CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO

1. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS 2

1.1 Polynomial 2
1.2 Degree of polynomial 2
1.3 Polynomial equation 2
1.4 Root of an equation 2
1.5 Quadratic polynomial expression 2
1.6 Quadratic equation 3
1.7 Dividing polynomials 3
1.8 Remainder theorem 3
1.9 Factor theorem 4
2. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION 5
2.1 Factorization method 5
2.2 Quadratic formula (Shri Dharacharya Method) 5
3. GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION 9
4. NATURE OF ROOTS 11
4.1 Given the quadratic equation 11
4.2 Roots under particular cases 11
5. RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS 13
6. INTERVAL 13
6.1 intervals 13
6.2 Some basic properties of inequalities 14
6.3 Solution of inequality 14
7. CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOTS 16
8. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF QUADRATIC & 17
RATIONAL EXPRESSION
9. THEORY OF EQUATION 18
10. LOCATIONS OF ROOTS 18
11. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION IN TWO VARIABLES 23
12. NUMBER OF ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION 24

1
Quadratic Equation

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1.1 Polynomial : Aexpression which is the form of a0 xn + a1xn – 1 + a 2 xn – 2 ..... + an, where n  W and
a0, a1, a2.....an are constants is known as Polynomial . a R
If x and coefficients are real then polynomial is known as real polynomial and if x and coefficients are
complex then polynomial is known as complex polynomial.
e.g. 2x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 5, x2 – 2x + 1 etc. are real polynomials.
2x2 – (2 + 7i) x + (9i – 1), x3 – i x2 + (3 – 2i) x + 6 etc. are complex polynomials.
1.2 Degree of a Polynomial : The highest power on variable ‘x’is called the degree of that polynomial.
Hence the above expression have degree ‘n’if a  0.
0

This make it Degree 3

4x3 + 2x2-7
e.g. The polynomials 2x3 7x2 + x + 5, (3 2 i )x2  ix + 5 are of degree 3 and 2 respectively.
Apolynomial of second degree is generally called a quadratic polynomial. Polynomials of degree 3
and 4 are known as cubic and biquadratic polynomials.
1.3 Polynomial Equation : If f(x) is a polynomial, real or complex then f(x) = 0 is called a polynomial
equation.
1.4 Root of an Equation : The values of the variable satisfying the given equation are called its roots.
In other words, x =  is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, if f() = 0.
The real roots of an equation f(x)= 0 are the x-coordinates of the points where the curve y = f (x) cut
x-axis.
e.g. x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
at x = 1 & 2 equation becomes zero
Note : Apolynomial can be rewritten like below

roots (zeros)

polynomial A(x-r1)(x-r2)(x-r3)…….

factors
The factors like (x – r1) are called Linear Factors, because they make a line when you plot them.
1.5 Quadratic Polynomial expression
A polynomial of degree 2 is known as quadratic expression and in general it is represented by
ax2 + bx + c, where a  0
Note :
(i) If a = 0, then expression becomes bx + c, it is called linear expression.
(ii) If a = c = 0, then expression become bx, it is called odd linear expression.

2
Quadratic Equation
1.6 Quadratic Equation : Aquadratic polynomial expression equated to zero becomes a Quadratic
Equation and the value of x which satisfy the equation is called roots/zeroes ofthe Quadratic Equation.
General form : ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, c  R and a  0, the numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients of the equation.
a is called leading coefficient, b is middle coefficient and c is constant term.
e.g. 3x2 + x + 5 = 0, – x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, x2 + x = 0, x2 = 0
1.7 Dividing Polynomials : First, let’s consider what happens when we divide numbers. Say we try to
divide 13 by 5. We will get the answer 2 and have a remainder of 3.
3
=–2+3×5
5
Another way of thinking about this example is : 13 = 2 × 5 + 3
Division of polynomials is something like our number example.
If we divide a polynomial by ( x – r), we obtain a result of the form :
(x) = (x – r) q(x) + R, where q (x) is the quotient and R is the remainder.
Ex.1 Divide f (x) = 3x2 + 5x – 8 by (x – 2).
Sol.

3x 11
x  2) 3x  5x  8
2

3x 2  6x
11x  8
11x  22
14

Thus, we can conclude that: 3x2 + 5x – 8 = (x – 2)(3x + 11) + 14

where the quotient q(x)=3x+11 and the remainder R = 14.
1.8 The Remainder Theorem : Consider f (x) = (x – r)q(x) + R
Note : that if we let x = r, the expression becomes
f (r) = (r – r) q(r) + R
 f (r) = R
This leads us to the Remainder Theorem which states:
If a polynomial f (x) is divided by (x – r) and a remainder R is obtained, then f (r) = R.
Ex.2 Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder when f (x) = 3x2 + 5x – 8 is bivided by (x – 2).
Sol. Since we are dividing f (x) = 3x2 + 5x – 8 by (x – 2), we let x = 2.
Hence, the remainder, R is given by:
R = f (2) = 3(2)2 + 5(2) – 8 = 14
This is the same remainder we achieved before.
Ex.3 By using the remainder theorem, determine the remainder when 3x3 – x2 – 20x + 5 is divided by (x +
4).
Sol. If we divide by (x – r), we let x = r.
Hence, since we are dividing by (x + 4), we let x = – 4.
Therefore the remainder R = f (– 4)
= 3(– 4)3 – (–4)2 – 20(– 4) + 5 = –192 – 16 + 80 + 5 = – 123

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Quadratic Equation
1.9 The Factor Theorem
The Factor Theorem states :
If the remainder f (r) = R = 0, then (x – r) is a factor of f (x).
The Factor Theorem is powerful because it can be used to find roots of polynomial equations.
Ex.4 Is (x + 1) a factor of f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6.
Sol. In this case we need to test the remainder r = –1.
R = f (r)
= f (–1) = (–1)3 + 2(–1)2 – 5(–1)–6 = –1+ 2 + 5 – 6 = 0
Therefore, since f (–1)=0, we conclude that (x + 1) is a factor of f (x).
Ex.5 Find the remainder R by long division and by the Remainder Theorem (2x4 - 10x2 + 30x - 60) ÷ (x +4).
Sol.
2x 3  8x 2  22x  58
x  4) 2x 4  0x 3 10x 2  30x  60
2x 4  8x 3
 8x 3 10x 2
 8x 3  32x 2
22x 2  30x
22x 2  88x
 58x  60
 58x  232
172
So the remainder is 172.
Now, using the Remainder Theorem:
f (x) = 2x4 – 10x2 + 30x – 60
Remainder = f (– 4) = 2(– 4)4 – 10(– 4)2 + 30(– 4) – 60 = 172
This is the same answer we achieved by long division.
Ex.6 Use the Factor Theorem to decide if (x – 2) is a factor of f (x) = x5 – 2x4 + 3x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8.
Sol. f (x) = x5 – 2x4 + 3x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8
f (2) = (2)5 – 2(2)4 + 3(2)3 – 6(2)2 – 4(2) + 8 = 0
Since f (2) = 0, we can conclude that (x – 2) is a factor.
Ex.7 Determine whether –32 is a zero (root) of the function : f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x – 12.
Sol. f (–32) = 2(–32)3 + 3( – 32)2 – 8(–32) –12 = (–274) + (274) + 12 – 12 = 0
So, yes – 32 is a root of 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x – 12, since the function value is 0.
Ex.8 If x be the real number such that x3 + 4x = 8, then find the value of the expression x7 + 64x2.
Sol. Given x3 + 4x – 8 = 0
now y = x7 + 64x2
x 4 (x 3  4x  8)
=  – 4x5 + 8x4 + 64x2 = – 4x5 + 8x4 + 64x2
zero

= – 4x2 (x
3
 4x  8) 4 3 2 4 3 2
 + 8x + 16x + 32x = 8x + 16x + 32x
 zero
(x 3
= 8x   4x  8) + 16x3 + 64x = 16(x 3  4x  8) + 128 = 128
 
zero zero

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Quadratic Equation
Alter :
x3 + 4 x = 8
x 7  64x 2
Now divide + x7 64x2 by x3+ 4x –8 
x 3  4x – 8
here, whatever the remained will left that will be the value. of expression x7 + 64x2.
Thus on dividing, the value is 128.
Ex.9 Polynomial P(x) contains only terms of odd degree. When P(x) is divided by (x – 3), the remainder is
6. if P(x) is divided by ( x2 – 9 ) then remainder is g(x) . Find the value of g(2).
Sol. Let P(x) = ax3 + bx
Dividing P(x) by (x – 3), P(x) = (x–3) (ax2 + 3ax + b – 9a) + 3(b – 9a)
P(3) = 0 + 3(b – 9a) = 6
9a = b – 2 .... (1)
P(x) = (x – 9)ax + (b – 9a)x
2

Given, the remainder is when P(x) is divided by (x2 – 9)

 g(x) = (b – 9a)x
From (1)  b – 9a = 2
 g(x) = 2x
 g(2) = 4

2. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

2.1 Factorization Method :
Let ax2 + bx + c = a(x–) (x – ) = 0
Here, (x – ) & (x – ) are the factors of the above Quadratic Equation.
Also, x =  and x =  satisfies the given equation.
Hence, roots can be obtained by first finding the factors & equating each one of them to zero.
Ex. 5x2 + 6x + 1= 0
5x2 + 5x + x + 1 = 0
5x (x + 1) + 1 (x + 1) = 0
(x + 1) (5x + 1) = 0
x = –1, –1/5.
2.2 Quadratic Formula (Sri Dharacharya‘s Method) :
By completing the perfect square as
b c
ax2 + bx + c = 0  x2 + x+ =0
a a

𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
Adding and subtracting
2𝑎
 𝑥 + 2𝑎 − 4𝑎2
=0

−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
which gives, x =
2𝑎
Hence the Quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0) has two roots, given
by
−𝑏+ 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏− 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
= and 
2𝑎 2𝑎

The quantity, D = b2 – 4ac, is called as the discriminant of the quadratic equation,

if D > 0

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Quadratic Equation
Ex.10 Find the maximum vertical distance d between the parabola y = – 2x2 + 4x + 3 and the line y = x – 2
throughout the bounded region in the figure ?

