Aquatreat®

Biocides

Cost-effective,
broad-spectrum biocides
2
Aquatreat biocides
Effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms
AQUATREAT biocides are EPA-registered, non-
oxidizing dithiocarbamates that have a long history
of proven performance. In cooling towers and
airwashers, experience has shown that AQUATREAT
biocides are effective in controlling both planktonic
and sessile microorganisms. In paper mills,
AQUATREAT biocides are known to be the most
cost-effective materials available for the control of
slime-forming bacteria and fungi in both virgin and
recycle mills. For both beet and cane sugar mills,
AQUATREAT biocides can be used to effectively
control mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that
commonly foul the sugar production process.
AQUATREAT biocides are especially effective in
controlling sulfate-reducing bacteria in many
applications, including drilling fluids and petroleum
recovery waters. Additional uses for AQUATREAT
biocides include sapstain control, fuel storage and
in-flue gas desulfurization thickeners.
AQUATREAT biocides are
proven to effectively control
microorganisms in:
• ooling water applications
C
• Pulp and paper applications
• Sugar applications
• Oilfield applications
Features and benefits
• EPA registered for a wide range of applications
• Meet FDA requirements for use in paper and sugar
applications
• Cost effective
• Effective against a broad spectrum of
microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and algae:
• Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
• Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)
• Yeasts and molds
• Legionella
• Compatibility and strong performance in a wide
range of environments/conditions
• Broad pH and temperature stability
• Organic loading
• Dissolved and suspended solids
• Not persistent in discharge waters
• Favorable handling and toxicity compared with
competitive materials
3
 Product chemistry
AQUATREAT biocides are based on dithiocarbamate
chemistry. AQUATREAT SDM (Figure 1) and
AQUATREAT KM (Figure 2) are single-component
biocides based on the sodium and potassium salts
of dimethyldithiocarbamate. AQUATREAT DNM-9,
AQUATREAT DNM-30 and AQUATREAT DNM-360
are dual-component biocides based on a blend
of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate and disodium
ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate (Figure 3). S S

H3C C H3C C

N S Na
-+ N S-+K
Figure 1: Sodium Figure 2: Potassium Figure 3: Dual-component biocides
dimethyldithiocarbamate dimethyldithiocarbamate CH3 CH3

AQUATREAT SDM AQUATREAT KM AQUATREAT DNM-9, DNM-30, DNM-360

S S S S

S S

H3C H3C C C H3C H3C C C

H3C C H S-+Na
N
N N S NaS Na
-+ -+ N N S K S-+K -+ N
S Na
-+
S Na
-+ N
H

CH3 S

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

AQUATREAT biocides are applicable for a wide range

of industrial uses. Table
S
1 Ssummarizes acceptable
S S
use
1600

patterns for these products. 1400 250

H3C H3C C C 1200 H H S NaS-+Na

-+
N N 200

Table 1: Application
N N use patterns
1000
mg Chlorophyll/cm2

N
mg/kg

N
S NaS Na S NaS Na
-+ -+ -+ -+
H H 800 150

Maintenance Dose
Pulp & Cane
600 Hydro- 100

CH3 CH3 S S Slug

Cooling Air Paper Sugar
400 Beet Sugar Drilling Carbon
AQUATREAT DNM-30
Petroleum Sapstain
Dosage

Product Towers Washers Mills Mills

200 Mills Fluids Isothiazolin Fluids Recovery50 Control
Gluteraldehyde
0
AQUATREAT SDM • • • • • • 0
0
• 1 2 3 4 5

AQUATREAT KM • • • •

AQUATREAT DNM-9 • • • 3000 • • • •

100
Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

Dithiocarbamate

AQUATREAT DNM-30 • • • 2500 • • • • • 80

mg Chlorophyll/cm2

2000
AQUATREAT DNM-360 • • • • • • • 60
mg/kg

1600 1600
1500
40
1400 1400 250 250
1000

1200 1200 AQUATREAT DNM-30

20
500200 200
Isothiazolin
1000 1000
mg Chlorophyll/cm2
mg Chlorophyll/cm2

0
mg/kg
mg/kg

Gluteraldehyde 0 20 40 60
0
150 150 Days
800 800
Maintenance
Maintenance Dose Dose
600 600 100
100
Slug Slug
Dosage
Dosage
400 400
AQUATREAT
AQUATREAT DNM-30
DNM-30
50 50
200 200 Isothiazolin
Isothiazolin

Gluteraldehyde
Gluteraldehyde
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7

30003000
100 100
4
Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl
Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

2500 2500
80 80
ll/cm2
2

20002000
l/cm
 CH3 CH3

Toxicology S S As with any biocide, care must be taken to eliminate

AQUATREAT biocides have a low order of toxicity the 1600
possibility of release of AQUATREAT biocides
to humans. Tables H3C2 and 3 show
C
comparative data into1400
natural waterways
H such as lakes, streams, rivers
S-+Na
N
for AQUATREAT DNM-30Nin eye and skin irritation and oceans. AQUATREAT products are not persistent
N 1200
S-+Na S-+Na H
studies. Figures 4 and 5 show comparative oral and biocides. Degradation of the products occurs as a
1000

mg/kg
dermal toxicity with AQUATREAT DNM-30 and other result of oxidation, sunlight,
S lower pH and microbial
CH3 800
commonly used biocides. AQUATREAT biocides are action.
600
known to be toxic to fish and aquatic organisms.
400
AQUATREAT DNM-30
200 Isothiazolin

Gluteraldehyde
0

Figure 4: Oral toxicity - LD50 Figure 5: Dermal toxicity - LD50

1600
3000
1400 250
2500
1200
200
1000 2000

mg Chlorophyll/cm2
mg/kg

mg/kg

150
800
1500
Maintenance Dose
600
100
Slug
1000 Dosage
400
AQUATREAT DNM-30
50 AQUATREAT DNM-30
200 Isothiazolin 500 Isothiazolin
Gluteraldehyde
0 0 Gluteraldehyde
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3000
100
Table 2: Eye irritation in rabbits Table 3: Skin irritation in rabbits
Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl
2500
80
Classification under Classification under
Biocide 21 CFR 191.12 Biocide 21 CFR 191.11
mg Chlorophyll/cm2

2000
60
AQUATREAT DNM-30 Non-irritant AQUATREAT DNM-30 Non-irritant
mg/kg

1500
Isothiazolin Corrosive Isothiazolin Severe Irritant
40
Gluteraldehyde
1000 Severe Irritant Gluteraldehyde Severe Irritant
DBNPA Severe Irritant
AQUATREAT DNM-30
DBNPA 20 Severe Irritant
500 Isothiazolin
0
Gluteraldehyde 0 20 40 60 80
0
Days

