et. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS SSS History on the Luapula Retold: Landscape, Memory and Identity in the Kezembe Kingdom ‘Author(s: David M. Gordon ‘Source: The Journal of African History, Vol. 47, No. | (2006), pp. 21-42 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www jstor.org/stable/4100563 ‘Accessed: 30-05-2017 16:07 UTC. [REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article http://www jstor org/stable/100563?seq+18eld=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references, {STOR eerie at pcan aren adden ioe ange degra nae alte Wee sem soya once each we ome Fran st (STOR peas cnn separ, Yau woe STOR hie ines Yous te ems & Coin of wis a jogs hse dv 30248 og 0M 207804 UTE "itechaa of Aico Hes re heratenitges G00 paris. 6 505 Cambs Unies Prenat 1s hla ie Vn ipo HISTORY ON THE LUAPULA RETOLD: LANDSCAPE, MEMORY AND IDENTITY IN THE KAZEMBE KINGDOM Bordon College ota scl ess in he i ir at a ed gence Bt oe fa ‘This ariel deals hoi te mipeonal Nosory oF Me Raton ‘Through the association of shrines and tural Phenomen cos that feed ip te Won drs ofr uae congetaree see eneal ugha! aid Pegemome Rar War fendered The Tormulation and wed to Leap en» La ‘ant identity and a ‘Shia autochthonovs iden. both of which preted to Sal foundation for ie ton a rb i olen perio Sey wombs: Centra Avict,precolonal,eligion, memory, identity, kingdoms snd ste, AnsTaacr: This article examines memor “Tue many studies that detail the nention of eradition andthe creation of teal" during the eolonul period have I scholars with an uncieg ley Df the corporate units and ideoloyesl structures that preceded colonialism. Networks of chiefs, “hig men’, lineayes or ribute-besed kingdoms ate all posited as possible forms of poles! ongatzation, Scholars have been Feluctant co consider comporate identities beyond che lineage and tributery ‘modes of social and political organization, We have little idea of precedents for the ethnic units ~ the tribes'~so evident a¢a form of identity in colonial !nd postcolonial times. Once a standard practice among historians of Afric, 4 generation of scholars who believe in the colonial ccornuption® of Aft Aiscourses and identities has avoided the analysis of preealonal identities, with their ich and dstintive forme of representation, ‘Yet several leading scholars have begun to revisit the question of colonial impact in the construction of African identities, In one recent review oF the literature inthis journal, Thomas Spear argues that colonial agency in the creation of wibalism and invention of tradition has, been overstated? {Paul Landi, Gisomo Mula and Tham Spr have sed, commented on oe inc pete ths paper withome tok them fe thet saa see ae Eri Hoshawm and Terence Ranger (ed), The Pein of Tradition Combed 1983); Lenmy Val ed The Creston Train (Lan Angeles Behe, op) 7 Thomis Spear. Neo-tationalsm and the iif inant i tah elon Ac’ wr of Afican Hors a4 aoe, 27. Carlyn Haran et dosed the imi fee "sco ml a 19623721 0207 1ST UTE “it je obit apeJonathan Glassman has argued that ethnic snd racial categories on Zana were developed by a local, African intaligensia rather than imposed bby European conceptions of identity® Scholars have yet to explore the implications ofthis revisionism for our understanding of precelonial Africa ‘The challenge is to be aware ofthe limits ofthe invention of tradition during and after colonialism and to re-evaluate prior identities“ Africans were not ] ‘only setive in the construction of ethnic or racial identities in the colonial setting; such identities had precolonal precedents. African identity wa not, empty sign, waiting to be invested with colonniera meuning. ‘Since iden rive memories, the paste that people ut their entities* "This article employs interview testimony, oral tradition and documentary sources to provide history of the rise of historical narratives, waditions, lew de memoir memory) and hence identities associated with the eastern Lunda kingdom of Mivata Kazembe during the nineteenth zentur fossfied traditions and "tibal"identtie that emerged in the col postcolonial periods, most nozably che annusl Mutomboko Ceremony and an, extended Landa ‘tribe’ The traditions dicussed inthis article, however, ‘were not colonial or posteolonialinvemions; if shey wee elebrated during ‘oto sceret, out of the vw frantic colonial officials snd tmistonaris, ‘ion of se olonrertanthropalogsts snd thos ramon, Phe wu lors source are set at Tepe oe traditions, remnants of an carher period of ideological invention and social “The Luapula River, a southern triburary of the vast Congo River, Rows northwards through the lower Luapula Valley and empties into. Lake restr: the muipl sources of rial a Review, 19,3 (200 30-54 “For oe recon ateoun of preclonalhgerens in sake Ae, Allen 4p Bacbrs Teac, Saves and Beyond. The Haley of Mw and Chibi Edie nits tne Cnalle Wor of Sant Ceara Ne 9ae-syse(Prtenath NI, en). Whe his rose aca in th a nes, {nla the praceir system in romexing Chunks en mikes tet preclo Signe debra Fon Cl," Memory and dnt Commenratint: Te Plies of Saal Hay (inectan, ph 24 ‘mary of Pre Non extensive work on “its of mors ski a the rlationship tthe ivemion a rain, se Pc ‘memoria dr mn erection, spec ae “Memory aed Cer Memory" pring to) e38 hv mahalo py peed by JM. Sete’ study of the Mone clin ‘izes of Bod: The Geof arty Cal Sathorn Mal (Mads, 198), "Por theanmaat Muro Caveman ce Dan Al Gonos Tel fatal eramone Alun an the pesocmaove af Matron Capavarie Sdn n Sr om Haar, eV a054) O95 "GamuardLabrcqae, 2 Wie Father minwner, Rad extensive tnowiedge of Lunpuln ites and trades. He wat aun puihong ie Fen a ‘Bat Ban discussed belo, sé writing + mane on Sle custore, “Abie ne Isang yabo hvala manaserpe writen wy Shia Eder tara, White Finer Archines,Lamaa:M-3T=34 Sha T have worked exensney wih pala material ithe National Archiver of Zarb, ch evel very eon the dons ‘cused: "They were cleat no) manufacture for tonal spp aetna maar mereestoy ox THE LUARULA R2TOLD ey Meru, Today, it fills 00 the border of Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and isone of the most denscly populated regions in rural south-central Africa. The areas renovtned for its acrative fishy fe Timlands and historical importance ae a center of the“ Kazembe KKingsom. From around ihe middle of che eighteenth senwury and unel slonial conquest in theiSoe temas distaputhed ote al the Tapas Valo wae ith Meats Kaze, deni by horns “eastern Lunda’ king. According tothe orl aditions of the founding of Kazembe Kingdom, the first Mwata Kszembe, Ni'anga Bilonde, and an ‘otourage of aristocrats migrated eastwards Tran te ceneaT Ln court of Mveaant Yaw towards the Luapula Valley in the erly eightcenth cent ‘They wanted to avenge the murder of Ne anga Bibnde’s father, Chinyant by Mutanda, x rebellious sin" of Mivaant Vas, After subduing Mutanda, yee” Mata Kazembe Ne’ ana Bilond and an entourage of Lubs-related lineages; set about establishing tir dominance over autochthonous @ | combination of conyuast and marrage “The oral tradition af the Razembe conquests in or near the Luspula