Sol. The vertical distance is given by

d = –2x2 + 4x + 3 – (x – 2) = –2x2 + 3x + 5, which is a parabola opening down.
b 3 3
Its maximum value is the y-coordinate of the vertex which has x-coordinate equal to = = .
2a 2(2) 4
2
3 3  9 18 0 49
Then y = –2 +3 +5 = + + =
4 4  8 8 8 8
Note :
(i) Every real quadratic equation with D>0 has two and only two roots.
(ii) If  and  denote the roots of the quadratic equation then
(a) Sum of Roots
b Coefficient of x
S – =–
a Coefficient of x 2
(b) Product of Roots
c constant term
P =  = = coefficient of x 2
a
(c) Difference of roots

| –|
|a |
(iii) Formation of Equation with given Roots
If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
then ax2 + bx + c  a(x – ) (x – )
b c
 x  x   x2 – ( + ) x + 
2

a a
Hence, x2 – (Sum of Roots) x + (Product of Roots) = 0 or x2 – Sx + P,
is the required Quadratic Equation.
(iv) If a Quadratic Equation has more than 2 roots then it becomes an identity.
Proof : Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 &    are the three different & real roots of the equation then
a2 + b + c = 0 ...(1)
2
a + b + c = 0 ...(2)
2
a + b + c = 0 ...(3)
From the equation (1) and (2)
a(2 –  2) + b( – ) = 0    
Hence, a( + ) + b = 0 ...(4)
Similarly a( + ) + b = 0 ...(5)
using (4) and (5)
a( – ) = 0  
then a = 0  b = 0  c=0
Hence, Q.E. becomes x + x + 0 = 0, whch is an identity.
2

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Quadratic Equation
Ex.11 If (a2 – 1) x2 + (a – 1) x + a2 – 4a + 3 = 0 be an identity in x, then find the value of a.
Sol. The given relation is satisfied for all real values of x, so all the coefficients must be zero. Then,

a 2 1  0  a  1 

a 1  0  a  1  common value of a is 1
a  4a  3  0  a  1,3
2

Ex.12 If the equation a(x – 1)2 + b (x2 – 3x + 2) + x – a2 = 0 is satisfied for all x  R, find all possible ordered
pairs (a, b).
Sol. a (x – 1)2 + b (x2 – 3x + 2) + x – a2 = 0
 (a +b) x2 – (2a + 3b – 1) x + 2b – a2 + a = 0
Since the equation is satisfied for all x  R, it becomes an identity
 coeff. of x2 coeff. of x constant term = 0
  
2a  3b –1  0 2b – a 2  a  0
ab0
a  –b ....(i) using (i) 2 – a2  a  0
 –2b  3b  1 a 2 – a – 2  0
 b 1
 (a 1) (a – 2)  0
a  –1, 2
But from (i) a = – b  only a = – 1 is the possible solution.
Hence (a, b) = (– 1, 1)
Ex.13 Find the number of quadratic equations with real roots which remain unchanged even after squaring
their roots.
...(1)
....(2)

1
+

`

𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲  or 2
2𝑐
Ex.14 Prove that roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by .
−𝑏 ∓ 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Sol. ax2 + bx + c = 0
2 2
b c x b   b  c
 x + x+ =0
2
   =  –
a a  2a   2a  a

x b   b 2  4ac 
 
2
 x  b  = b  4ac
2
     =± 
 2a  4a 2  2a  
2a 

 b  b 2 − 4ac 2
 b  b − 4ac b  b 2  4ac
 x=  x= ×
2a 2a b  b 2  4ac
(b)2  (b 2  4ac) 2c
 x=  x=
2a(b  b 2  4ac ) b

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Quadratic Equation

7 7
Ex.15 Let f(x) = ax 2 + bx + a satisfies the equatio n f  x    f 
– x and the equat ion
 4 4 
f (x) = 7x + a has only one solution. Find the value of (a + b).
Sol. Given,
f (x) = ax2 + bx + a ....(1)
 7 7 
f x    f   x ....(2)
 4 4 
& f (x) = 7x + a ....(3)
has only one solution.
Now using (1) & (2)

7 2 7 7 2 7
a x+4 + b x + 4 +a = a −x +b −x +a
4 4

49 7 7 49 7 7
a 𝑥 2 + 16 + 2 𝑥 + b 𝑥 + 4 = a 16
+ 𝑥2 − 2 𝑥 + b 4
−𝑥 (4)

 7ax + 2bx = 0
(7a + 2b)x = 0
f (x) = 7x + a has only one solution i.e., its D is equals to zero.
ax2 + bx + a = 7x + a  ax2 + (b – 7)x = 0
 D = (b – 7)2 – 4a 0  D = (b – 7)2
Using 4 a = – 2, b = 7
Then, a + b = 5
Ex.16 If the equation 2x2 + 4xy + 7y2 – 12x – 2y + t = 0 where 't' is a parameter has exactly one real solution
of the form (x, y). Find the value of (x + y).
Sol. 2x2 + 4x(y – 3) + 7y2 – 2y + t = 0
D=0 (for one solution)
 16(y – 3)2 – 8(7y2 – 2y + t) = 0  2(y – 3)2 – (7y2 – 2y + t) = 0
 2(y2 – 6y + 9) – (7y2 – 2y + t) = 0  – 5y2 – 10y + 18 – t = 0
 5y2 + 10y + t – 18 = 0
again D = 0 (for one solution)
 100 – 20(t – 18) = 0  5 – t + 18 = 0
 t = 23
for t = 23; 5y2 + 10y + 5 = 0
(y + 1)2 = 0  y=–1
for y = – 1; 2x – 8x + 32 = 0
2

x2 – 4x + 16 = 0
x=4  x+y=3

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Quadratic Equation
3. GRAPHS OF A QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
 D 
2
b 
Let y = ax2 + bx + c y = a  x   – 2 
 …(1) a, b, c are real coefficients
 2a  4a


 – b – D  and axis of the parabola is x = – b

equation (1) represents a parabola with vertex ,
 2a 4a  2a
If a > 0, the parabola opens upward while if a < 0, the parabola opens downward.
The parabola cuts the x-axis at points corresponding to roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
If this equation has
(i) D > 0, the parabola cuts x-axis at two real and distinct points.
–b
(ii) D = 0, the parabola touches x-axis at x  .
2a
(iii) D < 0, then;

if a > 0, parabola completely lies above x-axis.

if a < 0, parabola completely lies below x-axis.

The parabola cuts the y-axis at (0, c).
Some Important Cases
(i) If a > 0 and D > 0, then (ii) If a < 0 and D > 0, then
f (x) > 0  x  (–, )  (, ) f (x) < 0  x  (–, )  (, ),
(where  are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0) where  > 

(iii) If a > 0 and D = 0, then  =  (iv) If a < 0 and D = 0, then  =  and

f (x) > 0  x : x   f (x) < 0  x  
f () = 0 f () = 0
y
x
O
a<0
D=0

Roots are coincident

(v) If a > 0 and D < 0, then (vi) If a < 0 and D < 0, then
f (x) > 0  x  R f (x) < 0  x  R
y
x
O
a<0
D<0

Roots are complex conjugate

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Quadratic Equation
Ex.17 Draw the following graphs
(i) y = x2 (ii) y = – x2 + 3x – 2
Sol.

(i) (ii)

Ex.18 The graph of a quadratic polynomial y = ax2 + bx + c is as shown in the below figure. Comment upon the
sign ofthe floowing quantities.

(A) b – c (B) bc (C) c – a (D) ab2

b c
Sol. a < 0; – < 0  b < 0; <0  c>0
a a
now b – c = (– ve) – (+ ve) must be negative
bc = (–ve) (+ve) must be negative
ab2 = (–ve) (+ve) must be negative
c – a = (+ve) – (–ve) must be positive
Ex.19 Suppose the graph of quadratic polynomial y = x2 + px + q is situated so that it has two arcs lying
between the rays y = x and y = 2x, x  0. These two arcs are projected onto the x-axis, yielding
segments SL and SR, with SR to the right of SL. Find the difference of the length l(SR) – l(SL)
Sol.


x2 + px + q = x 

 SR  x4 – x2
 S  x –x
 L 1 3
 S – S L  (x  x ) – ( x  x )
 R 3 4 1 2


x2 + px + q = 2x 


  SR –  SL {–(p – 2)} – {–(p – 1)} = 1

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Quadratic Equation
4. NATURE OF ROOTS
4.1 Given the Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c R and a  0

For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 ...(1)

(i) If a, b, c R and a  0, then
(a) If D < 0, then equation (1) has non real complex roots.
(b) If D > 0, then equation (1) has real and distinct roots, namely

and then ax2 + bx + c = a (x –  )(x – ) …(2)

(c) If D = 0, then equation (1) has real and equal roots.
b
== – and then ax2 + bx + c = a (x – ) 2 …(3)
2a
(ii) If a, b, c  Q and D is a perfect square of a rational number, then the roots are rational numbers, and in
case it be not a perfect square then the roots are irrational.
(iii) If a, b, c  R and p + iq is one root of equation (1) (q  0) then the other must be the conjugate
p – iq and vice-versa. (p, q  R and i2 = 1).
Ifa,b,cQandp+ 𝑞 is one root of equation (1) then the other must be the conjugate
p and vice-versa (where p is a rational and is an irrational surd).

4.2 Roots Under Particular Cases

For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(i) If b = 0, ac < 0  roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
(ii) If c = 0  one root is zero other is – b/a
(iii) If b = c = 0  both root are zero
(iv) If a = c  roots are reciprocal to each other
𝑎 >0𝑐 <0
(v) If  roots are of opposite sign
𝑎 <0𝑐 >0
𝑎 >0𝑐 <0
(vi) If  Both roots are positive
𝑎 <0𝑐 >0
(viii) If sign of a = sign of b * sign of c  Greater root in magnitude is negative
(ix) If sign of b = sign of c * sign of a  Greater root in magnitude is positive
(x) If a + b + c = 0  one root is 1 and second root is c/a
(xi) If a = b = c = 0 then equation will become an identity and will be satisfy by every value of x

11
Quadratic Equation
Ex.20 Find the quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is 1/(2 + ).
Sol. If the coefficients are rational, then irrational roots occur in conjugate pair. Given that if one root is
 = (1/(2 + ) = – 2, then the other root is  = 1/(2 – ) = – ( + 2).
Sum of roots  +  = – 4 and product of roots  = – 1. Thus, required equation is x2 + 4x – 1 = 0.
Ex.21 If cos , sin , sin  are in G.P., then check the nature of roots of x2 + 2 cot  x + 1 = 0 ?
Sol. We have, sin2  = cos  sin  (as cos, sin, sin are in GP)
D = 4 cot2  – 4
 cos2   sin 2   4(1  2 sin 2 ) 4(1 2 sin cos )  2(sin   cos ) 
2

=4  sin 2 
 = = =   0
  sin 2  sin 2   sin 2  
Ex.22 Form a quadratic equation with real coefficients whose one root is 3 – 2i.
Sol. Since the complex roots always occur in pairs, so the other root is 3 – 2i. The sum of the roots is
(3 + 2i) + (3 – 2i) = 6. The product of the root is (3 + 2i) (3 – 2i) = 9 – 4i2 = 9 + 4 = 13.
Hence, the equation is
x2 – Sx + P = 0
 x2 – 6x + 13 = 0
Ex.23 If p, q, r are positive rational number such that p > q > r and the quadratic equation
(p + q – 2r)x2 + (q + r – 2p)x + (r + p – 2q) = 0 has a root in (–1, 0) then find the nature of roots of
px2 + 2qx + r = 0.
Sol. Given p > q > r
(p + q – 2r)x2 + (q + r – 2p)x + (r + p – 2q) = 0 ....(1)
 (p + q – 2r) + (q + r – 2p) + (r + p – 2q) = 0
 r  p  2q 
Then one root is 1 and other is  Hence both roots are rational.
 p  q  2r 
 One root is 1 & other lies in (–1, 0)
Product of roots < 0
r  p  2q 
0
p  q  2r
Given p > q > r
Then r + p – 2q < 0
rp
r + p < 2q  2
q
Px2 + 2qx + r = 0
D = (2q)2 – 4pr
= 4q2 – 4pr
= 4(q2 – pr) [ p > q > r ]
then D > 0
Hence equation px2 + 2qx + r = 0 has real & distinct roots.
Ex.24 Consider the quadratic polymial y = x2 – px + q where f (x) = 0 has prime roots. If p + q = 11 and
a = p2 + q2 then find the value of f (a) where a is an odd positive integer.