5
 Cooling water Algae control using AQUATREAT DNM-30
Algae are organisms that use light energy and
applications carbon dioxide from the air to produce organic
biomass. They represent a broad range of unicellular
and filamentous organisms. Most system operators
Cooling towers and air washers also refer to the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) as
AQUATREAT biocides are particularly effective in members of the algal group, although they are most
controlling problematic organisms in both open closely related to bacteria.
recirculating and closed cooling water systems. In
open recirculating systems, AQUATREAT biocides Algae cause a number of direct and indirect
are effective against algae and bacteria commonly problems in water treatment systems. Directly,
found in bulk water and in biofilms. In closed-loop many algae grow in dense fibrous mats that plug
systems, it is particularly important to control sulfate- distribution piping, accelerate corrosion and overall
reducing bacteria (SRB), denitrifying bacteria and reduce system performance. These mats also
other anaerobic bacteria. Due to their functionality provide areas for the growth of corrosion-causing
and compatibility in reducing environments, anaerobic bacteria. Another important effect of algal
AQUATREAT biocides are often the biocides of growth is the continuous removal of carbon dioxide
choice in closed-loop cooling systems. In air during the daylight hours. This can alter water
washers, AQUATREAT biocides offer the user broad chemistry and complicate normal scale control
functionality and a low order of toxicity relative to treatment programs.
other commonly used materials.

Table 4: AQUATREAT DNM-30 efficacy data

Algae Type Source MIC*

Ulothrix spp. Filamentous green algae Cooling tower effluent 5-10

Heterocapsa pygmaea Slime-forming algae Estuary in-take water 2.5-5

Euglena gracilis Unicellular flagellate ATCC* 12894 5-10

Chlorella pyrenoidosa Unicellular green algae ATCC 7516 15-20

Scenedesmus obliquus Unicellular green algae ATCC 11457 20-25

Phormidium spp. (mat) Filamentous blue green Cooling tower isolate (Gulf coast) 20-25

Oscillatoria prolifera Filamentous blue green Unknown 2.5-5

Oscillatoria spp. Filamentous blue green Carolina Biological 1-5

Cooling tower enrichment Mixed culture of green and blue-green algae Cooling tower (South Dakota) 15-20

Cooling tower enrichment Mixed culture of green and blue-green algae Cooling tower (southern Minnesota) 20-25

Cooling tower enrichment Mixed culture of green and blue-green algae Cooling tower (Montana) 35-40
* The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests were conducted in the medium specified by the source supplier (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD; Carolina Bio-
logical Co., [CBC]) or in Alga Gro Medium (CBC) for pure cultures or in Alga Gro Medium reconstituted in filter-sterilized cooling tower basin water for cooling tower enrichments.
6
 CH3 CH3

S S

Indirectly, the consequence of algal growth can be Following an initial slug dosage (400 ppm) of
H S-+Na the algal biomass was
evenHmore
3
C S C detrimental. Algae convert
severe and S AQUATREAT
N DNM-30,
inorganic carbon N (CO2) into organicS-+biomass.
S-+Na Na AsNthis reduced to about 50 mg/cm2 and was readily
H
H
biomass C dies, it contributes nutrients that fuel the
C H
maintained S-+Na
at less than 100 mg/cm2 with a routine
3
N
growth of otherNCH3 bacteria. SThese
-+
Na bacteria
S-+Na can foul
N maintenance S dosage of 20-40 ppm. Figure 7 shows
H
heat exchanger surfaces and contribute the alternating treatment of AQUATREAT DNM-30
to corrosion, CHe.g., sulfate-reducing bacteria. (20-40 ppm)S and sodium hypochlorite in the same
3
system. In this study, algal growth on the tower deck
Laboratory studies was more effectively controlled during AQUATREAT
Laboratory studies are often used to obtain DNM-30 treatment than with sodium hypochlorite.
preliminary efficacy data and establish baseline dose
response information. It is important that a biocide
demonstrates a broad range of activity. AQUATREAT Figure 6: Algal biomass reduction using DNM-30
1600
DNM-30 has been tested against a number of
1400 250
pure and field-obtained enrichment cultures from
1600
1200
a variety of sources as shown in Table 4. These 200
1400
1000 250
data show that AQUATREAT DNM-30 is effective
mg Chlorophyll/cm2
mg/kg

1200 150
800 at low-use concentrations against a wide variety of 200
Maintenance Dose
1000 filamentous and unicellular algae.
mg Chlorophyll/cm2

600
mg/kg

100
150 Slug
800
400 Dosage
AQUATREAT DNM-30
600
200
Field studies Isothiazolin 100
50 Maintenance Dose

Slug
400 0
AQUATREAT dithiocarbamates have been used and
Gluteraldehyde Dosage
AQUATREAT DNM-30 0
evaluated in a number of cooling water systems for 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
200 Isothiazolin
their efficacy against planktonic and mat-forming
Gluteraldehyde
0 0
algae. Figures 6 and 7 (following page) document 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

their ability to control algal mat formation using Figure 7: Algal control – AQUATREAT DNM-30
3000
alternating slug and maintenance dosages. vs. hypochlorite
100
Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl
2500
3000 80
System conditions 100
mg Chlorophyll/cm2

Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl

Dithiocarbamate

NaOCl
2000
2500 • Bulk water capacity—35,000 gallons 60
mg/kg

80
1500 • Bulk water temperature—80–100° F
mg Chlorophyll/cm2

2000 40
• Bulk water pH—8.0–8.6 60
mg/kg

1000
1500 • Total dissolved solids—1,000–2,000 ppm 20
AQUATREAT DNM-30
40
500 Isothiazolin
1000
Figure 6 depicts data from aGluteraldehyde
cooling tower deck in 20
0
0 20 40 60 80
0 AQUATREAT DNM-30
500 southern Minnesota. The tower deck had severe
Isothiazolin
Days

algal and cyanobacterial fouling problems, especially

Gluteraldehyde
0
0 20 40 60 80
0
in the mid-summer cooling season. Replicate 5 Days

cm2 coupons were installed on the deck early in

the season, and algal growth was monitored by
removing coupons and measuring algal biomass
by chlorophyll determination. Without biocide
treatment (Figure 6) greater than 200 mg/cm2, algal
biomass accumulated on the coupons.