Valley bears some resemblance tural radtions associate with peoples who setled in fertile valleys, rivers and lakes found across south central Africa. The southern sributaries of the Cong River, including the upper reaches of the Kasai, Kwango and Lislaba Rivers, and the northern portions of Zamberis tributaries, including the flood plains of the upper Zamibet and: Kafue Rivers, provided superior agricultural and fishing upportunites snd excel, lent hunting grounds, especialy fo large game, hippos and elephants? They attracted many migrants and became cultural enters comporea of elites why sained sts and leitimacy by atachment tothe core polities traditions of the Lunda and Luba confederations. In oral tacitvone common to these areas, we find a distinctinn beeween an cite group of eivilized” congue and “uncultured” commoners. Most fattnly, te claie Lobe opie of [Nkoigolo anc the migrant inter, Mbidh Kila, ll of clash that inthe words of Lue de Heusch contrasts, the primitive rule of Nkongolo, a eruel, drunken and incestums king and wicked uncle, withthe evilized kingship Fepresented by Mbidi"™ A variation of the savaye/cvilieed opposition found in the central Lunda oral tradition of the "seduction of Rute)" by the hhunter Chibinda Tlunga. indeed, polities of varying degrees of centraien, Won across the central African savanna display remarkably similar sett of ‘oppositions in their oral traditions." Im most parts of the. southern Tn. Ref, "Testis th cater sen n David Birmingham end Ps ME Martin (es), Wi f Crary 1 (onde and New Work 198), Loe de Hee, The Denton eles. her, *The vuetion of a: eomamasing Round history (he tule Lana: Ze Angel: Zam’ FW thers Va Unter ane For the wesero Aiba pat, ee Jeph CAD, Kansan omen: Bary Mt Sites Aa (Ost, ap): dl se Ravan Lo, see Reber E-Schaier. Mioryanhnsornrantt an afonucr af tancsespuons esos ced sarydevelopmen ofthe Kanani’ (Ph.D the, Une of Wincor eden, bem Bae hy TUTE4 bavie weoanes: Congo River basin, especially tn the case of the Luba and Lunda ‘confederations, "eonquernrs" and “autochthones, ‘eilzed” and ‘savage’, tired marations ta constrict entities that formed the basis of united politics. Political liter saht out the insignia of the Lunda and Luba enters and assimilated aspects of Lunda and Luba oral tations into their own lineage histories.” In the Luspula Valley, the conquering Lunda’, which included the Kazembe royal family snd Lubacafliated aristocratic meng, rsled over locals whom they labeled "Abas literally rains thar backed up clas of awReTTp over Ul ‘Travellers, missionaries and eto a vivid interest in history and ite celevance to struggles exer land nd fishing resourees in the Luapula Valley. Ta hie important work, Hlitory om the LLuspula, shies providers Tackdrop and inypiration for thi arte, anthro- pologist Jen Cunnison claimed: "History and interest in the past are here so ll-pervading that thes merit a somewhat wider treatment thin they nor~ mally receive in suis of primitive peoples Cunnison described "his tory’, understood in she Lojpula Valley by che Bem cerm lash, as the "affaire and cases of the past which make present airs whit they are’. dering to Canna this un people Ft aS Wa Be A history it known sell only tthe groups which fenumerte) Histories on he Luspula ten ae particular. "There sno detailed, tory ofthe present lard Ics, of the capiesoue geographic Uni of the Luspa Valley, known so aillor event some™ ein the events tort, er neageraiions writ ofthe Lapa Rover ace Leon Verbeek iain et teption: Va ssp de aa uate Lala ef Coppel Tereren, Tosi Congr toc fre south, sa the rude amber, where the Laat the ‘ow sd Rl the out nae st ad separate eis the oF tion fm apelin tacit ke the Snub Tange feted me th ie. See Josone Metre Liang wi the ie ndscape nd memory i he Zab River {tNorehsen Zmbabe sn Wim Binet apd Joann MeGretr (eds), Saal Hiory ‘fn sian Bernat (Ontord 2003) Wim Man Bienen gues hat he {Sorc forth Tongs and cc groups mona steno ad es oe with spo pola oyiisin, hich he qucston od mete lee reed other ‘ecping sae an utoasmens tre of nea Wa.) oy Bisbee, Rela (Cheng in Zomba’ Esporte (Ll ad Boston, YB) aes Cesc. n't lower Zambet, Chikinds poles sfctvey tensed the Wnts af cone “heros and conquered, Fr sample ace she sbworton af Chipenda and Reng ane ‘Stor by Chinkwanhes Chitands in Tecra nd Tneatan, Slavery and Beyond, "Elen tote, “Pesiphrl itn Mary Nowe Roberts a (ee) Mewar aha ele Mating esd Cordon, Arh Cf Alc Naan soe oh an Canin: vin ne Lupa Ca Tan, 19, Cami aoe ‘one inorne af ann fo sss mga Amant Gai tat Gannon Rig Base ond thr Maro, Ch, Bn, Bb, Lama and ier lol (Snir sft tn gts. 98s Cannan, Hit othe aap Came, Hiya he Lape Allen Raber irs (New Vass) 38-4 sit, Sot. and Reon i CentralHeNYORS 0S FHE LUAPULA MEFOLD a So, according to Cunnison, history on te Luapula was a farm of social remory found within a particular hneage (cht, pl. fkota) of 2 broader dd a x page elder tae ¢pworummerraipad nthe Laps Valley hth exception of in: hherent and vague pre-lineage histories (he histories of olden times: Kale tava). Cunaison’s cleat and largely coneincing model of the interplay berween memory and society on the Lapola has infuenced our under- standing af oral traditions in Affica and non-literae forme of history and memorization.” ‘Cunnison’s argument that yeneral and impersonal histories on the LLusputa were vague and incoherent was semew hat misleading, however. Ina later urtci, which labored om his ressrch, Cunnison makes eles that the history of the Kazembe Kingdom tld inthe lower Luapula Valley belonged in more tanone person and hida general and coherent charaejer: “The royal lineage hs genenon of about nine generations, and this might well be 2 ae Fee Carta cm COPE in Sd the evento ech 2 that cheoniclenst fem the session Tram the eter ng to De Daa oc pve ay oe pron Bt eet Yer we remain unsure of hs the Kien history’ became «gener and impersonators in contnet ete pial personal neageRstories on the Lap Part of the problem i that che difizenses between “pertnal” and onal" stor: which sn mang ways tesembke the distinctions that SE Piete Nort-mier beween "memory" and hisory"~are iel-tpes and Go-not sored tothe vide enge of wai emembering® All etve iahip aroupa: WHEW scoring 18 Caron Tecrch were so evident on zy reat om a fichon=4 comucied Noy the joined people twin a five network satis ont Lula ere not parila 0 blogic! hneages bur yn abd coaung boader Rete networks, Pitve inship gave hitorcs one Luspula'a mpersoal characte, especialy when uh histori josticd°explinedland tenure arrangements Betteen Por cup, Higa infra te cic ta, Jan Vana, Oral Train: A Sty i Beng aso 03) Auylnpagst st sph 22338 . rept ea aoe iit Mure Hathnachs on bats Nora sa Canin Seem Tegner sd ane Hout ek om the acoey ‘nemo hi ben ce iy Meee Haibwanhe, Ou alee Memory (CRB. teh Baton Hatony one Lables ened i segument regarding ‘use amin cnet nC “Perse Bra: «pita eaation a the {Ceuta ups Rates none Jauaet so (rg ad-gs lm mes bet ‘Krum up bbe sere mmr: Eni wdatn Tae suck tht [reise astan hemshs ncaa therfore sre eed inn ee Srna hypo are rea inn ercunay aed theca