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1. INTRODUCTION 2
5. REASONS OF DISCONTINUITY 3
6. SOLVED EXAMPLES 4
7. EXERCISE 1 19
8. EXERCISE 2 21
9. EXERCISE 3 23
1
Continuity
CONTINUITY
1. INTRODUCTION
The word 'Continuous' means without any break or gap. If the graph of a function has no break or
gap or jump, then it is said to be continuous.
Afunction which is not continuous is called a discontinuous function.
(iii) (iv)
At Every Integer
L.H.L. f 2 0 ℎ→0
lim 2 − ℎ +1 5
2
...(ii)
2
Continuity
R.H.L. f 2 0 h0
lim 2 2 h 4 ...... (iii) f 2 0 f 2 0 f 2
𝑥 + , 𝑥<3
Ex.2 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 4, 𝑥=3 , is continuous at x = 3, then the value of is
3𝑥 − 5, 𝑥>3
Sol. f x is continuous at x = 3
f 3 x3
lim f x
0
4 = lim 3 − ℎ + = 3 + => = 1
ℎ→0
Thus a function f(x) is continuous at a point x= a if it is left continuous as well as right continuous at
x = a.
x 2 1 , when x 2
Ex.3 Functionf x 3 , when x 2
is left continuous at x = 2.
because f 2 0 ℎ→0
lim 2 − ℎ − 1 3 f 2
5 , 2 x3
Sol. Is continuous in the closed interval [1, 3] because it is continuous in (1, 3), right continuous at x=1 and
left continuous at x = 3.
5. REASONS OF DISCONTINUITY
(a) Limit does not exist
i.e. Lim f (x) Lim f (x)
–
xa xa
(b) f(x) is not defined at x = a
(c) Lim f (x) f (a)
xa
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a
break at x = a, if the function is discontinuous at x = a.
The graph as shown is discontinuous at x = 1, 2 and 3.
3
Continuity
5.1 Continuous Functions
Afunction is said to be continuous function, if it is continuous at every point in its domain. Following
are examples of some continuous functions:
(i) f x x (Identity function)
(ii) f x c (Constant function)
(iii) f x a0 xn a1x n1 ..... an (Polynomial function)
(iv) f x sin x,cos x (Trigonometric function)
(v) f x ax , ex , e–x (Expoential function)
(vi) f x log x (Logarithmic function)
(vii) f x sinh x,cosh x, tanh x (Hyperbolic function)
(viii) f x | x | , x | x | , x | x | , x | x | (Absolute value functions)
4
Continuity
For example:
(i) f(x) = x is continuous and g(x) = cos 1/x is discontinuous whereas their product x cos 1/x is
continuous.
(ii) f(x) = C is continuous and g(x) = sin 1/x is discontinuous whereas their product C sin 1/x is
discontinuous.
Important Point
The discontinuity of a function f(x) at x = a can arise in two ways
(i) If lim f( x) exist but ≠ f(a) or lim f( x) exist but ≠ f(a) , then the function f(x) is said to have
x a x a
a removable discontinuty.
(ii) The function f(x) is said to have an unremovable discontinuity when lim
xa f(x) does not exist.
5
Continuity
2
If y = x x 2 +1 m d y dy
Ex.7 , then show that (x 2 1) 2 x – m2 y 0 .
dx dx
Sol. Getting
dy
= m x x +1
2 m–1
1
x m x
=
x 2 +1
=
m
m y
dx x +1
2
x 2 +1 x 2 +1
x 2 +1 dy my ...(i)
dx
2
x 2 +1 d y x
dy
m
dy
2
dx x 2 +1 dx dx
x 2 1
d 2y dy dy
x m x 2 +1 = mmy = my (using i)
dx 2 dx dx
2
or x 2 1 d y x dy – m 2 y 0
dx 2 dx
Ex.8 Verify Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x in the interval [0, 2].
Sol. Here we observe that
f(x) is polynomial and since polynomial are always continuous, as well as differentiable. Here
f(x) is continuous in the [0, 2] and differentiable in the (0, 2).
&
f(0) = 0, f(2) = 2 – 3. (2) + 2(2) = 0
3 2
f(0) = f(2)
Thus, all the condition of Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
So, there must exists some c (0 ,2) such that f'(c) = 0
1
f'(c) = 3c2 – 6c + 2 = 0 c = 1 ±
3
where both c = 1 ± 1 (0, 2) thus Rolle's theorem is verified.
3
Q.9 Verify Rolle's theorem for the functions f(x) = x(x + 3)e–x/2 in the interval [–3, 0].