7
 Problematic bacterial control using Figure 8: Effectiveness of AQUATREAT DNM-30
AQUATREAT DNM-30 against aerobic heterotrophs in an industrial
Bacteria pose various mechanical, economic and air washer
public health issues in cooling water systems. As 1.00E+07
a result, microbiologically influenced corrosion 0 ppm

(MIC) is recognized as one of the most significant 1.00E+06

issues in industrial water treatment, resulting in

CFU/mL
25 ppm
1.00E+05 91.8%
equipment failure and economic loss. Bacterial 50 ppm
97.3%
accumulation in the form of biofilms contributes to
1.00E+04
significant mechanical problems, such as fouling
of heat exchangers, restriction of flow and fouling 1.00E+03

of cooling tower fill. The formation of biofilm in

heat exchangers or on cooling tower fill can have
a significant impact on the costs associated with
achieving desired cooling. The presence of bacteria
such as Legionella spp. in cooling water systems has
been recognized as a major public health issue.
There is a large variety of aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria that are found in industrial cooling
water systems. AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been
demonstrated to be effective against a wide variety
of bacteria. Table 5 shows the MIC, in parts per
million, of AQUATREAT DNM-30 necessary to
control a number of different gram negative and
gram positive bacteria. Figure 8 shows effectiveness
of AQUATREAT DNM-30 against aerobic
heterotrophic bacteria in an industrial air washer.
Table 5: Minimum inhibitory concentrations for
problematic bacteria
Organism Source Enrichment
Medium
Gram negative bacteria
Escherichia coli ATCC 29990 API-H (mod)
Escherichia coli UM 0315 API-H (mod)
Gram negative bacteria such as the Pseudomonas
species listed above are likely to be found in most
cooling water systems and are among the most
difficult to control with commercially available
biocides. Pseudomonads are recognized as
prolific biofilm-producing bacteria. Gram positive
bacteria such as the spore-forming bacilli are also
found in industrial water systems. These bacteria
contribute to biofouling and other microbiological-
related problems. Iron-oxidizing bacteria, including
Sphaerotilus, form surface deposits and accelerate
localized corrosion.
Other bacteria, such as Escherichia and Salmonella,
are among the common waterborne pathogens.
While most cooling water systems are operated at
alkaline pH, it is important for a biocide to exhibit
activity over a broad pH range. Figure 9 shows the
activity of AQUATREAT DNM-30 at pH 5, 7 and 9.
MIC*
(ppm) The data demonstrate effectiveness over a broad pH
range against aerobic bacteria in a cooling
55-60 water sample.
60-65

Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525 API-H (mod) 85-90

Figure 9: Broad pH performance of
Pseudomonas putida ATCC 12633 API-H (mod) 60-65
AQUATREAT DNM-30
Enterobacter aerogenes UM 0298 API-H (mod) 35-40
1.00E+08
Salmonella typhirmurium ATCC 14028 API-H (mod) 55-60
1.00E+07
Gram positive bacteria
Bacillus cereus NRRL B4278 API-H (mod) 15-20 1.00E+06
CFU/mL

Staphylococcus aureus UM 0115 API-H (mod) 5-10 1.00E+05

DNM-30 (pH 5)
Iron oxidizing bacteria Control (pH 5)
1.00E+04
Control (pH 7)
Sphaerotilus natans ATCC 15291 Iron isolation 1-5 1.00E+03 DNM-30 (pH 7)
medium std. Control (pH 9)
1.00E+02 DNM-30 (pH 9)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (H)

8
A current and especially serious public health
problem found in industrial water systems is the
occurrence of Legionella pneumophilia. Legionella
is a relatively ubiquitous organism found in water
and soil. Because of the nature of industrial cooling
tower systems, Legionella has the potential to
accumulate and be distributed in tower aerosols. The
organism is unusual in that it invades and multiplies
within an amoeba. When outside of the amoeba, the
bacterium is relatively easy to control.
When present inside the amoeba, its control is much
more difficult. The conditions presented in Figure 10
show how the functionality of AQUATREAT DNM-
30 for control of unassociated Legionella compares
with that of other available biocides. Figure 11 shows
the efficacy of AQUATREAT DNM-30 for amoeba-
associated bacteria. This study shows that DNM-
30 has the capacity to penetrate amoeba and kill
intracellular Legionella.
Figure 10: Reduction of unassociated
Legionella pneumophila
400
350
300
MIC (ppm Active)
SRB data
The sulfate reducers are a group of anaerobic
bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide from the
reduction of sulfate and other sulfur species during
their growth process. While difficult to detect, SRB
are ubiquitous in most industrial water systems
where anaerobic conditions exist. SRB cause
severe corrosion and odor problems in both open
recirculating and closed cooling water systems.
The economic implications of SRB in industrial
water systems are significant due to the intensity
of under-deposit and pitting corrosion that they
often cause. AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been found
to be especially effective in the control of SRB in
both open recirculating and closed cooling water
systems.
Figure 12 shows data from a laboratory study in
which AQUATREAT DNM-30 was used to treat
cooling tower sludge. A sludge-in-water sample
was treated with an initial dose of 120 ppm of
AQUATREAT DNM-30, and the number of viable
SRB was determined versus time, using an MPN
technique. The data show that the initial dose
produced a reduction from 105 to 104 SRB/gram of
sludge. A subsequent 120 ppm dose of AQUATREAT

250
DNM-30 effectively reduced the population to less
200
than 101 SRB/gram of sludge.
150 SMB
DBNPA
100 DN-30
50 DNM-30
Isothiazolin
0 Quat

Figure 11: Reduction of amoeba-grown Legionella Figure 12: Reduction of SRB in cooling tower sludge
(6-hr exposure) using AQUATREAT DNM-30
1.00E+07
Control
10,000
1.00E+06
MPN SRB/g Sludge

1,000 1.00E+05
Legionella CFU/mL

1.00E+04
100 Dithiocarbamate
at 120 ppm
1.00E+03
(as product)
10 1.00E+02

CFU/mL 1.00E+01
0
0 20 60 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
ppm DNM-30 (active) Hours

9
 Figure 13 shows a field study in which AQUATREAT Figure 14: AQUATREAT DNM-30 static cell death
DNM-30 was evaluated for efficacy against of attached bacteria in a closed chilled water Loop
planktonic SRB in a closed, chilled-water loop. (6-hr exposure)
The number of SRB was counted for five weeks prior
1.00E+07
to the addition of AQUATREAT DNM-30. During
week five, a 120 ppm dose of AQUATREAT DNM-30 1.00E+06

CFU/cm2
was added to the system. The number of SRB was
1.00E+05
counted for an additional five weeks after the
biocide addition. 1.00E+04
Control
100 ppm
1.00E+03 DNM-30
Figure 13: AQUATREAT DNM-30 efficacy for Total Anaerobes Total SRB
planktonic SRBs

1.00E+06 Another group of microorganisms that is often found

in closed-loop systems is denitrifying bacteria. These
1.00E+05
120 ppm DNM-30 microorganisms are especially prevalent where
MPN SRB/mL