Sol. f(x) = x2 – px + q

12
 Quadratic Equation
 +  = p . ....(i)  = q ...... (ii)
Given, p + q = 11
  +  +   = 11
 ( + 1) ( + 1) = 12 = 4.3

2 3
f(x) = (x – 2) (x – 3) = x2 – 5x + 6
 p = 5, q = 6  a = p2 +q2 = 25 + 36 = 51
f(51) = (51 – 2) (51 – 3) = 49.48 = 3422

5. RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFI-

CIENTS
If roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0) are  and  then :

b2 −4ac ± D
(i) (-) = ( − )2 −4 −  = ± =
a a

2
b2 −2ac
(ii) + 2 = (+)2 -2 =
a2
b b2 −4ac ± D
(iii)2 - 2 = (+) (-) = - = a
a2
b(b2 −3ac)
(iv)3 + 3 = (+)3 - 3 (+) = - a3
(v)3 - 3 = (+)3 + 3  (-)
b2 −ac b2−4ac
= ( + )2 −4 {( + )2 − } =
a3
2
b2 −2ac c2
(vi)4 + 4 = (2 +2 )2-222 = -2
a2 a2
2
−b(b −2ac) b2 −4ac
(vii)4 - 4 = (2 - 2)( 2 + )2 = a4
  2 +2 (+)2 −2
(viii)2 +  + 2 = ( + )2 -(ix) += =
  
2 2 2
  4 +4 2+ 2 −22 2
(x) 2 + 2 =  (+) (xi) +  = 2 2 =
  2 2

6. INTERVALS
Given E(x) = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d)  0,
To find out the solution set of the above inequality we have to check the intervals in which E(x) is
greater/lesser than zero
6.1 INTERVALS

Closed Open Open-Closed Closed-Open

Interval Interval Interval Interval

13
Quadratic Equation
(i) Closed Interval
The set of all values of x, which lies between a & b and also equal to a & b is known as closed interval
i.e. if a  x  b then it is denoted by x  [a, b].
(ii) Open Interval
The set of all values of x, which lies between a & b but not equal to a & b is known as open interval
i.e. if a < x < b then it is denoted by a  (a, b).
(iii) Open-Closed Interval
The set of all values of x, which lies between a & b equal to b, but not equal to a is known as open-
closed interval i.e. if a < x  b then it is denoted by x  (a, b].
(iv) Closed-Open Interval
The set of all value of x, which lies between a & b equals to a, but not equal to b is called closed-open
interval i.e. if a  x < b then it is denoted by x  [a, b).
Note: (i) x  a  [a, ) (ii) x>a  (a, )
(iii) x  a  (–, a) (iv) x < a  (–, a)
6.2 Some Basic Properties of Inequalities
(i) In an inequality any number can be added or subtract from both side of inequality.
(ii) Terms can be shifted from one side to the other side of the inequality then the sign of inequality will not
change.
(iii) If we multiply both sides of the inequality by a non-zero positive number then the sign of inequality will
not change.
But if we multiply both side of inequality by a non-zero negative number then the sign of inequality will
changed.
(iv) In the inequality the sign of the expression is not known so it could not be cross multiplied. Hence in the
inequality cross multiplication is not valid similarly division is not possible.
x2
x  5 > 1  x – 2 > x – 5 (Not valid because we don't know sign of expression)
(a)
x2
(b) > 1  (x – 2) > (x – 5) 2 (Valid because always positive due to square.)
(x  5)2
(v) Two inequality can be added in the same direction but can not be subtracted.
A> B .... (1)
C>D .... (2)
A+ C > B+ D
A– C > B – D
6.3 Solution of the Inequality
(i) Write all the terms present in the inequality as their linear factors in standard form i.e. x ± a.
(ii) If the inequality contains quadratic expressions, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c;then first we check discriminant
(D = b2 – 4ac).
(a) If D > 0 then the expression can be written as f(x) = a(x – ) (x – ). where  and  are given by
b
,  =
2a
b
(b) If D = 0 then the expression can be written as f(x) = a (x – )2, where  = .
2a
(c) If D < 0 & if
 a > 0 then f(x) > 0  x  R then expression will be cross multiplied and sign of inequality will not
changed.
 a > 0 then f(x) < 0  x  R then expression will be cross multiplied and sign of inequality will
changed.

14
Quadratic Equation
(iii) If the expression (say 'f ' ) being cancelled from the same side of the inequality then cancel it and write
f  0. e.g.,
(x  2) (x  3) x 3
(i) (x  2) (x  5) > 1  >1  x–20
x 5

(x  5)2 (x  8)
(ii) 0  (x – 5) (x – 8)  0  x–50
(x  5)

(x – a1 ) k1 (x – a 2 ) k 2 ....(x – a n )k n
(iii) Let f (x) =
(x – b1 ) r1 (x – b 2 ) r2 ....(x – b n )rn
where k1, k2,. ..........kn & r1, r2,...........rn  N and a1, a2,...........an & b1, b2,...........bn are fixed real
numbers.
Points where numerator becomes zero are called zeros or roots of the function and where denominator
becomes zero are called poles of the function. Find poles and zeros of the function f (x).
The corresponding zeros are a1, a2,. .........an and poles are b1, b2,...........bn. Mark the poles and zeros
on the real number line. If there are n poles & n zeros the entire number line is divided into ‘n + 1’
intervals. For f (x), number line is divided into ‘2n + 1’intervals.
Place a positive sign in the right-most interval and then alternate the sign in the neighboring interval if
the pole or zero dividing the two interval has appeared odd number of times. If the pole or zero
dividing the interval appeared even number of times then retain the sign in the neighboring interval.
The solution of f (x) > 0 is the union of all intervals in which plus sign is placed and the solution of
f (x) < 0 is the union of all intervals in which minus sign is placed.
This method is known as WAVY CURVE method.
Ex.25 Solve (2x + 1) (x – 3) (x + 7) < 0.
Sol. The given inequality is
(2x + 1) (x – 3) (x + 7) < 0
Sign scheme of (2x + 1) (x – 3) (x + 7) < 0

Hence, the solution is (–, – 7)  (–1/2, 3)

(x  6)100 (x  4) 441 (x  3)7 (x  2)16
Ex.26 Let f (x)  11
200  1
 x  3  (x  1)
43
x
 
1
The critical points are – 4, – 2, – 1, 0, , 3, 6
3

+ + + + + ve

– – 0 1 –
–4 –2 –1 3 3 6


f (x) > 0  x  (– , – 4)  (– 1, 0)  0,   (3, 6)  (6, ) and
1
 3

f (x) < 0  x  (– 4, –2)  (– 2, –1)   1 ,3

3 

15
Quadratic Equation
7. CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOTS
Let two quadratic equations are a1 x2 + b1 x + c 1 = 0 and a 2 x2 + b 2 x + c 2 = 0 having
(i) One root is common
Let , be the common root then  satisfies then
a1 2 + b1  + c 1 = 0
a2 2 + b2  + c 2 = 0
by cross multiplication method
2  1
= =
b1c 2  b 2c1 –(a1c2 – c1a 2 ) a1b 2  b1a 2
 2
 1
= =
b1c 2  b 2c1 c1a 2  a1c2 a1b 2  b1a 2
b1c 2  b 2 c1
2 = a b  b a .... (1)
1 2 1 2
c1a 2  c 2a1
 = a b b a .... (2)
1 2 1 2
Divide (1) / (2)
b1c 2  b 2c1
= c a c a .... (3)
1 2 2 1
equate (2) & (3)
(c1 a2 – c2 a1)2 = (a1 b2 – b1 a2) (b1 c2 – b2 c1) Condition of common root.
(ii) If both roots are common
a1 b1 c1
a = b = c
2 2 2

Ex.27 Determine the values of m for which the equations 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 may have a
common root.
Sol. Let  be the common root of the equations 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0. Then,  must satisfy
both the equqations. Therefore,
32 + 4m + 2 = 0
22 + 3 – 2 = 0
Using cross-multiplication method, we have
(–6 – 4) 2 = (9 – 8m) (–8m – 6)
 50 = (8m – 9) (4m + 3)  32m2 – 12m – 77 = 0
 32m – 56m + 44m – 77 = 0
2
 8m (4m – 7) + 11 (4m – 7) = 0
11 7
 (8m + 11) (4m – 7) = 0  m=– ,
8 4
Ex.28 The equation ax2 + bx + a = 0 and x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two roots common, then find the value of
(a + b).
Sol. We have, x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
 (x – 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0
–1
 x = 1 or x = – , – 2 , where  =
2
Since ax2 + bx + a = 0 and x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two roots in common, therefore –  and – 2 are
common roots (as both the roots of a quadratic equation are either real or non-real). Now, –  is a root
of ax2 + bx + a = 0. Hence.
a (1 + 2) – b = 0
 a(–) – b = 0 (as 1 +  + 2 = 0)
 a+b=0

16
Quadratic Equation
8. MAXIMUMAND MINIMUM VALUE OFQUADRATICAND RATIONALEXPRESSION
–b
y = ax2 + bx + c attains its maximum or minimum value at x = according a > 0 or a < 0
2a
MAXIMUM value case MINIMUM value case

–D –D
when a < 0 then ymax = when a > 0 then ymin =
4a 4a

– D – D 
i.e. y  (– , i.e. y   4a , 
4a   

Ex.29 y = 2x2 – 3x + 1, find possible extremevalues of y.