have cua a nna, Th Lap ein,soups. The argument here is that fictive corporate” fof Laupula generated a history that was assimilated by ‘wide range of lca elites who Became Lunda tie-holders, further fxtending Lunds identity and history. ‘The Kazembe lineage history became the mort universal of Lup histories im a span of ways of remember that ranged from the personal tothe impersoral ‘When she Wear of Wisory on the Laapuia ane viewed in the Hight of Lupula’s own history, iecomes clear that histories and forms of remem= Dance on the Luapui ers an agent and an outcome of evalving politial Felationships. On the Lavan, they Were expressed through 3 core central [African political idm,» story of conquest and the establishment of in ies sen conqueror and "aurochthuncs "This paper ir concerned withthe proceacr Ta alowed the Keser orl taain tobe Wbereted from the Possession by one purticular lineage, became the impersonal and universal Bistnry ofthe lower Lugpula Valley and form the basis forthe identities of] [Lund conquerors and Shils conquered “The Kazembe lineage drama became impersonal history parly dhrough writing. From 198. Portuese inde, th nt Heat the frat Herate obververs of the Kaztihe Kingdom, ayant sente down versions of the history of ARETRAGEANE cones, The Here shaarvason and texualizatan of Isso’ hissry would cline re Legos ad sg, when Gannon Sa ian he Paap and, more senny, Nata Kazernbe XIV Askokee Fond na Data art (Ss Ancestors sind My People), vine- ing etass-clan history that would bind L-napula's pas to that ofthe Kazembe lincoyt The orion of the through writing was Universal histor of the valley = An exchixive emphasis on fterate agents, however, underestimates the aency of ronslterate Lana tilesboders i establishing tis version of the pasta thezoneral history of the Luapula Valle. fn the form of a contineite Un af the valley through other smechanisi's as wel. The personal lineage history of the Kazembes became {is imusnal hia ee sey Arse cus essen on cl ern Lam mavative cliches made casters Lunda history sn a convincing and accepted version of the past. Thereby. the ceaatern Lie ora tation became the univers bitory of the valley, in contest fe personal lineage histories 8 Gandan, Nui Git; Connie, “Hy al yen. 2 Niwa) Kasumi Chien NI Play a me Ban Ban rans. Lan amin sis Pei the Ear am lays), Gaim Maco, Fem mined tara Ice PS erin mene the enti of {he caster Lana ral sion n Gicome Mack Latrate ews ill ge amis eave of Ibe Foo Bat Ba’, ator tn Aen, 28 (900, ‘rae favangued hatin he ofl irs af the ps came toe poor ond ‘stgetl jue ant nnn Cera on rar pas of a "hic el an 82372 T3307 PANUHISTORY OS TRE LeAPELA RETOLD 2 ‘This paper proposes a genealogy ofthe construction ofthe eastern Lunds ‘version othe past. Te considers boxe caleba Landa GUe-holdete inbred fnitural fotures and shrines with dhe sneestal identities of the Razembe aS Trey haus alabnand treed tect aomam ieraed {Wena widely ace nd impala tadon, hich was based fon the compilation nr several inenge Sevarick- Out ofthis process emerged suapula Valley thet tod of the conquering Lunda and ished Stila. ~— In his study of religion in Zambia, Win van Binsbergen contends ‘religion Seems t0 he a means for peuple to expose themes to thei collective history in s ended, de-bstoricted (owsilized?) form. Yet religion need pot sadify history dificult snd unnccessiry to ditinguish between religious Bnd historical forms of representation in much of precolonial Africa ™ The people of she Luspula Valley linked dhe present to the past through com- oemoragan or veneration of anccHs sod nature spr. Ta moat parts of Bessa orth Za, non nd wily wed cognate indie cate tht least a pes of spines Were venerated in the precolanial period, both of which seems tr fh tte functions gut ean Be pares translated ax manure deities, while input (sing. rompash) were ancestral spirits or, simply. ex — Tg spits were belived w be wlependent of people and history ~ alin these wp often Na comarmon names He" Muleniga” and Could justify and leiimize religious and polsical authority, Jule were suid to be found in or near natural ites ike waterlls, springs or other unusual natural features and were Tinked to forces of nature that helped or harmed people For exam, inthe luapuls Valley fishers claimed that an sng Ted echo! of fish ty their spawning ste» or that « wind dangerous for Rshing was an ingu®Phev could possess people, which may have resulted in illness oF other forms of suffering possession by an mau usually hd very physical ‘manifestations that incl hc emission al eythinie whimpers (uburemu). © Von tinsergen, Rebians Chang in Zahn, 24, The metas in Yon Binns frmunton sd” ands fay hese fc eea ype “fale wctien ee tthe te sl of ito ld te om {ation bel prt Ben neues te pombe if alps ioe and ie ‘orc far of rps, ta of tte dng tem, or the ion tnd schol aention lof pracoloil ATa e Pal Cady Religion Std Chesinconeerson sy Alaa Mtr new hl, wa f Rei Hy, Bat om. S30 surmunding impugn als Danes Werne.Seme dexeoment in Berio felgowe husar Jana of Pilisun tmrficas act Gynehf-t4 My nape le Infor bs Li Ope, "Spr pro tng te Reape peed 6 cone ference wn ‘ntl Aton ely 3o Sue Sepia, Accompanying te peper ate Ors Rasdurien os an the same sae, Whee Fathers Aven Uefa sy Nl wl to rin ned pan {tape mprsceoy Lapa ‘tah Ie sbou the tory a the age branes tw son ee hoops Sa 2 40 30M 207 OPAL TEIng of'en 00k the {000 of annals; pythons nd feral chickens were afteited examples of incarnated nla spr, ‘The word indies some. thing from the sky o perhsns a ype of ind with the root al etering fo hove (ir exanple, mi, the sky. 9 Bemba and cosy related Tn contrat to gala were ipa, sncestal typically sunt withthe nonhuman Raa Be lineages and sere nt nesesary i 7m ere ig, i they had names, were"Uelted 1 uMan hncager Umipah spits were armed alter charaters in the particular oral Hoeage dramas tha belonged fo 8 Tineane hel AlTingh they wer sot ie Sane as ancestors, whieh ete terme ite sng io) the mp apne tat were part ean oF Tinane traveled 3, ne oneminent linc names and were ‘enerte wierever the coup sett ht see he} became part of te he Font “pad iadiates something below, in contrat “al ‘The ineplay of thee othr or supercar forces, abe and below the world of the living, won ene part of South cena Alcan religious ‘thin cca hat sens hve een more particle tthe Lapa 5 tan (tb rls tel ease are cnc mp esha A pete eas mel resale ne ° esi pes miny of Sn ns ere at wisn cen onesie winen ps impact etl paces wine hans eae el Sa Fethap cher ta sath in nada nocd a Inout or imps ses been precedent Te eee ees ote Campa Vey wed Spm and tet surmane ee Loui One and Doug Were he noted that il were generally an hones op contmaners while Smpas were aso. cae ahs mits Las yay * De tata seme aire rivet iiaulinrei abscesses siete Bf thx: sr hk tem cones wah cguetng or eens rece Bund in nator Igoe Werner vos tae ee sea Dray lr than -mwin, ta hanna neon ae ichy oneaton” wo mre eect ines and mile nat oe Yar pes an ni roca sen). Yan Bashers har pointed out that Weems cheomony an etion of the pe sy ih Sen go ancesta cult ecm ene pect akin neste’ “Tie cummaners’ cults in che Laupila Valley shat revolved around ing véetation roam largely unknown, Descriptinns are general and 2 Ger, Spirit woseson some the Hen” Werner, Same development tan Cannon, “Ae tthe Lads cane cao Rade Ligon Jagat (ans 30-y Were, ed clapnetas Oger, ander mots, White Fathers Archives, Lag AT Cao Sen *iverm. Some dedpmnte Vag ngs, Reig Chang Zabi,3, ‘Thc Song 1342973140 0 Ta. 20a 307186741 UTC hapYON SHE LUAPELA RETOLO 29 speculative, based on oral testimony collected in the twentieth century ate anpaigas by colonial officers and missionaries to abolish local gitinya 7 religous proces secre hat, win the cae ft platen Bebo fine were linked co the commaners. ‘The most important pression moverenconcemel with de comrol over iu we the nbn see ion. tn fact, Leon Verbcck suspects thatthe wideypreed uae of the erm Sng ony conc aot heh the nue ciation: pethapaes ate the netcemh cents rater tan beng she antiquity propoded by Werner = "The sburorssocition sy att of lossy alate secret vets, With sil danees, 4 of ral ans prties,he Tat impor eine bucfeoin Fautal help Aponte CLE ened Stiga Eater oF ME Ianto Nana othe ing, headed each soc Preesy, YS the nhs associa col travel and deine andseape of tcl autor Based. widely acco. relia formulation, Ubu adherens supported ceruin polit lie, or at ast evoked del known histone Characters or hams. In he Lapua Valley atipe wae elondly Hike to the rcurtectinn ofthe poliial suihorsy of effuince that ed adopted the ne Nib” Hepp lune al fe "SHI pty. who hd alin, pie “lighten Taba), tr an altercation WHET Ri Tamil due to the tides of his ier "Nacht ® Ucn san semed tobe inked othe fakery aw the spit ensured 4 prsperous ete anda good Raver. eww dat necessary have specie snes inked them taste Inga were often cated in 2 Fur cumple, one of the Fst db ial HH. Harigton, would shoot at yan sadere of Wei cals and pate they fom the’ Lap Frain Te taming of Nnthanton Hades Nether Res eure, igsaat, oneal yo. Ten Verh. Le mand der epi sa ay Shab ton ned le Zane (gma, t90) et Se NlerC.Sluambachine arcs thst Uno aiid among the Abate and spre the Bitlet of Laspal ied bla Paw (re be) ae tet {sept und send byte hl under ean ely Masumbachine Phe Ubu “ack in Pacer Sosa Norhuet Zales to tetera evn of Ae ‘iraneal Se, ae Ce) 79. The oan ah ere preg te tht Users ined hs icorgunttion hai tod th Abu wale Uiainen sans ofthe verh lyre (6 pound) since member woul dance he ‘pounding matron op tt flow sh Ta edt come rm the cet tremor papel (cs) dpc mage a Wer ble ad wees, ‘Ther woreeapesatswellhnn fr dy ap he Sead ml ening the pro he ed ody chat a noe ene an se expo for wachang in late eer Dyula Kubces, Numattombs 1s Bet ooo, Ings Jah, Cat's Vilage Jn fot Laon Abin My Jan, soot" hes sravemporay derepton ies we - Dsosuth ithven masa, Bupa Camel A few motes om Batwa Afton scree sci" fom tea (yah yoo, Por the reanonehi beter i nd srg in asp Siwamachime, tntarees it Arwon Niwvns, Mcichy, 2 Mant sore, UNZA Apel Catton According, ‘Camu ngris wer reo ih Ls thi neato a oy deo Lands ‘esc se the tame of he escort the hands eure hare ote rescreh ‘Canon, 1 pale Pe 333°, abr Aon go sab 1 vials. Un oe of fe bate song» emerabcrd by Mints Msn infra the artpan peated Miata Rianne, “Us * ey 207 1OTAL UTEan and ur of Lp =i Son te fay sce pa bee eae scems tat il Yenenon ne Teen os hike sre ses fhe ene Shoes that bute es pace i he Lage ee ese ‘ference by binid Using, win repre ea ee, amet He hte tat comin re aed tad a egy ree ‘refer to the mudumbr houses associated with ubutiea® Frum, comtemporary dames) eee amore died forthe Kase Kingdom, hicks uso nn pee a ae side ofthe story. Portuguese traders documented the Rone Keedeer eben der, opal NEAT ee oe ade ‘Thr ang sys innate king ST IE Dreher racl doen annual or lana me fre them more ise Heal re hae ee soc) nthe of man ofthe eps adage te in then hl ofthe nisteonh ecto Mot eae inthecorirnnetecscnnse cabled usembe lineage venerated an establish fet of ancestors at_perindic time ind import evanta: FeePie ot Cheeta tells that they have nd established religion, but believe ina “sovetaer cer al Rees eee ommon TOtanaseattng ara wl Tne gel wens fe Be Azinon(ounmos) 0° dead, whiny canal onl eee cee sealant Acco i Gantt, nevada ay “They Dteve tha he dead Mivatncntumuate wah te heey nd they expercnes the sim pussins and necesitey and her BEE ale ae AE igh: ad spend thir tiem ebony Bots Gane ee him tht the Razembe les rctsead nh tgtal eaear ene ‘mushino, probably fla other sian sn aR Lang! lbs! tcl a ore peel but or he eastern Lunda nce ton been panied cee ee spice (i SAE Faced in the cy eemch eee Sea 2 Atwachiae, “otervew wth Arsh Abwsnsa, Mba, 37 March, 19 UNZA Spee Cllesinan FT iat la cl w he mf ins. fa) vg shrines commen on the Ber ent Wale) The bat Joo Dae ation, dees eee PegTM a hrs fA tea he ein pet], tnd ee) ard in haa The vs Pelee th Apher Prt cen ci mad amin fort Tae aaa ea nd Gi tng Kusemiv. n anotated translation of the pambeiras ue Ti tae Eee ‘nue Bh ne So ee ne Cha Isc ote the se of thee eater records, parley Gems, whit the cep eaten, copa Wie mine Meee eee of he lite nvteeth evr: crn od Tascam Stele Bee ete By22,,Fer te ns a winplxane mcr cant of Atte eign Eg, Rein aed Cimcon ron Pre Pain tern han oe Gm Rae Rusoni thse sg 420. 3 a2 a TenisToay Os tHE Keanna nEToLD » common Bemba coynate pus)" "The ubuahika royal eult~ about which we unfortunately know very Tile but wat. probably similar 0. the. beter seumented Luba bude ssacatnn elated ne ii OB sncestrs of Kasembe linge ® cee he i or ip "Ghiyint aol ttle ur te character in the ete Lande™ sinatra te Tul Uap Te Resa salen of tears a fe area aT a the Lupula Valley by Muvata:Kazembe NNg’ango Bilonda alter’ Murunda ursned_Bilonda's father and uncle, Chinyata and Kasombola, in the Mokelwej River, Phis episode eneablished Chinyants and Kasuonbolv asthe must important ancestors tobe celebrated and revered by the eastern Lunda. ‘The story as recorded in te offal oral Itadivion, Like Fad, too long te ‘content and is probably the result f the comps and elchis. 