1.00E+04
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (Weeks)
The data show that a single dosage of AQUATREAT
DNM-30 effectively lowered the total SRB from 105
SRB/mL to less than 101 SRB/mL.
In Figure 14, a Robbins biofilm-monitoring device
was installed on a closed, chilled-water loop. After
a two-week fouling period, coupons were removed
and immersed in a 100 ppm solution of AQUATREAT
DNM-30 for six hours. Replicate coupons were
removed and immersed in a solution containing
no biocide for the same duration. After exposure,
the coupons were scraped and evaluated for total
aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and total
SRB. The data indicate that AQUATREAT DNM-30
effectively lowered the total anaerobic population
and was highly effective at killing the SRB contained
in the biofilm.
nitrite inhibitors are used for corrosion control. Their
activity not only causes the typical microbial
problems but also results in the depletion of the
nitrite inhibitor.
12
Figure 15 shows data from a closed-loop system
where nitrite was used for corrosion control. The
system pH was buffered to 10.2 using sodium
borate. In this system, nitrite was being depleted due
to reduction by denitrifying bacteria. AQUATREAT
DNM-30 was added to the system, and a significant
reduction of total heterotrophic and denitrifying
bacteria was observed. The heterotrophic bacteria
were enumerated on plate count agar (Difco
Laboratories) and denitrifying bacteria were
quantified by MPN technique. The data show the
pronounced efficacy of AQUATREAT DNM-30 for
both the heterotrophic and denitrifying populations.
Figure 15: AQUATREAT DNM-30 vs.
denitrifying bacteria
1.00E+06
CFU/mL or MPN/mL

1.00E+05

1.00E+04

1.00E+03

1.00E+02
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (H)

Heterotrophs (0 ppm) Heterotrophs (176 ppm)

Denitrifiers (0 ppm) Denitrifiers (176 ppm)

10
Another method of evaluating the efficacy of
a treatment program is by quantification of
cellular damage after exposure to a biocide. The
percentage of cellular damage can be determined
by epifluorescent microscopy using a combination
of fluorescent dyes. Cells exhibiting a green
fluorescence are relatively uninjured, while cells
exhibiting an orange to red fluorescence are injured
or dead. Using this technique, two chilled water
samples from closed-loop systems were treated
with AQUATREAT DNM-30. The sample labeled
Chilled Water #1 consisted of primary chilled water
from a commercial bank operating 24 hours per day.
The sample labeled Chilled Water #2 was obtained
from a central plant that supplied chilled water to
10 surrounding buildings. The chilled water from
this system had not been drained for approximately
20 years and contained dozens of primary and
secondary loops. The data in Figure 16 show that
AQUATREAT DNM-30 has good efficacy in both of
these challenging systems after a 12-hour exposure.
Figure 16: cellular damage in chilled water systems
50
DNM-30 12-hr. Exposure
45
40
35
% cellular damage
30
25
20
15
10
5 0 ppm
120 ppm
0
Chilled water #1 Chilled water #2
Summary of cooling tower data
AQUATREAT DNM-30 is a very effective biocide
for problematic microorganisms in both open
recirculating and closed cooling water systems.
AQUATREAT DNM-30 has proven especially effective
for the control of anaerobic microorganisms
such as SRB and denitrifying bacteria. Additionally,
AQUATREAT DNM-30 is effective in closed-loop
systems because of its stability in reduced or
non-oxidizing environments.
All AQUATREAT biocides are anionic reducing
agents. These characteristics provide excellent
compatibility with other common additives used for
scale and corrosion control.
Because of their reducing characteristics,
AQUATREAT biocides should not be fed in close
proximity to an oxidizing biocide or in systems
where a continuous residual of oxidizing biocide
is maintained. In systems where oxidizing biocides
are used, AQUATREAT biocides can be an effective
treatment on an alternating feed basis.
AQUATREAT biocides are known to complex
heavy metals that can be present in cooling water
systems. The presence of low levels of heavy
metals such as zinc (added for corrosion control)
or iron in a cooling water can preclude the use
of AQUATREAT biocides. Other additives such as
phosphates, azoles, phosphonates and polymers
may sufficiently stabilize heavy metals. AQUATREAT
biocides are compatible with molybdate (MoO42-)
containing treatments. Before use in any system,
the compatibility of AQUATREAT biocides should
be examined using samples from the system’s
circulating water. See product label for dosage
information.
Benefits of AQUATREAT biocides
in cooling water applications
• Effective control of problematic SRB
and denitrifying bacteria
• Excellent compatibility with additives
used for scale and corrosion control
• Inherent stability in reducing
environments found in closed-loop
systems
• Not a persistent biocide
• Effective for a broad range of algae
and bacteria
• Low order of toxicity to humans
• Non-foaming
11
 Pulp & paper
applications
In paper manufacture, large volumes of water are
used in grinding and conveying pulp. The same
water is also used as a medium for forming the
paper web. This water is recycled throughout the
papermaking process and is often a significant
source of microbial contamination. The result of
contamination can lead to significant problems, such
slime formation on the wet end was also observed.
To solve the problem, several biocides were
evaluated in both the virgin and recycled fiber at
process temperature. The results are shown in
Figures 17-22.
Figure 17: Virgin fiber – total acid-forming
anaerobic bacteria
1.00E+04
1.00E+03

as imperfections or loss of paper, mill downtime

CFU/g

Control
1.00E+02
DNM-30
and equipment failure. One problem compounding Quat
1.00E+01 MBT
microbial control issues is the use of recycled fiber, DBNPA
which contains a much higher microbial load. An 1.00E+00 Isothiazolone

effective biocide must have good microbial control

across a range of pH and temperature conditions Figure 18: Virgin fiber – total anaerobic bacteria
and exhibit functionality in applications, using both
1.00E+07
virgin and recycled fiber. AQUATREAT biocides have
proven effective in such systems and are widely used 1.00E+06

to control slime yeasts and fungi associated with

1.00E+05
CFU/g

paper mill applications.

