqjMLjÈQnÎ fHðO~F| WeøO§ 71 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ¥y^æ¸ 32, 95, 135, 139, 216, 300
ÀOqjMLjÈQnÎ fHðO~F| MLj>Oq¸ 83 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ÔLö¥qMLOqëNqjõ¸$cO§ 85
ÀOqjMLjjÀëFL+¸E~P| 51 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ¼Oqj¥qÚF| 152
ÀOqjMLjjFnÎJdð¨ ML+F~<j 248, 297 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjO§ 89
ÀOqjML¸E~Á 70 ÀOqjMo¸¥qÊéMLO§ 104
ÀOqjML¨ 272 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ C~CLNqjõ¸$cO§ 342
ÀOqjML¨ (ö=eMnF|‚O§ O~×¦õ¸) 236, 244, 259 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^NqjõF| 215, 280, 323
ÀOqjML¨ EéQZ¸ 245, 259 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^CLjë ²¸rHOqjMLjF~¨$qW| 7, 20
ÀOqjML¨ O~¾ 283 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍF| MLj>Oq¸ 83
ÀOqjML¨ O~×¦õ¸ 238,249,266, 283, 297, 298, 306 ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍF| FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 87
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍO§ MLjOysHOqj ¼FLïFLï 325, 326, 336 ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøO§ 70-71

ÀOqjMo¸¥q^GHlOq¸ 237 ÀOqjMLj¸$nÎ WeøO§ $qj¨ 82
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^GHðF| 327 ÀOqjMLjBh¥cGHl 19
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ bKZ^æO§ ¬¥qÚ*F| 306 ÀOqjMLjBh gSMLj 207
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^F~DÍ NqkÍMLO~Nqj 5, 11, 34, 72, 89, ÀOqjMLj¸¨Nqj¸ 7, 8, 33, 37, 104
118-121; 123 ÀOqjMLj¸¨Nqj¸ GSbKnÎNqkO§ 104
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ MLkBh¥qÚ¸ 281 ÀOqjMLjÓ ¥çCLO~Nqj 165¬ÏEy.1;
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ (Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ) MLkVCLôõ¸ 16, 275, 280, ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj 271, 350
336, 337 ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ 245, 274, 278-279; 282, 340
ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 91 ÀOqjMLjÓ O~GIHjM~Oqõ 165¬ÏEy.1
ÀOqjMoBcÍO§(C~+"Jd¥q ¼FL ¼OqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j) 323, ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj MLj¸<GH¸ 278, 340
328, 329 ÀOqjMLjÓO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj 170, 203
ÀOqjMo¸$q+(C~+"Jd¥q) 327 ÀOqjMLjÓ O{CLO~Nqj MLjVJdöCL(GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO§) 164,
ÀOqjMo¸$q+ Á£XhCL 330 175, 181¬ÏEy.1; 233¬ÏEy.1
ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍO~¾ (MLj^÷) 354 ÀOqjMLjPnÎ Š¸_¥y*¸ C~C~Ô~¿NqjO§ ¬Nqkõ
ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍNqjõ¸$cOqj 327 MLNqjõ¸$cO§ 345
ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍj<j 169, 170, 199, ÀOqjMLjPnÎ C~CLNqjõ¸$cO§ 245, 343
219, 245, 308, 309, 310, 320 ÀOqjMLjPnÎ C~C~Ô~Oqõ 344, 357
ÀOqjMo¸¨GHlOq¸ Q~GSFL¸ 98 ÀOqjMLjPnÎFL¸Ã ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cO§ Qx=nuæ ³^kæO§
ÀOqjMxYhþNqjkO§ 107, 117, 121 273, 336
ÀOqjMyÓ$q¸(TdìFL¸) 70, 80 ÀOqjMLjPnÎ F~DÍO§ fHWnÎW 270
ÀOqjMLjÓ EéÄ 6, 38, 156, 162 ¬ÏEy., 163, 164, ÀOqjMLjPnÎ F~ÏÍF| 216
168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 181, 185¬ÏEy.,193, ÀOqjMLjPnÎ F~Nqj¥q 212, 215, 298
194 ¬ÏEy.,195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 205, 218 ÀOqjMLjPnÎ Qx=nuæ ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ ¸$cO§ 245
ÀOqjMLjÓ ×yGSjõ<j 39, 267 ÀOqjMLjVMLjBh(ÀOqjMLkMLjBh)MLj¸^GH¸ 51, 52 55, 136
ÀOqjMLjÓ ×yGSjõ<j (Nnj¸< ÓkOqj) 270 ÀOqjMLkÈ$q 68
ÀOqjMLjÓEéÄ£ GHlOq¸ 231 ÀOqjMLkÆOqj¸×yPnÎ 345
ÀOqjMLjPFL¸Ã 60, 76 ÀOqjMLkPnÎ 71
ÀOqjMLjÓ ösHNqjCLO~Nqj 165¬ÏEy.1; ÀOqjMojÂ (ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ ÁMLõ QZ¿¤Oq¸) 19
ÀOqjMLj¸$q+j<F|MLOqjM~O§ ÀOqj MLj¸×¦FL¸ 16, 318 ÀOqjMnjjÈ 54, 70
ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cO§ (C~+W Jd¥q)201, 232, 273, 275, CLj+jML FLOqGS 144, 152
314, 315, 317, 318, 324, 326 CLj+jML F~NqjŠÓj 164 ¬ÏEy2;
ÀOqjMLjPeOqõ EéÇ¥q 309, 312 CLj+jML ML¸QZ¸ 154
ÀPnu÷ŠÚM~NqjC~ëF| MLj¸<GH¸ 52 CLj+jML Mn¸$q+j F~Nqj¥qO§ 242, 264
ÀÓ÷GHð F~Nqj¥qO§ 341
CLjWnÎGH¿M~tj gSMLj 341
ÀMLPnÎGHm¸¨ 38, 232
CLk
À£
À£OqìM~¿ (¬MLbKZßCL¸) 57, 66 CLk¸_j (¥xÓCL) 33, 71, 109, 129
À£OqìM~¿ MLj¸<GH¸ 319 CLkfHðP| ¬ö$qVOq¸ 323
CLj CLkfHðP| Á£XhCLO§ 261
CLj¸$qbKZöE~ FLÁ 183, 220, 245 CLkfHðP|fHWnÎW 326
CLj¸×¦ÓkO§ 73 CLkfHðP| MnÂþ ¬*êF| 86
CLj¸Ã¼á F~Nqj¥q 236, 244, 283 CLkOqjð Ô~+jŠõÓj 114
CLj¥cÚ GH¸ÔL¥q¸ 197 ¬ÏEy.1, CLkOqjð GH@âÎF~^jæ gSMLj 247
CLj#eÛ 186¬ÏEy., 196, 199 CLkMLO~Â ¥x¸@~GH¸¨CL 359
CLjNqjõF~<j 216 Cn
CLjOq¥q GSjPeëFLjÓj 161 ¬ÏEy.1;
CnF| ¥cÇ(ÍXh* ¥cÇ) 185 ¬ÏEy. ;
CLjOqjGRjÚÓj 159 ¬ÏEy.1; 162¬ÏEy.1
CLjOqøGSj 157 CnF~Æ O~MLj¥qßGRê¥qÄ 325, 329
CLjY¦ÎNqjkO§ 38, 171, 172, 219, 296 CnGHðÀëF~$qF|Ô~áML¨ 36, 141
CLjÓfS 31 CnÓj$qj EéQZ¸ O~×¦õ¸ 169
CLjÓgSMLkVCLôõ GHlO~*¸ 351 CnÓj$qj MLjVbKeOqCL¸ 311
CLjPeE~FL¸(MLö×¦MnÎA<kO~õÓCy CLjÓÍk» ÏÍF~Âï CnÓj$qj GHÓ÷MLlÓj 98, 125-128, 129
E~FL¸ ÔoNqj<¸) 356 CnÓj$qj Ôy+jÓj112, 114, 123 - 125; 127, 128,
CLjPeGHlOqjGR 155, 159, 179 141
CLjPeGHlOqjGR MLjVE~FL¸ 162¬ÏEy. 164, 168, 186¬ÏEy. CnÓj$qj ¥cM~õÓj 193
218 CnÓj¸$c* O~×¦õ¸ 181
CLjPeOyÿ*¸ 116 CnWeW Y¦j 112
CLjPebKeOq¸ 186¬ÏEy.,187¬ÏEy. Co
CLjÓj¥c*¸ ¬Pe÷ 279 CoF|CxWr GH¨ 341
CoOqj MLj¸<GH¸ 299 Í

CoMnÎNqkõW|(GH¿Ô~OqŠ<j) 303 Í¸ÀMLOqô 95
CnÎ Í¸À QZ¥hë Ä^¸¥qF| 97
CnÎ ¬MLkM~QZõ (GHlGRõMLkGS¸Py MLÔoá ¬MLkM~QZõ) 28 ÍXhBcMLjk¿ë ÓNqj¸ 260
CnÎÀë¿NnkGHÂGRC| 223 ÍXhBcNqjFL¸ 24
CnÎ GHmQZ¸ (GGHlGRõMLkGS¸ GHlGRõÄj FLXqöCL¸) 66 ÍBcNqj ¬ÔLjõC~GHlOq¸ 348, 353
Cx,Cy ÍBcNqj¥qF| ¥y^ 72, 119, 120,
CxOq$qÓj÷ 164 ¬ÏEy.2; ÍBcêNqj¥q MLj¸$qÓ¸ 353
CxY¦jJdð<j 286 ÍBcêNqj¥qO§ 88
Cx¸<Jd¨GHY¦jþ 112 ÍBcêNqjŠÂ MLj>Oq¸ 89
Cx¸<MLj¸<Ó¸ 95, 96, 100, 105, 106, 113, ÍÏEyõÍFL¸ 9
Í+MLFLkO§ 131
114, 116, 119, 122, 124, 127, 163, 248
Í+M~tj(GUyE~) 214
Cx¸<Oq¨Jv¨NqkWeøOqj 71
Í+M~tj ¥qßGRêGHðF~NqjŠ<j 258, 263, 271, 297
Cy=eæÓ¸ 88
Í+M~tj ÔnFLïMLj F~Nqj¥q 271
Cy<OqMLjÓ÷ ¥qÆ÷F~DÍ 251, 255 Í+M~tj ÀMLjôNqjõ 214
Cy<OqMLjÓ÷ O~MLjNqkMLkCLõ 277 Í+M~tj ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ 256, 257, 264
CyC~öÁ(M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ) 91, 186¬ÏEy. ÍQZOqDÍ 278
CyMLkÓsSML 11, 18 ÍTdÏE~õNqj 321
Cy+GHðO§ 84 E~ÁF~Nqj¥qÚO§ 214
Cy+GHðO§ ¬Nqjõ¸$cO§ 85, 342 E~ÁFoÂ 214
Cy+JdðÔ~Oqõ 341, 342, 344 E~OqCLkëO§ 38, 171, 172, 219
öCL Á$§×nÎöCLNqköCL 193 ¬DEy. 2
öCLNqj¸_¥qEéMLl<j 38, 204, 207 Á»ø×¦Nqj¸ 186 ¬DEy.
öÀ‚=eÔLÓ¸(ŠYcþÓ¸)185 ¬ÏEy; ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍ¸ 325
öÀbKZjMLFLÔLö¥qML¿ë 99, 107 ÁMLõÄMLkFL¸ 170
öÀbKZjMLFLO~¾ 97 Á£JdMLÈ 28
öÀGHlO~¸CL¥qEéMLl<j 128 Íj¸ÏÍjMLkOq 159
öÀGHlO~¸CL¥q(Td+jML öGHMLjj[j<j) 140 ÍjOqÜ GSMLjjöÍ¸ 36, 52
öÀMoÁ MLjVEéML TwMLjNqk½ 248 ÍjMLmøOqj 356
ÍjMLmøOqj $q¸½$qj¸^ Ç¢MLj 213, 315 öÍÄj< MoÍ¸ 83
EéMLOqGS 174 öE~XcO~MLj¸ 225 ¬DEy.1; 225 ¬DEy.
EéML¥h 157 öE~XcO~MLj Q~GSFL¸ 305
EéML$qj¨ 202 öE~Ä< $qMLj¸(F~PetjOq ÁMLõöGH_¸ÏÍ¸) 309
EéMLÔy< Š^j¸_¸ 292 öE~Ä< EéQZ¸ 204
EéML*ê °<NqkO§ 13, 135, 136 E~øOq¥c 196 ¬DEy.
EéMLCLÓj 356 E~øOqJdÓŠÓj 288
EéMLGHð 146 ÁøGHÍ¥cMLõ¸ 326, 331
EéML$qW| 153 EâÎøCL fSE~íî¸CL¸ 223
EéMLGHðNqjõO§ 332 ÏEyFL¥x¸¨ 141, 142
EéMLNqkÂ 157 ÏÍFLjO~ôGS¸ 54
EéMLOq¥x¸< 166 ¬DEy. 1 ÏÍFLjawÚ=h 186 ¬DEy. ; 187¬DEy. ; 195
EéMLOqGSO§ 137 ÏÍOqBh¥y^(¬MLjO~MLÀ) 162 ¬DEy.; 164, 168
EéMLOqfSNqkO§ 128 ÏÍOqBh ¥yFo¿ On¨è 352
MnjjÍ=h EéMLO~Nqj 9, 136, ÏÍOqô¥q^æWnÎ ¥qP| 108
On¸<ML EéMLO~Nqj 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 34, 92, ÏÍOqôE~}S½¡ (MLjÿ¸C|) 361
134, 135, 136, 137, 138 ÏÍOqôGHlOq¸ 228
EéMLO~NqjGHÆ÷ 328, 349 ÏÍOqôGHlOq¸ CLMLjjôQn=hæ 232
EéMLO~NqjGHlOq¸ 271 ÏÍOqôMLOq¸ 246
EéMLO~NqjbKZ^æO§ (°ÍNqj»¿) 64, 252, 281, 285, ÏÍOqôQ~öGSë 226
289, 332, 334, 335 ÏÍø×¦GSì¸bKZ¸ 278
EéMLO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj 294 ÏÍø×eOyÿ*¸ 55
EéMLQn=hæ 128 ÏE~FLõ¸ ÄÓjML 341, 346, 353, 359
EéÄ¥cGHlOq¸ 260, 297 FL
EéQ~¸CL¿ 88, 89 FL¸ÍÓkOqj 124, 249, 320
EéGSkOqj 294 FL¸ÍMLOqŠ^j¸_¸ 324
Ex<èNqjõ¸$cO§ ¬rH Î ð(¥q¸E~@âÎ MoE~¸C~Ô~Oqõ) 231, 339 FL¸ÍML¿¤¥q öKeÿô*jÓj 307
ExFL¥x¸¨ fS¸$qMLjj F~Nqj¥q 36, 47 FL¸E~Á£GH¸ 2, 7, 9
ExMLjôOqGH=hæ 27, 36, 145 FL¸E~GHl¿ML¸QZ F~Nqj¥yCLëMLjj<j 308
EyQnÎGH¨ 74, 247, 328, 341, FL¸E~õÓ 274, 288
FL¸E~õÓ Š^j¸_¸ 288, 304 FLOqGSNqjõF|(¬MLGSOq¸) 209