1 tells f how Chinvana real the salt puns that belonged © Mutanda to Mwsint Vav and, in rotation, Muande jailed Chingant (Chinyaned Seaped, Dut was recaptured after bs wile Berayed fim: Finally Fal) ‘Mutanda tied to kill him. According t lee Pyandi CChinganta ws made ts suier in many ways, and they trial to drove hie, but failed’ ant then the wives were all sia. twat Mad [Queen] Kinds Wo showed them the ea wal him, for she wis ery afraid She said, "Takes basket tin peste nd mortar nd put hm nad him up inside Al they {id this, an threw him into the iver salle Mukulwex or Retake Masur, where hod they each his Brother Natoma and killed io in the ae Gino Nao rs ht sh son em avi or i pail Rstrnt vent wh pcan san ner te The Pores nba Geaeln’ yurhan, tool aca o save sencont Bapeteane ‘ater Rate cr for sn wie ea beneen BSR recorded st thot ime oF the more-ahious Raph ie elements." “The pombviro give no indication that ether Chinyants OF Wane “ean velo 2h sin wort ba thc ames ey ar ee i awe hve andy acti eee ee ‘Pere neha dexter ad i peep sclera ug Sy tance or tae amen a Se ‘Eso hun of hi ant ae se Rianne nee sah Cs Hi den, Sle toss imanes wh aml Charge se Merce ae Una iycid Cateics The nbue manta he desea ee Meee aber a Merge Toe mtr at ie can ade ile ase son trict yay sean oat eee es % Mean SI pe Py zane a ac My an a le tn Zona! Kant gmt, se, a sc sly ee hae img of Chinvants hy Murine and makes m0 mention of Kawombola. Burton, Lands Of Gram sea An se Vath nda be pone nace eco anus eats oh iaswng of ans Sane hore eee Varin, Riad thera Maar fo), se Poe mg te even ey Ssitng bot pce tne las raat Kanes eek isn rie cd ws yy Tis a had Rep ees Br re om a ie Me 2017 OPAL UTE Win ae cba ape2 avin s.connoy Kasombols were venerated se spirits of the water, a they would come to be in later youre, The fest enntemporary evidence thit shrines to and veneration of the Kazemi’ ancestns were lveated oor near rivers inthe Luapula region is found in the jnueots of Gumito, written in 1833 “The hl he Lab rin gem veneration and reget (agate). tn format doves avary jearar the Raa ie Mle ns nr eth ic Ceres amr) nas mee ati of pee Birra td she pte cree ocr athe ne As Rema Bore years note unnssnccgn lol yng anima sends ome th fice without any pomp oe formats th wantobuted hardehipe of famine fd small wih the people have stored {Gams fea she vencrtinn of Man Kanyembo, nt Chinganta and Ktomfeln Haever, the main snssrs ofthe rin af the drowning of ‘angemini’ bys" of Mesa nt del Keni ind Chnsanes pany rete ame person fon of the versa o Ramya ll ery seem ts have BoaimeN Tiled Pa Glsrezarded by the then Riu Razenhe "There are aveadl tome inden tans tha the ory had been ARE Te shes of venerton changed ot Politic! convsmce CGarnitnseprte that Ranged (or Chang) eneraton wok place atthe Lalas River, nwtend ofthe Mule there Chinsanes ws pty dene ‘Thiv iy ely, by the TBs the Leal Rivers he fret borer of era Kererbesraim of nar nce ait wl hus hen appropri pice to venerate he founder Of the Feazembe ince" “There are no cmtemponity reprts of the vencaion of Chingania and Kawombol, dhe spirits one wae, unt the end ofthe nineteen etary some sn years nter Cami ist. Ligatoe, whi waved through Keeper's lands in 1868, reports that Rideive venerated many “deed thief" Far more ntti and ype exon. weer ome om {he Phymth Brethren misenay, Dan Craword, why atemped to ret {he Laps River at Kalu heer Kaveri apt 193 ‘The Kalumbu Peery it very ol the chit having a good status in Lunde, On ariving cee, = polite marae cms fram him stating that 2 the body of ‘Chinvanca, the secon ciclo the Kezembe dypany, hes uried inthe iver, wat sat itr me tw approche wal WHET ada aml sto propia the sits ming the spot Cras refused w pay ibute, since st sent weainst is religious principles, Neverthless, hi account deck attest to the fact that by the end of the pinercensn century, Chiovanta, whe had perhaps heen drowned in the Mukelisli River mine dhan 260 miles 9 the weet of the Luapula River, had Pinon 179 heh coms hearse fhe Kavu nthe tsp Vay somes FP Sami, King Kasemby ‘Nims itt Parl GE Tle, Dan Crocfnd Stim and Pier Cetra fica (London, = won aw ‘raphe eM TENistonY Os THE LEARUEA RETOLD 3 saveled withthe Kazsmes and became sigifeant—if not the most Raat AT OT Hie ae By hen sms that Lunda tdecolders SEP Sabana rine to Chinvants and Kesomboly next te the non- perennial vers an seams where they had settled. With the conquest and {element of Landlords came cpt ofthe Lunds heroes, Chinyanta and Kosombnly whi ve rin ed tothe waters of apts and rooted i he Lap Valley 8p ‘Wherever Lunda title-hulders moved, they established shrines to these] spirits of the water coring to Die Prd, writen i he 94a ict hs of these to [Chingata snd Kasomibol] are bull by the water and ‘where pres i made ta then, Ard Chingunt i mentioned pei as follows: “Chityans Kas mish capa mera [Ching the sprit of water for it wos n wate that he dil and whore his grave. In many Lunda centres fay he acc a pair wf akeine by the water as memorials to Chinyants and FRawombsla, where prayer snd them, An@ there are slogans by which they are the ch When, for example, the Lund re-built their capital at the presen ste of ‘Movansabumbare in 180 they. Tail ut to abrines to Chinyanta and Kavombols on the banks of the Ngfona River. ‘The exact times when ‘Chinsanta and Kasornola were venerated are unclear, but the style seems 0 have remainelrlaiscly inchanged. Prayers, more precisely praises, were fecited anh aillevingsofwhite paler, millet best and food thrown into the ever. The entire pricess was udestaken tice and a separate places so that bth Chinvanta tnd Kasombla ld be sutsRed. A series of int ties emerged stn the seneratin f the ancestral heroes who were killed 'As Crawford's description and Jplce Fyandi makes clear, shrines to CChinvanta and Kasombola were found well beyond the Kazembe's capital [Lunda Hikcholders, many f whom belonged to autnehthonous clans and Finesse. procinmed their attichoncit to the Kazembe's orl tradition by ffecting svines theta amin sinportant smpadhe, For example, the Tehilale tulccwldce ofthe Goat Clon, sin was sent to take charge of the harbor she Laaaputs River in dhe carly minetenth eeneury, constructed two abvinss to Chinvants and Kusumibola About ance every month, Tehilolo would tuske ofevings of white clay and beer to the spirits of (Chinsancs and Kasombula, ‘The os stumbr ies) forthe Lauds ifship, to cemernber the past and old hits dea! iss skal neers a eden te. We ofler white tape va psa thei peuple, Wel this pap to emerber the dead, ‘tedium once mouhsseanetinns ste Boe bec, den some and eae it © Not Kaa NIV Ione Pi, 2. Sinan, the phrase ere wed for spurs o-onavs which norton lng anual fers op which was ot rv tvingy ber mse gas C8 Nebeck, Lemond dei i inn the psc Chil, 2 i ‘ct wat of input ie pul vata “anus neon: Nps Chun ngs Jo Chia Vilage, To i Kiva of acon eT May 201718 TE whi tonee ” Avi yennnoy {othe nna vis nse of piri ale dace. We got the rive tothe leraves of ancestors ny whe ca un hese Although Ichilalo and other itle-tolders described Chinyanta and Keasombol as imipast, these spirits dic net belong to ice direct Ieage or were as they put itil ya bale the ancestors of den fimes. “They were not linked their particular lineage history, but were Aanesstors that belonged to the gencral history of the valley. By erecting Shrines and desesibing ther asthe spirits al the rivers ad Become beacee of hese Landa heroes ~The Lind’ raat acne of memory revolved around the angst shen of cultural heroes CH ad Recaage: He e spins con ate aproprane amar aoe Panes! shnnetoCinaten, mtr ints here epee mee ee ime hive bom ae ne conidered an me Tae tonya Oar eaminonclaheinLhlsunds orl altamstnd tact keer eee Solousvndcar ule shasteahi ea tees eraser Recetas oe Fund. use Ravan 1 Rae brother Chinser ae AS nwthonng “Chiskinga" people of Nakaburuly and Karete—but at the same time Mveate Kagernbe Th wh feared that Chinavwezi hal designs on thekingden, instructed hisown Goses to il Chinawers. after illing hin, they buried his body under the Kapweshi sircim, rowses the platexi Chinawer's spit Became or ae least controfled the sharp southseastcrly wind