Sol. Since a polynomial function and an exponential function are every where continuous and
differentiable. Therefore, f(x), being product of these two, is continuous on [–3, 0] and
differentiable on (–3, 0). Also, f(–3) = –3 (– 3 + 3)e3/2 = 0 and f(0) = 0
f(–3) = f(0) Thus, f(x) satisfies all the three conditions of Rolle's theorem on [-3, 0].
Consequently, there exists c (–3, 0) such that f'(c) = 0
6
Continuity
Ex.10 Find c of the Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 7 in the interval [1, 3].
Sol. Given f(x) = 3x2 + 5x + 7 ....(i)
f(1) = 3 + 5 + 7 = 15 and f(3) = 27 + 15 + 7 = 49
Again f'(x) = 6x + 5
Here a = 1, b = 3
Now from Lagrange's mean value theorem
f (b) – f (a) f (3) – f (1) 49 –15
f'(c) = 6c + 5 = = 17 or c = 2.
b–a 3 –1 2
Q.11 Verify Lagrange's mean value theorem for the function f(x) = x – 2 sinx in the interval [–, ].
Sol. Since x and sin x are every where continuous and differentiable, therefore f(x) is continuous on [–, ]
and differentiable on (– ). Thus, both the conditions of Lagrange's mean value theorem are
satisfied. So, there must exist at least one c𝜖(– ) such that
f () – f (–)
f'(c) =
– (–)
Now, f(x) = x – 2 sinx
f'(x) = 1 – 2 cos x, f() = – 2 sin = and f(–) = – – 2 sin (–) = –
f () – f (–)
f'(x) =
– (–)
– (–)
1 – 2 cos c = 1 – 2 cos c = 1
– (–)
cos c = 0 c = ± /2
Thus, c = ± (/2) (– )
Hence Lagrange's mean value theorem is verified.
7
Continuity
SOLVED EXAMPLES
3x 2 ax a 3 2 h 2 1
Ex.1 If the f (x) is continuous at 2 2 = .
x2 x 2 4 h 4
x = –2 then find f (–2)
Since the function is continuous then RHL | 1 lim f(x)
Sol. x
2 x
1
2
VoF | x = –2 = RHL|x = –2= LHL| x = –2
3x 2 ax a 3 2𝑥 − 1
f(–2) = xlim
2
f (x) = lim
x2 x 2 = lim
4 2𝑥 − 1
x2
x
1
This limit exist when 15 – a = 0 a= 15 ...(1) 2
3x 2 15x 18
lim = lim 2𝑥−1 4+ 2𝑥−1+2
x 2
x2 x 2 1 4+ 2𝑥−1−4
=4
x
2
3(x 2)(x 3) 3(x 3) 3(1)
lim lim LHL | RHL |
x2 (x 2)(x 1) x2 (x 1) 3 1
x 2
1
x2
f (–2) = – 1 So value of function can not determine. & the
function is discontinuous.
1 sin x
1 Ex.3 Given function g(x) = 6 − 2𝑥 and h(x)
; x
1 cos 2x 2 = 2x2 – 3x + a. Then
; x
1 (i) Evaluate h(g(2))
Ex.2 Let f(x) = p
2 g(x); x 1
2x 1 1 (ii) If f(x) = . Find ‘a’so that
; x h(x); x 1
4 2x 1 2 2
f is continuous.
Sol. (i) h(g(2))
Determine the value of p, if possible. So that
g(2) = 6 − 4 = 2
1
the function is continuous at x = . h( 2 ) = 4 – 3 2+a
2
Sol. V.F. |x 1 = p g(x); x 1
(ii) f(x) =
2
h(x); x 1
1 sin x
LHL | 1 = lim f(x) = lim
x 1
1 1 cos(2x) 6 − 2𝑥, 𝑥≤1
2 x
2
x 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑥>1
2
1
Put x = –h V.F. |x x = 1= 2
2
1 sin
h R.HL.|x = 1 = lim f(x) = lim (2x2 – 3x + a)
2 x 1 x 1
= lim
h0 1 cos( 2h) =a–1 ... (i)
L.H.L| x = 1 = xlim
1
6 − 2𝑥 = 2
1 cos h 1 Since function is continuous
= lim
h0 (h)
2
1 cos(2h) L.H.L.| x = 1 = R.H.L.| x = 1 = V.F.| x= 1
(2h) 2 2=a–1a=3
8
Continuity
1 x ; 0 x 2
Let f(x) =
A(1 cosh) 1 A
Ex.4
3 x ; 2 x 3 = lim . =
Determine the form of g(x) = f[f(x)] & hence h0 h2 tanh 2
find the point of discontinuity of g, if any h
1 x ; 0 x 2 ( x 2 )([x ]1)
Sol. f(x) = 4
16
3 x ; 2 x 3 LHL | x = 2 = lim 4
x2 4 16
x
(x 2)
= lim 4 16 2
x2
4 16 x
Put x = 2 – h
4h h
4 4 2 16
2
e
, x2
(1 | cos x |)
a|tan x|
b
;
;
x
4 x 16 2
f (x)
A 1 cos(x 2) , x 2
(x 2)(tan(x 2))
Determine the value of ‘a’& ‘b’if function is
find the values ofA& f(2) in order that f(x)
continuous at x
may be continuous at x = a 2
A(1 cos(x 2)) Sol. V.F. | b2
Sol. RHL | x=2 = lim x
(x 2)(tan(x 2))
x 2 2
9
Continuity
(1 cos h)(1 cos2 h cos h) 1
Put x = h lim
2 h0 3(1 cos h)(1 cos h) 2
tan( 36 h ) tan 6h
6 tan 5 5 h 6 cot 5h lim
b(1 sin x)
lim 2 = lim =1 RHL |
x
( 2x) 2
h 0 5 h 0 5 2 x
2
; x0
b = – 1, a = 0 bx 3/ 2
Ex.7 Determine a & b so that f is continuous at is continuous at x = 0.