Control
1.00E+04
DNM-30
Quat
Case study 1 1.00E+03 MBT
DBNPA
AQUATREAT DNM-30 has proven cost effective Isothiazolone
1.00E+02
for control of microorganisms associated with
fouling in pulp and paper applications. Pulp is
digested at relatively high temperatures, and
Figure 19: Virgin fiber – total aerobic bacteria
these temperatures are maintained throughout
the papermaking process. Therefore, a primary 1.00E+08
group of microorganisms that must be controlled
1.00E+07
is thermophilic (grown optimally at temperatures
above 45°C) bacteria. A study was conducted with 1.00E+06
CFU/g

samples from a paper mill that was experiencing 1.00E+05

Control
DNM-30
serious microbial problems. The microbial problems Quat
1.00E+04 MBT
included significant pH reductions in the primary DBNPA
buffer and in the machine stock chest. Excessive 1.00E+03 Isothiazolone

12
The data in Figures 17-22 demonstrate that
AQUATREAT DNM-30 is a cost-effective biocide in
both virgin and recycled fiber. AQUATREAT
DNM-30 was particularly effective against
thermophilic anaerobic bacteria, including those
causing the pH reduction in the system.
Figure 20: Recycled fiber – total acid-forming
anaerobic bacteria
1.00E+05
Control
1.00E+04
DNM-30
CFU/g
Case history II
A 650-ton-per-day mill producing clay-coated
recycled paperboard was in the process of closing its
water system (increasing the use of recycled water
and reducing effluent volume). Excess machine
whitewater was clarified with a disc saveall. The
clarified water from the saveall was used as shower
water on the paper machines. The microbial load of
the water system had been evaluated on a weekly
basis from the start of the recycled water program.
Chlorine was applied to the influent water, paper
machine stock system and saveall influent. Chlorine

Quat
1.00E+03 MBT
residuals were tested on each shift. Shortly after
DBNPA switching to recycled water, total bacterial counts
Isothiazolone
1.00E+02
increased 1,000 times and deposit problems began
to occur on the paper machine. The deposits were
especially prevalent on felt transfer rolls and suction
Figure 21: Recycled fiber – total aerobic bacteria boxes. Deposits periodically broke free and caused
1.00E+08
sheet breaks. The deposits were analyzed and
found to be over 90% microbiological, principally
1.00E+07
slime. Deposits were also found downstream on
CFU/g

Control
1.00E+06 the showers that had been converted to recycled
DNM-30
Quat water. It was determined that the most cost-effective
1.00E+05 MBT
DBNPA program would be to treat only the recycled
1.00E+04 Isothiazolone
shower water. A biocide evaluation was performed
comparing a variety of biocides. AQUATREAT
DNM-30 was found to have the highest bacterial kill
Figure 22: Recycled fiber – total anaerobic bacteria activity in the system and was determined to be the
1.00E+08
most cost-effective biocide.

1.00E+07
After a system boil-out and cleanup, a biological
1.00E+06 control program using AQUATREAT DNM-30 was
CFU/g

Control
initiated. AQUATREAT DNM-30 was fed to the
1.00E+05
DNM-30 discharge side of the shower water supply pump at
Quat
1.00E+04 MBT an initial rate of 80 ppm and later reduced to
DBNPA
1.00E+03 Isothiazolone 50 ppm. Total bacterial counts were reduced by
100 times.

Note for Figures 17-22: Measurements taken after 8 hours

of exposure to biocide. Benzalkonium chloride (Quat) was
treated at 50 ppm, AQUATREAT DMN-30 was treated at 50
ppm, methylene-bis-thiocyanate (MBT) was treated at 20 ppm,
dibromonitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) was treated at 50 ppm and
isothiazolone was treated at 25 ppm.

13
 Another significant problem in pulp and paper
systems is the growth of yeast and mold.
Dithiocarbamates are well known as highly effective
fungicides. In Figures 23 and 24, AQUATREAT DNM-
30 is compared to DBNPA and isothiazolone against
mold and yeast. Similar results against fungi have
been observed in other applications.
Figure 23: AQUATREAT DNM–30 antifungal activity
1.00E+06
Mold ( Aspergillus niger )
Control
CFU/mL
Summary of pulp and paper data
AQUATREAT biocides should be fed as early as
possible into the system at such points as the
hydropulper, furnish chest or broke system.
AQUATREAT biocides can be used to control slime
on machines that make paper and paperboard
for use in food packaging regulated under 21
CFR 176.300. AQUATREAT biocides offer the
additional advantages of being non-foaming and
non-corrosive to equipment. Special feed pumps,
gaskets, line feeds and supply systems are not
required. AQUATREAT biocides are supplied as
aqueous solutions containing no organic solvents.
AQUATREAT biocides are safe for systems supplying

1.00E+05
DBNPA (25 ppm) water to paper machine showers and are not
Isothiazolone (25 ppm) irritating to mill personnel.
DNM-30 (60 ppm)

1.00E+04
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (H)

Benefits of AQUATREAT biocides

Figure 24: AQUATREAT DNM–30 antifungal activity in pulp and paper applications

1.00E+06
• Effective over a wide pH range
Control
1.00E+05 • Effective on slime-forming bacteria,
DBNPA (25 ppm) fungi and yeasts
1.00E+04
CFU/mL

Yeast ( Candida spp. )

• Meet FDA criteria for use on machines
1.00E+03 making paper or board for use in food
DNM-30 (60 ppm) packaging (21 CFR 176.300)
1.00E+02
Isothiazolone (25 ppm) • Non-irritating to personnel
1.00E+01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (H)

14
Sugar applications Figure 25: Total sugar concentration
200

Beet and cane sugar

160
Dithiocarbamate biocides such as AQUATREAT DNM-30 (20 ppm)

DNM-30 are among the few products approved 120

(g/L)
Competitive
by both EPA and FDA for sugar production. Product A*
80
Microorganisms account for significant product loss, Control

prolific formation of biofilms, organic acid formation, 40

0 20 40 60
Hours
pH drops and equipment corrosion. These problems
*Disodium Cyanodithioimidocarbonate + Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate
are caused by both mesophillic (optimal growth
between 22° and 44°C) and thermophilic bacteria
that enter with the beet or cane stock and proliferate
throughout the system. These bacteria are largely Figure 26: System pH
comprised of spore-forming organisms such as 7

Bacillus and Clostridium spp. and a number of lactic

6
acid bacteria (i.e., Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus). DNM-30 (20 ppm)

AQUATREAT biocides have a long history of

pH

5
demonstrated efficacy in both cane and beet
4
sugar mills. Competitive Control
Product A*
3
Laboratory studies 0 20
Hours
40 60

Laboratory studies demonstrate the functionality of *Disodium Cyanodithioimidocarbonate + Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate

AQUATREAT DNM-30 for use in the treatment of a

beet sugar system. In these studies, fresh samples of
raw recirculating juice were incubated across time Figure 27: Lactic acid
at 55°C. During incubation, aliquots were taken and 0.5
analyzed for total sugar, total lactic acid and pH. Control
0.4
Figures 25-27 show a comparison of AQUATREAT
Concentration (g/L)

DNM-30 with a competitive biocide for their relative 0.3

Competitive
Product A*
ability to maintain total sugar content in circulating 0.2
raw juice, limit pH reduction and suppress lactic acid DNM-30 (20 ppm)
0.1
formation. AQUATREAT DNM-30 shows superior
efficacy relative to the competitive material. 0.0
0 20 40 60
Hours