fa typeal gu) the blow from the piateaw to the valley and endangers hase tun Bahing on the Fives and lake, Wherever this wind ble inccetantly. prevencing Paling, Mota Kazembe fd to seid the Chine teraldee athe shrine on te plots {2 placsic Chinnwesis spin. ‘This was deme over several davsy Chieweet ba ro mi rch fore day'sto te plata with a precast of deamon ora singers: [lee he av offerings and sacniced chickens aa termite ll bythe am repated 10 be the resting plu of Chinawesh Alter the poaceees esl ded sown and petcsfal weather retuened, he ease of Chinssnta and Kasombol, we do pot have detailed! evstence about the veneration uf Chinawers the ninctegeeh oo tury. Sul, piven the axe ofthe imervivcss the unsiteney afte star eed the name for the wind (Cunnison record the same story and Fite fy the $8405), 10 seus likely thot the associston af this ancestmal era With the wed ae aout in the nineteenth century.” Just a8 the vers became the graves of Chinssnv and Kesombola, che wind se the incarnation uf Chinatee ‘The ec that eater Lula tol over older shrines andallotted them Riside—oT the Cunpula Valle proper=the Makumba shrine ef abe Baushi whore Kazembe gave tribute (@ an gutachthonous ahtaae Tes 1 Chan, Cal Vg, 45 Ja, 201 SIN, Ditlne Beal “The limps Poe th ‘Myatvasnnls, ag July ab02; Dyula Katt (Gadnin Niven 30 Be ooo A Box Phin, *Rtaonba =the” Ba sel ed’ feeb af Ae Royal Arron Fatt Gren Bra an Iran to age), opal oe Interv Cian: Mats, Chen Vale yas ae levers Nawesi Mend, dell Eg 13212» 1 a 308 307 OL EE ‘itt a cyLoAPULA RETOLD 35 tear, howiver, that hy he early wentith century many’ natural features, probably sssociated with ing spirit, had been signed to eastern Lands Bncestor, When these ancestors became par of the lund, they became known ‘cht of spits" ofan shampoo simply general woah sa acne eve any tng fncage THe ansiton oe Ree aT tin il ded en ow’ ot) Any parva Wacae= ae Ca pe al CoO oe Inbtory an corporately tht extended bevond he tee + ‘The most sieved and resid item foe the Kazembe Kingdom is a called "Nahi Nevording io the present-day Reeper of Nakrbstul, the mname sirapiy mish tu her children” ml i dees in some ways eesemble {erty uject. The shrincTas to hs kee cleat of people who are considered ‘impure’ women who are menstrustiy or men who have recendy had sex should not yproach Nakabutuls. While pssily at onetime related eeeetly to the fervity ofthe royal inenge or the fecundity ofthe kingdom, this no longer seems to be the ese: Instead, che stones ensure tht tam customs assgcated wih inushipur maintained In tone af owble,etpedally th mates TTF cost TRE ha to onsul she stoner they bree disappeared then. somcluady had! diwbeyed lala "The. eeper of NNakaburnls then dismissed and she person who found the Nekabutala somes floating i the Nanas River hecames the hesper if the shrine!™ The aristocris,heeper and royal ans differ on their deseriptio of Natabutulas some say it is an wompashi, ethers inl, and others nether = simply {is intamby self, oF & form of maxic ubweamgn, The keeper of the shrine described! Naksbuwite as an rngnin that belonged to Mata Kazembe: according to this description, Nakattuls combined the impersonal spirits of ature sith the personal snd pagtclar eign of the Kazembes and thelr onguens it the Lapua Valles Although I found "noone able to remember he erigin of Nakabutola~ infirmants claimed thit Kuzembe Brought the stone om. *Kola' =the stones shire « name with a8 epponent to the eastern Lunda, Nakabutula was the sister of Katee, who was in turn a close relative fof Nubo~all conquered by Alwits_Kagembe I Ranvembo Mpemba (Gccording te Macols, Meats KagercheTTT Laacess Tange) pethepy By the betrayal Chinaveas Phe tomes coulTal eter tori more remote story. evant and Kombo we ahi, hich Ruecbepie the nae of Sad 9 Desks the sbewrmerinrl ae Lia, 80h scien hie Liisa, fa Jom 2 ar Shin (Son Kats), 24 Jay 208." Shiai intent the fglrx othe Naan lero Shani (on Kas), Jy se Nc, Ringhn f asnbe She prac conquest andthe ee laonshis bsteen Skah Katee apd” alu we tele” fr ene, {hina Chin ar stent Sine infervan ao conde Sakab teh Sacto the cise eine wha reer Ln ake ota azn ich elation orca shemale pvcnhemocest of es tnd the br hat acta Tisdale 392 Ta 3M 21 aA ETE36 navi v.coRDes {har of Mlb’, who married Nazcmbe and thus promoted peace between Kazembe anil ee brochern fe je surely more than coincidence that this famous shrine shares the name ata woman who need to be conquered oF married efore dhe Landa could proclaim the land as theirs. According fo AUfkotwe Fynodi the Lunda setled im Katel' capital after they had defeated faim and his sister, Nakalutula: it ws um the ina of Kate's village that they founded their fest capatal nd planted the maha te, which Mas 50 {mportan tor Lunda sitenof mvestinire™ Perhapn Nabubetala, silat, ‘Mukumt of the Bushs, was i Sine or object kept by ‘oct | Tineaues :na'appropriated by Kazemhe a he me of sonquest certainly the fontemporar rites tha surround the Naksbuula abrine resemble those oF ‘Makumbs. Whatever ies prior uses or history. Nakabutula came to be used by the esstern Lunda to memorialize their eonguest aver the Shila® The Natabtus thine see intial tothe pred aE he meee ofthe Kazembes" conquest in the nineteenth century. Sinus the founding of Rlwansabombs in 1899, the Nakaburula stones howe heen kept pCa ae ST TR ane ee meters say from the main howe. Inside dhe minature hut re elephant tusks and hunpo eect, dhe reacurexo th kingdom, and a white eloth ener ‘Which the once ReprTHCW Se Reaper of Ashore oneeree that dhe sine emirate and accompanies Meats Kazembe should hhe choose tw visit che shrine during challenging tines. In times past, a istncs curemony used to suertund ‘he shrine in hich the Maca fied villaers:m ehrow sehite Beads into he cnelue, bu this has not been ppurscl frat leas ite years Sul, Nakabutulyreraing tthe hear of the Kingdow'< ntamby rites. Orber Tamale tile-lders, who erect places of worship sishin their palaces, can slsnestaish Nauta shrines thereay further spieuting the story of Laide cangqust. The “true” Nakabutule, Ihoweser, reside vith Murata Karem Unlike emery sites enshrined in the landscape. objects of memory ~ ‘memorabilia are maghie. ‘The stones of Naksbutuls needed to. Become ooted ts plysieat Inna to ats “roniedss" i par af the performance that mvokes memory. For example, he Tau dines of conquest Te AAR AT menory ane tet referio Te Cunaln iF congue and punted the land that had been conquered, ‘Phe dance, perirmed hy Mata Kaze ve ather 10 reat, involved a slow twu-sep slvane furving upisards nd coming violently dann tthe youre while waving the impok sword and mhaft hate axe. The dance ended shen Mata Kazerbe Pointed his sword inal crectinnsand lve nto the round, indicating the Expanse cf a ennastests, Orher dances skate the Gemminance of Landa Patriarch like thestbmissvy hilhnsenlmaa and clinteasa performed by women. leu these dane’ hate all Become assed vty the eastern Lund, sir historical oriine ae lea an scery mune closely Hinked to Thea TE Atwat Kazemie NI, fl Py 42e5 Pir," Makumbe 206 { Inge eu Dyan Kako Conon