1 sin 3 x Sol. V.F. |x 0 c
; x
3cos x
2
2 sin(a 1)x sin x
LHL | x = 0 = lim
x , f(x) = a ; x x0 x
2 2
b(1 sin x) = xlim (cos (a + 1) x) (a + 1) + cos
; x
0 –
( 2x) x = (cos 0) (a + 1) + cos 0 = a + 1 + 1 = a + 2
2
(x bx 2 )1/ 2 x1/ 2
1 sin3 x lim
LHL | = lim f (x) = lim 2
; x0 bx 3/ 2
x
3cos x
(x bx 2 ) x
2 x x
lim
2 2
0 x0 bx 3/ 2 x b𝑥 2 x
form
0 x2
1
lim
Put x h
2
x 0
x x b𝑥 1 2
since the function is continuous
1 sin 3 h
2 Ca2
1
C
1 3
,a ,b R
lim 1 cos h
3
lim
2 2 2
3 cos2 h
h0 h0 3sin 2 h
but b 0 or b = R0
2
10
Continuity
x nf (x) h(x) 1
Ex.9 Discuss the continuity of the function ‘f’defined Ex.11 Let g(x) lim , x 1 and
n 2x n 3x 3
1
x 1 ; 0 x 2 sin 2 .2x
g(1) lim be a continuous
3 x 1 n(sec(.2 x ))
sin 2 (.2 x )
g(1) lim
x 1 (sec(.2 x ) 1)
Sol.
sin 2 (.2 x ).cos(.2 x )
g(1) lim
x1 1 cos(.2 x )
(1 cos(.2 x ))(1 cos(.2 x ))(cos(.2 x ))
g(1) lim
x1 (1 cos(.2 x ))
=2 ,
So the function is discontinuous at x = 1, 4, 5. ....(1)
Ex.10 If f(x) = x +{–x}+ [x], where [x] is the integral
x nf (x) h(x) 1
part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss g(x) lim
2x n 3x 3 x 1
;
n
the continuityoffunction in [–2,2].
Sol. f (x) = x + {–x} + [x]
{x} = x – [x] h(x) 1
3(x 1) ,0 x 1
{–x} = –x – [–x]
f(x) = x + (–x – [–x]) + [x] g(x) 2, x 1
f(x) = [x] – [–x] f (x)
, x 1
[–x] = –[–x]– 1 ; x I 2
2x ; x I
f (x) since g is continuous
1 2[x] ; x I g (1) = 2
h (1) = 11
4 ; x 2 f (1) = 4
5 ; 2 x 1 4g(1) + 2f(1) – h(1) = 4.2 2.4 11
= 8 + 8 – 11 = 5
2 ; x 1
Ex.12 Find the locus of (a,b) for which the function
3 ; 1 x 0
f(x) = 0 ; x 0 ax b ; x 1
1 3x ; 1 x 2 iscontinuous at
; 0 x 1 f(x) =
2 bx a ;
2
x2
; x 1
1
; 1 x 2 x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2
4 ; x2
11
Continuity
Sol. at x = 1
a sin x a tan x
a–b=3 ...(1) (conti) ; x0
tan x sin x
& Ex.14 f(x) =
n(1 x x ) n(1 x x ) ; x 0
2 2
at x = 2 (disc) sec x cos x
6 4b a
If function is continuous at x = 0, find ‘a’.
x
6 4b b 3 (a, b) (6, 3) Now if g(x) ln 2 .cot(x a) for
(x, y) (6, 3) a
b3
a6 x a, a 0, a 0. If g is continuous at x = a
then show that g (e–1) = – e.