FL¸E~õÓ F~OqGHðO~¾ 274, 288, 304, 328 FLOqGSNqjõF|(®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿ) 36,151
FL¸E~õÓ F~OqfS¸$qO~¾ 274, 288, 304, 328 FLOqGS F~Nqj¥§ 151
FL¸E~õÓ öGHMLjj[jÓj 143, 274 FLOqGS F~Nqj¥q 151
FL¸ÁÔnOq÷ 262 FLOqGSNqjõ¸$cO§ 326
FL¸Á F~$q¿ 3, 156, 157, 171 FLOqGSNqjõF| (¥q^÷) 299
FL¸ÁÓŠÚQn=hæ(PoJdXh) 257 FLOqGSO~×¦ °<NqkO§(¥xMLjôO~×¦) 142
FL¸ÁMLOqôF| 95 FLOqGSO~×¦ (CLj+jML FLOqGS¦) 158
FL¸EéÓ (FL¸E~õÓ) 164 ¬ÏEy. 2; 274, 288 FLOqfS¸$q bKZ^æO§(°ÍNqj»¿)289, 332
FL¸fHO~F| (ÀOqj¼á) 29 FLOqfS¸$qO~Nqj GHlOq¸ 17, 60, 228, 230, 232
FL¸Ã 172, 219 FLOqfS¸$qO~¾ (FL¸E~õÓ) 274, 288, 304, 328
FL¸ÃMLkO§ 60, 305 FLOqfS¸$qFLï (C~+÷Jd¥q) 329
FL¸ÃNqkO§ ÇOqGHðNqjõF| 48, 172, 219 FLOqfS¸$qNqjõF| 202
FL$qOqC~ëO§ 17, 66, 232, 233, 268, 338, FLOqfS¸ÿ (C~+÷Jd¥q) 327
339, 352 FLOqfS¸ÿ bKZ^æO§(°ÍNqj»¿) 285
FL$q¿ 287 FLOqfS¸ÿEéML (MLj¸@â¸)246
FL$q¿ gSMLj 288, 323, 324 FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkO§47, 59, 61
FL^jæML F~$qNqjõ 192 FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj 37, 54, 224
FL<jÄO§ ‚Y¦j 73 FLOqTdEéML Po¥q FLOqÿ¿ EéMLl<j 179
FLMLkôWeøO§ 64, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, FLOqTdF~Nqj¥qO§ 236
224, 225, 286, 317, 335 FLOqTd F~Nqj¥q µ<NqjÓj 156
FLMLkôWeøO§ $qj¨ 72, 79, 82 FLOqTd F~Nqj¥qO§ ¬¸¥q*¸ 259
FLMLkôWeøO§ GH^æ@âÎ 73 FLOqTd F~Nqj¥qO§ MLj¸<GH¸ 231
FLMLkôWeøO§ O~MLkFLj×¦‚^¸ 273, 276 FLOqTd F~Nqj¥qO§ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ 256, 258, 264
FLÓj<j 158, 159 FLML _ß¸E~MLFL¸ 220
FLÓ÷$x¸<(FLÓ÷MLj¥x¸<) 169 ¬ÏEy.1; 181 FLML ÀOqjGHCLjÓj 186 ¬ÏEy. ;
FLÓ÷ fSÍíOqGSF| 124 FLOqÿ¿ EéMLl<j 167, 179
FLPe÷F| ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ 141 FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj GS¸ÏÁ 12
FLOqGSbKZkJdÆ£Nqj¸ 142, 276 FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj °<NqkO§(Td+jML) 59, 150
FLOqGS(CLj+jML) 158, 221 FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj ¥yFoOqj 47
FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjVO~NqjOqj (Td+jML) 172 F~BcÓ ÄÓjML 244, 258, 267, 269, 292, 328,
FLOqfS¸VÔ~Oqõ 345 333, 359
FLOqð*¸ 37, 244, 258, 267, 333 F~ÍMLjjÂ WeøF| 75
FL¿NqjFLkO§ 348 F~ÍMLjjÂ WeøF| $qj¨ 75
FLOqðQZj (µ¥q Oq¥q¸ GHFLjï) 111 F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHð 199, 200, 201, 202
FLPn÷OqjÍj 111 F~Á¸<÷ ¬GHð MLj¸öÀ 193
FLÇÓj‚ÚO§ FLOqGSNqjõO§ 346 F~Á¸<÷ $yGH 199, 200, 201
FLÿjGRj<j 157, 158, 159 F~Á¸<÷ $yGHMLj¸öÀ 193, 196
F~$qGHl@yÆ 114, 119 F~Á¸<÷ ÀMLjôO~×¦( ÀMLjôNqj) 199, 200
F~$q*ê µ<Nqj 135, 136 F~^jæML¿ (µ¥q Oq¥q¸ GHFLjï) 111
F~$qGHð (Fy^æ¥cÚOq) 262 F~bKe$q 159
F~$qGHð Í¸<F~Nqj¥q 135 F~Äj Qn=hæ 269
F~$qGHðNqjõ (¬¸$qO~×¦) 259 F~MLkOqáFL 305
F~$qMLj F~Nqj¥q(MLjj[Jdð+¸)31, 36, 146, 149, 259 F~Nqj¸¥qOq 249, 284
F~$qMLjô 261 F~Nqj¥q^æFL(MLkFLõGHl bKZkÄj, Mnjj#eTd bKZkÄj)146,
F~$qNqjõO§ 38 206, 212, 243
F~$qOq bKZ^æ 261 F~Nqj¥q CLÈ$q 17
F~$qOqGH¸¨CLj<j 268 F~Nqj¥qF| ¥cPeøN|j 348
F~$qOqGS 214 F~õNqkMLjßCL 223
F~$qO~¾ 214 F~Nqj¥qML=hæP| (rHÍí »Âï) 13
F~$qPeEéÄ 158 F~Oq*NqjõF| (F~O~Nqj*EéML) 232
F~$qGSøOq¸ 323 F~OqFL 325
F~$c×¦MLjô¸$cOqj 156 F~OqGHðO~¾ 274, 288, 293, 304, 328
F~$çÃ¥q 160 F~O~Nqj* ½¡NqjO§ 224, 226, 228, 229
F~$cOqjãÂ ¥x¸< 166, 167 ¬ÏEy.1;178 F~O~Nqj*bKZ^æO§ 267
F~¸$qjFo¿ 91 F~O~Nqj* E~GS¿ F~Nqj¥qO§ 352
F~$qjF~Nqj¥qO§ 215 F~O~Nqj* EéMLO§ 38, 232
F~$qjQn=hæ 268 F~O~Nqj*F| 299
F~¼áNqkO§ ÀOqjMnjjÈ 70 F~O~Nqj*F| GS¸ÏÁ 34, 119
F~^¥qQ~Ó 146, 216 F~O~Nqj*GHlOq¸ 128
F~O~Nqj* GHlOqGHY¦jþ 9, 38, 294 FnPe÷Nqj¸ 112

F~O~Nqj*GHlOq gSMLj 241 FnÓk÷Oqj 111, 123
F~O~Nqj* fHWnWÎ 99, 113, 118 FnÓk÷Oqj ½Pe÷ 114, 127, 162 ¬ÏEy.1; 165 ¬ÏEy.
F~O~Nqj*O§ 352 1; 178, 290, 335
F~O~Nqj*MLFL¸ 257 FnÓk÷ O qj Q~G S F~Ój 113, 114, 125, 127,
F~O~Nqj* Qn=hæ 268, 302, 339 160 ¬ÏEy. 2; 165 ¬ÏEy1; 177, 181¬ÏEy 1; 206,
F~PetjOq ÁMLõ öGH_¸ÏÍ¸ 22, 73, 83, 309 250, 267, 310, 326, 327
FnÓk÷Oqj gSMLj 204
Â,Â£ , FLj,FLk Fy^æ¥cOq ¥yFLGHðNqjõF| 348, 353
Â×eMLjj ¬ÏÁ¥cOq¸ $qÓ O~×¦õ¸ 189 ¬ÏEy. Fy^æ¥cOq F~$qGHð 262
ÂFnuþF~<j 287 Fy^æ¥cOq F~O~Nqj*NqjõF| 353
ÂF|YnÎNqjkO§F~<j Ç¢MLj 282 Fy^æ¥cOq Mn¸¥q^NqjõF| 348, 352, 353
ÂNnk» Cn$q 45, 139 Fy^æ¥cOq Mn¸$q+j Qn=hæ 340
ÂNnk» öKeÿô*j<j 153, 209 Fy*¸_M~¨ 263
ÂMLßÀë (µ¥q GSìÓ¸) 155, 158 FnÎÍP| 276
ÂMoÍFL 65 FnÎMoÍõ¸ 321
Â£ÀgSGS GHÍõ QZCL¥q¸ 311 FnÎMoÍõ bKe×¦FL¸ 6
Â£O~È MLj¸^GH¸ (MLGS¸CL MLj¸^GH¸ Po¥q SG OqfS MLj¸<GH¸) FLß$q 158, 159
51, 314, 315, 356 FLßCLëQ~Ó 216
FLj+¸_ Jd¨ 102 FLßfS¸ ÿ öG
HbKZj 142, 153, 342
FLkÂ×| (Nuniz) 147, 148, 151, 152, 177, 188, FLßfS¸ÿTdøÄj 224
GH
196, 197, 198, 208
GH¸¥qNqjÔnáÆ÷ FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 11, 37, 82, 86, 87
Fn, Fo, Fx,Fy
GHýáPe¸$qÆ 155, 159
Fn<j¸ŠMLkOq $yöCL¸ 338 GH¸ÔLMLjCL bKZ¸×¦FL¸ C~C~Ô~Oqõ 345
Fn<jM|jŠFLþM|j 260 GH¸ÔLÄjÀ£Oqì¸ 66
Fn<j F~<j 252 GH¸¨CLO§ GHlOqjawCLëMLjNqjõF| 268
Fn<jF~<j Š+CLkëO§ 333 GH¸ÔLMLF| MLkEéÄ ö$cMLj¸ 238, 266
FnÓ¸ÍÓkOqj(FL¸ÍÓkOqj) 356 GH¸ÔLÄ×¦Nqj 231
FnP|M~N|j 211 GH¸Ô~¸$q¸ 11
FnÓMLFLkOqj 356 GH¸Ô~$qMLj ÔLö¥qML¿ë 309
GH¸Ô~MLjßCL ÀOqjMLj¸×¦FL¸ 76 GHOqGSMLjNqj¥y+¿ 117

GH¸Ô~+C~ëO§ 339 GHOqO~Nqj bKZNqj¸¥qOq 159
GH$qP| GHCLjë 22 GHOqøCLF~DÍj<j (EéMLl<j) 253
GH$qP| GS¸ÏÁ 12 GHOqøCLO~¾ 138
GH$y@~Ój(MLO~VÓj)257 GHOqøCLO~¾(Td+jML) 43, 49
GH^æ¸ (bKZOq*¸) 5, 100, 101, 138 GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO§(ÀOqjMLjÓ O{CLO~Nqj)165 ¬ÏEy.1;
GH^æ*¸ 272 166 ¬ÏEy. 175, 233 ¬ÏEy.1
GH^æO§ fHO~FLNqjõF| 73 GHOqøCL O~ÿjCLëO~NqjjÂ Q~GSF~Ój 233 ¬ÏEy.1;
GH=eæbÃ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqTdøÄj 352, GHO~¸ŠQZ½¡NqjO§ 226 ; 227, 228, 229, 289,
G H=hæJvðF| ( a veriety of tax) 111 GHO~¸<ÓkOqj 36, 38, 141, 199
GH<Ä£<j 242, 264 GHO~¸CL¥qEéÄ 100
GH¨¥cMLÆ $yGHlOq¸ 361 GHO~¸CL¥qEéÄ ¬MLjôF| 100, 101
GH<jMLmO§ ¥y^æ¸ 300 (MnjjÍ=h) GHO~¸CLŠ<j 7, 96, 99
GH@âÎÄ£<j (GH<Ä£<j)O~×¦õ¸ 27, 141, 145, 213, 232, (On¸<ML) GHO~¸CL¥q GSj¸ÍOq Ôy+j<j 5, 96, 100
248, 263, 267, 272, 294 GHO~QZOqbKZ=eæÔ~Oqõ 265
GH@âÎF~<j Ç¢MLj 12, 39, 219, 269 GHO~ôÍMLjôF|(¬@âÎGHð¸) 265
GH*¸ 30, 258, 267, 268, 269,341 GH¿Ô~Oq¥qM|j 8
GHBcõO~Ój 341 GH¿Ô~OqŠÓj 239
GHÀë¥x¸< C~Ók¥c 280 GH¿ML^æ¸ 16, 72, 74
GHÍ¸<NqjO§ 273, 285, 332 GH¿=hæGHlCLkëO§ 215, 239
GHE~ïÓj$qjF~<jÓj (GHÁF~ÓjÚF~<j) 119 GH¿úNqjF| sSFL 192¬ÏEy.1;
GHÍõ $qÍõ ¥cM~õÓj 330 GHOqjÔLkOqj 252
GHÍôgH>Oq¸ 6, 355 GHÓ¥q< 355
GHÍôGSOq ¥yFo¿ 66 GHÓ÷¥h 29, 61
GHÍjMLjWnÎ EéMLGHð 146 GHÓ÷ML ŠÓ ÀÓ¥q 96
GHFnÎJd¥qÚ¸ 295 GHÓ÷ML öGH$qÜ<NqkO§ 97
GHOq¥oGS¿MLOqôF| 7 GHÓ÷MLO~NqjOqj 73
GHOq*kO§ 282, 287 GHÓ÷ML ML¸QZ¸ 111
GHOqMLjNnk»ÄPeGS¸ 308, 326, 331 GHÓ÷MLlÓj 95-99
GHOqMLGSjë Š^j¸_¸ 84 GHÓ÷MyCLûML¸ 273, 282, 336, 337
GHPe÷¸<j 70 JdGHNqjõF| 300