*Disodium Cyanodithioimidocarbonate + Potassium N-methyldithiocarbamate

15
 Field Studies Figure 29: Lactic acid concentration in
Beet Sugar Field Study I diffuser samples
A beet sugar production factory in California
250
employs a 5,000-ton tower diffuser system. The
normal chemical treatment before this trial was a 200

Concentration (mg/L)
shock dose of formaldehyde. No formaldehyde was 150
added in the seven days prior to this trial. Six samples
100
were selected for monitoring. These samples
included: 50

0
0 20 40 60 80
• Raw juice leaving cossette mixer
Hours
• Circulation juice before heaters Top Bottom Middle
• Bottom of diffuser
• Middle of diffuser
• Top of diffuser Figure 30: Thermophilic bacteria counts in juice
• Pulp press water at the screens and water samples

1.00E+04
Initial sampling was conducted prior to the addition 45° C
of AQUATREAT DNM-30 at a rate of 10 ppm/kg
Concentration (CFU/mL)

1.00E+03
beets. In addition, the spray water at the separator
rolls also received 8 pounds of AQUATREAT DNM- 1.00E+02

30 per 1,000 tons of beets. Samples were collected 72 °C

66°C
at the indicated process points across a 72-hour 1.00E+01

period. The results of the testing are shown in

1.00E+00
Figures 28-31. At all sample points, a clear reduction 0 20 40 60 80

in total thermophilic bacteria was observed. Across Hours

Raw Juice Circulating Juice Press Water

the 72 hours of the trial, a significant reduction in
lactic acid formation was also observed.

Figure 31: Lactic acud concentration in juice

Figure 28: Thermophilic bacteria counts and water samples
300
104
65°C 250
Concentration (mg/L)

10 3
200
66°C
CFU/mL

70°C
102 150

100
101
50

100
0 20 40 60 0
80
Hours 0 20 40 60 80
Hours
Top Bottom Middle
Raw Juice Circulating Juice Press Water

16
 1.00E+08 8
ClO2 DNM-30 ClO2
(20 ppm)
7.5
1.00E+07
7

Concentration CFU/g
1.00E+06
6.5
1.00E+05 6
5.5
Cane sugar Study I in sucrose
1.00E+04 gelatin agar and by analysis of sucrose
5
This factory processes 3,000 tons of beets per day levels. The results presented in Figure 33 indicate
1.00E+03
4.5
and alternates biocide use between chlorine dioxide that1.00E+02
(at the concentration used) the AQUATREAT 4
and AQUATREAT DNM-30. Both biocides were DNM-30 at0 20 ppm acts primarily Days
as a bacteriostat8
Mesophiles Thermophiles pH
added alternately to the press pulp water prior to preventing multiplication of the bacteria.
entering the diffuser. The biocides were applied at
a concentration of 20 mg/kg beet. Over an eight- Figure 33: Cane sugar “crusher juice” DNM-30
day period, the diffuser juice was monitored for (20 ppm)
totalmesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The 9 84
results are presented in Figure 32. The data show 8

Concentration (CFU/mL x 106)

Percent Sugar
that AQUATREAT DNM-30 provided an equal level of 7
82
Total Bacteria
control of total thermophiles and significantly better 6

% Sugar
80
control of total mesophiles throughout the duration 5

of the trial. 4
78
Leuconostoc
3
2 76
Figure 32: Diffuser samples 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours
1.00E+08 8
ClO2 DNM-30 ClO2
(20 ppm)
7.5
1.00E+07
7
Concentration CFU/g

1.00E+06
6.5 Summary of sugar data
1.00E+05 6
Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated
5.5
1.00E+04 that AQUATREAT DNM-30 is effective in controlling
5
1.00E+03 bacteria associated with both cane and beet sugar
4.5
4
manufacturing. In addition, the low relative cost of
1.00E+02
0 Days 8 AQUATREAT DNM-30 and its ability to reduce sugar
Mesophiles Thermophiles pH
loss and control organic acid production and pH
make it an excellent biocide for such applications.

Cane sugar mill Study II

This 9
cane sugar mill processed 3,000 tons per day84
of sugar
8 cane using mill tandems. Raw cane was Benefits of AQUATREAT biocides
Concentration (CFU/mL x 106)

Percent Sugar
washed
7 to remove solids prior to crushing in the 82 in sugar applications:
first6 twoTotal Bacteria
crushers. The extracted juice, known as
% Sugar

80
“crusher
5 juice,” contains upwards of 80% sucrose. • EPA registered
Cane 4 continues through the tandem mills where
78 • Meet FDA criteria under 176.320
Leuconostoc
more 3 sugar is extracted. The juice from each • Effective against difficult-to-treat
mill2 is0 recirculated
2
to4 an earlier
6
mill.8 All the
10
juices12 76 thermophilic, spore-forming bacteria
were then combined to form the “dilute juice.”
Hours
• Reduces sugar loss and organic acid
The troublesome organism in this system was formation
Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which is responsible • Cost effective at typical use levels
for significant sugar inversion and aggressive slime
formation.

AQUATREAT DNM-30 was applied to this system

at a rate of 20 ppm or about 34 mL/min based on
3,000 tons/day. The effectiveness of control was
determined by measuring Leuconostoc counts

17
 Oilfield applications
Secondary and tertiary oil recovery
In some oil recovery operations, water is injected
into the ground under high pressure to force residual
crude oil toward a producing well. The water is
forced through the very small pores of the core rock
formation. Any bacterial growth in this water will
tend to block pores in the formation, rendering the
process far less efficient. Additionally, bacteria, such
as SRB, produce by-products that cause significant
corrosion of pipe and equipment.
In these injection systems, AQUATREAT biocides
are highly effective for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
and water floods. They are used in both secondary
and tertiary recovery because of their stability in the
presence of oxygen scavengers and their non-
corrosive characteristics. AQUATREAT biocides are
nonaldehyde products with broad activity against
Institute (API) RP-39 MIC test. The test was amended
to include a broad spectrum of SRB, including
both cataloged strains and oil field injection water
isolates. Table 6 shows that AQUATREAT DNM-30
is very effective against many types of SRB at use
concentrations.
AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been evaluated in a
number of oil field injection waters. In Figure 34, a
sample from a Wyoming secondary flood project
with a significantly high iron content was treated with
AQUATREAT DNM-30, and the total heterotrophic
and SRB were followed across time. The data show
good control over total heterotrophic bacteria and
excellent activity against SRB.
Figure 34: AQUATREAT DNM-30 in injection water
1.00E+06
Controls
1.00E+05
CPU/mL or MPN SRB/mL

both aerobes and anaerobes yet have a low order of 1.00E+04

toxicity to humans. They are very cost effective when
compared with isothiazolone compounds because 1.00E+03
Heterotrophs
{ 60 ppm DNM-30
120 ppm DNM-30