capa) 32 Daw Aire Chie (te Kane, Rane, Ju soe the Kae sho sninvsedsc uncer the, e monde dees cg za 7 ee oefeasTOy ON FUE LUARULA HETOLD 7 Lae entre. The oo thelr “danee of conquest fom Taba eager" fe, the Motor dance sesomparied by these other signs of Lndahood are part of an annual ceremony; Bl during the ainetcenth cent. evidence demonstrate that she dance es performed afer enue st ines af elebratun or even human scree “There were other bile et uate! Lunda memory sit: several nga of ers the dance pnts tts Pee ere Boome aie Urano rah (tomb) and the ees Cand lia iTevTdent inthe nineteenth esntury: Of ine re mune alee the center of the langdor, pena Deas sve andl he Keaembe cultural hero ‘the Ape leather at Sid ntonncloh wores Cboaa a Kassab ele ate stes Ge carly techy contig Guondan orders hat Meloded warning signa furfets nl eth snrouncements ere drummed on he umondoe The beating af this ting dum aig of oer Lun ciation, was ay al feminder uf easter Landa nor. The skulls that sdorned the entrance of the Leil ciital deplaed vin! evuksee oT the Rasorbe'ereety ted power Conined the Sato inks RTO aT ign and Draenor the ster Linda had ctsbliched »performive routine that Stamatis nquret mer the Liapula Valley In Luspols, bistue vas brought inte the sociul present through whi anchropologiss ave termed! posiTondl-WOSCeRToN utiere the qames of Positions were inherited) snd PeEpLaT kinship (where kin relorships Of Hose Sho had inherited ancstal ites were maintained even while Sood ties diferd). Threugh the ell of histories and institutions like perpetual Kinship nd positiomal seceewsion, magnurs wie teescoped towards the present, [rappeirel asf past kin ries Were constantly re-mventedsperpetal Kenship sist positional succession were sys uf remembering that com= Dress) nina net ensure tha iatory was present Perpetual kinship fand posal sucevssion abo ensured that the history tld continued to 1h sn ance one conan ful during the scion ie for Lak R Gordan, Vie cara lee of tealonal eremony. 99 and 833, ‘usceaye cre In, in and Cam especie Bron, Lande fetes Cumin Ay Kc 30 Fr ham trie th te uy sue Vn Gia Te fn Se Ff Erte (Pt ih rh, ha Git lsu ha ony Razambe and few ropa hcl ur puesta ides Cotton an tc oe extensive nity algae Byars For sunrise outs Teesiniyru > on Cn talon Ct Riscbe SV" Nerer sine Yovwel tos (vasa tro Foot he an a ss de meen acted with the Kiser Kingom, sew ata Chicse Chivas ft Paes af the Lands ape Sorter iho: Ther Asn toed Backes, 9s) Sens tos Cit ate38 ANID sLconnen belong tothe particular group ox, more precisely, to hose who had inherited {he names and kin positions of the characters found the narrations, wat Kazembe, for example, inherited the totality of his predecessors” identities and sin reacionships. He was ureeted sith the prose. “wide an archaic Lube teri that referred tn his royal ancestors: Havever, for the Kazembe Ainease ths very personal” at a hisrical inheritance was generalised an given in vinustal sense of historieal time snd depth, One way. that the Kazemi lineage developed its distinctive historical depth was through the Durie ap races of cond ings that “ica witnes tothe numberof previous kings All she sites considered up co ths point ware erected in strategie places 7 to conmernorate, spread and invest thu land with theoral tradition of ester Lunds conquest. ‘The geives of kings and royals, hy contra, provided physical ev klence of dhe eastern Lui ase, In ame tense. these sites are leas import to the huemwny ofthe cotern Landa sory singe they ae les ‘mobile sul mallee. ‘They do, however. provide sighs ot an established Bresenc: they Tink sai mney vo ables ub snd med {The alles fora tore MT TSP To NTO Tae | fdenticies cv tne lausexpe use, Int sense, graves are places af memory par eselicncrs they provi physical evidence ofthe fatsage of post lives and, Fink ancestors to thir corporal semaine ™ “The two het-known moval yravesurds (mashane) ane Mumpotokoso, where he hire of hints are hui sd Lande, the graveyard of the ings the sont saved we for the Ls, Lane pesveraed ened aoe {he ol sna capital and teesputed to the resting pround for egof the 18 Mata Kesembe TT Ratgembo ddead_Rcuts Karem At fest 9 MpensTstin mild rund 1769-30), the Landa ToPaT ly apport indTeas so be respontible For earring Miata Kazembe to the getveya and ioring him ~ they bee ahs muon (eens ofthe peavey) ‘who sere to note Re hing iad erry: Imperee oee tors hal co Feet atte aces he Kings often foro tbat, and ta cur wetness tothe Rare henry. In ty Fe lo a fnstrcte 0 “advance tle nearer he pce, tonn, a howe (Manas [rashes where the Caremib'sfaber burcd, an there express proper Arattai fr she said ene’. He eit ctton cloth and stoneware beads for fhe des! king. Afore than thir’ years liter, 4 Lunda tile-holder insisted hat Canitin and a detachment of soldier visit the keave of “Mw Kanyenb', probahly Mais Kagetrbe IT Kanvembo. Alter presenting bir with cea glasses mda mir, the ssn af the era ed tem the ate Ab of lls pl aside his heed sr cath hy with sts aang th ite Kegaveenar't a spacious wide sl hy ane a strlaced tee and vl hai Toke he tell rimmed femamets bs ae."T quane wasp perc lea, In the mide wa reas Saeed hut ana opt carne snes mountain ally The 2 Gans, Hin and sora 2 Cinpor rex. the aso ang inthe Mates dnt of Zimbabes, sete ils Ia Pines re Rene“ bal fhe and ScotethatryZattes Pa ad Pree 17 nn Ea of Caco ta, 9.20211 te 0M 207 OP UTEMISTORY ON THE LUAPDLA RETOLD 9 ‘ut is the tor Masham i which Mieits Kanyembo i buted. sie this omb hich ieestinfncl shape nl quite empty, the Atwine- Masham [Owne ofthe Gavel sat with legs contd ur prauni n fton of bm and afer Some time f silence during which he uppesrl te he sage in cep metation we heard occismal mrmering, sd rife he eselamed in Ind voice “Avie Which cons “thank wu ery much’. He tamed towaeds us and sai The ‘Muri oe plowed with the Whit ad wth the Kaaembe-Mipata for having br vse ‘Two ss later, anther onsets grave took them to dhe nearby grave af Maan Lokwess, the sceessnr to ‘who tuled unl around oges, here they underwent rituals and gave tibute™ "They revere the Tee where the Mwatay are hurd’, Gamita concluded, ‘nevertheless they perform no cult forthe dau, simply giving the spirits te respect they hed ‘when al Tai Go Laide graveyard, which included elabora ions, evoke Lunds anccstal heros sd wenerited univer sides an locas heeame are aT Tse Tits of memary Trough a series of fntambs sessing eal ed tts ofthe eaveyand, Based Om my ‘own feldicork and Weseritions by Cunnivon, we con identify some Rey Bria tes (here is Hine reason w believe that these are colonial inventions ince thes conform te the descriptions of nineteemth-cemcury waders and traveler) Visitor: paused st several resting places called helombil Firesmilejsiney hetiecen the Lunde Seam and ‘The Sr vr ere teem lls the fast prove of towering fue tees, Each rein place had developed iis ss dam ites, such a8 throwing white povaler and lrg musalestoudnye wns. There was a predetermined sway tho the prncessinn advanead scwuadd the vesting places they could not proce s:raixht along the track insted they went