2 cos x 3
Ex.13 The function f(x) = 3 4 is not
Sol. Function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 then
x sin x x V.F.| x = 0 = R.H.L.|x = 0 = L.H.L.| x = 0
defined at x = 0. How should the function be
R.H.L.|x = 0 = lim f(x)
defined at x = 0 to make it continuous at x = 0. x 0
1 x3 x5 3x3 3x5 ln 2 x
.... a Put x = a + h
= lim lim
2xx ....3x
x 0 x 5
2! 4! 3! 5! xa tan(x a)
1 1 3
= lim ....
5 4!
x 0 x 5!
1 3 1 1 1
= – = – =
24 120 24 40 60
12
Continuity
13
Continuity
Ex.17 Consider the function
sin 1 (1 {x}2 ) sin 1 (1{x})
2
1 a xa na
x x
; x0
; x0 Ex.18 f(x) = 2({x} {x}3 )
a 2x 2
g(x) = 2x a x xn2 xna 1 ; x0
; x0 2
x2
Where {x} is fractional part of x consider a
find the value of ‘a’& g(0) so that the function another function g(x) such that
g(x) is continuous at x = 0.
f (x) ; x0
Sol. L.H.L.|x = 0 g(x) = . Discuss the
1 a x xa x na 2 2 f (x) ; x 0
= x0
lim
a x 2
x
continuous of the function f(x) & g(x) at x = 0.
Put x = 0 – h. Sol. lim f(x)
RHL|x = 0 = x0
1 a h ha h na
= lim 1 2 1
h0 ahh2 2 sin (1 (x [x]) sin (1 x [x])
= xlim
a h 1 hna 0
2(x [x] (x [x]) 3)
= lim
h 0
h2 1 2 1
sin (1 x ) sin (1 x)
a h ln a 0 na 2
= h 0
lim
2h
= xlim
0 2
2x(1 x )
1 1
a h (na ) 2 0 (na) 2 cos (1 x 2 ) sin (1 x)
= lim = = xlim
h 0
2 2 0 2x(1 x 2 )
R.H.L.| x=0 cos 1 (1 x 2 )
= lim
2x a x xn2 xna 1 2 2 x 0 x
= x0
lim
x2
Let cos–1 (1 – x2) =
1 – x2 = cos
Put x = 0 + h
x2 = 1 – cos
2h a h – h n 2 – h n a –1
lim x = 1 cos
h 0
h2 when x 0 then 0
+
(2a) n2a n2a
h
= lim
h 0
2h = lim
2 2 0 1 cos
lim (2a) h (n2a) 2 0 (n2a) 2
= h 0 =
2 2
Since the function is continuous = lim
2 2 0
g(0) = L.H.L.| x = 0 = R.H.L.|x = 0 2 sin 2
2
(n(2a))2 (na ))2 2
= 2
2 2 = lim = lim = .
(n(2a) + na) (n 2a – na) = 0
4 0 sin 4 0 sin
2
(n(2a) n2 = 0 n(2a2) = 0 2 2
1 1
2a2 = 1 a = ± a= . LHL|x = 0 = lim f(x)
x 0
2 2
(na )2 1 1
2 sin (1 x [x] ) sin (1 x [x])
2
g(0) = = (n 2–1/2)2
2 = xlim
0
2 2(x [x] (x [x]) 3
1 1 1
g(0) = n 2 = (n 2) 2 1 – (x + 1)2
2 2 8
14
Continuity
1 x 2 2x 1 | 4x 5 | ; 1 x 2
|4x – 5| [x] =
(x 1) (x 1)3 6 ; x2
(x + 1) (1 – (x + 1)2)
(x + 1) (1 – x2 – 2x – 1) 1 x
5
(4x 5) ; 4
sin 1 (x 2 2x) sin 1 (x) = 4x 5 ;
5
x
2
= xlim 2 4 8
0
2(x 1)(x 2x)
2
6 ; x2
1 1
cos (x 2 2x)(sin x)
lim
= x0
2(x 1)(x 2 2x)
1 ; x0
sin 1 x
cos1 (x 2 2x) 1
0 ; 0x
= xlim . x
2
0
2(x 1)(x 2) 1 x 1
1 ;
2
f(x) =
= . (4x 5) 5
4 2 ; 1 x
4
For f(x) since 4x 5 ;
5
x2
LHL|x = 0 RHL|x= 0 so function is discontinuous 4
6 ; x2
at x = 0
for g(x)
RHL|x = 0 = xlim
0
g(x) = xlim
0
f(x) = .
2
LHL| = lim g(x) = lim 2 2 f(x)
x=0 x 0 x 0
= 2 2 xlim
f(x) = 2 2 = .