Sol. Here, y = 2x2 – 3x + 1
coefficient of x2 = 2, i.e. greater than 0
 Only minimum value of y can be obtained not the maximum
–D – (9 – 4.2) 1
ymin = = = –
4a 4.2 8
Ex.30 y = 7 + 5x – 2x2, find maximum value of y if possible.
Sol. Here, y = 7 + 5x – 2x2
coefficient of x2 = –2, i.e. less than 0
 Only maximum value of y can be obtained not the minimum
–D –(25  56) 81
 ymax = = =
4a –8 8

x 2 – 3x  4
Ex.31 If x is real then find minimum and maximum value of 2 .
x  3x  4

x 2 – 3x  4
Sol. y=
x 2  3x  4
 x2y + 3xy + 4y – x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
 x2(y – 1) + 3x(y + 1) + 4(y – 1) = 0
 x  R then D  0
9(y + 1)2 – [4 (y – 1)2]  0
(5y + 1) (y + 5)  0
 1
 y    , 5   [5, )
 

17
Quadratic Equation
9. THEORY OF EQUATION
Let  ,  ,  are the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
then ax3 + bx2 + cx + d  a(x – ) (x – ) (x – )
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d  a(x2 – ( + )x +  (x – )
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d  a(x3 – x2 ( + +) + x ( +  +  –)
b c d
x3 + x2 + x +  (x3 – x2 (+ + ) + x ( +  + ) – )
a a a
After comparing,
–b coefficient of x 2 c coefficient of x
 + +  =  – , +  +  = 
a coefficient of x 3 a coefficient of x 3

d constant term
 = –  –
a coefficient of x 3
Similarly for ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0
–b c d e
 = ;  = ;  = – ;  =
a a a a
Now in general
a0xn + a 1xn–1 + a 2xn–2 + a 3xn–3 + ....... + a n = 0
has roots x1, x2 , x3 ......xn
-a 1 coefficient of x n –1 a 2 coefficient of x n – 2
x1 =  – , x1x2 = 
a0 coefficient of x n a0 coefficient of x n

a3 coefficient of x n –3 constant term

x1x2x3 = – – , x1x2x3 ..... xn =(– 1)n
a0 coefficient of x n
coefficient of x n

10. LOCATION OF ROOTS

Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a, b, c  R, a  0 and ,  be roots of f (x) = 0
Type I : If both roots of quadratic equation f (x) = 0 are greater than a specified number say ‘d’, then

b
(i) D  0 (ii) af (d) > 0 (iii) d
2a

18
Quadratic Equation
Type II : If both roots are less than a specified number say ‘d’, then

a>0
D=0
–b
2a

d x-axis

b
(i) D  0 d
(ii) af (d) > 0 (iii)
2a
Ex.32 If both roots of the quadratic equation x2 + x(4 – 2k) + k2 – 3k –1 = 0 are less than 3, then find the range
of values of k.
Sol. f(x) = x2 + x(4 – 2k) + k2 – 3k – 1 = 0
D0 ....(1)
b
 3 ....(2)
2a
f(3) > 0 ....(3)

(i) D  0  (4 – 2k)2 – 4(k2 – 3k – 1)  0

 (k2 – 4k + 4) – (k2 –3k – 1)  0
 –k+50
 k–50
k  (–, 5]
 (4  2k)
(ii) <3
2
k–2 < 3
k < 5
(iii) f (3) > 0
 9 + 3(4 – 2k) + k2 – 3k – 1 > 0
 k2 – 9k + 20 > 0
 (k – 4) (k – 5) > 0
k  (–, 4)  (5, )
Combining all we get k(– , 4)
Type III : A real number d lies between the roots of f (x) = 0 or if both roots lie on either side of a fixed
number say ‘d’.
a>0 a<0
–b
d 2a

x-axis d –b x-axis
2a

a f (d)  0

19
Quadratic Equation
Type IV : Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e) when d < e.

a>0
D>0
–b d –b e x-axis
2a e 2a a<0
d x-axis D>0

a>0
D>0 e
–b –b d x-axis
2a d 2a a<0
e x-axis D>0

f (d) f (e)  0
Note :
If one of the root become d or e & other lies outside/inside (d, e).
Check separately for one of the root to be the inequality f(d) f(e) will be zero
Type V : If both roots of f (x) = 0 are confined between real numbers ‘d’and ‘e’, where d < e.
a>0
D>0 d e
–b –b x-axis
2a 2a
a<0
d e x-axis D>0

a>0
D=0
–b
2a
d = e x-axis

b
(i) D  0 (ii) af (d) > 0 & af (e) > 0 (iii) de
2a
Type VI : One root is greater than e and other root is less than ‘d’.
a>0
D>0
–b
d –b e x-axis
d 2a e 2a a < 0
x-axis D>0
(i) af (d) < 0 (ii) af (e) < 0
Ex.33 Considerthequadratictrinomialf(x)=2𝑥 2 -10–px+7p–1.wherepisaparameter.Findtherangeofp,
(i) Ifbothrootsoff(x)=0areconfinedin(–1,1).
(ii)Exactlyonerootoff(x)=0liesin(–1,1).
(iii)Bothrootsoff(x)=0aregreaterthan1.
(iv)Onerootoff(x)=0isgreaterthan1andotherrootoff(x)=0islessthan–1.

20
Quadratic Equation
–b
Sol. (i) –1 < 1 ..... (1)
2a
f(1) > 0 ..... (2)
f(–1) > 0 ..... (3)
D0 ..... (4)

 1 1
Solving we get p   – , 
 17 3 
(ii)

f(–1) f(1) < 0, Check for f (–1) = 0 & f (1) = 0 as well.

 1 1 
Solving we get p   – ,–    3 ,  
 17 

b
(iii) – 1 .......... (1)
2a
f(1) > 0 .......... (2)
D0 .......... (3)
Solving we get p.
(iv) f(–1) < 0
f(1) < 0
Solving both we get p  
Ex.34 Let x2 – (m – 3) x + m = 0 (m  R) be a quadratic equation. Find the value of m for which the roots are
(i) real and distinct (ii) equal
(iii) not real (iv) opposite in sign
(v) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign (vi) positive
(vii) negative (viii) such that at least one is positive
(ix) one root is smaller than 2 and the other root is greater than 2
(x) both the roots are greater than 2 (xi) both the roots are smaller than 2
(xii) exactly one root lies in the interval (1, 2) (xiii) both the roots lie in the interval (1, 2)
(xiv) at least one root lies in the interval (1, 2)
(xv) one root is greater than 2 and the other root is smaller than 1
Sol. Let f(x) = x2 – (m – 3) x + m = 0

(i)

Both the roots are real and distinct. So,

D>0
 (m – 3)2 – 4m > 0  m2 – 10 m + 9 > 0
 (m – 1) (m – 9) > 0  m  (–, 1)  (9, )

21
Quadratic Equation

(ii) (iii)

Both the roots are equal. So, Both the roots are imaginary. So, D < 0
D = 0  m = 9 or m = 1  (m – 1) (m – 9) < 0  m  (1, 9)

(iv) (v)

Both the roots are opposite in sign. Roots are equal in magntiude but opposite in sign.
Hence, the product of roots is negative. Hence, sum of roots is zero as well as D  0.
So, m < 0  m  (–, 0) So,m  (–, 1)  (9, ) and m – 3 = 0, i.e., m = 3
As no such m exists, so m  .

(vi)

Both the roots are positive. Hence, D  0 and both the sum and the product of roots are positive.
So, m – 3 > 0, m > 0 and m (–, 1]  [9, )
m  [9, )

(vii)

Both the roots are negative. Hence, D  0, and sum is negative but product is positive.
So, m – 3 < 0, m > 0 m  (–, 1]  [9, )
 m  (0, 1]
(viii)At least one root is positive. Hence, either one root is positive or both roots are positive.
So, m  (–, 0)  (9, )

(ix)

One root is smaller than 2 and the other root is greater than 2, i.e., 2 lies between the roots.
So f (2) < 0
 4 – 2 (m – 3) + m < 0  m > 10

(x)

Both the roots are greater than 2.

b
So, f (2) > 0, D  0, – >2
2a
 m > 10 and m  (–, 1]  [9, ) and m – 3 > 4
Solving all we get m  [9, 10)

22
Quadratic Equation

(xi)

Both the roots are smaller than 2. So,

b
f (2) > 0, D  0, – >2
2a
Solving all we get m  (–, 1]

(xii)

Exactly one root lies in (1, 2).

So, f (1) f(2) < 0
 4(10 – m) < 0  m  (10, )
(xiii) Both the roots lie in the interval (1, 2).
Then, D  0  (m – 1) (m – 9)   m  1 or m  9 ...(1)
Also f (1) > 0 and f (2) > 0  10 > m ...(2)
b
and 1<– <25<m<7 ...(3)
2a
Thus, no such m exists  m  
(xiv) Case I : Exactly one root lies in (1, 2).
So, f (1) f (2) < 0  m > 10
Case II : Both the roots lie in (1, 2). So, from (xiii), m  .
Hence, m  (10, )
(xv) For one root greater than 2 and the other root smaller than 1,
f (1) < 0, f (2) < 0
From (1), f (1) < 0, but f (1) = 4. which is not possible.
Thus, no such m exists.

11. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION IN TWO VARIABLES

The general quadratic expression ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c can be factorized into two linear factors.
Given quadratic expression is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c ...(1)
Corresponding equation is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
or ax2 + 2(hy + g) x + by2 + 2fy + c = 0 ...(2)

 2(hy  g)  4(hy + g)2 −4a(by 2 + 2fy + c)

 x=
2a

 (hy  g)  h2 y2 + g2 + 2ghy − aby2 − 2afy − ac

 x=
a
 ax + hy+ g = ± h2y2 + g2 + 2ghy − aby2 − 2afy − ac ...(3)
Now, expression (1) can be resolved into two linear factors if (h2 – ab) y2 + 2(gh – af)y + g2 – ac is a perfect
square and h2– ab > 0.

23
Quadratic Equation
But (h2 – ab) y2 + 2(gh – af) y + g2 – ac will be a perfect square if
 (h2 – ab) y2 + 2(gh – af) y + g2 – ac = 0 and h2 – ab > 0
 g2h2 – a2f2 – 2afgh – h2 g2 + abg2 + ach2 – a2 bc = 0
and h2 – ab > 0
 abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
and h2 – ab > 0
this is the required condition.
or the condition that this expression may be resolved into two linear rational factors is
a h g
 = h b f =0
g f c

 abc + 2 fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 and h2 – ab > 0

This expression is called discriminant of the above quadratic expression.
12. NUMBER OF ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
1. If f (x) is an increasing function in [a, b], then f (x) = 0 will have atmost one root in [a, b].
2. Let f (x) = 0 be a polynomial equation and a, b are two real numbers. Then f (x) = 0 will have at least
one real root or odd number of real roots in (a, b) if f (a) and f (b) (a < b) are of opposite signs.
A(a,f (a))

P (b, 0)
(a, 0)

B(b,f (b))

One real root Odd number of real roots

But if f (a) and f (b) are of same signs, then either f (x) = 0 has no real root or even number of real roots in
(a, b).
B(b, f(b))
A(a, f (a)) B(b, f (b))

A(a, f(a))
P R
Q S

(a, 0) (b, 0)

No real root Even number of real roots

3. If the equation f (x) = 0 has two real roots a and b then f(x) = 0 will have atleast one real root lying
between a and b (using Rolle’s Theorem).