around «large termite Fillo rested under the shud of certain eres. The most important ulate rite to pevform ata resting place was the giving of amohota gifts: without these gts the nvesces of the graveyard could prevent the procession From advancing. lmao is the moi form of the ver teukeola, meaning the giving ot ts usually alter maeeiage propa that pera the couple fo eit :oycther since the obligations beiveen the respective Tamilies heve been uieuately represented. In the same fashion, the gifts represented the obits thatthe living had towards the dead and thatthe king had foward: hose whe would keep hiebodl an eanory. At the graveyard, there were more Jam ctor; tibute t the dead seas given by testing White powder, pena, and afferaus nf hecr or other goods. All these rites Were sumht thev were done in ths way Iecause of precedent. "They Were not Ls honded vow fron the ancsstur bu rather Ways af doing things, Gro, Bing Rose 2 is 2 Vive anal Leo to attaninn, “he st wa dig png by ‘Moata Kizembe NVI Chart Mums toed an sea te 999 The ‘econ. rates naa tp th th ae maton Nukes, Lule, 223 Tein te yy Cann se snr. on Cannon The des and gf Kinenbe NIV Norther Rhee Jord, tg Cth sgt The foming ths Lun Iver lpn of amine na chert bth Die {Gommrsioner in t9c9 and reonded sn tow Kav Dus Neb Neonfof acting and emborying neon’: there was mo. reagan or symbolic rearing behind them beyond the performance af» Land socal memory find ws il soa sites hac dame ete apuociated with then, Some were Bnd sips by a phesiea place that Linked then ta the happenings of the past hse sites had tle eclignoussigieanee and generally refereed t0 Fistoricel events that curved during or aftr Landa conquest, For example, Maun. shere she Landa conse the Lauspla River: or Chikenga Inland, when ‘lis Neenshi {or Kewama) he led and where i head remained after ins decapitated hy Kalandals and Newana Ntambo (Chall kuba) fr Kilssa Island, where Nkuiba Neensh's brother, Nude Bukongolo, hed Fed "ins: Mwats Kavembe. At uther sitet there te phytieal evidence of Instaical events ‘There are a series of defenaive ditches Cimpembe) a Kanyeribs nd Mukasso's eile and canal herwecn Karembe's expital and ne I spa fe, ci the La ere sat hive passed in am a tempt to conquer the’ Kivembe Kingdon (Chipita Balu) Such sites, usually named after fartewar past events, allowed for dieusion of the history othe valles. "Ths biked the land the histny of the Kuzembe Kingciom smut wfleved sesinble aml visible evidence thot transformed persia Hinge mxennry int amie basoy By the md te Ite ninetcomth century, the military reach and economic” hhegenons nf the Kazeinbe Kingglom ss i decline, ‘The Kazembe rulers and hie aristecrat= were indehtes to Swab slave and ivory Waders and halle by tae ineursinns of Noone weal ho had setled on the western hans othe Laapus River” When Dabney faced comparable y polite snd ee mone challenges durin heen ninetcenth eentury. ruler Faced by intenslsing the ceremonial cvcl and deified members of the ro Ee inn efit hyoze hee ule ® We hk deh chronology oe the nisTTcation of Hie ra and vercioonial ele in the Laapula Valley However iti liksls dot identical snd ital changes wecompanied the ranstorstian st tae Kazember le Irom an icles] in ae catly-ninetearh exntury to 9 defen kingdom thet found Mt Alife eo roast isha’ over the loser Laaputa Valley in the lat Ainetenth century One aspect of thse nange wad have been an intensified ‘effort zt the kingdom the Lapa Valles, to change the migrant ose oj tan Labs lineages whe od tenses" Landa into euapalan Laura" dome vat ys contrasted that of the commoners, the “Sil Alec fs 1a Gomi els shyt se ery “sul ncaa more than Reem (are, 1} bata Kasra eg Hos arn, Chao rei ie Ie msm Vt Sr ang se so), an {he Ars to po FS aa Ha de, ie Zo eri syncs, a9 deat inet Eeaand: Gene Pale (amt ct Chart ie, 4998h350°5ls woroLe “” “fishermen: “The people of Kazernbe are descended fromm the indigenous people, sie Shils, snl from the Kempakoles, conquerors fram the western Dart ol Alvicn™™ The Kizembe oral tradition cold he of the Uuspols Valley hectuse satura fetare, shrines and graves verified it, Although there i inuliciont evidence tn demonstrate thatthe cultural heroes of the Riven lincage ete superimposed on an older network of fngui,it dnes seem tbat the veneration wf the Kuasmbe lineage ancestors Such 2 Ching ine Kasombola comet with inguly veneration spread by assicissons hice human By the end ofthe nineteenth century, eastern a cultural heros hl become associated with the natural features of the Luaputs Valley, One way that the Kazembesconeoliated ther rule was by ataching their euleal heroes to the lind and lakes and sarginalaing oF incorporating snlve ancestral andl nature spits inte. a version of the Karemes" historical arama. Lun history became enshrined, embodied and performed to constitute a general soc memory, am impersonal ross Tinea history. ts com hen Ae, ules were wally ete rou frie valleys net to vers, ke a ATES FOUp OF arfiva’s or Goqucrors, to une thee more militaristic and bombastic term, imposes! is culture and its ways an the autochthonous commoners However, congas! also meant acceptance, imposition als meant assim lation. New settlers comet els authori by associating the significant sites, shines and stries of autochthencs peoples with theit awn cultura heroes Inthe Tsnpla Valley, eaterm Lona tte-holders erected sites of semis that established the Kazomhe ancestors as the epurits ofthe water fnd the wind. ‘Their graves and historical sites spread across the valley Abbistore nf one mixes Hneaie eas thereby transformed into the genes Univers and impersonal Rest of the Lapula Valley. The resteling of history on the Lusls bythe eastern Land ile-holders diffused 8 version | ofthe pnt sh cl be aspen stray eal Regen, Many he Luapnts Valles aoe tr tdentife shemelver av "Lunda" and a "Shilo", ids dre yd ein fhe irs By the time of clonal conquest im the Ite gg an established cross Aineage isons wis part of Linpula's lrdscape The evidence for This afguiici ranges fr present-day nares fo ethnographic abeervations from the early we leth century and csntemporiey exe-witness accounts} taken tosether, tutes thatthe incu af Loma histare and tradition in Lupita Vale ae hed to pola siruglerin thc hineteenth eany, Which included asserting rile ver he Lapua peuple inthe early nine teenth centre snd sping With crisis of leimiey the tater halo the century. The nal (lit, ied to the linccape a dhe aineteenth century, ‘would rcinforce sant in the tweneth, century moa moral thro eating at performgge hess t woald erage witha nove et oF polit aud FemTce context Thar the eastern Landa had inscribed Rerosslineaye bevory om to the lanivespe made this twentiethecentary Wiki cand soe Nac, “Licata sal Za2 avin se precess fir mwve coneincing, phunible and possible, ‘The history of the grat ofthe eastern Tanda hetr conquest of the valley and some of the ‘mare famous epyexics a their trakon ~ hike the drowning af Chinyant find the myurder 0! Chistes had alricly become universally accepied Iistorical acs ‘osc oi SE 18n Te 30 387 ATAU "i eine pate