Early Plant Disease Detection Using AI

*Note: Sub-titles are not captured in Xplore and should not be used

line 1: 1st Given Name Surname

line 1: 2nd Given Name Surname line 1: 3rd Given Name Surname
line 2: dept. name of organization
line 2: dept. name of organization line 2: dept. name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 3: name of organization
line 3: name of organization line 3: name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 4: City, Country
line 4: City, Country line 4: City, Country
line 5: email address or ORCID
line 5: email address or ORCID line 5: email address or ORCID
line 1: 4th Given Name Surname
line 1: 5th Given Name Surname line 1: 6th Given Name Surname
line 2: dept. name of organization
line 2: dept. name of organization line 2: dept. name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 3: name of organization
line 3: name of organization line 3: name of organization
(of Affiliation)
(of Affiliation) (of Affiliation)
line 4: City, Country
line 4: City, Country line 4: City, Country
line 5: email address or ORCID
line 5: email address or ORCID line 5: email address or ORCID

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

 Abstract—This electronic document is a “live” template and
already defines the components of your paper [title, text,
heads, etc.] in its style sheet. *CRITICAL: Do Not Use
Symbols, Special Characters, Footnotes, or Math in Paper Title
or Abstract. (Abstract)
Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key
words)
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
This template, modified in MS Word 2007 and saved as a
“Word 97-2003 Document” for the PC, provides authors
with most of the formatting specifications needed for
preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard
paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1)
ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic
compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the
concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3)
conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings.
Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are
built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout
this document and are identified in italic type, within
parentheses, following the example. Some components, such
as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not
prescribed, although the various table text styles are
provided. The formatter will need to create these
components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.
II. EASE OF USE
A. Selecting a Template (Heading 2)
First, confirm that you have the correct template for your
paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the
A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please
close this file and download the Microsoft Word, Letter file.
B. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
The template is used to format your paper and style the
text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts
are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note
peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template
measures proportionately more than is customary. This
measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications
that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire
proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do
not revise any of the current designations.
III. PREPARE YOUR PAPER BEFORE STYLING
Before you begin to format your paper, first write and
save the content as a separate text file. Complete all content
and organizational editing before formatting. Please note
sections A-D below for more information on proofreading,
spelling and grammar.
Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the
text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and
limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a
paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in
the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do that
for you.
Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this text
box.
A. Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
used in the text, even after they have been defined in the
abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc,
and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations
in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
B. Units
 Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI
units are encouraged.) English units may be used as
secondary units (in parentheses). An exception would
be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such
as “3.5-inch disk drive”.
 Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current
in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often
leads to confusion because equations do not balance
dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly
state the units for each quantity that you use in an
equation.
 Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of
units: “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter”, not
“webers/m2”. Spell out units when they appear in
text: “. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”.
 Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”.
Use “cm3”, not “cc”. (bullet list)
C. Equations
The equations are an exception to the prescribed
specifications of this template. You will need to determine
whether or not your equation should be typed using either the
Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other
font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary
to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text
after your paper is styled.
Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers,
within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), using
a right tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you
may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate
exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and
variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than
a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate equations with commas
or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in:
ab 
Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop.
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined
before or immediately following the equation. Use “(1)”, not
“Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a
sentence: “Equation (1) is . . .”
D. Some Common Mistakes
 The word “data” is plural, not singular.
 The subscript for the permeability of vacuum 0, and
other common scientific constants, is zero with
subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”.
 In American English, commas, semicolons, periods,
question and exclamation marks are located within
quotation marks only when a complete thought or
 name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When
quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic
typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation
should appear outside of the quotation marks. A
parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a
sentence is punctuated outside of the closing
parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is
punctuated within the parentheses.)
 A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”.
The word alternatively is preferred to the word
“alternately” (unless you really mean something that
alternates).
 Do not use the word “essentially” to mean
“approximately” or “effectively”.
 In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can
accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize the
“u”; if not, keep using lower-cased.
 Be aware of the different meanings of the
homophones “affect” and “effect”, “complement” and
“compliment”, “discreet” and “discrete”, “principal”
and “principle”.
 Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.
 The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined to
the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.
 There is no period after the “et” in the Latin
abbreviation “et al.”.
 The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the
abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”.
An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].
IV. USING THE TEMPLATE
After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready
for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the
Save As command, and use the naming convention
prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In
this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and
import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style
your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS
Word Formatting toolbar.
A. Authors and Affiliations
The template is designed for, but not limited to, six
authors. A minimum of one author is required for all
conference articles. Author names should be listed starting
from left to right and then moving down to the next line. This
is the author sequence that will be used in future citations
and by indexing services. Names should not be listed in
columns nor group by affiliation. Please keep your
affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not
differentiate among departments of the same organization).
1) For papers with more than six authors: Add author
names horizontally, moving to a third row if needed for
more than 8 authors.
2) For papers with less than six authors: To change the
default, adjust the template as follows.
a) Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines.
b) Change number of columns: Select the Columns
icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and then select the
correct number of columns from the selection palette.
c) Deletion: Delete the author and affiliation lines for
the extra authors.
B. Identify the Headings
Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide
the reader through your paper. There are two types:
component heads and text heads.
Component heads identify the different components of
your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other.
Examples include Acknowledgments and References and,
for these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure
caption” for your Figure captions, and “table head” for your
table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you
to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style
provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head
from the text.
Text heads organize the topics on a relational,
hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary
text head because all subsequent material relates and
elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub-
topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals)
should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two
sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles
named “Heading 1”, “Heading 2”, “Heading 3”, and
“Heading 4” are prescribed.
C. Figures and Tables
a) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and
tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them
in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span
across both columns. Figure captions should be below the
figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert
figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the
abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence.
TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES
Table Table Column Head
Head Table column subhead Subhead Subhead
copy More table copy a
a. Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote)
Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption)
Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure
labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when
writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As
an example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or
“Magnetization, M”, not just “M”. If including units in the
label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes
only with units. In the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)”
or “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label
axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write
“Temperature (K)”, not “Temperature/K”.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
America is without an “e” after the “g”. Avoid the stilted
expression “one of us (R. B. G.) thanks ...”. Instead, try “R.
B. G. thanks...”. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the
unnumbered footnote on the first page.
REFERENCES
The template will number citations consecutively within
brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket
[2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not
use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a
sentence: “Reference [3] was the first ...”
Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the
actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was
cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or reference list.
Use letters for table footnotes.
Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’
names; do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been
published, even if they have been submitted for publication,
should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been
accepted for publication should be cited as “in press” [5].
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for
proper nouns and element symbols.
For papers published in translation journals, please give
the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-
language citation [6].
[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
(references)
[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.,
vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds.
New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron
spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate
interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August
1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
[7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.
IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for
composing and formatting conference papers. Please
ensure that all template text is removed from your
conference paper prior to submission to the
conference. Failure to remove template text from
your paper may result in your paper not being published.
 We suggest that you use a text box to insert a graphic
(which is ideally a 300 dpi TIFF or EPS file, with all fonts
embedded) because, in an MSW document, this method is
somewhat more stable than directly inserting a picture.
To have non-visible rules on your frame, use the
MSWord “Format” pull-down menu, select Text Box >
Colors and Lines to choose No Fill and No Line.