Injection Water (pH = 6.3)+200 ppm Fe

they are more active, cost less per pound, are safer 1.00E+02

and exhibit control over a longer period. SRB (60 ppm) DNM-30
1.00E+01
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time (h)
The activity of AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been
demonstrated using the American Petroleum

Table 6: Sulfur-reducing bacteria—laboratory pure cultures and enrichments

Sulfate-reducer Source Enrichment System MIC (ppm)

Desulfovibrio spp. ATCC 7757 Med-42 20-25
Desulfovibrio spp. Oil field Injection Water (New Mexico) Postgate E 65-70
Desulfovibrio spp. Oil field Injection Water (New Mexico) API-sulfate 15-20

Desulfovibrio spp. Oil field Injection Water (SW Texas) API-sulfate 55-60
Desulfobacter spp. ATCC 43913 Med 1648 45-50
Desulfomonile spp. ATCC 49306 Med 1690 20-25
Desulfococcus spp. ATCC 33890 Med 1250 120-130

18
In Figures 35 and 36, the activity of AQUATREAT AQUATREAT DNM-30 can be used in injection water
DNM-30 is compared with a cocodiamine product systems where only short contact time is possible
in two additional injection waters. The control of and where more rapid control must be established
aerobic heterotrophic bacteria was monitored with slug doses, as opposed to continuous feed.
across time. The data again show excellent activity In a study to demonstrate this effect, SRB levels
of AQUATREAT DNM-30 relative to the competitive were reduced significantly in the presence of a
biocide. sulfite oxygen scavenger. Figure 37 shows the effect
using 300 ppm of AQUATREAT DNM-30. For such
Figure 35: Injection water Sample 1 systems, AQUATREAT DNM-30 should be added
1.00E+07 after sulfite addition.

1.00E+06
Efficacy in brines
1.00E+05
Biocides are frequently used in oil field systems that
CFU/mL

1.00E+04 contain brines and must maintain their activity under

1.00E+03 these conditions. As can be seen in Figures 38 and
40, AQUATREAT DNM-30 maintains its efficacy for
1.00E+02
both heterotrophic bacteria and SRB in seawater
1.00E+01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 brine solutions.
Time (h)

DNM-30 (120) Control CDA (30)

Figure 38: AQUATREAT DMN-30 efficacy in
brines – heterotrophs
Figure 36: Injection water Sample 2
1.00E+08

1.00E+07 1.00E+08
1.00E+07

1.00E+06 1.00E+07
1.00E+06

1.00E+06
CFU/mL

1.00E+05 1.00E+05
CFU/mL

1.00E+05
1.00E+04
1.00E+04
CFU/mL

1.00E+04
1.00E+03
1.00E+03
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+02
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
1.00E+01 0 5 10 15 20 25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1.00E+01 Time (h)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (h)
DNM-30 in 6.8% Time (h) 3.4%
Control
DNM-30 in 3.4% Control 6.8%
DNM-30 (120) Control CDA (30) DNM-30 in 6.8% Control 3.4%
DNM-30 in 3.4% Control 6.8%

Figure 37: AQUATREAT DMN-30 in the presence Figure 39: AQUATREAT DMN-30 efficacy in
of sulfite brines – sulfate-reducing bacteria
1.00E+07

1.00E+06 1.00E+07
1.00E+06

1.00E+05 1.00E+06
1.00E+05
SRB/mL
Total SRB Counts/mL

1.00E+04 1.00E+05
1.00E+04
SRB/mL

1.00E+03 1.00E+04
1.00E+03

1.00E+02 1.00E+03
1.00E+02

1.00E+01 1.00E+02
1.00E+01
0 2 4 8 12 24
1.00E+00 1.00E+01 Time (h)
0 2 4 6 8 12 24 0 2 4 8 12 24
Time in Hours Time (h)
DNM-30 in 6.8% Control 3.4%
No Sulfite 100 ppm Sulfite DNM-30 in 3.4% Control 6.8%
DNM-30 in 6.8% Control 3.4%
DNM-30 in 3.4% Control 6.8%

19
 Drilling and well completion fluids
Water-based drilling fluids are complex aqueous
mixtures of specialty clays, starches, water retention
agents, thinners and other ingredients. These fluids
are subjected to extremes in pressure, shear and
temperature as they are recirculated between the
drill bit and surface.
Water-based completion fluids are highly
sophisticated systems based on organic polymers,
sand and suspending and crosslinking agents. Like
drilling fluids, they are subjected to extremes in
pressure, shear and temperature.
Recirculation and exposure of drilling and well
completion fluids to subsurface conditions can
promote bacterial growth. Unchecked, bacteria will
degrade the fluids and generate corrosive agents
and odors. To inhibit growth, a variety of biocides
have been used. AQUATREAT biocides offer a safe
and cost-effective choice for use in drilling and well
completion fluids.
Comparative fluid loss test
One of the most important functions of a drilling
mud is to maintain fluid control. AQUATREAT DNM-
30 and AQUATREAT KM were compared with two
different aldehyde-based biocides for API fluid loss
control. A base mud was prepared by adding to
tap water 7.5 pounds per barrel of bentonite clay
while stirring, followed by 3.5 pounds per barrel of
attapulgite clay. After the clays were hydrated, 4.0
pounds per barrel of starch were added to the slurry.
The base mud was then divided into 350 cc aliquots,
and biocide was added as indicated. The base muds
were subjected to conditions that would simulate
field conditions. The results in Table 7 show that both
AQUATREAT biocides were effective throughout the
14-day test period.
Mud rheology characteristics
Mud rheology is a critical property that must
be maintained throughout the drilling process.
Unchecked bacterial growth will significantly alter
these properties and reduce mud effectiveness.
AQUATREAT DNM-30 has been demonstrated
to effectively control bacteria that may impact
rheological properties. This is demonstrated in Tables
8, 9 and 10 and compared with paraformaldehyde.
Benefits of AQUATREAT biocides
in oilfield applications:
• Effective against anaerobic bacteria
such as SRBs
• Stable and effective in the presence of
oxygen scavengers
• Non-corrosive
• Low order of toxicity to humans
• Cost effective at typical use levels
• Exhibits effective control over a long
use period