24
Quadratic Equation

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1: For what values of ‘m’ does the quadratic Sol.: x2 – ax + b = 0 ...(i)
equation (1+m)x2–2(1+3m)x+(1+8m) = 0 x – px + q = 0
2 ...(ii)
have equal roots. Let common root be  and roots of (i) be
Sol.: Roots are equal if discriminant = 0  and 
4(1 + 3m)2 – 4(1 + m) (1 + 8m) = 0 From (i),  +  = a,  = b
 4(m2 – 3m) = 0 From (ii), 2 = p, 2 = q
 m = 0, 3 ap
Ex.2: Show that if p, q, r, s are real numbers and  b + q =  + 2 = ( + ) =
2
pr = 2(q + s) then at least one of the Ex.5: If one root of the quadratic equation ax2 +
equations x2 + px + q = 0 and x2 + rx + s bx + c = 0 is equal to the nth power of the
= 0 has real roots. other, then show that
Sol.: x2 + px + q = 0 ...(i) 1 1
(ac n ) n1  (a n c) n1  b  0.
x2 + rx + s = 0 ...(ii)
Let D1 and D2 be the discriminants of Sol.: Let  and  be the roots of the equation
n

equations (i) and (ii) respectively ax2 + bx + c = 0.

D1 + D2 = p 2– 4q + r 2– 4s 1

= p2 + r2 – 4 (q + s) c  c  n 1
.n =  =  
= p2 + r2 – 2pr. a a
= (p – r)2  0 [ p and r b
are real]  + n =
a
 At least one of D1 and D2 must be non
n
negative 1

 c  n+1  c  n 1  b
Hence at least one of the given equations,      
has real roots. a a a
1 1
(ca ) n1  (c a) n 1  b  0.
or n n
Ex.3: Find the quadratic equation, one of whose
1 Ex.6: Solve fo r x:
roots is
2 2 x 1 2
(2  2 x 1 
2 2
)x  (2  )x .
1 2 2
Sol.: Let  = = Sol.: The given equation can be written as
2 (2  ) (2  )
x 2 2x1 1
= 2 (2  )  2  2 (2  )
(2  )x 2 x 1

Since irrational roots of a quadratic equation 2

[Let y = (2  2 x 1]
occur in pairs, the other root  is –2 – 5 )x
 +  = –4 and  = – 1  y2 – 2y(2 + ) + (2 + )2 = 0
Thus, the required quadratic equation is:
 (y – 2 – )2 = 0
x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
or x2 + 4x –1 = 0  y=2+
Ex.4: If x2 – ax + b = 0 and x2 – px + q = 0 
2

(2  ) x 2 x 1  (2  )
have a common root and the second
 x2 – 2 x + 1 = 1
equatio n has equal roots, show that
 x = 0, 2
ap
b+q= .
2

25
Quadratic Equation
Ex.7: If the equation x2 + ax + bc = 0 and x2 + 1 1 1
bx +ca = 0 have a non zero common root Ex.10: If the roots of   are equal
xp xq r
and a  b, show that the other roots are
roots of the equation x2 + cx + ab = 0. in magnitude, but opposite in sign, show that
Sol.: Let ,  be the roots of the equation p + q = 2 r and the product of the roots
x + ax + bc = 0 and ,  be the roots of
2
p2  q 2
2
the equation x + bx + ca = 0. The com- =  .
mon root  is then equal to c as well as 2
– (a + b) 1 1 1
Sol.:   ...(i)
Further,  +  = –a and   = bc ; xp xq r
 +  = –b ;  = ca  (x + q + x + p)r = x2 + (p + q)x+pq
2 +  +  = –(a + b) and 2 = c2ba  x2 + (p + q – 2r)x + pq – r(p +q)=0
...(i) Since, its roots are equal in magnitude but
 β    c  2c and c βν  c ba
2 2
opposite in sign
β  ν  c and βν  ba  p + q = 2r
Hence  ,  are the roots of the equation product of roots = pq  r(p  q)
x2 + cx + ab = 0
(p  q) 2 p2  q2
= pq  = 
Ex.8. Solve log10 ( )  log 2 x : x > 1
(x )
2 2
Ex.11: If ,  be the roots of x2 + px + q = 0,
log10 x
Sol.: log10 ( )  log( x 2 ) x = 
log10 x 2 prove that is a root of

1 qx2 + (2q – p2)x + q = 0
=
2 Sol.:  ,  are roots of x2 + px + q = 0
1  +  = – p and  =q
Let y = log10 x ; then, = log10
2
We need to show that
1
= log10y q 2 
2  (2q  p 2 )  q  0
 2

 y = 10 and thus, x = 1010
x = 1010. i.e., q2 + (2q – p2) + q 2 = 0
i.e., q(2 + 2 +  2) – p2 = 0
Ex.9: If  is a root of the equation 4x2 + 2x–1=0,
i.e., q( + )2 – p2 = 0
prove that 43 – 3 is the other root.
i.e., p2q – p2q = 0, which is obviously true.
Sol.: Let ,  be the two roots of the given
equation. 1 x 2  3x  4
Ex.12: Prove that   7 for all xR.
1 7 x 2  3x  4
  and 42 + 2 – 1 = 0
2
x 2  3x  4
 1 Sol.: Let y = ; then,
4 – 3 = (4 + 2 – 1)    
3 2 x 2  3x  4
 2 x2(y – 1) + 3(y + 1)x + 4(y – 1) = 0
As x  R, discriminant  0. Hence,
 1
–  2 =  (3(y + 1))2 – 16(y – 1) 2  0
  (3y + 3 – 4y + 4)(3y + 3 + 4y – 4)  0
Hence 43 – 3 is the other root. (y – 7)(7y – 1)  0
 1 , 7
y  7 
 

26
 Quadratic Equation

ax 2  x  2 5
Ex.13: Prove that y = takes all real if –3 < x  
a  x  2x 2 2
Case-I x  –3
values for x  R, only if a  [1, 3].
Sol.: Let y  R; then, x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0
ax 2  x  2 x=–4
y= for some x  R
a  x  2x 2 5
(a + 2y)x2 + (1 – y)x – 2 – ay = 0 Case-II –3 < x  
2
 (1 – y)2 + 4(a + 2y)(2 + ay)  0, 2
x + 4x + 3 = 2x + 5
yR x2 + 2x – 2 = 0
or (8a + 1)y2 + (4a2 + 14)y + 8a + 10
x=–1– 3
yR
 8a + 1 > 0 and Ex.16: Solve the equation 2|x + 1| – 2x = | 2x – 1 |+1
(4a2 + 14)2 – 4(8a + 1)2  0  2x  1 if x0
1 Sol.: |2 – 1| = 
x
x0
a   and (a2 – 4a + 3)(a + 2)20  (2  1) if
x
or
8
Case-I x  0
1
or a and (a – 3)(a – 1)  0 2x+1 – 2x = 2x – 1 + 1
8 This is true  x  0
i.e., a  [1, 3] Case-II x < 0
Ex.14: Find the value of a for which the quadratic 2|x + 1| – 2x = 1 – 2x + 1
equat io n 3x 2  2(a 2 1)x  a 2  3a  2  0 2|x + 1| = 2
|x + 1| = 1
possesses roots with opposite signs.
x = –2
Sol.: Roots of 3x2 + 2(a2 + 1)x + a2–3a +2=0
are of opposite signs and their sum is posi- Ex.17: For what values of a, are the roots of the
tive. equation (a  1) x 2  3ax  4a  0 (a  –1)
 discriminant > 0 and product of roots real and less than 1.
is negative Let f (x) = (a 1)x 2  3ax  4a .
Sol.:
a2  3a  2  Discriminant  0; f (1).(a + 1) > 0 and
 0 and
3 x-coordinate of vertex < 1
4(a2 + 1)2 – 4.3(a2 – 3a + 2) > 0 16
 (a – 2)(a – 1) < 0 and Discriminant  0   a0
7
a4 – a2 + 9a – 5 > 0 ...(i)
 a  (1, 2) and (a + 1).f (1) > 0
 a 2  1
2
21  (2a + 1)(a + 1) > 0
  + 9a – >0
 2 4 1
 a < – 1 or a >  ...(ii)
 a  (1, 2) 2
Ex.15: Find the value of x if 2x + 5 + | x2 + 4x + 3 | = 0.  16   1
By (i) & (ii), a    7 ,  1   2 , 0
Sol.: 2x + 5 + | x2 + 4x + 3 | = 0    
 2x + 5  0 ...(iii)
5 Since x coordinate of vertex < 1, we have:

x –1 < a < 2
2
 x + 4x + 3 = (x + 1)(x + 3)  0
2
 1 
if x  –3 Combined with (iii) we get: a    2 , 0
 
x2 + 4x + 3 = (x + 1)(x + 3)  0

27
Quadratic Equation
Ex.18: Find all the values of x satisfying the inequal- 1
When y  6, 2x   6
 3
ity log x  2x    2. x
 4  2x 2  6x  1  0
 3 3 6  3
Sol.: log x  2x    2. ( x  1 and x > )  x 
 4 8 4 2

log x  2x    log x x2
3 1
 ...(i) When, y = 4, 2x  4
 4 x
Case I:  2x 2  4x 1
Let x > 1. 0
4 2
3  x= 
2x – > x2 4 2
4
or 4x2 – 8x + 3 < 0 3 2
Thus solutions are x  ,
2 2
4 x   x    0
1 3
or Ex.20 If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 +
 2  2
bx + c = 0 then find the equation whose roots
 3
 x  1, 2  1 1
  are, 2 +  2,  2  2 ?