0 4 2 2
1
So, the function is discontinuous at 0, 2 , 1, 2
g(0) = f(0) = .
2 Ans
Ex.19 Discus the continuity offunction in[0, 2] where x x
n
Ex.20 Given f (x ) tan r sec r 1 ; r, n N
| 4x 5 | [x] ; x 1 r1 2 2
f(x) = ; x 1 . Where [.] is
[cos x] n
x x
f (x) tan r sec r 1 ; r, n N
greatest integer.Also draw its graph. 2 2
g(x) lim r 1
n
x
1 f (x) tan n
n
2
1 ; x0
1
Sol. [cos x] = 0 ; x x 2 K for x
4
and the domain of g (x) is
1 ; 1 x 1 (0, / 2) where [] denotes the greatest integer
2 function. Find the value of k, if possible so
that g (x)is continuous x . Also state the
4
points of discontinuous = y of g(x) in 0, if
4
any
15
Continuity
Ex.21 Let f (x) = cosec 2x + cosec 22 x + cosec 23
x
sin x
x sin x / 2 2 x + ....... cosec 2n x, x 0,
Sol. (tan . sec x = =
x 2
2 x
cos cos x cos cos x and g (x) = f (x) + cot 2n x
2 2
sin x cos
x
cos x sin
x
2 2 x (cos x)g(x) (sec x)cos ec x if x 0
= = tan x – tan )
x
cos cos x 2 If H (x) = p if x 0
2 ex e x 2 cos x
if x 0
x x x sin x
tan . sec x = tan x – tan
2 2
Find the value of p, if possible to make the
x x
tan x .sec tan tan x function H (x) continuous at x = 0.
2
2 2 2 22 Sol. f (x) = cosec 2x + cosec 22x + ...... + cosec 2n x
x x x x
tan .sec 2 tan 2 tan 3
2 3
2 2 2 1 sin(2x x)
now cosec 2x = sin 2x = sin x sin 2x = cot
x – cot 2x
Similarly cosec 22 x = cot 2x – cot 22 x
tan
x x x x
sec n 1 tan n tan n cosec 23 x = cot 22 x – cot 23 x
2 n
2 2 2
cosec 2n x = cot 2 n – 1 x – cot 2n x
x ___________________________________
f(x) = tan x – tan 2n
f (x) = cot x – cot 2n x
x g (x) = f (x) + cot 2n x = cot x
f(x) + tan 2n = tan x .... (i)
now H (0 + h) = Lim
h0
( (cos h)cot h + (sec h)cosech )
Using (i) Lim coth (cosh 1) Lim cos ech (sech 1)
= eh 0 + eh 0
x
ln(tan x) (tan x) n sin tan =1+1=2 ...(i)
lim 2
; x h
e 2 cos h
h
g(x) = n 1 (tan x) n
4 e
H (0 – h) = Lim
h0 h sec h
k ; x
4
e h e h 2 2(1 cos h)
= h0
Lim =2
n(tan x) ; x h2 h2
4 ... (ii)
g(x) = K ; From (1) and (2) H (x) will be cont. if p = 2
4
sin tan x x
tan
x
;
2 2n
4 Ex.22 Given f(x) = x , n N and
n 1
n(tan x) ; x
2 cos
2 n 1
4 n1
(x f (x ) 1)cot 2 x if x 0
2
g(x) = K ; x
4 g(x) = if x 0
k
0 ; x Find the value of k if possible, so that g is
4
continuous at x = 0.
16
Continuity
2 1
x
tan sin
x f(x) = Hence f(x)
2 = 2 sin 2x x
Sol. T1
cos x x 1 2
cos cos x
2 +
x sin 2x
x 2x
2 sin 2 x f(x)+1 =
2 sin 2x
= x x
2sin cos cos x
2x cot
2
2x
2 2
1 cos x 2(1 cos x) x0
T1 sin x cos x sin 2x Hence g(x) = sin 2x
k x 0
2 1
= ....(i)
sin 2x sin x a x 1 b sin x sin bx
x n sin x cos x cos bx
x0
x x
tan sin 2 Ex.23 f (x) =
|||ly T2 4 4
x x x x a x sin bx b x sin ax x0
2 cos 2 sin cos cos
2 4 4 2 tan bx tan ax
Limit f (0 h) Limit
sinh .h n cosh cos bh
x x Sol.
1 cos
2 sin 2 h0 h0
4 2 1 1
T2 n
sin x sin x sin x 2 sin x a h 1 h b sinh sin bh h2
Limit . .