Table 7: Fluid loss vs. time

API fluid loss (mL) days
Treatment Compound Amount Pounds/bbl 1 3 5 7 9 14
Blank Mud 6.1 8.3 13.7 28.0 37.0 45.0
0
pH 8.3 10.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.9
AQUATREAT DNM-30 6.8 7.3 7.9 9.8 12.0 17.1
.25 as is
pH 8.2 10.4 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.2
AQUATREAT KM 6.9 7.5 7.9 10.1 13.1 19.2
.25 as is
pH 8.3 10.3 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.2
Paraformaldehyde (dry) 5.0 6.2 8.7 9.1 10.1 14.0
.25 as is
pH 8.3 10.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0
Aldehyde-type (25%) 6.4 7.4 10.5 11.5 12.9 21.0
1.0 as is
pH 8.3 10.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0

20
Table 8: Base mud* — no biocide
Days
Fann Data Int. 1 2 4 6 7 8 12 15 19
600 rpm 12 10 11 10 11 12 13 12 11 9
300 rpm 8 7 7 8 8 9 9 8 8 5

AV. cps 6 4 5.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 6 5.5 4.5

PV. cps 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 3 4
YP. #/100 ft 2
4 4 3 6 5 6 5 4 5 1
10 Sec. Gel 2 2 3 3 5 5 5 3 4 1
10 Min. Gel 4 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 2
pH 8.5 8.5 8.2 7.7 7.6 7.0 6.6 6.5 6.3 5.7
API F.L. 10.5 10.5 13.0 44.0 55.0 55.0 56.5 58.5 59.1 60.0

Table 9: AQUATREAT DNM-30 — .25#/bbl — 30% Solids

Days
Fann Data Int. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 13
600 rpm 12 12 12 11 11 10 11 10 11
300 rpm 8 9 9 8 8 7 8 8 8

AV. cps 6 6 6 5.5 5.5 5 5.5 5 5.5

PV. cps 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3
YP. #/100 ft2 4 6 6 5 5 4 5 6 5
10 Sec. Gel 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 4
10 Min. Gel 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
pH 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.2 8.1
API F.L. 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.4 9.6 9.8 15.2

Table 10: Paraformaldehyde — .25#/bbl

Days
Fann Data Int. 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 13 16
600 rpm 13 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10
300 rpm 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7

AV. cps 6.5 6 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 5 5

PV. cps 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
YP. #/100 ft2 5 4 5 5 6 4 4 4 4 4
10 Sec. Gel 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 3
10 Min. Gel 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4
pH 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.2 8.3
API F.L. 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.5 11.0 10.8 11.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

21
 Storage and
handling
AQUATREAT products are available in bulk,
intermediate bulk and 55-gallon drums. The
standard drum is fiber with 525 pounds net. Plastic
drums are also available. AQUATREAT polymers
have very low toxicity. Consult product MSDS for
further information. Contact with the skin or eyes
should be avoided. If an AQUATREAT product
contacts the eyes, flush with water. If redness or
sensitivity occurs and persists, consult a physician.
AQUATREAT polymers should be shipped and stored
in 304 stainless steel or better, fiberglass or plastic
tanks. Certain phenolic linings are acceptable for
use in drums and storage tanks. Mild steel, copper,
brass and aluminum should not be used. The
above materials of construction also apply to all
pipes, valves and pumps used in the application or
transport of AQUATREAT polymers.
Environmental hazards
This pesticide is toxic to fish. Do not apply (or use)
in estuarine oil fields where drilling fluids (muds) are
discharged in the surface water. Do not contaminate
water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of
wastes. Do not discharge effluent containing
this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries,
oceans or other waters unless in accordance with
the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the
permitting authority has been notified in writing prior
to discharge.
22
Do not discharge effluent containing this product to
sewer systems without previously notifying the local
sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance,
contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of
the EPA.
Storage and disposal
1. Prohibitions
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage
or disposal. Open dumping prohibited.
2. Pesticide disposal
Pesticide wastes are toxic. Improper disposal
of excess pesticide, spray mixture or rinsate is a
violation of federal law. If these wastes cannot be
disposed of by use according to label instructions,
contact your state pesticide or environmental
control agency, or the hazardous waste
representative at the nearest EPA regional office
for guidance.
3. Container disposal
(a) Reseal container and offer for reconditioning, or
(b) Metal Containers: Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then
offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture
and dispose of in a sanitary landfill or by other
approved state and local procedures.
(c) Plastic containers: Triple rinse (or equivalent).
Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or
puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill,
or incineration, or if allowed by state and local
authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of
smoke.
4. General
Hot line number
Consult federal, state or local disposal authorities for
Have the product container or label with you
approved alternative procedures.
when calling a poison control center or doctor, or
going for treatment.
Statement of practical treatment
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN You may also call 1-888-456-6218 day or night
for emergency medical treatment information.
First aid
If in eyes
• Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with
water for 15–20 minutes.
• Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5
minutes, then continue rinsing eye.
• Call a poison control center or doctor for
treatment advice.

If on skin or clothing
• Take off contaminated clothing.
• Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for
15–20 minutes.
• Call a poison control center or doctor for
treatment advice.

If swallowed
• Call a poison control center or doctor immediately
for treatment advice.
• Have person sip a glass of water if able to swallow.
• Do not induce vomiting unless told to do so by the
poison control center or doctor.
• Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person.

If inhaled
• Move person to fresh air.
• If person is not breathing, call 911 or an
ambulance, then give artificial respiration,
preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible.
• Call a poison control center or doctor for further
treatment advice.

23
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and sample requests.

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All information concerning our products and/or all

About Nouryon
We are a global specialty chemicals leader. Markets worldwide rely on
our essential chemistry in the manufacture of everyday products such as
paper, plastics, building materials, food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care
items. Building on our nearly 400-year history, the dedication of our 10,000
employees, and our shared commitment to business growth, strong financial
performance, safety, sustainability, and innovation, we have established a
world-class business and built strong partnerships with our customers.
suggestions for handling and use contained herein
(including formulation and toxicity information) are
offered in good faith and are believed to be reliable.
However, Nouryon makes no warranty express
or implied (i) as to the accuracy or sufficiency of
such information and/or suggestions, (ii) as to any
product’s merchantability or fitness for a particular
use or (iii) that any suggested use (including use in
any formulation) will not infringe any patent. Nothing
contained herein shall be construed as granting or
extending any license under any patent. The user must
determine for itself by preliminary tests or otherwise
the suitability of any product and of any information
contained herein (including but not limited to
formulation and toxicity information) for the user’s
purpose. The safety of any formulations described
herein has not been established. The suitability and
safety of a formulation should be confirmed in all
respects by the user prior to use. The information
contained herein supersedes all previously issued
bulletins on the subject matter covered.
Products mentioned are trademarks of
Nouryon and registered in many countries.

We operate in over 80 countries around the world and our portfolio of

00547_250919

industry-leading brands includes Eka, Dissolvine, Trigonox, and Berol.

For more information visit surfacechemistry.nouryon.com