Case II:
Sol. Here let S be the sum and P be the product of
3
Let <x<1 1 1
8 the roots 2 +  2,  2   2
3
2x – < x2  2  2
4
4x2 – 8x + 3 > 0 Now S = ( +  ) +
2 2
or ( ) 2
(2x – 3)(2x – 1) > 0
 b 2  2ac   b 2  2ac 
3, 1 =   + 
 x  8 2 2   2 
   a   c 
Ex.19: Solve the equation  a2  c2 
(2x 2  3x 1)(2x 2  5x 1)  9x 2 . = (b – 2ac)  2 2 
2
 a c 
Sol.: (2x 2  3x 1)(2x 2  5x 1)  9x 2 ...(i) As the product
Clearly, x = 0 does not satisfy (i). Therefore, 2
( 2   2 ) 2  b 2  2ac 
we can rewrite equation (i) as =   × 1
P=
 
2 2 2  c2
 a 
 2x  3  1 
 2x  5    9
1
...(ii) a2
 x  x Hence equation is
1 (acx)2 – (b2 – 2ac) (a2 + c2)x + (b2 – 2ac)2 = 0
 ( y  3)(y  5)  9 where y = 2x + Ex.21 If   be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 
x
or y 2  2 y  24  0
 those of x2 + mx + n = 0, then find the equa-
tion whose roots are   , and    ?
 ( y  6)( y  4)  0 Sol. Here S = ( ) + ()
 y  4,6 = ( ) = ( )
bm
= .... (i)
a

28
Quadratic Equation
Also P = () ( ) Subtracting 3 – a = 0   = a/3
= (  ) .... (ii)
a2 a
b n  m ac  4acn
2 2 Hence – 11 + a = 0, a = 0 or a = 24
9 3
=
a 2 2 since a  0, a = 24
Hence from x2 – Sx + P = 0
 x 2  11x  24
bm b 2 n  m 2 ac  4acn  the common factor of x 2  14x  48
x2 – x+ = 0. 
a a 2 2 is clearly x – 8 or the common root is x = 8.
Ex.22 If x is real then find the range of the Quadratic
Note : Shorter method Eliminatinga fromboth
x 2 14x  9
the expression
x 2  2x  3
. 2x 2  22x  2a 
 x2 –8x = 0 x(x – 8) = 0
x 2 14x  2a 
x 2  14x  9
Sol. Let =y  x  0,  (x – 8)
x 2  2x  3
 x2 (1–y) + 2x(7 – y) + 3(3 – y) = 0 Ex.25 Let   be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
Hence 4(7–y)2 – 12 (1–y) (3–y)  0 gives ,  be the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0 ; and D 1,
– 2y2 – 2y + 40  0 D2 the respective Discriminants of these equa-
 y2 + y – 20  0 tions. If     are inA.P., then find D1 : D2.
 (y + 5) (y – 4)  0  –5  y  4 b c
Sol. We have  +  = ,  =
Ex.23 If  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and a a

  q r
2n n n
also of x + p x + q = 0 and if  , n
are and  +  = p ,  = p

roots of xn + 1 + (x + 1)n = 0 then find range Now , , ,  are inA.P.
of values of n.     =    ; (  )2 = ()2
Sol. Here  = – p,  = q (  )2 – 4 = ( )2 – 4 
Let t = xn  When x =  , t = n q2 4r
When x =  , t = n b2 4c
– = 2 – p ;
 t2 + pn t + qn = 0 a2 a p
 n +  n = – pn , n n = qn
b 2  4ac q  4pr
2
  =
Again and are roots of xn + 1+ (x+1)n=0 a2 p2
 
n n D1 D 2 D1 a2
   = p2  D = 2
   + 1 +   1 = 0 a2 2 p
   
 n +  n + ()n = 0 Ex.26 If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has
 –pn + (–p)n = 0 which is true only if n is two roots  and  such that  < –2 and   2,
even integer. then prove that 4a + 2 |b| + c < 0
Sol. Since the equation has two distinct roots  and
Ex.24 If the expression x2 – 11x + a and x2 – 14x+2a  , the discriminate b2 – 4ac > 0 we must have
must have a common factor and a  0, then, f (x) = ax2 + bx + c < 0 for  < x < 
the common factor common roots. Since  < 0 <  we must have, f (0) = c < 0.
Sol. Here let (x – ) is the common factor
then x =  is root of the corresponding
equation –2–1 1 2

  – 11 + a = 0
2  
 – 14 + 2a = 0
2

29
Quadratic Equation
Also as < –1 , 1 <  Sol. As roots are equal b2 – 4ac = 0
we get, f (–1) = a – b + c < 0 and  b2 = 4ac
f (1) = a + b + c < 0 i.e. , a + |b| + c < 0.
 p2   p2 
Next , since  < –2, 2 < ,     
f(–2) = 4a – 2b + c < 0  p (1 + q ) = 4 1  q  2 
2 2 q(q 1) 
  2 
and f (2) = 4a + 2b + c < 0 , i.e. 4a + 2 |b|+c<0.
 p2 
p a  p (1 + q) = {4(1 – q) + 2p } 
2 2 q(q2  1)  
Ex.27 If c  0 and the equation =  2 
2x xc
 p2 (1 + q)2 = [ –4q(1–q)2 + 2p2q(q–1)
b + 2p2(1–q) + p 4]
+ has two equal roots , then find the
xc  p2 (1+q)2 = –4q (1–q)2
possible values of p ? + p2 [2q2 – 2q + 2 – 2q + p2]
Sol. We can write the given equation as  p2 [ (1+q)2 – 2q2 + 4q – 2 – p2] = –4q(1 – q)2
p (a  b) x  c (b  a)  p2 [1 + 2q + q2 – 2q2 + 4q –2 –p2]
= = – 4q(1–q)2
2x x2  c2
 p2 [–q2 + 6q –1 –p 2] = –4q (1– q) 2
or p (x2 – c2) = 2 (a + b) x2 – 2c (a – b) x
 p2 [–(1–q )2 + 4q – p2 ] = –4q (1–q)2
or (2a + 2b – p) x2 – 2c (a – b) x + pc2 = 0
 – p2 (1–q)2 + p2 (4q –p2) = –4q(1–q)2
For this equation to have equal roots  (1–q2)(–p2 + 4q) + p2 (4q –p2) = 0 (–
c2 (a – b)2 – pc2 (2a + 2b – p) = 0  p2 + 4q ) {p2 + (1 –q)2 } = 0
 (a – b)2 – 2p (a + b) + p2 = 0[ c2  0] As p2 + ( 1–q)2  0  –p2 + 4q = 0
 [p – (a + b)]2 = (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
 p2 = 4q Hence proved
 p – (a + b) = ± 2
Ex.30 Solve :
 p=a+b±2 =( )2
.... (i)
Ex.28 Solve : (x + 9) (x – 3) (x – 7) (x + 5) = 385 Sol.
Sol. (x + 9) (x – 7) (x –3) (x + 5) = 385
(x2 + 2x – 63) (x2 + 2x – 15) = 385
Put x2 + 2x = y ... (i)
 (y – 63) (y – 15) = 385
 y2 – 78y + 560 = 0
 (y – 70) (y – 8) = 0
 y = 70 or 8
4x2 + 144 + 48x = 4(2x + 7) (3x –18)
When y = 70, (i) gives x2 + 2x – 70 = 0
i.e. 5x2 – 27x – 162 = 0

x=
√
 2  4  4  70
= –1 ± 71
 i.e. (5x + 18) (x – 9) = 0
2 √  18
when y = 8, (i) gives x2 + 2x – 8 = 0  x = 9 or x =
5
 (x + 4) (x – 2) = 0  x = –4 or 2. Putting these value in (i) it is seen that x = 9.
 Solutions are –4, 2 & –1 ± √71 .
Ex.29 If the roots of the equation
 p2  2
1  q   x2 + p (1+q)x+q(q –1) + p =0
 
 2  2
are equal then show that p2 = 4q.

30
Quadratic Equation

EXERCISE - I
Q.1 If the sum of the roots of the equation
x 2  2x  4
px2 + qx + r = 0 be equal to the sum of their Q.14 Prove that the expression lies
squares, show that 2pr = pq + q2 x 2  2x  4

Q.2 S ho w t hat t he r o o t s o f t he equ at io n between 1 and 3 for all real values of x.

3
(a + b)2x2 – 2(a2 – b2)x + (a – b)2 = 0 are
equal. Q.15 Find all the values of a for which the roots of
Find the values of m, for which the equation the equation (1 + a)x 2 – 3ax + 4a = 0
Q.3
5x2 – 4x + 2 + m(4x2 – 2x – 1) = 0 has exceed unity.
(i) equal roots Q.16 If P(x) = ax2 + bx + c and Q(x) = –ax2 +
(ii) product of the roots as 2 bx + c, wher e ac  0, show that the
(iii) the sum of the roots as 6 equation P(x) . Q(x) = 0 has at least two real
roots.
Q.4 If one root of the equation 5x2 + 13x + k = 0
be reciprocal of the other, find k. Q.17 If roots of the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 be
 and  and those of the equation
Q.5 If the difference of the roots of x2 – px + q = 0 Ax2 + 2Bx + C = 0 be  + k and  + k, prove
is unity, prove that p2 – 4q =1
2
b 2  ac a
Q.6 Determine the values of m for which the that :   
equat ions 3x 2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and B  AC
2
 A
2x2 + 3x –2 = 0 may have a common root. Q.18 Solve for x : (15  4 ) t  (15  4 ) t  30
Q.7 If  and  be the roots of the equation where t = x2 – 2|x|.
x2 – px + q = 0, find the equation whose roots Q.19 Show that (x – 2) (x – 3) – 8 (x – 1)
1 1 (x – 3) + 9 (x – 1) (x – 2) = 2 x2 is an
are  +  and  + 
.
identity.
4x
Q.8 Solve for x :
x 3
2 1 Q.20 For which values of a does the equation
2
If c, d are the roots of the equation (x – a)  x2   2

Q.9 (1 + a)  2  – 3a  x  + 4a = 0
  
(x – b) – k = 0 show that a, b are the roots  x  1  x  1
2

of the equation (x – c) (x – d) + k = 0. have real roots?

Q.10 Find the real values of x which satisfy Q.21 If one root of the equation (l – m) x2 + lx +
x2 – 3x + 2 > 0 and x2 – 3x – 4  0.
1 = 0 be double of the other and if l be real,
Q.11 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a  0 and 9
let ,  be the roo ts of t he equation show that m  8
.
ax2 + bx + c = 0. Express the roots of Q.22 If ax 2 + 2 bx + c = 0 and a 1x 2 +2
a3 x2 + a b c x + c3 = 0 in terms of ,  . b 1 x+c 1 =0 have a common root and
Q.12 If a and b are integers and the roots of a b c
equation x2 + a x + b = 0 are rational, show , , are in A.P., show that a 1, b 1, c 1
a1 b1 c1
that they will be integers. are in G.P.
Q.13 For what values of m can the following
expression be split as product of two linear
factors.
(i) 3x2 – xy –2y2 + mx + y + 1
(ii) 6x2 – 7xy – 3y2 + mx + 17y – 20

31
Quadratic Equation
Q.23 If the ratio of the roots of the equation Q.26 Let a, b, c be real. If a x2 + b x + c = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 be equal to that of the has two real roots  and  , where  < –1
roots of the equation a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0,
c b
2 and  > 1, then show that 1 +  < 0.
prove that  b   ca
a a
 b1  c1a1
Q.27 For a  0, determine all real roots of the
Q.24 Let  be a root of t he equat ion equation : x2 – 2a |x – a| – 3a2 = 0.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and  be a root of the Q.28 Find the values of a for which the inequality
equation – ax2 + bx + c = 0. Show that there x2 + a x + a2 + 6 a < 0 is satisfied for all
exists a root of the equation a x2 + b x +c=0 x  (1, 2).
2
Q.29 If the roots of 2 x3 + x2 – 7 = 0 are , 
that lies between  and  (,   0).
 
