Romblon State University

College of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

CHAPTER 3:
RATIONAL EXPRESSION
PARTIAL FRACTION
SOLVING EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

RATIONAL EXPRESSION
Domain of an Algebraic Expression
The set of real numbers for which an PARTIAL FRACTIONS
algebraic expression is defined is the domain
Simple Fraction – the numerator is less than
of the expression. Two algebraic
the denominator.
expressions are equivalent if they have the
same domain and yield the same values for Example: ½, 3/4, 5/8, and 3/8.
all numbers in their domain. For instance, (x
+ 1) + (x + 2) and 2x +3 are equivalent Improper Fraction – the numerator is
because they are the same. greater than the denominator.
Example: 11/3, 12/5, 8/3, and 7/2
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Mixed Number – combination of a whole
When simplifying rational number and simple fractional remainder.
expressions, be sure to factor each
polynomial completely before concluding Example: 3 1/4 ,2 2/3 ,3 1/8 ,and 1 1/5
that the numerator and denominator have no Distinct Linear Factors: The denominators
factors in common. In this text, when a are all linear equation.
rational expression is written, the domain is
usually not listed with the expression. It is
implied that the real numbers that make the
denominator zero are excluded from the
expression. Also, when performing Repeated Linear Factors:
operations with rational expressions, this text
The denominators are mixed with
follows the convention of listing by the
linear equations repeatedly.
simplified expression all values of x that must
be specifically excluded from the domain in
order to make the domains of the simplified
and original expressions agree.
Exercises No.11:
Write the simplest form of the following Distinct Quadratic Factor
rational expression:
 Romblon State University
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Repeated Quadratic Factor:

Exercises No.12:
Determine the values of letter A, B, C,
and E of the following partial fraction.

Example:
a. 3x -6 = 0
3x = 6
x = 6/3
x = 2 answer
SOLVING EQUATIONS
b. 5x + 4 = 3x – 8
LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE
5x – 3x = -8 – 4
2x = -12
x = -6 answer
To solve an equation involving
fractional expressions, find the least
common denominator (LCD) of all terms and
A linear equation has exactly one multiply every term by the LCD. This process
solution. To see this, consider the following will clear the original equation of fractions
steps. (Remember that a ≠ 0). To solve a and produce a simpler equation to work with.
conditional equation in isolate on one side of
the equation by a sequence of equivalent
(and usually simpler) equations, each
having the same solution(s) as the original
equation.
 Romblon State University
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

When multiplying or dividing an

equation by a variable quantity, it is possible
to introduce an extraneous solution. An
extraneous solution is one that does not
satisfy the original equation. Therefore, it is
essential that you check your solutions.
Exercises:
Solve for the value of x.
1. x + 11 = 15
Quadratic Formula:
2. -6(x – 3) + 5 = -2x + 10
3. 3(x + 2) – 5 = 3x + 1
4. 8(x + 2) – 3(2x + 1) = 2(x + 5)
Properties of Roots:
5. 9x – 10 = 5x + 2(2x – 5)

Discriminant: b² – 4ac
a. when b² = 4ac, the roots are equal
b. when b² > 4ac, the roots are real and
unequal
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
c. when b² < 4ac, the roots are imaginary
A quadratic equation in x is an
equation that can be written in the general
form ax² + bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are Example Problem:
real numbers, with a≠ 0. A quadratic equation
1. Solve the quadratic equation by factoring
in x is also known as a second-degree
polynomial equation in x. You should be 2x2 + 9x + 7 = 3
familiar with the following four methods of
solving quadratic equations. Solution: 2x2 + 9x + 7 = 3
2x2 + 9x + 4 = 0
 Romblon State University
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

(2x + 1) (x + 4) = 0
(x = -1/2) or (x = -4) answer
2 .Solve the equation by extracting square
root of 4x2 = 12.
Solution: 4x2 = 12
x
x = answer
Exercises No.13:
3. Solve x2 + 2x – 6 = 0 by completing the
square. Solve The quadratic equation by factoring.
Solution: x2 + 2x – 6 = 0 1. 6x2 + 3x = 0
x2 + 2x = 6 2. x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
x2 + 2x + 12 = 6 + 12 3. 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
(x + 1)2 = 7 4. 2x2 = 19x + 33
x+1= 5. x2 + 4x = 12
x=- Solve The equation by extracting square
roots.
1. 3x2 = 81
2. (x + 13)2 = 25
3. (x + 5)2 = (x + 4)2
4. (4x + 7)2 = 44
5. 9x2 = 36
Solve the equation by completing the
square.
1. x2 + 4x – 32 = 0
2. 2. 9x2 – 18x = -3
3. 2x2 + 5x – 8 = 0
4. 8 + 4x – x2 = 0
5. 4x2 – 4x – 99 = 0
 Romblon State University
College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Solve the equation using quadratic formula 5. Determine k so that the equation 4x²
+ kx + 1 = 0 will have just one real
1. 2x2 + x – 1 = 0
solution.
2. 16x2 + 8x – 3 = 0
6. Two engineering students attempt to
3. 25x – 20x + 3 = 0
2 solve a problem that reduces to a
quadratic equation. One of the
4. x2 – 10x + 22 = 0 students made a mistake only in a
5. 2 + 2x – x2 = 0 constant term of the quadratic
equation and gives an answer of 8
Solve for the value(s) of x in the equation and 2 for the roots. The other student
using any convenient method: solving the same problem made an
error in the coefficient of the first
1. 8x2– 24x +18 = 0
degree term only and gives his
2. 11x2 + 33x = 0 answer as -9 and -1 for the roots. If
you are to check their solutions what
3. x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 would be the correct quadratic
4. 3x + 4 = 2x2 – 7 equations?

5. 4x2 + 2x + 4 = 2x + 8
6. x2+ 3x − 3/4 = 0
7. x2 – 14x + 49 = 0
8. (x + 3) 2 = 81
9. a2x2– b2 = 0, a and b are real number
10. x2 – x – 11/4 = 0
Additional Problems:
1. In the equation ax² + 14x + 12 = 0,
one root is 6 times the other root.
What is the value of A.
2. In the equation x² + 11x + 28 = 0, one
root is 3 more than the other root.
What are the roots of the equation.
3. Determine the value of k so that the
sum and product of the roots are
equal from the given equation. 7x²+
(2k – 1)x – 3k + 2 = 0
4. The equation of whose roots are the
reciprocal of the roots of 2x² – 3x – 5
=0