GHÆ÷GH^jæ 288 JdGHÄF~QZ¸ ¬Nqjõ$cW| 268
GHÆ÷GHlOq¸ 281, 316 JdGHÄF~QZ À£Oqì¸ 219
GH+¸@âÎ 286 JdGHØ ÀMLjôNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 285, 301
GH+¸ GHlÈ MLk@âÎ 129 JdGHØ ÀMLjôO~¾ 274, 284, 285
GH+MoO~Ú<j 272 JdGHØQn=hæ 232
GHQZj_¸ÏÍ 61 JdOqìTdOqDÁ 56
GHQZjM~GS¸ 219 Jd¿ìMo¸öÍMLOqôF| 96
GHÇáMLjKeÓÔL¸öÍ MLjVJdöCL 167, 179 JdOqjMo^ ÁFL¸(JdÁNqjMo=nuæ F~W|) 240, 269, 300
GHÄöCyCLûML¸ 18, 23, 51, 153 JdOqjMo^ MLj¸<GH¸(JdÁNqjMo=nuæ MLj¸<GH¸)66, 269
Jd Jd¿×eC~GHÿOq*¸ 155 ¬ÏEy1.; 158¬ÏEy; 160¬ÏEy1;
Jd¸$qjF~<j (öJdý§F~<j)61, 267, 300, 301 166 ¬ÏEy1; 167 ¬ÏEy 2; 175 ¬ÏEy1; 184, 192, 194
Jd¸ÔLO~öCL $qMLj¸ 85 ¬ÏEy b1.; 196 ¬ÏEy 1.
Jd¼¥qÓJd<j 39, 257, 264 JdÓŠFLþ ¥y^æ¸ 294
Jd(GH)@âÎ ¥cMLÓO§ 108 JdÓ»¿ 355
Jd¸<õ MLj¸<Ó¸ 73 JdÓMLj¸$qÓ¸ 282
Jd¸<õO~¾ 95, 142, 224, 259, 342 JdÓMo^jæ gSMLj 341
Jd¸¨NqjÍOqNqjF| 33, 117
JdÆÂ ¥xGHlð F~Nqj¥qO§ 332
Jd¸<jOq¸$q MLkVCLôõ¸ 325
JdPoGHÆ÷ 287
Jd¸<jõÓj 110-112
Jd+Nqj¸ 272, 339
Jd¥qF~<j 114
JdöCL 179 ¬ÏEy.2 ; Jd+Nqj gSMLj 282, 285, 289, 351
JdöCL öGHÿOoQZøOq 181 ¬ÏEy.1 öJd×eå ï<j 61, 114
JdöCL TdMLj¸CLjÓj 167, 179, 180 fH
JdÁ¿ ŠGHð¸ 251 fH>O~OqEéÄ 114
JdÁ¿ ŠGHðCLjë gSMLj 290 fHF|QnFLþÄÆ÷ ÀOqjFL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 77, 82
JdÁ¿Ä£<j 8, 34, 111 MLjk<ML fHFL Mo¸¥q^ 358
JdÁNqjMo=nuæ (JdOqjMo^)61,66 fHFLï bKZkJdÓ(O~MLl) 142
JdFL¥q¸ 13 fHFLï MLkÏÍMLMLOqôF| 141
JdFL¥q¸ (ö$cMLj¸) 215 fHF~¥hÂ£ FLÁ 226-¬ÏEy
JdGHÀMLjô 280 fHCLßMLõ 181 ¬ÏEy.1;
fHO~^M|j 171, 172, 219 GHlÓj$qj ¥cGHl MLjjOnÎ 17, 18, 242, 262
fHO~=hŠ+CLkëO§ 38, 164, 172 GHlÓj$qkO§ F~<j 37, 204, 287
fHO~F|MLjPnÎ 264 GHlÓ÷¸sH^(O~×¦¸sH^) 354
fHWnÎW ÀOqjGHðBh bKZ¸@~OqC~ëO§ 52 GHlÈ¥cGHl 169
fHWnÎW JvOqjC~ëO§ 270 GHl+j$qj ¥cGHl 17, 18, 19, 314, 318
fHQ~^kæO§ 341 GHlGRð»¿ 256, 328, 356
gH GHlGRðMLj>¸^GH¸ 17
gHC~¸_Oq¸ 38, 171, 202 G Hm
gHPoOqj 355 GHm¸$y<j (ö$cMLj¸) 22, 34, 86, 134
GHl GHm¸¨ 241, 314
GHl@yÆ MLkEéÄNqkO§ 115 GHm¸ÍMLjÆ÷ ¬$qOq¸ 351
GHl*õ¸ (ö$cMLj¸) 324 GHmCLPnÎGH^jæ (GHmCLÓGH^jæ) 216
GHl*õ¥y=h ÄMLkFL¸ 343, 345 GHmÍC~ëWeøO§ 70
GHlCLkëO§ 295 GHm¿ 225 , ¬ÏEy.1
GHlÍOqkëO§(ö$cMLj¸) 277 GHmOqøÁ»ø×¦Nqj NqköCL 164
GHlÍjÔoá¿ 143 GHmOqøGHXq Ä£jMLk¸GS 226
GHmO~øÔ~OqjõÓj 321
GHlÍjGHð^jæ 39, 276, 300, 333
GHmO~øöÁ (°ÍNqj»¿) 179 ¬ÏEy.1
GHlÍjJd¥q¸ 265
GHmO~øöQZMLj¸ 224
GHlOq=eæÇ(bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS)(ö_GUyôCLûML¸) 47,
GHmÓ¸» sSML 222
333
GHmM~@âÎ GSk¿ bKZ^æO§ 287
GHlOq=eæÇ ÀOqjF~W|(bKeöÍGHÍMLkGS °CLûML¸)43, GHmGSJd=h O~¼O~¾ 167, 179
171, 219, 282, 335 (On¸<ML) GHßÏÁ£øGHÀ($q¸$qO~¾) 96
GHlOq MLj¸<Ó¸ 38, 171, 219 rH
GHlO~* GH¸¨CLj<j 348 rH¸$ç@âÎ Qn=hæ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ MLjj<NqkF| 338
GHlO~*~Ój 15, 222, 325 rH¸¨÷¥x<jŠ ÔnFLïNqjõF| 202
GHlOqjawCLëMLjM|j (GHm¿) 225 rH¸¨÷¥x<jŠ ÀMLjôO~×¦ 289, 290
GHlOqjawCLëMLj $q×¦GHÀ 233 ¬ÏEy.1 rH¸¨÷ ÀOqjF~W|(MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML¸) 323, 328, 335, 336
GHlOqkOqMLl<j 157 rH*ê¥qÚ $yöCL¸ 338
GHlÆM~tj (ö$cMLj¸)341 rHÍ ¥x¸<O~×¦ 274, 280
rHÍ $q×¦GHÀ bKZkMLOqj<j 165 ¬ÏEy.1 ; rH¿Nqj ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø ½¡NqjO§ 359
rHÍ ÀMLjôNqjõ 252 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) $yGHlOq¸ 53, 57
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõEéML 244 rH¿Nqj $yGHlOq M~QZP|(rHÍí$yGHlOq öGHMoQZ E~øOq¸) 339
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cO§ 310, 310-312; 313-320; rH¿CLëFLCLjëGHðBhMLj¥qF| 105
330 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí)ÀMLjôGHðF| 244
rHÍ ÀOqjMLjPeÔ~Oqõ (C~+WJd¥q) 307, 310-312; 313- rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) ÀMLjôNqjõF| 287
320; 327, 331 rH¿Nqj (rHÍí) ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦(GSÓ¥qO~¾)244, 246,
rHÍ ÀOqjMn¸$q+ 327 rH¿Nqj (rHÍí)ÀMLjôO~×¦ 142
rHÍ Mn¸¥q^GHÀ (On¸<ML Mn¸¥q^) 344 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) ÀOqjMLj¸^GH¸ 51
rHÍíF~MLkCLõ (®FLjôÓGHÆ÷) 325 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ 251, 252, 255, 293
rHÍí MLj¸$qMLjô 323 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí)ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸$cO§(C~+WJd¥q) 281,
rHÍíNqkõQ~¿ 214 310-312; 321, 323, 325, 329, 336
rHE~íOqõMLOqõ (¬Ó÷TdÂ) 163 ¬ÏEy. rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMnjjÈ 70
rHÂïNqjGHÈW 270 rH¿Nqj FLOqGSMLjôF| 143
rHFLj$x¸< 6, 205, 257, 258, 262, 263, 273, rH¿Nqj F~$qjQn=hæ 338
340, 347, 350 rH¿Nqj rH¸$ç@âÎ Qn=hæ 62, 233, 269
rHFLj$x¸< ÔLö¥oQZøOq 175 rH¿Nqj MLjj¸¨Nqj¸ 37
rHFLj$x¸< O~×¦õ¸ 246, 249, 258, 263 rH¿Nqj MLjjÍÆ $yÄ¸ÍGHðF| 349
rHFLj¸_PnÎ Ç¢MLj 285 rH¿Nqj Noj¿ 79, 123
rHMLjôTdÂ Š^j¸_¸ 163¬ÏEy. ; 351 rH¿Nqj O~×¦Ä£ÏÁ 281, 284
rHMLjôTdÂ ¼FLï ÀMLjôO~×¦Nqjõ 351 rH¿Nqj Ó¥qÚÆ£QZMLjô 251
rHMLjôTdÂ rHÍí ÀMLjôO~×¦ 347, 351 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí)Qy+NqjF| 338
rHMLjôTdÂ rHÍí ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦ 351 rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLkW| 17, 54, 326, 327
rHMLjôTdÂ O~MLjÆ¸$qO~×¦ 162¬ÏEy1; 347, 351 rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLkW| ½¡NqjO§ 12, 77, 82, 351
rH¿Nqj ¬*êNqjF| 287 rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLkW|E~GSO§47, 62, 77,82, 85
rH¿Nqj ²¥qÚÓkO§ 273 rH¿Nqj rHOqjMLkW| bKZ^æO§ ¬FL¸CL GHðO§ 306
rH¿Nqj ¶_+ F~Nqj¥qO§ 48, 153 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) OqGIHjjF~DÍj<j 63, 64
rH¿Nqj ¶_+ F~Nqj¥qO§ O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§ 37, 153,204 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) GS¸$qMLjF| 145
rH¿Nqj ¥x¸<O~×¦ 285 rH¿Nqj(rHÍí) TdMLjjQn=hæ 39, 268
rH¿Nqj ¥ytjP| ¥oÈø 87, 302, 303, 322, 349 rH¿Nqj F~=eæO§ 8, 33, 71, 72
rH¿NqjF~^jæ MoÓF| 14, 72, 109 Jv

rH¿NqkWeøO§ 70, 71, 74, 75, 82, 323 Jv¥qÚF| (Jv¥cÚOqF|)118
rH¿NqkWeøO§ ÀOqjMnjjÈ 70 Jv¥qÚF| (¥yQ~ÏÁ¥c¿) 128
rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ (rHFLj$x¸<) 257, 273 Jv¥cÚOqF| Jd¸¨NqjÍOqNqjF| 8, 33, 99, 117
rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ gSMLj 272 Jv¸$qP| ÀOqjJwðFL¥q¸ 342
rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ Ä£OqGHð* 257, 258, 259, 261, 264 Jv¸$qÓkO§ 11, 34, 45, 118
rHOqj¸½¸$q 98 Jv^kï¿ fS¸VöÁ 168¬ÏEy.1; 179¬ÏEy.2
rHOqj¸ÁMLk F~<j 302 Jv^kïOqj 184, 184 ¬ÏEy. 1;
rHOqjFL$q¿ gSMLj 298 Jv^÷Jd=h 280
rHOqjKe*Jdð¨ 105 Jv^÷Jd=h ÀMLjôO~¾ 274, 275, 280, 281, 282,
rHOqj¸KoO§ gSMLj 247 285, 292, 293, 315, 332, 336, 337
rHOqjMLj*ÂGHm¸¨ 295 Jv^÷Jd=h Oq¸$qO~¾ 274, 292, 304
rHOqjMLk+EéML 118 JvCLëfH 291
rHOqjMLk+GHÆ÷ ö$cMLj¸ 270 JvCLëfH Ôy+ MLkO~GSO§ 115
rH¿Jdð¥q gSMLj 276 JvCLëfH Ôy+jÓj 292
sH JvCLëfHF~=h gSMLj 163, 217
sHOq¸Ke¥q O~×¦õ¸ 329 JvCLëfH F~<j 36, 38, 141, 199
sHOqOqjWe+F| MLj>Oq¸ 83, 87, 302, 322 JvÍ^kOqj 204
sHOqOqjWe+F| FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 82, 87 JvF| 258, 292
sHO~Ó 251 JvF| MLkÈ$nÎ CLkF|»F~F| 100
sHO~Nqj¸ 219, 272, JvF|ML¿ 111, 120
sH¿ÔLá¸Ke¥qÚ¸ 323 JvF~ïNqj¸ 112
sHNqj}S(Paes)194 ¬ÏEy.; 196, 197, 199 JvN|j$nÎ WeøO§ 70
sHNqkWeøO§ 70 JvO§_¸@~Oq¸(_¸$cOqj bKZBcÓj, CLÁCLOq MLGSjëMLlÓFLj
sHOqkOqj 46, 292 bKZöÍGHOqÔo ÏÍF~$cOq¸) 229
sHOqkOqj gSMLj 295 JvÆML 38, 241
rHÎ Jw
rHÎ¸¨GHÆ÷ 5, 21, 34, 37, 38, 39, 117 JwCLO~¾ 291, 292
rHÎ¸¨GHÆ÷ ö$cMLj¸ 241 JwCLëGHðF~NqjŠ<j 297, 298, 336
rHÎÖ~×¦ 291 JwCLjëF~NqjŠ<j (JvCLëGHðF~Nqj¥q) 298
JwCLjëF~NqjÂ _GSFLNqjõF| 300 öGHÿOoQZøOq 181 ¬ÏEy.1;

JwFL»¿(bKZjMLFL»¿) 272 öJd¥qßCLbKeGR 210, 312
JwOqjMLkÄj+W 356 örH$qÜ< 97
JwOqjá»¤GSj NqköÀŠ<j 188, 197, 203 ösHNqjCLO~Nqj (O{CLO~Nqj) 165 ¬ÏEy.1
JwÆOn¨è 300 öJvÍjí^kOqj 313
JwÓjF~Nqj¥qF| 264 öJzA<¥cMLõ¸ 192
JwPoGHÆ÷ 160 ¬ÏEy.2. öJzA<öGHC~GH EéMLMLjVO~Nqj 262
Jz H
IG
JzOqêGS $yöCL¸ 350 IGHBhGHÀ»¿ 343, 344
öG H IGHO§$c^F| ²¸rIHÎO§ 147, 150, 151, 159 ¬DEy. 2;
öGHC~GH ²Ó÷MLjOqGS 253, 293 161 ¬DEy. 1; 162 ¬DEy; 167 ¬DEy. 1; 171; 171
öGHC~GH EéMLO~Nqj 138 ¬DEy; 177, 182, 188, 190, 191¬DEy. 1, 192, 194
öGHC~GH NqjÓ÷ 252 ¬DEy; 198, 199, 203, 208, 276
öGHC~GHOqjöÍ $q×¦GHÀ 38, 48, 162, 165¬ÏEy.1; 175, IGHÓbKy$q¸ 46
178, 179,196, 197, 199, 217, 233 ¬ÏEy.1; 255 fIHOy×eKeE§ 192 ¬DEy. 1
öGHC~GHOqjöÍj<j 176, 183, 188¬ÏEy.1; 194¬ÏEy.1; _
198 ¬ÏEy; _¸$cOq¸ 290
öGHÀM~ÁbKZNqj¸¥qOq¸ ¬*¸$qO~ Ô~Oqõ 74, 85 _EéøP| 354
öGHÀM~ÁbKZNqj¸¥qOq¸ Mo¸$qBcÔ~Oqõ 358 _Nqj¥cOq O~MLjGHðNqjõ 64, 251, 252, 254,
öGHÀM~ÁbKZNqj¸¥qOq ¬*ê 82 277, 293, 332, 333
öGHÀM~ÁbKZNqj¸¥qOqO§ FnÎF~OqNqjõO§ 287 _NqjõGHðF~Nqj¥q 38, 206, 297, 298
öGHÏE~Â Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGSj 199-201; 203-204; 242 _Pe÷¸Ã¥q 274, 280
öGHÏE~Â TwMLjOqGSNqjõ 257 _Pe÷EéÄ 285, 288
öGHGHF~ïMLjßCL¸ 345 _We÷¿ ½Pe÷ 170, 172, 237, 246, 254
öGHbKeMLÈ(MLj¥qOqCyOq*¸) 164 _GSML F~Nqj¥q 264
öGHKyÏÍ ÔL¸öEyÍNqj¸ 198 ¬ÏEy. _GSMLGHð 214
öGHKyÏÍ ÔL¸öEyÍNqj M~õ[õ 194 ¬ÏEy.1, 196 _GSMLMLjô 209
öGHNqk$§E~}S½¡(ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C|) 2, 170 ¬ÏEy.1; 361 _GSMLNqjF| 300
öHG GSM~ÔLPoQZøOqj<j 356 _GSMLOqGS 26, 187
öGHGSFLï ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSj<j 202 _GSMLOqGS (¥qOq*¸) 243
öGHÿOqO~×¦ QZOqQZá¸öÍ MLjVJdöCL 168, 181 _GSML* F~Nqj¥qO§ 264
_ÿMLjÂ 162 ¬DEy. ; 188, _jÏÍ 157
_ÿMLjÂ£ GSjPeëFLjÓj 150 _kE~GHlOq¸ 290
KeÔLOqGSNqjõ 163 ¬DEy; 238, 251, 253, 255 Kn¸$cP| 161, 225 ¬DEy.1; 304,
KeÔoQZøOq 253 Kn×¦M~< 141, 160, 168, 169, 181, 182, 189,
Ke*jÓj 96 200
KeGH^÷ 183, 257 KnÓ÷¸¥x¸< 166, 166 ¬DEy.1; 178, 184
KeOq‚Oqj 136 KnPeÜ¸ (ÃPeÜM|) 191 ¬DEy.4
KeÓ¥qßGRê 177, 179 KnÎÔLO~×¦ ÀMLjôO~¾ 143
KeÓöGHKyÏÁ¥q 324, 331 Kn×eãEéÄ 114
KeÓbKe$qMLCL¸ 281
KnÎNqjGHðF~Nqj¥qO§(¬@âÎGHð¸) 212, 243
KeÓbKeOqCL¸ 203
KeÓj F~Nqj¥q 298 Kx¥qÚMLjô 299
(KeM~½¡) O~MLjÓXqô*E~}S ½¡ 2, 52 Kx¥qÚGS¸ ¥qßGRêNqjõF| 350
KeÿjMLÓNqj¸ 235 Kx¥qÚGS¸ FLOqGSNqjõF| 350
KeÿkO§ MLjÓ÷OqGS 214 KxMLjô$q¸=h ¬GHðNqjÁ£XhCLjÓj 324
Ã½Æ#eF| 168, 181, 188 KxMLjôO~¾ 292
Ãª×eGHmO§ 162 ¬DEy. KxPe÷GHÆ÷ 327
Ãª×eGHmO§ O~öGRæ¸ 176 KyÍ×¦FLMLjVJdöCL 168, 181
Ãª×eGHmO§ GSjPeëFLj 162 ¬DEy.1; 189, 203 KyÏE~NqjFL GSköCL¸ 135
ÃªOqMyÓj 249 KyNqjÓj 164 ¬DEy.2 ;
ÃªVO§ 161 ö_ÿô 20, 159, 356
MnjjÍ=h _j¥qÚ 122, 130, 136, ö_ÿôMLkO~NqjF| 128
_j¥qÚMLj 157, 157 ¬DEy.2 ö_ÿôMLkO~NqjF| MLjjÂNqjÍOqNqjF| 67, 105,
_j¥qÚO~¾ 278, 285, 294 öKeÿô* ¬ö$qVOq¸ 66
_j¥qÚO~¾(OqÄ£=h) 274, 280 ö_ÿô*õÀ£Oqì ÅÇ¢ JdÍ 218
_j¥qÚO~¾ ÀMLjôO~¾ 316 öKeÿô ÄÍõ 72
(OqÄ£=h)_j¥qÚO~¾ O~MLjO~¾ 285 ö_ÿôQn=hæ 128
_j¥qÚO~NqjF| GS¸ÏÁ 11,130 ö_GUyôCLûML¸ 5, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29,
_j¥qÚGH^ï¸ 166 ¬DEy.; 175, 262 30, 51,54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65,
_j¥oÚQZøOq 237 66, 117, 145, 294, 317, 335, 340, 348
öÃ=i}R MLjkõ½Nqj¸ sH÷^j÷ 160¬DEy.2; 277, MLj¸$qÓ¸ 333