Q.25 Let a, b and c be integers with a > 1, and let and , find the value of       .
p be a prime number. Show t hat if  

a x2 + b x + c is equal to p for two distinct

Q.30 Find all values of k for which the inequality
integral values of x, then it cannot be equal to (x – 3 k) (x – k – 3) < 0 is satisfied for all
2 p for any integral value of x. (a  p). x in the interval [1, 3].

32
Quadratic Equation

EXERCISE - II
Q.1 A quadratic polynomial f (x) = x2 + ax + b is Instructions for Q.7 and Q.8
Let , ,  be distinct real numbers such that
43
formed with one of its zeros being a2 + b + c = (sin  2 + (cos 
2
a 2 + b + c = (sin   2 + (cos 
where a and b are integers. Also a2 + b + c = (sin  2 + (cos 
g (x) = x4 + 2x3 – 10x2 + 4x – 10 is a
(where a, b, c,  R.)
biquadrat ic po lyno mial such that
Q.7 Find the maximum value of the expression
43 
g =c  d where c and d are
 2  a 2  b2
  .
a 2  3ab  5b2
also integers. Find the values of a, b, c and d.

Q.2 Find the range of values of a, such that Q.8 If V1  aˆi  bˆj  ck̂ makes an angle /3 with

ax 2  2(a  1) x  9a  4 V2  iˆ  ˆj \/2 k̂ , then find the number of
f(x) = is always values of   [0, 2].
x 2  8x  32

negative. Q.9 (a) If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation

ax2+bx+c = 0 then which of the following
Q.3 Let a, b be arbitrary real numbers. Find the
expressions in ,  will denote the symmetric
smallest natural number 'b' for which the
functions of roots. Give proper reasoning.
equation x2 + 2(a + b)x + (a – b + 8) = 0 has
(i) f (, ) = 2 – 
unequal real roots for all a  R.
(ii) f (, ) = 2 +  2
Q.4 When y2 + my + 2 is divided by (y – 1) then 
the quotient is f (y) and the remainder is R1. (iii) f (, ) = ln 
When y2 + my + 2 is divided by (y + 1) then (iv) f (, ) = cos ( – )
quotient is g (y) and the remainder is R2. If (b) If ,  are the roots of the equation
R1 = R2 then find the value of m. x2 – px+ q = 0, then find the quadratic equation
Q.5 Find the value of m for which the quadratic the roots of which are (2   2) (3   3) &
equations x2 – 11x + m = 0 and x2 –14x+2m=0 3  2 + 2  3.
may have common root. Q.10 Find the product of the real roots of the
Q.6 The quadratic polynomial P(x) = ax2 + bx + c equation, x2 + 18x + 30 = 2 \/x2 18x  45
has two different zeroes including –2.
The quadratic polynomial Q(x) = ax2 + cx + b
has two different zer o es including 3. Q.11 Let f(x) = /\ x 2  ax  4
is defined for all
If  and  be the other zeroes of P(x) and
/
\ x  bx  16
2

 real x, then find the number of possible ordered

Q(x) respectively, then find the value of . pairs (a, b). (where a, b  I).

Q.12 If the equation 9x – 12ax + 4 – a2 = 0 has a
unique root in (0, 1) then find the number of
integers in the range of a.

33
Quadratic Equation
Q.13 (a) Find all real numbers x such that, Q.16 Find the product of uncommon real roots of
the two polynomials P(x) = x4 + 2x3 – 8x2 –
1 1
 x  1  2 1  1  2 6x + 15 and Q(x) = x 3 + 4x 2 – x – 10.
  +  = x.
 x  x Q.17 Solve the following where x  R.
(b) Find the minimum value of (a) (x  1) x2  4x + 3| + 2 x2 + 3x  5 = 0
(b) 3x2  4x + 2 = 5x  4
6 (c) |x3 + 1+ x2  x  2 = 0
 x  1    x6  1   2
 x   x 6  (d) 2x+2  2x+1  1 = 2 x+1 + 1

3 for x > 0. (e) For a  0, determine all real roots of the
 x    x3 
1 1
 equation x2  2 ax  a 3a2 = 0.
 x  x3
Q.18(a) Let ,  and  are the roots of the cubic
Q.14 If the range of m so that the equation x3 – 3x2 + 1 = 0. Find a cubic whose roots are
(x2 + 2mx + 7m – 12) (4x2 – 4mx + 5m –6)=0   
and . Hence or otherwise
have two distinct real roots, is (a, b) then find   2 , 2 2
(a + b).
find the value of ( – 2)( – 2)( – 2).
Q.15 Column-I Column-II (b) If , ,  are roots of t he cubic
(A) Let  and  be the roots (P) 0 2011x3 + 2x2 + 1 = 0, then find
of a quadratic equation (i) ()–1 + ()–1 + ()–1 ;
4x2 – (5p + 1) x + 5p = 0. (ii) –2 +  –2 + –2
If  = 1 + , then the
Q.19 If the range of parameter t in the interval
integral value of p, is
(0, 2), satisfying
(B) Integers lying in the range (Q) 1
of the expression (2x 2  5x 10)
>0
(sin t )x 2  2(1  sin t)x  9 sin t  4
x 2  3x  4
y= , is(are)
x 2  3x  4 for all real values of x is (a, b), then (a +b)=k.
Find the value of k.
(C) Positive integral values (R) 2
of x satisfying Q.20 Find all numbers p for each of which the
least value of the quadratic trinomial
x 1 x5
 , is(are) 4x2 – 4px + p2 – 2p + 2 on the interval
x 1 x 1
0  x  2 is equal to 3.
(D) The value of expression (S) 3
Q.21 Let P (x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are
2 4 4
sin sin  sin integer. If P(x) is a factor of both x4 + 6x2 +25
7 7 7
and 3x4 + 4x2 + 28x+ 5, find the value of P(1).

sin
8
 sin
8
sin
2
, is (T) 4 Q.22 If ,  are the roots of the equat ion,
7 7 7 x2  2 x  a2 + 1 = 0 and  ,  are the roots of
the equation,x2  2 (a + 1) x + a (a  1) = 0
such that ,( ,) then find the values of 'a'.

34
Quadratic Equation
2
Q.23 Let A denotes the set of values of x for  x5 
x2 Q.26 (log2x)4  log 1   20 log 2 x  148  0 .
which  0 and B denotes the set of  4 
x 4
2

values of x for which x2 – ax – 4  0. If B is

Q.27 (log 100 x)2 + (log 10 x)2 + log x  14
the subset of A, then find the number of
possible integral values of a. Q.28 log1/2 (x + 1) > log2 (2  x).
log1/5 (2x2 + 5x + 1) < 0.
Q.24 The quadratic ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two different Q.29
roots including the root – 2.The equation Q.30 (logx+62) . log2 (x2  x  2)  1
ax2 + cx + b = 0 has two different roots
including the root 3. The absolute value of the
product of the four roots of the two equation

p
expressed in lowest rational is  .Find (p+q).
q
Q.25 Find the complete set of real values of ‘a’for
which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 – 6a + 5)x2 – a 2  2a x + (6a – a2–8)=0
lie on either side of the origin.
Solve the inequality.

35
Quadratic Equation

EXERCISE - III
Q.7 If one solution of the equation
Q.1 a2 b2 c2
If + + = 1 then ab + bc + ca lies in x3 – 2x2 + ax + 10 = 0 is the additive inverse
the interval (a, b, c  R) of another, then which one of the following
1  inequalities is true?
(A)  , 2 (B) [–1, 2] (A) – 40 < a < – 30
2 
(B) – 30 < a < – 20
 1   1 (C) – 20 < a < – 10
(C)  , 1 (D)  1,  (D) – 10 < a < 0
 2   2
Q.8 Let r1, r2 and r3 be the solutions of the equation
Q.2 If P(x) = ax2 + bx + c & Q(x) =  ax2 +dx+c,
where ac  0, then P(x) . Q(x) = 0 has x3 – 2x2 + 4x + 5074 =0 then the value of
(A) exactly one real root (r1 + 2)(r2 + 2)(r 3 + 2) is
(A) 5050 (B) 5066
(B) atleast two real roots
(C) – 5050 (D) – 5066
(C) exactly three real roots
(D) all four are real roots Q.9 The sum of the roots of the equation
(x + 1) = 2 log2(2x + 3) – 2 log4(1980 – 2–x)
Q.3 If  and  be the roots of the equation
is
x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 then the value of
(A) 3954 (B) log211
2
     2 (C) log23954 (D) indeterminate
    is equal to The quadratic equation
1    1 Q.10
x2 – 1088x + 295680 = 0 has two positive
(A) 15 (B) 18
(D) none integral roots whose greatest common divisor
(C) 21
is 16. The least common multiple of the two
Q.4 Let a > 0, b > 0 & c > 0 . Then both the roots roots is
of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (A) 18240 (B) 18480
(A) are real & negative (C) 18960 (D) 19240
(B) have negative real parts
Q.11 If x is real and 4y2 + 4xy + x + 6 = 0, then the
(C) are rational numbers
complete set of values of x for which y is real,
(D) none
is
Q.5 The equation x2 + bx + c = 0 has distinct (A) x  – 2 or x  3 (B) x  2 or x  3
roots. If 2 is subtracted from each root, the (C) x  – 3 or x  2 (D) – 3  x  2
results are reciprocals of the original roots. The
Q.12 If exactly one root of the quadratic equation
value of (b2 + c2 + bc) equals
x2 – (a +1)x + 2a = 0 lies in the interval (0 ,3)
(A) 7 (B) 9
(C) 10 (D) 11 then the set of values 'a' is given by
(A) (  , 0)  (6,  )
Q.6 If a, b, c are real numbers satisfying the
condition a + b + c = 0 then the roots of the (B) (  , 0  (6 , )
quadratic equation 3ax2 + 5bx + 7c = 0 are :
(C) (  , 0  6 , 
(A) positive (B) negative
(C) real & distinct (D) imaginary (D) ( 0 , 6)