2
cosh cos bh
2
h sinh h .h
h0
= ln a · ln
Hence T2 1 1 ...(ii)
sin x 2sin x l1
b sinh sin bh h2
2 where l = Lim · =
h0 h3 cosh cos bh l2
2 1
Now T1
sin 2x sin x b sinh sin bh cosh cos bh
1 1 where l1 = 3 and l2 =
T2 h h2
sin x 2 sin x 1
b(sinh h) (sin bh bh) 1 cos bh 1 cosh
2 = Lim . b 2
h0
h3 b 2 h 2 h 2
1 1
T3 1
x
2 2 sin 2
x sinh h sin bh bh) 3 b 2 1
2sin
= Lim
b . 2 2
b
2 2 h0 h 3 b3h 3
1 1 1 3 1 2
Tn = Lim b b . 2
x x
2 n 2 sin 2 n 1 sin h0
6 6 (b 1)
2n 2 2 n 1
sin x x 1
2 1 [ Limit ]
f(x) = Lim h0 x3 6
sin 2x n 2 n 1 sin x
2 n 1
17
Continuity
b (b 1) b
2
2
= Lim · 2 ;
h0 6 (b 1) 3
n
b
hence f (0 ) = ln a ·
+
3
a h sin(bh) b h sin(ah)
f (0–) = Lim f (0 h) Lim
h 0 h0 tan(bh) tan(ah)
(multiply Dr & Nr by ah · bh)
a h sin ah bh sin bh
= Limit
h0 a h .b h [tan ah tan bh]
h h
ah · a sin( ah) b sin( bh) · bh
Limit ah bh
= h 0 tan(ah) tan(bh )
ah · bh ·
ah bh
(a b)
[ Limit 1
h0 (a b) ]
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0,
then f (0) = 1
18
Continuity
EXERCISE-I
19
Continuity
Q.11 Let the equations x3 + 2x2 + px + q = 0 and
x3 + x2 + px + r = 0 have two roots in common
(sin x cos x)cosec x ; x0
and the third root of each equation are 2
represented by and respectively.
Q.16 Let f (x) = a ; x0
1 2 3
e x ex e
x
x log1 x
2 3
; 0 x
2
e , 1 x 0 a e x b e
x
If f (x) = a, x 0
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value
b
ln ex x
2
, 0 x 1
of (a2 + b2).
tan x f (x)
Q.17 Let f (x) = x3 – x2 – 3x – 1 and h (x) =
g(x)
is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of
where h is a rational function such that
2(a + b).
(a) it is continuous every where except when
Q.12 A funct ion f : R R is defined as x = – 1,
ax 2 bx c e nx (b) Lim h(x) and
f (x) = Lim where f is x
n 1 c·e
1
(c) Lim h(x)
nx
continuous on R. Find the values of a, b and c. .
x1 2
x n f (x) h(x) 1 Find Lim 3h (x) f (x ) 2g(x )
Q.13 Let g (x) = Lim , x1 x 0
n 2x n 3x 3
2
sin (·2 )
x
tan[x]
a x0
and g (1) = Lim
x1
ln sec(·2x )
be a
x
,
x0
continuous function at x = 1, find the value of Q.18 Let f (x) = 3,
4 g (1) + 2 f (1) – h (1). Assume that f (x) and x tan x x 0
b
x 3
,
h (x) are continuous at x = 1.
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 then find the
x ax 3 bx 2
2n1
Q.14 Let f (x) = Lim .
x 2n 1
r
n a
If f(x) is continuous for all x R, find the
value of b .
r 0
bisector of angle between the lines 2x +y–6=0 [Note: [k] denotes the largest integer less than
and 2x – 4y + 7 = 0 which contains the point or equal to k.]
(a, b).
Q.19 Let f be a real valued continuous function on
a sin x a tan x R and satisfying f (–x) – f (x) = 0 x R.
Q.15 f (x) = for x > 0
tan x sin x If f (– 5) = 5, f (– 2) = 4, f (3) =–2 and f(0)=0 then
find the minimum number of zero's of the equation
ln(1 x x 2 ) ln(1 x x 2 )
= for x < 0, f(x) = 0.
sec x cos x
if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a' Q.20(a) If g : [a, b] onto [a, b] is continuous show that
there is some c [a, b] such that g (c) = c.
x
now if g (x) = ln 2 cot(x – a) for x (b) Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R
a, a such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a
a0, a>0. If g is continuous at x=a then show
that g(e–1) = – e. 1 1
point c in 0, such that f (c) = f c .