288 MLj¸$cGHlOq¸ 321, 322
bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ¬GHðOqGSO§ 18, 242 MLj¸»EéML MLjVO~¾(Td+jML) 3, 5, 52, 122, 130,
bKZ¸@~Oq¸ ÀMLjôGHð 39, 258, 261, 262 137
bKZ¸@~OqM~@âÎ 231 MLj¸@â¸ FLOqfS¸ÿEéML 246
bKZ»¤OqDÍj<j 159 MLj¸öCLM~Á MLkÍOqGSO§ 232
bKZ^jæ 210 MLj¸E~ö¥çCL ÔL¸ÍGSjû 72
bKZOqCL 159 MLj¸E~Oq MLj¸×¦¿ 223
bKeFLjML¸QZ¸ 353 MLj¸Í+GHÆ÷ (MLjÍFLGHÆ÷) 141
bKeOqE~ø×¦$yöCL¸ 204, 217, 232, 261, 268, MLj¥qOqŠ¸<Ó¸ 330, 331
306, 307, 308, 324, 326, 348, 353 MLj¥qOqCyOq*¸ 164
bKeMLF~Ô~Oqõ(¥q¸E~@âÎ) 325 MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥qMLj¸(MLj¥qOqGS¸ö¥çÀ) 24, 27, 76, 78, 173,
bKeMLNqj 252 272, 288
KeGRõ¥cOqj<j 77 MLj¥qMnjÎ (µ¥q Oq¥q¸ GSj¸¥q¸) 230, 272
bKeGSÚOq 252, 254 MLj^÷ ÀOqjMo¸$q+F~DÍ 41, 353, 357
bKeGSÚOqNqjõ 167 ¬DEy.1 MLj^÷O~MLjNqjõ 265
bÃªMLjGHlOq¸ 36 MLj^÷M~¿ Ç¢MLj 354
bÃªMLjNqjõ 217 MLj=h÷ (MLj^÷)¬FL¸CLO~×¦Nqjõ 3, 41, 53, 292, 354
bKZj×¦_Ó fSÍíOqGS 114, 119 MLj=h÷ ö$cMLj¸ 354
bKZkCLF~DÍ ²Ó÷GHðNqjõ 250 MLj=h÷ Š^j¸_¸ 291, 354
bKZkCLF~DÍ ¼CLëbKZ^æ 247, 250 MLj=h÷ ŠMLkOqFL¸CLO~×¦ 6, 29, 41, 49, 52, 354,
bKZkCLF~DÍ O~MLjbKZ^÷Nqjõ 247 355
bKZkCLF~DÍ ÇCLëNqjõO§ 266
bKZkEéÄ 58, 156 MLj=h÷ MLOqÍO~¾ 292
bKZköGHÍXh* 186 ¬DEy MLj>O~ÏÁGHÀ 226
bKy$qMLjk¿ë 18. MLj>>O~Ój 48, 68, 83, 219, 223
bKy$qNqjEéFL MLjVO~¾ 245 MLj¨Jdð¥q¸ 298
bKy$q+O~¾ 350 MLj*Jd¥q¸ Cy+GHðO§ 226
bKy×¦ 159 MLj*M~+rHOqjMLkW| 5, 20, 24, 33, 50
MLj MLj*MLmO§ 36,
MLj¸$qMLjkOqj 38, 241 MLjBhF~$qGHlOqMLO~ÏÁ£QZøOq 298
MLj¸$qOqGSNqjõ (¥qOqBh¥qÚ) 248 MLjBhNqj¥yÚF|GH^jæ 208, 358
MLjCLëNqjõF| 299 227
MLjÍjOq 122, 131, 132, 146, 158, 185 ¬DEy. ; MLjFyÿOqGH¨ 60, 321
210, 259, 283 MLjFnï¸M~Oqj 179
MLjÍjOq F~Nqj¥q ML¸QZ¸ 146, 259, 260 MLjÂ£ïÓj 162¬ÏEy.1
MLjÏÍjOq MLjjGSPeôFLjÓj 122, 131, 132 MLjMLjô^j<j 324, 330
MLjÏÍjOq (MLjÏÍjO~GHl¿- MLkÏÍML) 110 MLjOq¥qCL FL$qOq¸ 138
MLjÏÍjOqMLj¸$qÓM|j 226 MLjOqjML¸ 31
MLjÏÍjO~¸CL¥q¸ 107, 116 MLjOqML@âÎ (µ¥q Oq¥q¸ GHFLjï) 111
MLjÏÍjO~¸CLOq JvCLëfH Ôy+ 114, 123, 126 MLjOqjCLjëMLŠÚ¨ 142
MLjÏÍjO~O~×¦õ¸ 259 MLjOqjMLjBh${¸<GHlOq¸ 270
MLjÏÍjO~ Ä×¦Nqj¸ 132 MLjOqjML¥qOnÎ 315
MLjÏÍjGSkÍFLEéML 128, 129 MLjÓ$q¸$qNqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 139
MLjöE~GSj MLjjõ½Nqj¸ sH÷^j÷ 138 MLjÓNqj KnFLkïOqj O~×¦õ¸ 162¬ÏEy.;
MLjÏÍø$qjOqjMLl 218, 220, 223 MLjÓNqjFLkO§ 286
MLjÏÍøC~CLðOqõÔL¸öÁ¥c 223 MLjÓNqjGHð 54
MLjFLMLjJwÆ (MLjFLjKyÓj) 290 MLjÓNqjGHðOqNqjF| 237, 266
MLjFLMLjJwÆ ¶_j+O~¾ 285, 289,332 MLjÓNqk+ EéQZ¸(MLjÓKeOqj) 246
MLjFLMLjJwÆ ¥q¸GHO~¾ 290 MLjÓÚ Â×eMLjj(Â×eMLjj TdrU_j) 277
MLjFLMLjJwÆ ÀMLjôO~¾ 278, 289 MLjÓ÷* 9, 34, 51, 136, 137
MLjFLMLjJwÆ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~¾ 289, 332 MLjÓ÷B °<NqkO§ (ÅÇ¢ MLkÏÍMLE~GSO§) 136
MLjPe<j(×¦FLF~DÍML+F~<j) 248, 297
MLjFLMLjJwÆ gSMLj 251
MLjPe÷¸Ã¥q 144, 147
MLjF~ïO§fHWnWÎ 150, 154, 212, 215
MLjÆ¥cGIHO§ 119
MLjÂMLj¸$qÓ¸ 173
MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂF~þF| ¥qP| 10, 129
MLjFLj¸KyÓj ÔnFLïNqjEéML Ôy+MLjVO~¾ 289
MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂF~þF| FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 82,
MLjFLjMLj fSÍíî 124, 126 MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂFLþ rHOqjMLkW| 17, 290,
MLjFLjMLj fSÍíîOqGSF| 124 MLjPnÎF~<j 7
MLjFLjÔL¿CL¸ 155 ¬ÏEy.1; 158 ¬ÏEy. ; 159 ¬ÏEy.1 MLjPnÎÂFLþrHOqjMLkW| (ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSjÂ °CLûMLÄö$qVÓj) 329
¬ÏEy.2; 161, 162¬ÏEy.; 167 ¬ÏEy. 3; 179 ¬ÏEy. 1; MLjPnÎ¥hÂNqjÂFLþrHOqjMLkW| 287
181 ¬ÏEy.3 MLj¿Nqjj 4; 182¬ÏEy.1; 184¬ÏEy., MLjPnÎÂFLþrHOqjMLkW| 85, 306
186 ¬ÏEy. ; 188 ¬ÏEy. 1; 192, 194 ¬ÏEy.1; 224, MLjPnÎÂF~þF| bKZ^æO§ 60
MLjPnÎÂF~þF| bKZ^æO§ ¬*êF| 306 MLjVFLMLÄj 28

MLjPnÎÂF~þF| bKZ^æO§ ¬GHðNqjõF| 305 MLjVF~Nqj¸¥cÔ~Oqõ 153, 204
MLjPnÎrHOqjMLkW| 229, 270 MLjVFnÎMoÍõ¸ 11
MLjÓ÷GHð µ<Nqj 136 MLjVöGHÏE~Â 88, 120, 135, 137, 203
MLjÓ÷GHð*ê 258
MLjVöGHÏE~Â OoÔLNqjÍBcêNqj¥q 118
MLjÓ÷GHðF~Nqj¥q(¬@âÎGHð¸) 260
MLjÓ÷GHðF~NqjÂGHÆ÷ 246 MLjVbKeOqCL¸ 192, 311
MLjÓ÷MLjO~¾ 214 MLjVbKZkCL¥q 155, 158
MLjÓ÷MLjôF| 266 MLjVMLj[¸ °CLûML¸ 185, 187, 189
MLjÓ÷Nqj 265 MLjVO~×¦fS¸ÿ 98, 99, 112
MLjÓ÷NqjEéML 36, 137, 140, 145 MLjVÓXh ô 261
MLjÓ÷OqGS (KeÿkO§) 214 MLjVÓXiôGHlOq¸ 261, 263
MLjÓ÷OqGSO§ F~$qOq$qW| 268 MLjgUE~FL¸(bKZk E~FL¸) 356
MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ 310, 325, 328 MLjgUJdÓŠÓ ¥cÓÔoá¿ 27, 212
MLjPe÷GHlOq¸ 238 MLk
MLjPe÷NqjMLjôF| 12, 145 MLk¸$y<j MnÓÍ (ö$cMLj¸) 36
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL(O~¾) 137, 138, 139, 154, 228, 342, MLk¸ÏE~CL 159
344, 345 MLk¸<k¥yõGHÂGRC| 223
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL öJzA<EéMLO~NqjÓj 251 MLk¥cNqjF| ML¿ (tax)287
MLjÆ÷¥cOqjãFL(TdøÄj) 117, 189, 207, 249, 254 MLk$cBhGHð^jæ 276
MLjÆ÷MLkPnÎ 36 MLk< (_¸$cOqj ¥cGSjÓj) 128, 129
MLjÓj÷#eF| 167, 179, 188 MLk<bKZkfR ¬NqkõfHWnWÎ 85
MLjÿ¸CLjÓj 360 MLk<FLÓk÷Oqj gSMLj 216, 321
MLjÿMLjôE§ ad 325 MLk<GHmQnÎ ÀOqjMLGHð¸$cO§ 349
MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj O~öadæÓj 165 ¬ÏEy. ; MLk@âMLjjÓj 184 ¬DEy.1;
MLjÿMLjôÁ£Nqj GSjPeëFLjÓj 191, 191¬ÏEy. 2; 347
MLkBh¥qÚ¥x<NqkOqj 298
MLjVÔ~Oqõ(Ex< èNqkÔ~Oqõ) 231
MLkBh¥nÚ¸$q¸<Nqjõ F~NqjF~O§ 117
MLjV×¦F~Ój 13, 15, 34
MLkÍFL 325
MLjVE~F~Ój 159, 168, 170, 195, 235
MLkÍGHðF| (MLkÍGHð ÍBcêNqj¥q) 119
MLjVFL¸Á À£Oqì¸ 155, 158
MLjVFLÁ 184 ¬ÏEy. ; MLkÍGHðF| fS¸$qNqj ÍBcêNqj¥q 88
MLkÍNqj$c¿ MLjÓ÷F~Oqõ 163 ¬DEy. MLjj#eTd(ö$cMLj¸) 257

MLkÍOqGSGHðF| 341 MLjj¼Š¸Í MnkXq¸ 352
MLkÏÍMLNqjõ¸$cO§ 229, 230, 231 MLjj¨NqjkO§ 38, 163, 171, 172, 219
MLkÏÍML ½¡NqjF| 65 MLjjCLë¥qÍ ÿÈW 263
MLkÏÍML E~GSO§ 51, 136 MLjjC~ëNqjMLjôF| 257
MLkOq¥qÚ 232 MLjjC~õÓGH^jæ 273, 275, 317
MLkOq¸×¦<NqjõF| 95 MLjjCLjë‚ÚO§ 38, 241
(MnjjÍ=h) MLkOqMLOqôF| GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<õ 112 MLjjCLjëGH¸ÍP| 29,
(On¸<ML) MLkOqMLOqôF| GSj¸ÍOqJd¸<õ 110 MLjjCLkëO§ 232, 267, 270
MLkOqjO~¾ O~MLjO~¾ 292 MLjjÍÆNqkO§ ¬+$qGHðfHO~F~O§ ÀOqj¥qÆ¥qÂþ E~GSO§ 85
MLkO~ÚGHmO§ 346 MLjjÍj¥qÓj÷gSMLj 276
MLkOqÜÈ Â£O~^æ¸ 57, 65, 75 MLjjÍj$qP| 283
MLkÓõML¸CL ¥x¸<Ój 349 MLjjÍj$qÓj÷ (MLjjE§¥qP|) 162¬ÏEy.1; 277
MLkML@âÎ 111
MLjjÍjJdF|¥qOnÎ 272
MLkfS ÀOqjF~W| 86
MLjjÍjí ŠJdðtj 216, 240
MLkÏÍøMLjCLGSjìÓj 222
MLjjÍÜP| 165¬ÏEy.1; 176, 191¬ÏEy.1; 277
MLkÏE~øÔ~Oqõ ÄE~õOq*õ 135
MLjjÍíMLjô 257
MLksUQZøOqjÓj 108
Ä£ j MLjjÁíNqj F~NqjOq 137
Ä£jO§ ¾MLk÷ 358 MLjjöE~ÏE~Oq*M|j 308
Ä£j+PnÎ ‚Y¦jþ 73 MLjjMLjô¨ On¨è 300
MLjj MLjjMLjô¨ Qn=hæ 268
MLjj¥qÚ¸=h ¥c<jMn=hæ 127 MLjjMLjô¨ Qy+GHlOq¸ 101
MLjj¥cë CLjPebKeOq¸ 236 MLjjOqj¥q¸_^jæ 37
MLjjŠ¸ÍEéML $q×¦GHÀ 225, 226 ¬ÏEy. ; 304 MLjjOqj$qMLj¸$qÓ GHY¦jþ 213
MLjjŠ+bKZ^jæ 198 ¬ÏEy. MLjjÆ¥h F~<j 313
MLjjŠÚ ÀMLjôFL 163 ¬ÏEy. MLjjÓj¸_k¸¨ (ö$cMLj¸)204
MLjj¥yÚ=h E~øÍÇ 20, 316 MLjjPnu÷ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjO§ 22, 34, 82, 86, 89, 91
MLjj[Jdð+Nqj¸ F~$qMLjF~NqjŠ<j 31, 36, 146, 149 MLjjPnu÷M~tj 341
MLjj[MLj¸^GH¸ 51, 52, 58, 67, 360 MLjj+WGHð^jæ 286
MLjj+jCLëNqjõ F~Nqj¥q 300 MnjjGSÆMLj<j$qj Ä£OqMLjO~¾ (Ä£OqMLjOqGSNqj) 294, 296