36
Quadratic Equation
Q.13 If   are roots of the equation 4 2  22
x2 – 2mx + m2 – 1 = 0 then the number of Q.21 If x = and y = where  is a
1  2 1  2
integral values of m for which    (–2, 4) is
(A) 0 (B) 1 real parameter then x2 – xy + y2 lies between
(C) 2 (D) 3 [a, b] then (a + b) is
(A) 8 (B) 10
Q.14 For every x  R, the polynomial (C) 13 (D) 25
x8  x5 + x2  x + 1 is
Q.22 If the quadratic equations, x2 + abx + c = 0
(A) positive
and x2 + acx + b = 0 have a common root
(B) never positive
then the equation containing their other roots
(C) positive as well as negative is/are :
(D) negative
(A) x2 + a (b + c) x  a2bc = 0
Q.15 Number of possible ordered pair(s) (a, b) for (B) x2  a (b + c) x + a2bc = 0
each of which the equality, (C) a (b + c) x2  (b + c) x + abc = 0
a (cos x  1) + b2 = cos (ax + b2)  1 holds (D) a (b + c) x2 + (b + c) x  abc = 0
true for all x  R are Q.23 Let f (x) = x2 + ax + b. If the maximum and
(A) 0 (B) 1 the minimum values of f (x) are 3 and 2
(C) 2 (D) infinite respectively for 0  x  2, then the possible
ordered pair(s) of (a, b) is/are
Q.16 If x be the real number such that x3 + 4x = 8,
then the value of the expression x7 + 64x2 is (A) (–2, 3) (B) (– 3/2, 2)
(A) 124 (B) 125 (C) (– 5/2, 3) (D) (– 5/2, 2)
(C) 128 (D) 132 Q.24 If one of the root of the equation
Q.17 If the equation 4x2 – 15x + 4p = 0 is the square of the other
then the value of p is
a(x – 1)2 + b(x2 – 3x + 2) + x – a2 = 0 is
satisfied for all x  R then the number of (A) 125/64 (B) –27/8
ordered pairs of (a, b) can be (C) –125/8 (D) 27/8
(A) 0 (B) 1 Q.25 For the quadratic polynomial
(C) 2 (D) infinite f (x) = 4x2 – 8kx + k, the statements which
hold good are
Q.18 If a and b are positive numbers and each of the (A) there is only one integral k for which f (x)
equat ions x 2 + ax + 2b = 0 and is non negative  x  R
x2 + 2bx + a = 0 has real roots, then the smallest (B) for k < 0 the number zero lies between the
possible value of (a + b) is zeros of the polynomial.
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) f (x) = 0 has two distinct solutions in (0, 1)
(C) 5 (D) 6 for k  (1/4, 4/7)
Q.19 The inequalities y( 1)   4, y(1)  0 & (D) Minimum value of y  k  R is
y(3)  5 are known to hold for y = ax2 + bx + k(1 + 12k)
c then the least value of 'a' is : Q.26 T he r o o t s o f t he q uad r at ic eq uat io n
(A)  1/4 (B)  1/3 x2 – 30x + b = 0 are positive and one of them
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/8 is the square of the other. If the roots are r and
s with r > s then
Q.20 Let 'a' be a real number. Number of real roots
(A) b + r – s = 145 (B) b + r + s = 150
of the equation (x2 + ax + 1)(3x2 + ax – 3) =
(C) b – r – s = 100 (D) b – r + s = 105
0, is
(A) at least two (B) at most two
(C) exactly two (D) all four.

37
Quadratic Equation
Q.27 Let (a– 1) (x2 + \/3 x+ 1)2 –(a+ 1) (x4 –x2 + 1) 0 Q.32 Statement-1: If a>b>c and a3+b3+c3=3abc
then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has roots
 xR, then which of the following is/are of opposite sign.
correct because
Statement-2: If roots of a quadratic equation
 1 , 4 ax2 + bx + c = 0 are of opposite sign then
(A) a  
 3 3  product of roots < 0 and | sum of roots |  0
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
(B) Largest possible value of a is 3 √ statement-2 is correct explanation for
(C) Number of possible integral values of a is 3 statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true
(D) Sum of all possible integral values of a is'0'
and statement -2 is NOT the correct
Paragraph for question nos. 28 to 30 explanation for statement-1.
Consider the polynomial P(x) = (x – cos 36°) (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(x – cos 84°)(x – cos156°)
Q.28 Q.33 Consider two quadratic functions f(x) =
The coefficient of x2 is
ax2 + ax + (a + b)
(A) 0 (B) 1
and g(x) = ax2 + 3ax + 3a + b, where a and b are non-

(C) –
1
(D) √ 5 1 zero real numbers having same sign.
Statement-1: Graphs of both y = f(x) and y = g(x)
2 2
either completely lie above x-axis or
Q.29 The coefficient of x is lie completely below x-axis  xR .
(A) 3/2 (B) – 3/2 because
(C) – 3/4 (D) zero Statement-2: If discriminant of f (x), D < 0,
then y = f (x) is of same sign  x R and
Q.30 The absolute term in P(x) has the value equal to f (x + 1) will also be of same sign as that of
f (x)  x  R.
(A)
√5 1 (B)
√5 1 (A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true
4 16 and statement-2 is correct explanation
for statement-1.
(C)
√5 1 (D)
1 (B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
16 16 st a t eme nt - 2 is NOT t he co r r ect
explanation for statement-1.
Q.31 Consider a cubic function f (x) = ax3 + bx + c (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
where a, b, cR. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Statement-1: f (x) can not have 3 non negative Q.34 Let a, b, c, p, q be real numbers. Suppose ,
real roots.  are the roots of the equation x2 + 2px + q =
because 0 and, 1  are the roots of the equation
Statement-2: Sum of roots is equal to zero. ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, where  2  {–1, 0, 1}
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true Statement-1 : (p2 – q)(b2 – ac)  0
and and
statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-2 : b  pa or c  qa
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
statement-1.
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and Statement-1
statement-2 is NOT the correct (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
explanation for statement-1. Statement-2 is NOT a correct
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. explanation for Statement-1
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. (C) Statement-1 isTrue, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

38
Quadratic Equation
Q.35 It is given that   (  ) are the roots of the equation f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.Also af(t) > 0.
Match the condition given in column-I with their corresponding conclusions given in column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) a > 0 and b2 > 4ac (P) t  
2
(B) a > 0 and b = 4ac (Q) no solution
(C) a < 0 and b2 > 4ac (R)  < t < 
2
(D) a < 0 and b = 4ac (S) t <  or t > 
Q.36 Match the conditions in Column-I with the intervals in Column-II.
Let f (x) = x2 – 2px + p2 – 1, then
Column-I Column-II.
(A) both the roots of f (x) = 0 are less than 4, if p  (P) (– 1, )
(B) both the roots of f (x) = 0 are greater than – 2 if p  (Q) (– , 3)
(C) exactly one root of f (x) = 0 lie in (–2, 4), if p  (R) (0, 2)
(D) 1 lies between the roots of f (x) = 0, if p  (S) (–3, – 1)  (3, 5)
x 2  6x  5
Q.37 Let f (x) =
x 2  5x  6
Match the expressions / statements in Column I with expressions / statements in Column II.
Column I Column II
(A) If – 1 < x < 1, then f (x) satisfies (P) 0 < f (x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, the f (x) satisfies (Q) f (x) < 0
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f (x) satisfies (R) f (x) > 0
(D) If x > 5, then f (x) satisfies (S) f (x) < 1

(B) The integral values of the parameters c for which the (Q) 4
7
inequality 1+log2 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2 > log2(cx2 + c)
has at least one solution, is (R) 6

(C) Let P(x) = x2 + bx + C, where b and c are integer. If (S) 8

P(x) is a factor of both x4 + 6x2+25 and
3x4 + 4x2 +28x 5, then the value of P(1) equals

39
Quadratic Equation
Q.39 Column-I Column-II
(A)  ,  are the roots of the equation K (x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0. (P) 146
If K1 & K2 are the two values of K for which the roots , 
are connected by the relation (/) + (/) = 4/5.
The value of (K1/K2) + (K2/K1) equals. (Q) 254
x 2  ax  b
(B) If the range of the function f (x) = is [–5, 4], (R) 277
x 2  2x  3
a, b  N, then the value of (a2 + b2), is
(C) Suppose a cubic polynomial f (x) = x3 + px2 + qx + 72 is (S) 298
divisible by both x2 + ax + b and x2 + bx + a (where a, b,
p, q are constants and a  b). The sum of the squares of the
roots of the cubic polynomial, is
Q.40 Column-I Column-II
(A) Given x, y  R, x + y > 0. If the maximum and minimum value (P) 1210
2 2

x2  y2
of the expression E = are M and m, andAdenotes
x 2  xy  4 y2
the average value of M and m, then the value of (2007)A, equals
(B) Given the cubic equation x3 – 2kx2 – 4kx + k2 = 0. If one root (Q) 1338
of the equation is less than 1, other root is in the interval (1, 4)
and the 3rd root is greater than 4, then the value of k lies in the
 
interval a  √b, b(a  √b ) where a, b  N. The value of (R) 2007
(a + b)3 + (ab + 2)2 equals
(C) If roots of the equation x 2 10cx 11d  0 are a, b and those of (S) 2009
x2 – 10ax – 11b = 0 are c, d, then the value of a + b + c + d, is
(where a, b, c and d are distinct numbers)

40
Quadratic Equation

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I
6 8 13 7
3 (i) m = , 1 (ii) m = (iii) m= 4. k = 5 6. m = – 11 ,
5 9 11 8 4
7. qx2 – p(q + 1)x + (q + 1)2 = 0 8. 1  x  3 10. –1  x < 1 or 2 < x  4 11.  2  ,   2
7  16 
15. a    7 ,  1
98
13. (i) 4, (ii) 7, 18. x = ±1, ±(1+ √2 ) 20. 0
2 3  

– 7 – 3\/5
29. –3 30. k   0, 
1
27. – a(1– ), a(1– ) 28.  a  – 4  2 \/3
2  3

EXERCISE–II

1
1. a = 2, b = – 11, c = 4, d = – 1 2. a  ( ,  ) 3. 5 4. 0 5. 0 or 24 6. 11 7. 2
2

8. 3 9. (a) (ii) and (iv) ; (b) x2  p(p4  5p2q + 5q2) x + p2q2(p2  4q) (p2  q) = 0 10. 20

5 1 /
11. 135 12. 10 13. (a) x = \ (b) (a) ymin = 6 14. 6 15. (A) S; (B) Q,R,S,T (C) R, S ; (D)P
2

16. 6 17. (a) x = 1; (b) x = 2 or 5 ; (c) x =  1 or 1 ; (d) x 1 or x =3 ;(e) x =(1 \/ 2 ) a or (\/ 6 1)a

18. (a) 3y3 – 9y2– 3y + 1 = 0; ( – 2)( – 2)( – 2)=3 ; (b) (i) 2; (ii) – 4 19. 3 20. a = 1 – \/2 or 5+ \/10

21. P (1) = 4 22. a    14 , 1 23. 3 24. 115 25. (– , – 2]  [ 0, 1)  (2, 4)  (5, )

1
 1 1 1  \/5 1  \/5
26. x   ,   8 ,16 27. 9  x  10 28. 1 < x < or <x<2
 16 8  10 2 2

29. (,  2.5)  (0, ) 30. x < 7 , 5 < x  2 , x  4

EXERCISE–III
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. A
21. A 22. B, D 23. A 24. C, D 25. A,B,C 26. A, D 27. C, D 28. A 29. C 30. B
31. D 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. (A) P, S ; (B) P, S ; (C) P, S ; (D) P, S
36. (A) Q; (B) P; (C) S; (D) R 37. (A) P, R, S; (B) Q, S; (C) Q, S; (D) P, R, S
38. (A) R; (B) P, Q, R, S; (C) Q 39. (A) Q; (B) R; (C) P
40. (A) Q; (B) R; (C) P

41
ROUGH WORK