2 2
20
Continuity
EXERCISE-II
x / 2 1 , 0 x 1 sin[ x]
Q.1 If f(x) = 1/ 2 , 1 x 2, ,x 0
[ x] 1
g(x) = ( 2x + 1) ( x – k) + 3, 0 x < , Q.7 If f (x) cos [ x]/2 , x 0 is a
[x]
then g [ f (x) ] , will be continuous at x = 1 continuous
if k is equal to K
,
,x 0
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/6
function at x = 0, then the value of K
(C) 11/6 (D) 13/6
( [.] denotes greatest integer function) is
1 x 3 1 x (A) 0 (B) 1
Q.2 If function f(x) = , is continuous (C) – 1 (D) None of these
x
function, then f(0) is equal to x, if x rational
Q.8 If f(x) = lim f(x),
, then x0
(A) 2 (B) 1/4 x, if x irrational
(C) 1/6 (D) 1/3 is
(27 2x)1/ 3 3
(A) 0 (B) 1
Q.3 If function f(x) = 9 3(243 5x)1/ 5 x 0 is (C) – 1 (D) indeterminate
Q.9 Function f (x) = [x] – [x2], where [x] greatest
2
21
Continuity
2x 1
Q.19 Funct io n f(x) = [x] cos 2 is
1 cos 4x , x0 discontinuous at
x2 (A) every x
Q.13 If f(x) = a , x0 , then (B) no x
x
, x0 (C) every integral point
16 x 4
(D) every non-integral point
x a 2 sin x , 0 x /4
correct statement is 2x cot x b
Q.20 If f(x) = , /4 x /2 ,
(A) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 for any value a cos 2x b sin x , / 2 x
of a (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 when a=8
is continuous at x = /4, then a – b is equal
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 when a = 0 to
(D) none of these (A) /2 (B) 0
Q.14 Function f(x) = 1 + | sin x | is (C) 1/4 (D) /4
|x|
(A) continuous at all points Q.21 At origin, the function f(x) = | x| + is
x
(B) discontinuous at all points (A) continuous
(C) continuous only at x = 0 (B) discontinuous because |x | is discontinuous
(D) none of these there
Q.15 The sum of two discontinuous functions
(C) discontinuous because | x | is discontinu-
(A) is always discontinuous x
ous there
(B) may be continuous |x|
(D) discontinuous because | x | and both
(C) is always continuous x
are discontinuous there
(D) none of these
sin2 ax
, x0
x cos 1/x , x 0 Q.22 If f(x) = x , then
Q.16 If f(x) = ,x 0 , is continuous 1 , x 0
0
(A) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
at x = 0 , then (B) f (x) is continuous at x = 0
(A) < 0 (B) > 0 (C) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 if f(0) = a2
(C) = 0 (D) 0 (D) alternative (A) and (C)
1 sin x cos x
1 sin x Q.23 If f(x) = , is continuous at x
, x /2 1 sin x cos x
Q.17 If f(x) = 2x is continuous at =, then f() is equal to
k , x /2
(A) –1 (B) 2
(C) 1/4 (D)
x= , then , k is equal to sin 3x , x0
2
Q.24 If f(x) = sin x is
(A) 0 (B) 1 k , x 0
(C) –1 (D) 1/2 continuous function, then k is equal to
x sin 1/x , x 0 (A) 1 (B) 3
Q.18 If f(x) = , x 0 , is continuous at (C) 1/3 (D) 0
k
x=0, then the value of k will be 1 cos x , x 0
x
2
(A) 1 (B) –1 Q.25 If f(x) = , is continuous
k , x0
(C) 0 (D) none of these
at x = 0, then k is equal to
(A) 1/4 (B) –1/2
(C) 0 (D) 1/2
22
Continuity
EXERCISE-III
1 cos 2x , x 1
1 sin x 2
Q.1 Consider p 1
Q.6 Let f(x) = ,x . If f(x) is
2
2x 1 1
,x
4 2x 1 2 2
1
discontinuous at x = , then
2
1
where [*] & {*} are the greatest integer (A) p R {4} (B) p R 4
function & fractional part function respectively, (C) p R 0 (D) p R
then Q.7 ‘f’is acontinuous function onthe real line. Given
(A) f(0) = ln2 f is continuous at x = 0
that x2 (f(x) 2)x 3 . f(x) 2 3 3 0 .
(B) f(0) = 2 f is continuous at x = 0
(C) f(x) = e2 f is continuous at x = 0 Then the value of f 3 j
(D) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0 (A) cannot be determined
(B) is 2 (1 3 )
2
x 2 x
lne (C) is zero
Q.2 If f(x) = is continuous at x=0,
tan x 2( 3 2)
(D) is
then f(0) must be equal to : 3
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) e2 (D) 2 x 2 if x is irrational
Q.8 Let f(x) = if x is rational then :
Q.3 Let f(x) = [2 + 3 sinx ] (where [ ] denotes the 1
greatest integer function) x (0,) .Then num- (A) f(x) is discontinuous for all x
(B) discontinuous for all x except at x = 0
ber of points at which f(x) is discontinuous is : (C) discontinuous for all x except at x=1 or–1
(A) 0 (B) 4 (D) none
(C) 5 (D) infinite
Q.4 Given f(x) = b ([x]2 + [x]) + 1 for x 1 x2
= sin ((x a)) for x < – 1 |x| e x |x|
Q.9 Given f(x) for x 0 =0
1
where [x] denotes the integral part of x, then
x2 1 sgn(sin x)
for what values of a, b the function is e
continuous at x = – 1 ?