MLjj+jM~tj EéQZ¸ 208 MnjjGSÆMLj<j$qj Ç¢MLj 249
MLjj+jM~tj O~×¦õ¸ 135, 208 MnjjGSÆMLj<jMLl Ä£OqöGHC~GH ÀMLjôO~¾Nqjõ 295
MLjjGRkæOqj 355 Mnk
MLjjgS÷MLjj GSjPeëFLjÓj 160 Mnk¥cÆMnj^jæ 42
MLjjÿkOqë¸ 336 Mnk<ÿÈW (JdCL) 254
MLjk Mnk+F|¥cP| MLjj¿JdðF| MLj¸<GH¸ 49
MLjk¿ë¥qÄ 142, 276 Mnk+¸$cP| MLjj¿JdðF| GH¨ 41
MLjk¿ëF~Nqj¥q 299 MnkÿFL M~ÿFL¸ 355
MLjk¿ëNqjMLjôF| 299 MnkfUÂ MoGR¸ 57
MLjkÓ_Ó¸ 131, 147, 256 Nqj
MLjkÓ MLjk¿ë 6, 18, 20 Nqj¸<ÓkOqj ÀMLj ×yGSõ 250
Mnj,Moj,MnjÎ Nqj¸<ÓkOqj ÀOqjMLjÓ ×yGSõO§ 267, 270
MnjNqjkõO§ 286 Nqj¸<ÓkOqj Mo¸=eöÁ ¬NqjõF| 250, 267
MnjNqjkõO§ F~<j 294 Nqj×¦å F~O~Nqj* Á£XhCLjÓj (bKZ^jæ) 164, 217
Moj¥yÚ=nuæ ÀMLjôGHð F~Nqj¥qO§ 351 Nqj×¦åO§ 40
Moj¥yÚ=nuæ Jv^æFL F~Nqj¥qO§ 351 Nqj×oåQZF| 266
MojOqj GHOqøCL¸ 116, Nqj×yåGHÄ£CL¸ 314, 318
MojOqkÚOqj ÀOqjMLjj¥nÎÔLkáO§ GHY¦jþ 142 Nqj¾OoøÍ¸ 296,
MojYnÎgSMLj 314 Nqj¾Q~ù[ 60, 199, 202, 245, 248, 251
MojP|¥y^ 224, 225 NqjÀO~×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 82, 87, 91, 302-303,. 322
MojP|F~<j(MojP|¥qOnÎF~<j) 165 ¬ÏEy.1; 175 NqkÍMLF~O~Nqj* 34, 119
MojP|Jd¨ 39, 202 NqkÍMLO~NqjOqjÓj 113 - 123 ; 125
Moj+MLk MLj¸öÀ 257 NqkÍMLO~Nqj F~¼áNqkO§ 117
MnjÎGSkOqj 119, 136, 165 ¬ÏEy.1; 203, 233 ¬ÏEy.1; NqjNqkÀ 157
254 NqjY¦þMLj¸=h O~×¦õ¸ 262
Mnjj NqjP|fH 173, 257
MnjjOq¸@âÎ 207 NqjMLFLO~×¦õ TdìGHF~Ô~Oqõ 161
MnjjGSÆMLj<j$qj Ä£OqMLj 295 NqkMLjjF~Ô~Oqõ 85, 342
NqkOq+Ôoá¿ 276 OqDÍGSGHëÄj 28, 30, 336
tjOqGHmðOqj 295 (MLjk<ML) O~×o¸öÍ 113, 128
NqjjfUFnÎ 296 O~
NnjOqjÄj$nÎ gSMLj 261 O~» OoŠÓj (ÌÉÉÉ) 2
Nnk$q MLOqÍ FLßfS¸ÿTdøÄj 220 O~GIHjMLl<j(O~MLjj<j) 279
Nnk» MLjÓ÷MLOq¸ 99, 103, 113, 117 O~ÔLÄ£<j (O~NqjÔy=h) 356
Oq O~ÔLÄ£<j F~Nqj¥qO§ 69, 301
(MnjjÍ=h) Oq¸$q 260 O~¼O~¾ 65, 199, 315
(MLjk<ML) Oq¸$q (¼¥qÚO~Nqj) 347, 352 O~¼O~¾(GHmGSJd=h) 167, 179
(F~ÓÜML) Oq¸$q 344, 357 O~ÔLk¿ MLjÓk÷#eF| 167, 179
(OqML) Oq¸$q 357, 359
O~ÔLkOqj(O~NqjÔLkO§)162 ¬ÏEy.; 277
Oq¸$qF~DÍ Á£XhC~O§ 217
O~ÔLkOqj gSMLj 276
Oq¸$qF~DÍTdøÄj 132
Oq¸$qNqjEéMLQy+ MLjVO~¾ 290 O~ÔnáOqjÓj 293
Oq¸$qO~×¦ 293 O~ÔxP| 191¬ÏEy.1
Oq¸$qO~×¦(Jv^÷Jd=h)274, 292-293; O~×¦¸sH^ 308, 354
Oq¸$cÔ~Oqõ 345 O~× ¥oGS¿ MnjjÍ=h O~×¦O~¾ 103
Oq¸$c Á£XhCLjÓj 164, 217 O~×¦ $q¸<$yJdÓ 129
OqGIHjjF~DÍj<j (O~MLjj<j) 58-64 ; 77, 78, 80, O~×¦ $q¸bÃªOq O~×¦õ¸ 299
237, 247, 279 O~×¦ bKZ¸@~Oq¸ 13, 15, 135, 136
Oq¸×¦¥q¸ ŠJdðtj 192, 216 O~×¦F~DÍ¥qÄ 158¬ÏEy. ;
Oq¸×¦¥q¸ ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦ 38, 192, 216 O~×¦GHOqMojQZøOq 159, 161
Oq×¦CL E~FL¸ 356 O~×¦MLj¸ö¨(O~×¦MLjsU¸öÍMLOq¸)160,161,
Oq^æJd¨ 103 170,181,182,183,184,195, 225¬ÏEy.
Oq*Jd¥qÚ¸ 289 O~×¦MLjÓ÷EéML NqkÍMLO~Nqj 114, 119
OqCLïÏEéFLj 155, 158 O~×¦MLkÆ¥qÚ¸ ÔnFLïGHð °<NqkO§ 139
OqCLïÏEéFLj MLjVE~FL¸ 218 (MnjjÍ=h) O~×¦O~×¦ 5, 7, 97, 100, 101-103
OqCLï¥h¿¤^¸ 6 (On¸<ML)O~×¦O~¾ 103
OqCLï‚^¸(bKZML¸À sHOqj) 277, 293 (MLjk<ML) O~×¦O~¾ 8, 33, 98, 99, 103, 106,
OqC~ïbÃsR¥q¸ 186 ¬ÏEy. 107, 109, 112, 113, 124, 127, 128
OqDÍ¥oMLlÈW 250 O~×¦O~×¦ MLjkMo¸ÍMoÓF| 7, 101
O~×¦Qo[Oq ÔL¿CL 200 O~MLjNqkMLkCLõ 254

O~×eÏÁO~×¦ 159, 161 O~MLjNqkMLkCLõ Cy<OqMLjÓ÷ 277
O~×eFLï ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ 12, 319 O~MLjOqGSNqjõO§ 262
O~×o¸öÍ Ôy+ MLj¸<Ó¸ 95, 106 O~MLjO~×¦ ¥yFo=hO~¾ 285
O~×o¸öÍQy+ ÔLCLjOoøÁ MLj¸$q+¸ 27, 212 O~MLjO~×¦ ¥yFo^Nqjõ 273
(MnjjÍ=h) O~×o¸öÍÔy+j<j 33, 68, 103-106, 107, (O~MLjO~×¦) ¼FLï ÀMLjôO~×¦ 283, 284, 285, 294
298 O~MLjO~×¦ ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦Nqjõ 288, 291
(MnjjÍ=h) O~×o¸öÍEéML 103, O~MLjO~×¦Nqjõ 273, 280
O~×o¸öÍfS¸$qFnÓk÷O§ 300 O~MLjO~×¦NqjõF| ¬MLGSOq¸ 12
O~MLjbKZ^j÷(bKZkCLF~DÍ)247-250; 255, 259, 267, O~MLjO~×¦O§ ¬NqjõF|(¬ÈNqj O~MLj O~×¦) 259
320 O~MLjO~¾246, 274, 275, 278, 279, 280, 291
O~MLjO~¾ ÀMLjôNqjõ 281
O~M|jF~@§ ½Pe÷ 264
O~MLjO~½¡NqjMLjj 277, 280, 288, 291
O~MLj (ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj<j) 159, 277
O~MLjO~NqjÓj(F~ÓÜML O~MLjj<j) 352, 357
O~MLj¥qßGRê¥qÄ(CnF~Æ) 325, 329
O~MLjÓXqô*E~}S½ 2, 52, 170¬ÏEy.1; 361
O~MLj¥qßGRê¥qÄ NqjM|j. ²¸.³, 193¬ÏEy.1; 198¬ÏEy. O~MLjÆ¸$qFLßJdÓ(rHMLjôTdÂ) 163¬ÏEy.; 350
323 ¬ÏEy.; O~MLjÆ¸$qO~×¦ 163¬ÏEy.; 347, 351
O~MLjÔL¸öÍÁ£XhCLjÓj(O~NqjGS¸) 39, 238, 261, 266 O~MLjMLOqôF| 283
O~MLjÔL¸öÍNqjõ 357 O~MLjÄbKZj<j(EéMLlÂ ¥q<GHPyÂ EéMLlÂ sHOqj) 356
O~MLjE~GSO§ (GSj_jÁíî) 38, 217 O~MLjsSCLj(O~MojQZøOq¸) 155, 158, 283
O~MLjGHðNqjõ(_Nqj¥cOq) 167¬ÏEy.1; 251-255 ; O~MLkF~Nqj¥qO§ ¶_+F~Nqj¥qO§ 9, 83, 153, 204
293-294 O~MLkFLj×¦‚=eÓj 4,16, 32, 44-50; 66, 83,
O~MLjGHð F~Nqj¥qÚO§ ¬NqjõF| 264 150, 221, 230, 231, 286, 288,301, 334,
O~MLjbKZ^æO§ 249, 259, 265 350
O~MLjbKZ^æO§ ¬ö$qVOq¸ 287 O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 82, 86, 87, 303
O~MLjbKZöÍ ¥qÄ 142, 277 O~MLkFLj×¦ E~GSj<j 85
O~MLj MLj¸öÀ 252 O~MLkFLj×¦F| ³¿ 77, 83
O~MLjNqj bKeGSÚOq 253,254, 255 O~MLkFLj×¦GHÆ÷ 300
O~MLjNqj MLj¸öÀ 254 O~MLkFLj×¦ bKeGRõ¸ 325
O~MLjNqj MLj¸öÀ bKeGSÚOq 167 ¬ÏEy.1 O~MLkFLj×¦NqjõF| 59
O~MLjNqjõ 208, 301 O~MLkFLj×¦F| ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ 83, 349
O~MLkFLj×eOqõ77 ¬ÏEy.1; 182, 204-208; 212, 243, 312
O~MLkFLj×eÔ~Oqõ 308 O~NqjGS¸ ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ 300, 341
O~MLkFLj¾Ó $qj¨ 74, 80-81, O~NqjGS¸ O~MLjÔL¸öÍÁ£XhCLjÓj 39, 238, 261, 265
O~MLkFLj¾Ó $qj¨ 288 O~NqjGS¸ Mo¸¥q=eöÁ 284, 294-296, 332
O~MLkFLj¾Ój 63, 70, 76-86 ; 90, 224, 321,322, O~NqjGS¸ ÿ¿NqjGHð 296, 297
325, 342 O~NqjGSë ¬NqjõGHðOqGSNqjõ 207
O~MLkGHlOq¸ 287, 352 O~MLl fHFLïbKZkJdÓ 142
O~MLkGHlOq Ç¢MLj 267 O~MnÓ Š^j¸_¸ 164 ¬ÏEy.2;
O~MLjMLk¸_ 291 O~öGRæ‚Ô~¾ 95
O~MLkbKZ^æOqNqjõF| 237 O~öGRæ‚^jÓj 95
O~MLkbKZjõÍNqjMLjj 142, 277 O~ÿjCLëFLÓk÷O§ 208
O~MLjj<j 358 O~ÿjCLëO~Nqj 97
(MLjk<ML) O~MLjj<j 347, 352
(F~ÓÜML) O~MLjj<j 347, 352, 357,358 Oqj¥hôBh ¬MLjôF|(¬@âÎGHð¸) 237, 265
O~MLkNqj* °GHEéQZ¸ 76 OqkGHF~O~Nqj* 97
O~MojQZøOq¸ 49, 155, 158, 160, 186¬ÏEy.; 324, Oo#nÎ 269, 286, 319, 321, 333, 334, 335, 341,
356 Oo#nÎ $q=hæ MLO~ÿF| 325
O~NqjÔLkO§ 162 ¬ÏEy. 1; 165 ¬ÏEy.1; 176, 190, Oo#nÎ FL<GHlð JvF| 288, 299
191, 199, 204, 223, 276 Oo#nÎ JvF| 236, 241, 247,251, 252, 266, 267,
O~NqjÔLkO§ NqjjÍíî¸ 190, 207, 208 292, 321, 328
O~NqjÔy=h 354 Oo#nÎ MLO~ÿF| 250, 319
O~NqjÓJd<j 313
On¨èbKZkÄj 332
O~NqjF| O~×o¸öÍ Ôy+F| 67, 105
O~NqjöJwÆ 267 OoÔLNqj ÍBcêNqj¥q 118, 119
O~NqjM~ÔL¥q¸ 162¬ÏEy.1; 165 ¬ÏEy.; 166¬ÏEy.1; OoÔLOq÷ fS¸$qbKZkJdÓ 323
167 ¬ÏEy.1; 168¬ÏEy.1; 176¬ÏEy.2; 179, 181¬ÏEy.4; OoIGHY¦¥cOqMLjjÓj 311, 312, 330
184¬ÏEy.1; 185 ¬ÏEy.1; 190, 195, 196, 197, OoML*k¿ Mo¸¥q^¥qÄ 330¬ÏEy.1; 331
255 OoML*kOqj 248
O~NqjGS¸ 214, 255, 273, 275, 317 OnÎ×yO§ 191 ¬ÏEy.1;
O~NqjGS¸ ¬NqjõGHðOqGS 167¬ÏEy.1; Ox<èF~<j 258, 263
O~NqjGS¸ ¥x¸<MLjOqGSNqjõ 38, 49, 167¬ÏEy.1; 180 Oy+MLj 301
O{CLO~Nqj MLjVJdöCL 164, 178, 181¬ÏEy; Æ}Ræ }IH ¸=h¥hø=i}S 225 ¬ÏEy.1
Ó PoJdXh 257, 262, 271
Ó¸¥cGHl¿ 110 PoJdXh FL¸ÁÓŠÚQn=hæ 257
Ó¥qÚGHðF~Nqj¥qOqj 349 PoJdXh GHlOq¸ 258
Ó¥qÚOqGSNqjõ 296, 297 Py¥qMLjVEéÄ 97
Ó¥qÚO~×¦ 244 Pp$cXh$yöCL¸ 268
Ó¥qÚTdÂ ¬MLjôF| 141 PpfUCLõ bKZ^æ $yJdÓ 324
ÓXqGUyMLj¸ 262 ML
ÓXqô* 192 ML¸¥cNqjÓJd<j 253, 293
ÓXqô* TdøÄj 61, 62, 236, 279, 348 ML¸$q(EéQZ¸)159, 161
ÓXqôBcOqõ 231 ML¸$cGHlOq¸ ²Ó÷GHð °<NqkO§ 302,
ÓXiô ¬MLjôF| 37, 199, 200, 238,
ML¸$cGHlOq¸ ÀMLjô* °<NqkO§ 251, 302
ÓXiô ¬MLjôF| 266
ML¸$cGHlOq¸ F~O~Nqj* Qn=hæ 332, 339
ÓXiôŠMLkOq C~C~Ô~Oqõ 345
ML¸$cGHlOq¸ O~NqjGS¸ ÿ¿NqjGHð 296, 297
ÓXiô$cNqjöÀ 335
ÓXiôEéÄ 102, 159, 257, 263, ML¸$qk¿ GSjKeòO~MLl 309 ¬ÏEy.1
ÓXiôEéÄ 115,118 ML¸½Jdð¥qÚ¸ 36
ÓXiô (MLjGU)345, ML¸¨M~}R C~Ók¥q 260
ÓXiôEéÄ MLj¸^GH¸ 53, 323 ML¸@âÎNqkOq¸ ÔnFLïMLjj Qn=hæ 232
ÓXiôEéÄ MLjGUyCLûML¸ 236, 305, 313, 335, MLXq¹GSìÓ ÓXhô 17
ÓXiôFLßfS¸ÿTdøÄj 224 ML^æÂÏÁ _jjfR$yöCL¸ 268
ÓXiôF~O~Nqj* TdøÄj 56, 65, 319, 321 ML^æÓkOqj 290
ÓXiôGHÀ O~¾ 167, 179 ML=hæ(GHl=hæ) 129
ÓXiôTd$qOq¸ 263 ML<$qj¸¨ ö$cMLj¸ 350
ÓXiôGSÿöGSF~MLj¸ 335 ML<O~×¦õ¸ 141
Ó¥cÚ¸Ã¥q 158 ¬ÏEy. ; ML< GH¨ 262, 341
Ó¥cÚ¸Ã¥q 280 ML<MLjPnÎ F~Nqj¥q 298
ÓŠÚF~Nqj¥qO§ 215 ML<MLkMLjÓNqjõF| 337
Ó[FLGHlOq¸ 257, 261 ML<MLkMLjPnÎ ¬+$qOqfHWnÎW 85
Æ¸$qMLj bKZ^æ 248, 287 ML< Mo¸¥q^¸ 123
Æ¸$cÓNqjõ 251 ML< ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ ½¡NqjOqj 82, 87
ML©è 269, 301, 333 ML+jÁÓ¸GH^jæ °Q~ML¨ 248, 297
MLB§ QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjO§ 53, 224-229 ML+¥ytjP| 276
MLB§ QZ>Oq¥yGH FL¸ÍFLMLFL¸ 89 MLGS¸CL ÀOqjF~W| 278
MLB§ QZ>Oq¥yGH MLj>Oq¸ 83, 228, 268 MLGS¸CLGHm¿êMLj 54
ML*ê¥qÚ $yöCL¸ 233, 269 MLGS¸CLMLj¸<GH¸ 51, 53, 75, 349, 355
MLBhNqjF| ¥q=eæ¿ 128 MLGS¸CyCLûML¸ 25, 26, 61
MLCLûOqMLjGUyCLûML¸ 156 MLGSjÔL¿öCL 347
MLFLbKy×¦FL¸ 315, 338 M~
MLÂïMLjOq¸ °CLûML¸(QZÄ£jGHm×yCLûML¸) 58 M~¥h=h EâGHð F~NqjÂ¸$cOqj 211
MLOq¸$qP| (°Oq$yÓ) 143 M~¥h=h ¥cMLÆ ÀMLjôFL 210,
MLOqÍ¥qÄ 224 M~¥h=h ÀMLjôGHðF~NqjŠ<j 211
MLOqÍO~×¦GHlOq¸ 247, 333, 358 M~Bh (GSOqGSøÀ) 312
MLOqÍO~¾ (MLj=h÷) 291, 292 M~Bh×¦õMLßÀë 234
MLOqÍO~×¦MLjôFL sH^ 262 M~ÏÍkÓ$yöCL¸ 231, 324
MLOqÍO~×¦TdøÄj 220, 225, 280, 321, 337, 343, M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ ½¡NqjO§ 87, 91, 293, 302, 303
345, 352 M~FLMLkMLjPnÎ O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 304
MLOqE~¸Ã¥q 236 M~FLMLF| MLjVEéÄ 100
MLOqE~½¡EéÄ ¬MLjô 6, 12, 38, 235, 236, 241, 242, M~Fn<jCLë¥nÎNqk+»NqkO§ 73
244, 264, 265 M~WeP|MLjB§¥x¸@~F| 36
MLOqÍÿGSë¸ 123 M~ÇGGRç$yöCL¸ 208, 252, 268, 285, 332
MLO~ÿ (F~BoÓj) 130, 163, 169, 171, 189, 244, M~GS¸À¥cGH¿*Nqj¸ 226
250, 258, 267, 268, 273, 292, 325, 328, 359 M~GSP| ML¿ (GHFLjï) 287
MLO~ÿTdøÄj 17, 54, 326, 338, 359 M~ÿFL¸ 22, 29-30; 343
MLP¸Á 37 M~õJdOqjÓ Ä£ÏÁ 352
MLÓ÷bKZEéML 198 ¬DEy. M~õJdOqjÓj 339, 352
MLÓ÷bKZEéML MLjVO~¾ 36, 141 M~õGSÀ£Oqì ÅÇ¢ JdÍ °<NqkO§ 48, 172, 218-223 ; 228,
MLPe÷¸½¡ (_Pe÷¸Ã¥q) 278 332
MLPe÷+EéMLO§ GHFLjï 119, 121 M~õGSO~×¦ (M~õGSO~×¦ À£Oqì) 221
MLPe÷+EéML 119 M~õGSO~Nqj MLj>Oq¸ 218, 228
MLÆ÷ (ö$cMLj¸) 38, 341 M~õGSO~NqjÓj 218, 219
MLÈW ÀOq=hæ 248 M~õGS GSMLjjöÍ¸ 220
Ä Ä<=yÂ gSMLj 293

Ä¥qÓõ FLÁ 321 Ä@~NqkY¦jþ (Ä£@yÚÓj ÁFL¸) 22, 63
Äö¥qMLkÁCLõMLj¸$q+¸ 79 Ä*êGH¸ QoNqjjM~O§ 303
Äö¥qML¸Á Q~GSFL¸ 192 ¬ÏEy.; ÄÍøC| GSbKeO~Nqj 192, 216
Äö¥qMLkEéÄGHlOq¸ 130 ÄÍøC| GSbKeO~Nqj Oq¸×¦¥q¸ 216, 241
ÄsIHjïQZøOq ÅÇ¢ O~MLjF| 36, 43, 63, 78 ÄE~õFL$qOq¸ 186¬ÏEy.; 234, 258
ÄsIHjïQZøOqj<j 69, 301 ÄFLj¥x¸< 164 ¬ÏEy.2 ; 165, 166 ¬ÏEy.1; 178,
ÄÔ~Oq*¥qOqë 2, 52, 69, 170 ¬ÏEy.1; 360,361 181¬ÏEy.3 ; 184, 200, 201
Ä×¦Nqj 126, 138 ÄFLj¥x¸< ÍjO~ÜÓj 255
Ä×¦Nqj $q¸<$yJdÓEéML 8, 33, 97, 125-128, 129 ÄFLj¥x¸< gSMLj 288, 327
Ä×¦Nqj Í¸À(Äö¥qMLj)MLOqôF| 95 ÄöGHF~O~Nqj* ÔL¿öCL¸ 325
Ä×¦Nqj FL$qOq¸ 48, 66, 67, 76, 95, 130, 131, 154, ÄMLkFL¸ 6, 52, 73, 116, 131, 169, 170, 171,
222, 343
160, 163, 168, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177, 179,
ÄMLkFL ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GS 222
183, 190, 191,199, 203, 211, 216, 220, 221,
ÄOqkJdXq 137, 138, 139, 143, 183, 186¬ÏEy. ;
223, 234, 240, 341, 349, 351 216, 307
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ój 130-359 (On¸<ML)ÄOqkJdXq 138, 345
Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq TdöMLk×¦õ¸ 143-144 ; 160, 248, 250, ÄOqkJdXqEéML MLjVO~Nqj 262
256, 272, 275 ÄOqkJdXqGHlOq¸ 262
Ä×¦NqjGHlOq¸ (Ãª×eGHlO§) 185 ¬ÏEy.1; 268, ÄÆ÷NqjMLÓk÷O§ 297
Ä×¦NqjGHl¿ 162¬ÏEy ; ÄÓj÷GHlOq¸ C~Ók¥c 192¬ÏEy.
Ä×¦NqjGHl¿ (Ãª×eGHlO§) 186 ¬ÏEy; Ä+jGHlOq¸ 248
Ä×¦NqjOq¸$q Ôx¥qÚF~DÍj<j 260 Ä+jGHlOq gSMLj 248, 297
Ä×¦NqjM~<(Kn×¦M~<) 180¬ÏEy1 ÄQZøÔLö¥q¸ 155, 158
Ä>OqÓ 186 ¬ÏEy. ; 220 ÄGSû* EéMLO~Nqj 138
Ä>OqÓO~×¦ 274, 282-283; 285, 301, 306 ÄQZøF~DÍF~NqjŠ<j (¬@âÎGHð¸)146, 238
Ä>OqÓTdøÄj ÓNqj¸ 220, 310, 320, 334, 335 ÄÇadæEâÎøCL fSE~íî¸CL¸ 81
Ä>OqÓO~×¦NqjõF| 39 ÄGRjê 102, 159,
Ä>OqPoQZøOq MLjVO~¾ 336, 337 ÄGRjê ¼À£ëNqjMLjj 218
Ä>OqPoQZøOq GHlOq¸ 333 ÄGRjêMLOqìFL$yöCL¸ 250, 266,
Ä>OqPoQZøOq TdøÄj 281, 293, 321, 334, 335 ÄGRj GS¸ö¥çCLjÓj 24
Ä>Oy½¡ GH¸¨CLj<j 240, 268 ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j 56, 57, 61, 321
Ä£ (MLjk<ML) Ä£OqMLPe÷+(GUyNqjGSÓ) 5, 79, 119, 120,
Ä£<jö$cMLj¸ 287, 295 121, 122
Ä£<kOqj gSMLj 295 Ä£OqO~×o¸öÍEéML 106
Ä£MLjOqGS 262 Ä£OqTwMojQZøOq 99
Ä£Oq ¥q¸GHO~Nqj ÔL¿CLMLjj 132 Ä£Oqk¿ MoE~öÁMLj¸öÀ 325
Ä£Oq $q¸<$yJdÓ 97, 98, 110, 111,118, 126, 127 Ä£OoQZ(EâÎML¸) 262
Ä£Oq ¼¥qÚ ¥oCLNqj 119 Ä£OoQZÆ¸$q¸ GH¸CLjÓj 233 ÏEy.1; 310, 325
Ä£Oq* F~Nqj¥q 257 Ä£OoQZøOq(EâÎML¸)258
Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸$qEéML NqkÍMLO~Nqj 99, 107, 111, 113, Ä£OoQZøOq CL¸ÃO~F~O§ 266
115-119, 294 Mn, Mo
Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸$qO~Nqj FLßGHÀ 221 (µ¥q^ML) Mn¸¥q^ 88, 170 ¬ÏEy.1; 344, 345, 346-
Ä£Oq FLOqfS¸ÿ NqkÍMLO~Nqj 2, 5, 8, 21, 25, 29, 347, 353
33, 34, 37, 50, 78, 100, 101, 111, 115 -118; (On¸<ML) Mn¸¥q^ 345, 358
126, 256 (F~ÓÜML) Mn¸¥q^ 359
Mn¸$qNqjõ¥qÄ 277
Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿ TdøÄj 49, 65, 66, 117
Mn¸$q+NqjõO§ 266
Ä£Oq FLßfS¸sU¸öÍ 158 Mn¸$qWe¸_ 279, 348
Ä£OqGHð (ÄQZøGHð F~Nqj¥q) 298 Mn¸$qWeOqõ (C~+WJd¥q)331
Ä£OqGHðO~×¦ 296 Mn¸ÍM~< gSMLj 290
Ä£OqGHð*ê(rHOqj¸¥x¸@âÎ) 38, 257-258; 261, 263 MnFLïMLjGHÆ÷ 268
Ä£OqöGHC~GH EéMLO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj 3 MnÂþ ¬FL¸CLGHðNqjõ¸$cO§ 85,86
Ä£OqJd¸<õ 96 MnFLjþMLkPnÎtj^æ rHOqjMLkW| F~NqjF~O§ 231
Ä£OqbKZöÍNqjõ 167¬ÏEy.1; MnÓ¸½FoOqj 294
Ä£OqbKZöÍO~Nqj(Ä£OqbKZöÍ) 162 ¬ÏEy.; 167, 168 ¬ÏEy.2; MnÓj$y=h Š^j¸_¸ 164 ¬ÏEy.2;
179, 198¬ÏEy.; 217 MnÓ÷MLjj¥xÚ¸@âÎ (KnÓ÷¸¥x¸<) 252
MnÓk÷Oqj ½Pe÷ 88, 107, 116, 127, 208
Ä£OqbKZöÍj<j(EâÎML¸) 356
MnWe"+ 61, 215, 300
Ä£OqMLjô 247 MnWnÎ" ÀOqjKyòFL¥q¸ 267, 286, 297
Ä£Oq MLjjŠ¸Í $q×¦GHÀ 225 ¬ÏEy.1; Mo¸¥q^ ¥qÄ(OoML*k¿) 331
Ä£OqNqj ÍBcêNqj¥q °<NqkO§ 233 Mo¸¥q^*êF| 352
Ä£OqO~XqGS NqkÍMLO~Nqj 33, 115 Mo¸¥q^ CLjYnÎM~O§ 60, 268, 305
Ä£OqMLGS¸CLO~NqjÓj 346 Mo¸¥q^ CLjOnÎM~F|½¡NqjO§ 16
Mo¸¥q^GHÀO~NqjÓj 39, 343, 346, 347, 349, 350, MoE~öÁ MLj¸öÀ (Ä£Oqk¿) 325
351 MoÍ¥yÚ=nuæ GSÿM~fS 268
Mo¸¥q^GHðNqjõO§ 348 MoÍJdO~Nqj*¸ 6, 13-16 ; 17, 92, 134, 336
Mo¸¥q^MLjôF| 348 MoE~¸C~Ô~Oqõ 322
Mo¸¥qÔ~Nqj GSMLjjöÍ¸ 349 MoE~¸CL EéÇ¥q 225, 322
Mo¸¥q^NqjõF| 349 MoE~¸CLQZ>Oq¥yGH½¡NqjO§ 288, 304
Mo¸¥q^MLÆ÷ 37 MoF~<j 285
Mo¸¥q^NqjõF| 349 MoGH$qj¸^ 295
Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ (GHOqøCL¸) 102, 116, 122 MoGH¸_^jæJd+Nqj¸ 302
Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓ MLkVCLôõ¸ 20, 102, 275, 280, 321, MoMLjNqj (MoMLjOqGS) 199
337 MoMLjjGHÆ÷ 355
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ 271,279 MoÓjGHl¥x¸< 166 ¬ÏEy.1; 184
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ (GHOqøCL¸) 134,147, 159, 173, MoÓjMLk GHlOq¸ 216
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¬NqjõF| (O~NqjGS¸) 294, 295, 296 MoÈP|Jd+Nqj¸ 212
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ¬NqjõF| (Nqj¸<ÓkOqj) 39, 250, 267 Mo+jMLjJd+¸ 232
MnÎ, Mx
Mo¸¥q=eöÁF~Nqj¥q 296 MnÎŠ¸>Oq MLkOqÜ¸ 230
Mo¸¥q=eÏÁ£QZøOq 355 MnÎŠ¸>Oq MLÓF~<j 13, 32, 135, 139, 247
Mo¸¥q=eöÁO~¾ 274 MnÎŠ¸>Oq ÄMLkFL¸ 278
Mo¸¥q=eöÁ GSMLjjöÍ¸ 237 MnÎŠ¸>Oq ÿGSë 123
Mo¸¥qMLjOqGSOn¨è 346 MnÎ#eFLGS $qMLj¸ 85
Mo¸¥yKeO~M| Ã. 221 MnÎ#eFLGS GSköCL¸ 60, 305, 306
Mo¸»F~<j 102 MnÎ#eFLGSjÓj 335
Mo¸»O~×¦õ¸ 114, 143, 181¬ÏEy.3 MnÎÁ¥q öKeÿô*jÓj 266, 287, 296
Mo$qMLÀ£ OqGIHjjF~DÍTdøÄj 250 MnÎÁ¥q TdOqøbKpMLj 226
MnÎbKZML öGH¥cÇ¥q 231
Mo» 184 ¬ÏEy
MnÎ×¦Nqj¸À£ ÄPeGS¸ 325
Mo¸$qGHðNqjõ 298 MnÎNqk¿ O~×¦(MLj=h÷) 291
Mo^jæMLŠ+CLkëO§ 143 MnÎO~$qõ MLÔLFLMLkÆ¥c »¤CLMLjjÓj 311
Mo<jMLjJd¥qÚ¸ 321 MnÎQZjõÓj (¥yMLj^j÷) 234
Mo*¥qCLkëOqj 282 MnÎM~fU¥yCLûML¸320, 326, 331, 335, 336, 337
Mo*¸Á $yöCL¸ 269 MxÓGH¿÷ 327
QZ Q~PnÎJd¥qÚ¸ FLOqGSNqjõO§ 232
QZ¸¥qOq»¿ 169, 181 Q~PnÎJd¥qÚ¸ F~$qNqjõO§ 38
QZ¸¥qOqE~GS 217 Ç, Ç¢
QZ¸¥qOqF~O~Nqj* EéM~ÓNqj¸ 185¬ÏEy.1; Ç^æBç×o¿ 250
QZ¸¥qNqjEéML °<NqkO§ 257 Ç^æMLjj Qn=hæ 17, 228
QZ(Q~)Š¸CLÓ F~^¥q¸ 64, 252, 335 ÇCL¥qOq$q¸<F| 89, 119
QZŠ¸CLPe GH¿*Nqj¸ 330,331 ÇCL¥qOq$q¸<F| MLj>Oq¸ 45
QZ¸bKZjO~¾ 124 ÇCL¥qOq$q¸<F| GS¸ÏÁ 11, 118, 119
QZ¥hë Ä^¸¥qF| 20, 97 ÇCLëMyÓj gSMLj 37, 204
QZ¥hë Ä^¸¥h, Í¸À 97 ÇÍíÓk¿ O~MLk½ MLkÍOqGSj GH¸CLjÓj$cOqj 359
QZ¸[ (GHÓ÷MLO~Bh) 96 ÇÍíî‚=nuæ(ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSGHlOq¸) 13, 34, 135
QZ^æNqjGHð F~Nqj¥qO§ 211, 215 ÇNqjÓJd¸<kOqj 219
QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjO§ 90, 226 ÇOqGHðNqjõF| (FL¸Ã) 172, 219
QZ>Oq¥yGHE~GSO§ FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MLjjÍÆNqkO§ 85, 59 Ç¿CLFLCLjëGHBhMLj¥qF| 104
QZ>Oq¥yGHFL¸Ã $yÄ¸ÍF| 135 ÇOqjMy+kO§ Ç¢MLj 313
QZ>Oq¥yGH MLjjÍÆNqkO§ 269 ÇY¦þ*O§ Jd¿MLOqëMLjF| 306
QZ>Oq¥yGH NqjÀ 224 ÇY¦þNqjõ¸$cO§ 85
QZ>OqMLjOqú* $yöCL¸ 245, 273, 341 ÇYcþMLjkO§ 298
QZC~NqjjfR (¸<¥cÓ¸ À£OqìO§) 303 ÇY¦j ÀMLjôNqjõO§ 18, 242, 261, 262
QZ¸bKZjMLO~Nqj 21, 122, 131, 132, 141 ÇY¦j ÀMLjôO~×¦ °<NqkO§ 142
QZ¸bKZjMLO~Nqj TdìGHF~Ô~Oqõ 131 ÇY¦j(¼FLï) ÀOqjMLjÓNqjõ¸ $cO§ (C~+WJd¥q) 312-313;
QZCL¥q¥qMLlÓ ÔL¿öCLMLjj 309 ¬ÏEy.1; 318, 320-323; 329, 336
QZÄ£jGHm×¦ 58 ÇY¦j ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦(QZÓ¥qO~¾) 242, 244, 245, 246
QZOq*j Qn=hæ 233 ÇY¦jfHWnWÎ CLOq$qÀ 352
QZÇŠÓ Ô~+j¥hÚ 114, 116 ÇYnþ^æ¸ 44, 49
Q~ ÇÓ¸Ã<NqkO§ Qn=hæ 352
Q~C~ëÍ ³¥ç» ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj 16, 73 ÇMLÁ£XhCLjÓj 163, 217
Q~C~ëÍ ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj 16, 30, 80, 81, 230, 319 ÇMLF|‚<P| 243
Q~CLjëŠ¨ MLjOqjÍkO§ 9 ÇMLO~×¦ O~MLjÔL¸öÍ NojCLMLkCLO~MLl <ÃOqjTdtj 359
Q~ÆML^GHlOq(ÀOqjFLP|MoÆ)186 ¬ÏEy ÇMLGSMLjjöÍ¸ 162¬ÏEy1; 166¬ÏEy; 175, 192¬ÏEy1;
Q~ÆNqj ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj 130 208, 233
Ç¢Nqj¥qF| 95 ÅÇ¢Â M~G S ½¡N qjO§ 225 ¬Ï E y.1, 229