(A) a 2n (3 / 2); b R ; n I
(B) a 4n 2 ; b R ; n I for x = 0 where {x} is the fractional part
(C) a 4n (3 / 2) ; b R ; n I
function;
(D) a 4n 1 ; b R ; n I [x] is the step up function and sgn (x) is the
Q.5 y = f(x) is a continuous function such that its signum function of x then, f (x)
graph passes t hrough (a,0). Then (A) is continuous at x = 0
loge (1 3f (x)) (B) is discontinuous at x = 0
Lim is :
xa 2f (x) (C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(A) 1 (B) 0 (D) has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
(C) 3/2 (D) 2/3
23
Continuity
Q15 The number of points in (1,3 ) where
xn sin xn
Q.10 Consider F(x) Lim for x ? 0, f(x) = ax2 , a > 1 and [x] denote the greatest
n xn sin xn
integer function is not differentiable is
x 1 f(1) = 0 then (A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 5 (D) 7
(A) f is continuous at x = 1
Q16 Which of the following functions defined
(B) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1
below are NOT differentiable at the indicated
(C) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity point ?
x if 1 x 0
at x = 1 2
24
Continuity
Q.20 A function f defined as f(x) = x [x] for Q24 Let f(x) = x3 and g(x) = |x| , Then at x = 0, the
1 x 3 where [x] defines the greatest composite functions
integer x is : (A) gof is derivable but fog is not
(A) continuous at all points in the domain of f (B) fog is derivable but gof is not
but non-derivable at a finite number of points (C) gof and fog both are derivable
(B) discontinuous at all points & hence (D) neither gof nor fog is derivable
non-derivable at all points in the domain of f Q.25 [x] denotes the grestest integer less than or
(C) discontinuous at a finite number of points equal to x. If f(x) = [x] [sin x] in (–1, 1) then
but not derivable at all points in the domain of f f(x) is :
(A) contnuous at x = 0
(D) discontinuous & also non-derivable at a
finite number of points of f . (B) continuous in (–1,0) (0, 1)
(C) differentiable in (–1, 1)
|x| (D) none
Q.21 Let f (x) for x 0 & f(0) = 1 then,
sin x
(A) f(x) is continuous & differentiable at x = 0
(B) f(x) is continuous & not differentiable at
x=0
(C) f(x) is discontinuous & not differentiable
at x = 0
(D) none
Q22 The set of all points where the function
x
f (x)
1 | x | is differentiable is :
(A) (–, ) (B) [0, )
(C) (–, 0) U (0, ) (D) (0, )
(E) None
25
Continuity
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - I
Q.1 a = 0, b = 1 Q.2 a = 0 ; b = 1 Q.3 (a) 2, 2, 3 (b) K = 5 (c) even
Q.4 yn(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0
Q.5 30 Q.6 P not possible.
Q.7 g(x) = 2 + x for 0 x 1, 2 x for 1 < x 2, 4 x for 2 < x 3 , g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
Q.8 f(0+) = –2 ; f(0–) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define
Q.9 f(0+) = ; f(0) = f is discont. at x = 0 ; g(0+) = g(0) = g(0) = /2 g is cont. at x = 0
2 4 2
Q.10 6 Q.11 9 Q.12 c = 1, a, b R Q.13 5 Q.14 6x – 2y – 5 = 0
1 39
Q.15 a= Q.16 e2 + e–2 Q.17 g (x) = 4 (x + 1) and limit = –
e 4
EXERCISE - II
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 A Q.5 C Q.6 C Q.7 A
Q.8 A Q.9 C Q.10 C Q.11 C Q.12 A Q.13 B Q.14 A
Q.15 B Q.16 B Q.17 A Q.18 C Q.19 B Q.20 D Q.21 C
Q.22 A Q.23 A Q.24 B Q.25 D
EXERCISE - III
Q.1 D Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 C Q.6 A Q.7 B
Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 D Q.12 C Q.13 C Q.14 D
Q.15 D Q.16 D Q.17 C Q.18 D Q.19 D Q.20 D Q.21 C
Q.22 A Q.23 D Q.24 C Q.25 B
Q.18 4 Q.19 5
26
ROUGH WORK