Ç¢NqjF| 90 ÅÇ¢Â M~G SF| 43, 272, 275, 300, 306
Ç¢O~ð¨ 261 ÅÇ¢Â M~GS GHlOq¸(fSÍíŠ=nuæ)13, 14, 15, 34, 49,
ÅÇ¢ 65, 135
ÅÇ¢ ¥q¸ÍkOqj(ÀOqjÔL¸ÍkOqj)186 ¬ÏEy.; ÅÇ¢Â M~G S GH lO~*¸ 337
ÅÇ¢ ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj 64, 67-69; 72, ÅÇ¢Â M~G S b KZ^æO§ 64, 252, 332, 335
ÅÇ¢ ¥qfHPoQZøOqTdøÄj ÓNqj¸ 49, 69, 71, 77, 105 ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GSNqjõ¸$cO§ 60, 281,336
ÅÇ¢ ¥qOqF~<j 265 ÅÇ¢ÂM~GS QZ>Oq$yGH NqjÀ£¸öÍ MLjVEéÇ¥qF| 229
Å Ç¢ ¥cŠ+¸ 180 ¬ÏEy1; 182 ÅÇ¢ ÂM~GS GSÿöGSF~MLj¸ 236
ÅÇ¢ ¥c<jMn=hæ$qW| 20 ÅÇ¢ Â M~TdÔ~Oqõ 224, 231
ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿfSë 101, 134, 158, 185 ¬ÏEy1; 233, ÅÇ¢G HÀ 214
234, 257 ÅÇ¢GHÀ ¶_WoQZøOqj<j 274, 292
ÅÇ¢ ¥c+ÿfgSëQZøOqj<j 174, 185¬ÏEy1; 233, 234,
ÅÇ¢GHC~õÔ~Oqõ 167¬ÏEy.1; 204
247, 249, 250
ÅÇ¢GHÀ Cx¸<NqjõF| 317, 319
(ÅÇ¢ )ŠÓQo[Oq rHOqjMLkW| 71
ÅÇ¢ GHOqøCL¸(ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ¸) 180
ÅÇ¢ ‚Oqô¸ 160, 167¬ÏEy.1; 205
ÅÇ¢GHÆGH^æNqjõF| 319
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßadêGRæÄj 28
ÅÇ¢ ¥qßGRjê<j 53, 56, 57, 65, 66, 76, 157, ÅÇ¢ JdÍ MLj>¸^GH¸ 356
158 ¬ÏEy.,177 ÅÇ¢ JdÍO~×eGRæ¥q¸ 221
ÅÇ¢ ¥yÍ¸<O~MLjj<j 22, 26, 63, 335 ÅÇ¢ JdOqìTdOqDÁ 56
öÇ¢ »¿(ÅÇ¢ »¿ bKZkJdÓ öGHC~GH EéMLO~Nqj) 138 ÅÇ¢ rHOqj¸_jÍkO§ 125, 288
ÅÇ¢ »¿O~×¦ 350 ÅÇ¢ bKZ¸@~Oq¸ 14, 15, 59, 66, 73, 88, 108, 135,
ÅÇ¢ $yJdÓ ¥qßGRê 56, 65, 247 200, 230, 236, 238, 247
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj 72, 219 ÅÇ¢ bKeGRõ¸ 318
ÅÇ¢ $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦TdøÄj ÓNqj¸ 52, 56-58, 72 ÅÇ¢ bKeGRõ¥cOqjÓ ¬ö$qVOq¸ 286
ÅÇ¢ ×¦Nqj¸À 54, 55, 66 ÅÇ¢ bKeGRõ¥cOqjÓ ÀOqjÄ£ÏÁ 338
ÅÇ¢ CLCLëø fSE~íî¸×¦FL 226 ÅÇ¢ bKeGRõ¥cOqjÓ Ä£ÏÁ 276
ÅÇ¢ EéÄ 58, 156 ÅÇ¢ bKeGRõGHlOq¸ 226 ¬ÏÏEy; 289
ÅÇ¢ FLOqfS¸ÿ(TdøÄj) 53, 54, 149, 250, ÅÇ¢ MLjC| M~õGSÀ£OqjìÓj 218-223
ÅÇ¢ FLOqfS¸ÿ ×¦Nqj¸À 28 ÅÇ¢ MLjÏÍjOq¥qÄ WeøO§ 71
ÅÇ¢F~DÍO~×¦ ÓXiôGHÀO~×¦ 167, 179 ÅÇ¢ MLjF~ïO~Nqj* ½¡NqjO§ 224, 226, 227
ÅÇ¢ MLjÓNqjGHðTdøÄj (°CLûMLMLjk¿ë) 26, 54 ÅÇ¢ O~MLj bKZ^æO§ 267, 270
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| ¬FLbÃVFL¸Í 360 ÅÇ¢ O~MLjNqjõ 251
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| ÏÍOqôE~}S½¡ 69,361 ÅÇ¢ O~MLjNqjõ¸$cO§ 268
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| öGHNqk$§E~}S ½¡ 2, 170 ¬ÏEy.1; 361 ÅÇ¢ O~MLkFLj×¦ 62, 70, 76, 81-86, 90
ÅÇ¢ MLjÿ¸C| sSM~E~}S ½¡ 360 ÅÇ¢ O~MLjj<j 53, 55, 58-64, 65, 75, 76, 77,
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸ 23, 75, 90, 132, 133, 134, 155, 158, 78, 82, 231, 234, 236, 247,
160, 225 ÅÇ¢ MLB§ QZ>Oq¥yGH ½¡NqjO§ 224-229
(On¸<ML Oq¸$q)ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~Nqj 340, 346, 347 ÅÇ¢ MLCLû$yöCL¸ 306, 358, 359
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q (O~¾) 279 ÅÇ¢ MLOqMLj¸$nÎ (F~¸$qjFo¿) 91
(On¸<ML)ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q 343, 346, 347 ÅÇ¢ MLO~ÿTdøÄj 54, 140, 314
(On¸<ML)ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qEéMLMLjVO~Nqj 340 (ÅÇ¢ MLÆ÷GHlCLjëOqj 185 ¬ÏEy., 187 ¬ÏEy.
(OqML)ÅÇ¢Oq¸$qEéML MLjVO~Nqj 358, 359 ÅÇ¢ ÄOqkJdXq 155, 158, 186¬ÏEy
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qEéÄ ¬MLjôF| 144 ÅÇ¢ Ä£OqŠMLkOq ¥q¸GH* 131
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qGH^ï¸ 158, 162¬ÏEy.1;186¬ÏEy.; 187¬ÏEy.;199 ÅÇ¢ Ä£OqO~GIHjML 355
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qGHÀ(On¸<ML Oq¸$q) 325 ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=eÔLÓMLkVCLôõ¸ 20, 275, 321, 336,
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍNqkÍMLO~Nqj 79, 88, 89, 119, 120, 337
122, 123 ÅÇ¢ Mo¸¥q=oQZøOqj<j 53, 55, 90, 92, 360
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~DÍj<j(TdøÄj) 75 ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêML MLj>Oq¸ 134
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~Nqj¥q(TdøÄj) 355 ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêM~Ô~Oqõ 90
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qF~Nqj¥qÚO§ 242, 264 ÅÇ¢ MnÎGRêMLlÓj 45, 81, 228, 276, 286
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q MLkVCLôõ¸ 321 ÅÇ¢ QZ>Oq¥yGHE~GSO§ FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj MnjjÍÆNqkO§ 59,
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q¸¥q¸E~@âÎ ¬GHðF| 244 71, 78, 80
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦ 38, 192, 216, 217, 240, ÅÇ¢ QZ>Oq¥yGHE~GSO§ fHWnÎW 109
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦ (O~×¦) 274, 276, 278, 280, 289, 332 ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ¸ 134, 155, 158, 160, 174, 180, 249
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦NqjõEéML 260 ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓF~DÍj<j(rH¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓ FL¸Ã) 342
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~×¦ O~MLjNqjõF| ÀMLjôNqjõF| 300 ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓGHmOqê 76
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$q O~MLkFLj×¦ ½¡NqjO§ 90 ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓO~×¦õ¸ 174
ÅÇ¢ Oq¸$qO~Nqj MLOqVÓj 359 ÅÇ¢ QnÎÓ Q~GSF~Ój 180
ÅÇ¢ O~×¦O~×¦EéMLO§ 108 ÅÇ¢ ÿÀëO~¸½¡ MLj>Oq¸ 2, 360
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjÔL¸öÍGHlOq¸ 253 QZj, QZk
ÅÇ¢ O~MLjFLMLÄj 28, 54, 60, 63, 75, 348 QZj¥q÷ Nqjj¾Q~ù[ 341, 349, 350
QZkÓ ML¿(GHFLjï) 189 Qy=nuæ ŠMLkOqC~CLNqjõ¸$cO§ 245

QZk¨¥x<jCLë F~¼áNqkO§ 57, 65, 70, 75, 283, Qx=nuæÀOqjMLjPnÎFL¸Ã ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ Nqjõ¸$cO§ 85
321, 325 Qx=nuæ ÀOqjMo¸¥q^ C~CLNqjõ¸$cO§ 142
QZß Qy*QnÎÓ(QyBcÔLÓ¸, ÀOqjMLBcêMLjPnÎ)134, 155, 158
QZß¸$cOqÍ¸<¥q¸ 311 QyBc<j 101
QZß¸$cOq MLj¸×¦¿ 307, 308 Qy+F~<j 2, 20
QZß¸$cOq MLßCLëGHE~õÓQZCL¥q¸ 309, 311 Qy+FLkO§ 2, 20, 95
QZß¸$cOq GS¸¥iOqëFLÓj 307, 310, 311, 312 Qy+MLj¸<Ó¸ 272
Qn, Qo öQyöÀNqj¸ 13
Qn¸$q+jÂ£O§GH^jæ Ç¢MLj 295 öQyöÀNqj Š^æ¥nÎ 15
Qn¸$y<jGHÆ÷ 37, 204 öQyöÀNqj öKeÿô*jÓj 232, 248
Qn¸½(½¸½) 132, 133, 272 GS
Qn¸ JvF| 95 GS¸¥qÓGHlOq¸ Q~GSFL¸ 175, 176
Qn¸Kn<j 298 GS¸¥cNqjMLjô 206
QnNqkõY¦j FLÁ 299 GS¸ö¥çÀ 24-25
QnOqjMLFLkO§ ö$cMLj¸ 124 GS¸¥iOqëFL 2, 307, 310, 312 ,313, 329, 331
QnÓ÷GHð On¨è 346 GS¸¥iOqëFL ÓXq*¸ 309, 312
QnÆ÷ 339 GS¸¥iOqëFL bKZ¸@~Oq¸ 313, 316, 318, 320, 323
QnMLøGHðF~Nqj¥q (¬@âÎGHð¸)298 GS¸¥iOqëF~Ô~Oqõ 309, 318
QnMLløF~Nqj¥q 284, 300, 301 GS¸¥iOqëF~Ô~Oqõ ¬FLïMLjNqjõ 330
QnMLløTdÂ 69, 301 GS¸ŠÓF~NqjŠ<j 162¬ÏEy1; 165¬ÏEy; 176
Qo¸ÍMLj¸$qÓ¸ 98, 113 GS¸$qMLj¥y=nuæ 241, 314
QoY¦jÓ‚ÚO§ ö$cMLj¸ 36 GS¸$qMLjEéML MLjVO~¾(Td+jML) 140
QoMLmOqj 112 GS¸$qMLj ML¸QZ¸ 130-144
QoGRM~ÿFL¸ 29, 220, 278 GS¸$qMLk¸Ã¥q 204
QoadÔLÓ¸ 49, 160, 186¬ÏEy.; GS$qMLOnÎ 240, 268
QnÎ GS¸»¤CLOqC~ï¥qOq¸ 192, 251
QnÎML Keÿô*jÓj 108 GS¸»¤CLGSkOyõÍNqj 192, 194 ¬ÏEy.1; 196
Qx Qy GSöCL¸(¬FLïE~FL SG öCL¸)45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51,172, 272
Qx¥qÚ*êF| 86 GSöCLM~¨ 171, 219, 295
Qx=nuæ ³^kæO§ ÀOqjMLjPnÎFL¸Ã ŠMLkOq C~CLNqjõ¸$cO§ 281 GSE~ÇMLGHlOq¸ 271
SG E~ÇMLO~NqjÓj 12, 29, 39, 64, 69, 76, GSÓ¥qO~×¦ Ç¸$qO~¾ 238, 242, 244, 251, 255,
91, 160¬ÏEy.2; 225¬ÏEy.1; 247, 248, 250, 251, 259, 343
253, 259, 260, 263, 265, 267, 270, 276, 277, GSÓ¥qO~×¦ ÇOqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ 242, 244
280, 282,284, 287, 289, 291, 293, 296, 297, GSÓ¥qO~¾ 244, 246
298, 301, 310, 317, 326, 327, 337, 340, 346 GSÿöGSF~MLj¸ 236, 334
GS¸ÏE~õML¸ÍFL MLj¸<GH¸ 68, 239 GSÿöGSF~MLj MLjGUyCLûML¸ 297, 336
GS¸ÏÁ GSMLjNqkÓj 10-13 GSÿöGSF~MLkOqáFL 11, 78
GSF~õTdöQZöMLj¸ 227 GSøOqMoj+ ¥qWeÂÏÁ 255, 277, 293
GSÂïÏÁ $qjOqjGHOq¸GHOq 224, 227, 288 GSøO~êQZø¸ 355
GSÂïÏÁÄ£ÏÁ 45, 46, 358 GSø OqêXq MLk 155, 159
GS¸GH¸» öGHÍXh*¸ 278 Td
GS¸GHCLjÚMLkOq (TdøÄj) 225 Td¸CLÓkOqj 253
GSJdë¸KyÏÁ 155, 159 Td¸CLGHð F~$qGHð*F| 134
GSbKZ 7, 100
Td¸GHO~Nqj 160, 161
GSbKnÎNqkO§ 20, 32, 60, 62, 63, 76, 108, 109
Td$qO§ 189 ¬ÏEy. ; 192¬ÏEy. 1 ;
GSMLjGHlOq ÀBnuê(ö$cMLj¸) 256
TdÍNqjGHÆ÷ ÀGHØQn=hæ 269
GSMLjOqbKZkJdÓ M~ÿFL¸ 6, 355
GSOqGSøÀ 159, 312 TdÍÆ O~×¦õ¸ 136, 137
GSOqGSøÀ£ MLjFybKZ¸@~Oq ÔyOq¥cOq 142 TdMLjMnÎ 5, 20, 24, 32, 97, 133, 295
GSOqø×¦å 142 TdNqj*ê$qW| (TdNqjBcÔ~Oqõ) 135
GSOqø×¦å [<ÜMLjÓ÷ (¥yrHðOqj¸½¸$q) 97, 111, 113 TdOq¸$qEéMLl<j 192, 251
GSOqøö¥qCLj M~×¦sHNqj GSOqøCyMLjj[ Nqk½ 218 TdOq¸$qj CLMLjôNqjõ (¥qÄ) 325
GSOqøEéML TwMLjNqk½ 287 Td+jML ®MLjô¨ FLOqfS¸ÿ 145, 151-154, 155,
GSOqøMLkFLõ¸ 5, 32, 59, 119, 272 204
GSÓ¥q Š^j¸_¸ 244 - 247 Td+jML ²Y¦þMLjO~×¦ 36, 141
GSÓ¥q ÀMLjôO~×¦ 271, 276 Td+jML ²Y¦þ¥q¸GHNqjEéML 137, 139
GSÓ¥qNqj ÀMLjôO~×¦ 276 Td+jML ŠMLkOq FLOqGSNqjõF| 144, 145, 151
GSÓ¥qNqjõEéML MLjVO~¾ 343 Td+jML $qj¸< 149
GSÓ¥qO~×¦ ÀMLjôO~¾Ój 275 (MnjjÍ=h) Td+jML $qj¸<EéML 147
GSÓ¥qO~×¦ ÀOqjMLjÓO~¾Ój 292 (MLjk<ML) Td+jML $qj¸<EéML 147
GSÓ¥qO~×¦ rH¿NqjÀOqjMLjÓO~¾ 244, 245 Td+jML $qj¸<EéML MLjVO~¾ 45, 140, 144
(MLjk<ML) Td+jML $qj¸<O~×¦ 140 278, 301, 307, 335

Td+jML $qj¸<O~×¦ °<NqkO§ 140 Td+jML F~Nqj¥q 236, 283
Td+jML $yGH ($xGHð) 140 Td+jML GHOqøCLO~×¦ 43, 49, 140
Td+jML $yGH ÀMLjô 140 Td+jML rH¿Nqj MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 137, 139
Td+jML $yGHNqjõ 13, 47, 140 Td+jML rH¿Nqj GS¸$qMLjF| 145
Td+jML $yÄ¸ÍO~×¦ 38, 39, 65, 199, 200, 201, Td+jML öGHMLjj[jÓj 139-140
202-203, 242, 315 Td+jML MLj¸»EéML MLjVO~¾ 5, 52, 122, 131, 137,
(On¸<ML) Td+jML ${CL(${CLNqj) 140, 147 147, 170¬ÏEy1;
Td+jML ¼¥qÚGS¸$qMLjF| 144, 145 Td+jML MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~¾ 13, 18, 36, 54,
Td+jML ÀGHð 140 139, 140, 153
Td+jML ÀMLjô 65, 178, 179, 200, 202 Td+jMLO~×e 43, 140
Td+jML ÀMLjô ($yGH ÀMLjô) 140 Td+jML O~MLjÔL¸öÍO~×¦ 140
Td+jML ÀMLjô* 242 Td+jML ÇOqj MLjÓ÷NqjEéML MLjVO~×¦ 139
Td+jML ÀMLjôNqj Í¸<F~DÍ 193, 200, 203 Td+jML GS¸$qMLjEéML MLjVO~×¦ 140
Td+jML ÀMLjôNqkOqõ 257 Td+jM~bKZjõÍNqj¸ 131, 147, 161, 256
Td+jML ÀMLjôOqGS (ÀMLjôOqGSNqjõ) 199-204 ; 238, TdfUCLõ¸ 327, 331
257, 315 TdfUCLõ ÔLk@~MLjBh 324
Td+jML ÀMLjôO~×¦ 54 TdÚ¸ÍGHlO~*¸ 321
Td+jML ÀMLjôO~Nqj (ÀMLjôOqGS) 38 TdìFLC~ëOqj 2, 14, 33, 45, 50, 53, 59, 64, 69,74,
Td+jML ÀOqjMLjÓEéML MLjVO~×¦ 140 79, 88, 101, 108, 112, 212, 230, 273, 303
Td+jML öÀGHlO~¸CL¥q 140 TdìFLC~ëOqj ML$nÎ 303
Td+jML FLOqfS¸$qEéML MLjVO~×¦ 146 TdìF~GHÀ 217
Td+jML FLOqfS¸$qO~Nqj MLjVO~Nqj 213 TdôOqë CnÓj$qj öKeÿô*j<j 308
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿNqjEéML MLjVO~Nqj °<NqkO§ 149 TdøÄj GHlGRÚ¿Bh 54, 219, 268, 314, 360
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿO~Nqj °<NqkO§ 148, 150 fS
Td+jML FLOqfS¸ÿj<j 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 23, 26, fS¸$q* FLÓk÷O§ 11, 45, 118
27, 31, 35-36; 37, 45, 47, 48, 51, 59, 76, 80, fS¸$q FLÓ÷GHðF| 61, 300, 301
83, 91, 131, 134, 137, 139, 140, 143-152 ; fS¸$q F~Nqj¥qO§ 351
153, 154, 161, 165 ¬ÏEy.1; 172, 204, 213, 219, fS¸$qF~Nqj¥q*ÿÈW 157
220, 221, 223, 228, 229, 230, 256, 259, 275, fS¸$qMLjj F~Nqj¥qO§ 36, 47, 141
Sf ¸$qfHWnWÎ 115 110-112
fS¸$qbKZkJdÓ(OoÔLOq÷) 323 GSj»NqjF| GH¨ 341
fS¸$qNqjÍBcêNqj¥q 11,34,43, 45, 72, 88, 118, 120 GSjö»¤MLl<j 348
fS¸$qNqjÍBcêNqj¥qF| fSCL¥qOq$q¸<F| 89 GSj¼£¸öÍ¸ 283
fS¸$qO§ ¥ytjP| (FLOqfS¸ÿTdøÄj $qj¨) 299 GSjÍOqù¥yJdGSŠÓj 329
fS¸$qOqNqjõ (fS¸$qO~×¦) 274, 280 GSjÍOqùFL ÔLö¥q¸ 57, 68, 239, 321, 329
fS¸$qO~×¦(GSÓ¥qO~¾) 238, 242, 244, 245, 343 GSjÍOqùFL Oq$q+ 311, 329
fS¸$qO~×¦ (FL¸E~õÓ) 286, 288 GSjÏE~ 223
fS¸$qO~Nqj¥x¸< 250 GSjÏE~ÂÏÁ 324, 331
fS¸$qMLOq¸ 132, 260 GSjöGHbKeCL¸ 11, 201
fS¸$cÓKeÄ 276 GSj_jÁíî O~MLjE~GSO§ 38, 217
fSÍíî*NqjO§ 146 GSjbKZöÍ 198¬ÏEy.
fSÍíîML^¸ 313, 354, 356 GSjbKefRC~MLÈ 198¬ÏEy.
fSÍíîML^æ gSMLj 267 GSjPeëFLj 150, 159, 160, 191¬ÏEy. 351
fSE~íî¸CL Ä£jMLk¸Td 226 GSjMLOqêE~FL¸ 356
fSÁíîO~¾ Ö_+O~¾ 289 GSk
fSFLïNqjF~Nqj¥qO§ 351 GSkOq 252
fS¸VÔLÓ¸ 184, 195 GSkOqGHð ¬OqGSO§ 208
fS¸VÔLÓ Q~GSF~Ój 182
GSkOqGHðF~NqjŠ<j (¬@âÎGHð¸) 297, 298
fS¸VöÁ 160, 167¬ÏEy1; 170, 183, 191¬ÏEy1;
GSkOqGHðO~×¦ 211
197, 205
GSkOqGHð On¨è CLMLjjôOn¨è 215
fS¸VöÁF~DÍj<j 183, 197
GSkOqõöGHbKZ M~ÿFL¸ 30
fS¸VöÁ - Jv^kïOqj 169, 170, 181, 183
gS GSkOqõML¸Q~ÏÁGHÀ 290
gSC~ÔLÓ¸(_öÁ) 356 rS, sS
gSC~EéÄ 60, 61, 236, 348 rS¸<PnÎ 233 ¬ÏEy.1
gSGSMLkÆ¥cMLßCLë¸ 41, 355 rSO§MLkEéÄ 289
GS j rSøP| (ÔL¿öCL¥cOqj<j)151, 152, 179, 182, 190
GSj¸¥qOq CLMLjjôF~NqjŠ<j 341 sSFnÎ MLjjÍÆNqkO§(ÄGRø¥oûFLj<j) 26, 56, 57, 61,
GSj¸ÍOq Ôy+ 96 65, 79, 348
(MnjjÍ=h) GSj¸ÍOq Jd¸<jõ<j 5, 34, 98, 99, sSÓ¸ ½Pe÷ 165 ¬ÏEy. 1, 210, 346
Tw ÿFLjMLjÂ$qj¸<¸ 202
TwJdFLMLkOqÜ¸ 6, 41-42; 355 ÿFLjMLjTdÂ 241
TwMLjF~DÍ 221 ÿ¿CL $yöCL¸ 202, 248, 265, 266, 294, 296
TwMLjGHð(TwMLGHð$q+j) 131 ÿ¿NqjGHð (O~NqjGS¸) 296
TwMLjNqk¾Ó GHÆ÷ 313 ÿ¿NqjGHðO§ 45
TwMLjOqGS 208 ÿ¿M~GSOq¸ (³¥cÍÇ) 180¬DEy.1;
TwMLjOqGS MLj¸öÀ£QZøOq 257 ÿ¿QZá¸öÍ FLPyJd#eõFL¸ 351
TwMLjO~¾ (MLj=h÷)291, 292 ÿÈ$nOq 289
TwMLjO~¾ GHÆ÷ 250 ÿ¿ML¸QZ¸ 312, 330
TwMLjÇÓ(ÔL¸öÍ»¿) 356 ÿ¿ÿOq (GH^ï¸) 155, 158
TwMLjOqGSNqjõ (öGHÏE~Â) 256, 257 ÿ¿ÿOqj<j (MnjjÍ=h )122
TwMLj GSkOqõ ö$qÿ*¸ 24 ÿ¿ÿOqj<j (On¸<ML ) 22, 34,86, 130,134,
TwMLjj$q¸$qNqjF| 300 ÿ¿ÿOqO~Nqj 294
Tz ÿfSë»¿ ¬NqjõF| 46, 47
TzO~öGRæöKeÿô*jÓj 130 ÿfSë»¿ ÀMLjôNqjõ 48
GR ÿfSë»¿ E~GSO§ 82
GR<íOqùF~Ój 325 ÿfSë»¿ F~DÍO§ 265
GRjE~KeFLj×¦ GH¸CLjÓj 359 ÿfSë»¿ F~Nqj¥qO§ 265
rRO§MLkEéÄ (ö$cMLj¸) 117 V^¥q MLßGRbKZ M~ÿFL¸ 356
aw<QZ MLjVE~F~Ój 155, 158, 185¬ÏEy1; VÓÿ¿Ä 289
ÿ fU¸ÍkGHmO§ 261
ÿ¸fH 155,158, 177, 178, 179, 220, 289, 296 fUMLkÓNqkÓj 49, 158, 159, 324
ÿ¸fH Q~GSF~Ój 157, 192 ¬DEy.; fU¿Nqj ÀOqjMLjÓO~×¦NqjõF| 244
ÿ¸GS MLjjöÍ 272 fUOqBcõQZøOqDÍ¸ 155, 159
ÿ¸GS M~ÿFL¸ 29, 278 sUMLj$qOqòó 155, 159
ÿÁF~<j gSMLj 254 sUMLkQZø¸ 159
ÿFLjMLj¸CLj<j 53, 60, 62, 65, 213, 348 GUxF~ïMLlOq(GUxFLMLO§) 136
ÿFLjMLjNqjõF| 285, 332 GUxNqjGSÓ EéQZ¸ 99
ÿFLjMLjNqjõO§ 39 GUxMn 136
ÿFLjMLjNqjõO§ ¬*ê¸$cO§ 349 GUxGS¥nOn 262
ÿ¿ (ÄGRjêMLl) 157 GUxNqjGSÓ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j 113
G xNqjGSÓ ML¸QZ¸ 122

U
GUxNqjGSÓ Ä£OqFLOqfS¸ÿj<j , MLjk<ML 118
GUxNqjGSÓ Ä£Oq MLPe÷+j<j, MLjk<ML 79, 119, 122
GUy_+ NqkÍMLl<j 123
rUÎÍO~KeÍj O~öGRæ¸ 166 ¬DEy.
Sources of Vijayanagar History 138, 162 ¬ÏEy1;
165 ¬ÏEy; 167¬ÏEy.1; 168 ¬ÏEy; 173, 176¬ÏEy.2;

181 ¬ÏEy4; 184¬ÏEy1; 185 ¬ÏEy.1; 190, 193
¬ÏEy3; 197¬ÏEy1; 198¬ÏEy; 199, 203, 216, 234,
282, 351
Dr. jouveau- Dubreuil 96

TTD Sasanalu Oka Nivedika

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

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      

        

        

        

P.S. -       

         

         

        

   

    

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2. öÀHG lO~¸CL¥q EéMLl<j 128

IX Ä×¦NqjFL$qOq O~¾Ój : GS¸$qMLjML¸QZ¸ 130 - 144

XI CLj+jML ML¸QZ¸ 154 - 340

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147 Q~GSF~Ój MLj¿Nqjj OqÄ£<jML¸QZ O~¾Ó¥cÓ¸ F~=h 135 Q~GSF~Ój °¸=etj.

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