LITERATURE CITED

Alcala, P.G. (2011). Department of Agriculture recommends giant gourami for

aquaculture. Retrieved September 23, 2021, from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/03/30/da recommends-
giantgourami-for-aquaculture/
Abid, M. & Ahmed, M. S. (2009). Efficacy of feeding frequency of growth and
survival of Labeo rohita (Ham.) fingerlings under intensive raring The
Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 19 (2), pages: 111-113. ISSN: 1018-
7081
Amornsakun, T., Kullai, S., & Hassan, A. (2014). Some aspects in early life stage
of giant gourami, Osphronemus goramy (Lacepede) larvae. Songklanakarin
Nakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 36 (5), 493-498.
Amornsakun, T., Kullai, S., & Hassan, A. (2014). Feeding Behavior of Giant
Gourami, Osphronemus goramy (Laceped) Larvae. Songklanakarin
Nakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 36 (3), 261-264.
Aquariadise (2020). Giant Gourami Care Guide: Size, Behavior, Diet, and More.
Retrieved September 27, 2021, from https://www.aquariadise.com/giant-
gourami/
Aquaculture Studies, 18(2), 113-125. Satriawan, R., Iskandar, Bangkit, B. S. I., &
Lili, W. (2020). Growth Performance of Giant Gourami (Osphronemus
goramy) Fingerlings Cultured in Circular Containers with Water Current.
Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 8(2), 16-24.
Aryani, N., Azrita, Mardiah, A., & Syandri, H. (2017). Influence of Feeding Rate
on the Growth, Feed Efficiency and Carcass Composition of the Giant
Gourami (Osphronemus goramy). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 49 (5),
1775- 178.
Azrita, & Syandri, H. (2018). Effects of Salinity on Survival Growth of Gurami
Sago (Osphronemus goramy, Lacepede, 1801) Juveniles. Pakistan Journal
of Biological Sciences, 21(4), 171-178.
Azrita, & Syandri, H. & Adnestasia, L. (2020). Effects of Feeding Frequency on
Growth Performance and Feed Conversion Ratio of Gurami Sago
(Osphronemus Goramy) Fingerlings in A Recirculating Aquaculture Pond
System. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 430.
Bolivar, R., & Abella, T. (2011). Propagation and Culture of Snake-Skinned and
Giant Gouramis in The Philippines. Aquaculture & Fisheries Collaborative
Research Support Program, 19.
Bristol Zoological Society 2021. Giant Gourami Osphronemus goramy. Retrieved
October 1, 2021, from: https://bristolzoo.org.uk/explore-the-zoo/giant-
gourami
Budi, D. S., Alimuddin, & Supraydi, M. A. (2015). Growth Response and Feed
Utilization of Giant Gourami (Osphronemus Goramy) Juvenile Feeding
Different Protein Levels of the Diets Supplemented with Recombinant
Growth Hormone. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 22 (1),12-19.
Edmond, A. (2020). Giant Gourami Care and Breeding Guide. The Aquarium
Guide. Retrieved October 1, 2021, from
https://www.theaquariumguide.com/articles/giant-gourami
Edward, P. (2010). The Development of ‘Modern’ Aquaculture in Java, Indonesia.
Retrieved October 6, 2021, from
http://library.enaca.org/AquacultureAsia/Articles/jan-march-2010/2-peter-
edwards.pdf.
FAO, 2017. FishStatJ: software for fishery statistical time series. Roma, Italy.
FAO. (2021). Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Osphronemus
goramy (Lacépède, 1801). Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved
October 2, 2021, from:
http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Osphronemus_goramy/en
Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (2014). "Osphronemus goramy" in FishBase. Retrieved
September 20, 2021, from:
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Osphronemus-goramy.html
Jena, A. K. & Biswas, P. (2019). Recent Trends in Breeding and Trade of
Ornamental Gourami in India. World Aquaculture, 50 (1), 61-64.
Krisanto, A.H., Slembrouck, J., Subagja, J., Pouil, S., Arifin, O.Z., Prakoso, V.A.,
& Legendre, M. (2019). Survey on Egg and Fry Production of Giant
Gourami (Osphronemus Goramy): Current Rearing Practices and
Recommendarions for Future Research. Journal of World Aquaculture
Society. 51, 119-138.
Lili, W., Luthfia, M. A, Iskandar, & Herawati, T. (2020). The Use of Low
Temperature on Different Duration of Giant Gourami Fingerlings
(OSPHRONEMUSGORAMY LACEPÈDE, 1801) Daytime
Transport.Global Scientific Journals, 8(7), 596-603.
Marimuthu, K., Ang, C. C., Muralikrishanan, S., & Kumar, D. (2010). Effect of
feeding frequency on the growth and survival of catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) fingerlings. Adv. Environ. Bio.mc©: CC-CC, 2010.
Nair, A. R. (2020). Breeding, Caring Techniques & Interesting Facts that You Must
Know About Giant Gouramies. Animal Husbandry. Retrieved October 3,
2021, from https://krishijagran.com/animal-husbandry/breeding
 caringtechniquesinteresting-facts-that-you-must-know-about-giant-
gouramies/
Nugraha, A. A., Yustiati, A., Bangkit, I., & Andriani, Y. (2020). Growth
performance and survival rate of giant gourami fingerlings (Osphronemus
goramy Lacepede, 1801) with potassium diformate addition. World
Scientific News, 143, 103- 144.
Patil, H. (2020). Giant Gourami. Alchetron. Retrieved October 3, 2021, from:
https://alchetron.com/Giant-gourami#giant-gourami-e11522a4-94b9-
4625-81b9-90c1145e34a-resize-750.jpeg
Pengseng, P., & Boyd, C. (2011). Evaluating Fertilizer Application Rates for Giant
Gourami, Osphronemus goramy, Ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture
Society, 42(3), 297-305.
Pouil, S., Mortillaro, J., Samsudin, K., Caruso, D., Krisanto, A. & Slembrouck J.
(2021). Fate of Commercial Pellets and Role of Natural Productivity in
Giant Gourami Ponds Using Stable Isotope Analyses. Journal of
Aquaculture, 547.
Prakoso, V.A., Pouil, S., Cahyanti, W., Sundari, S., Arifin, O., Subagja, J.,
Krisanto, A., & Slembrouck, J. (2021). Fluctuating Temperature Regime
Impairs Growth in Giant Gourami (Osphronemus Goramy) Larvae. Journal
of Aquaculture, 539.
Ramadhani, A. W, Samik, A., & Madyawati, S. P. (2018). Vitellogenesis of Giant
Gourami (Osphronemus goramy) Examined by the Measurement of
Estradiol-17β, Vitellogenin Concentration and the Size of Ovary.
Schulz, S. (2021). Giant Gourami (Osphronemus Goramy). Retrieved October 6,
2021, from: https://meethepet.com/giant-gourami/
Syandri, H. (2020). Effect of Stocking Density on the Performance of Juvenile
Gurami Sago (Osphronemus goramy) in the Synthetic Sheet Pond. Pakistan
Journal of Zoology, 52(2), 717-726.
Tanjung, L.R. (2019). Survival Rate and Early Development of Giant Gourami
Padang Strain Osphronemus Goramy (Perciformes: Osphronemidae).
Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 10(12), 576.
Tropical Fish Keeping (2015). Giant Gourami (Osphronemus goramy) – Gentle
Giants. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from:
https://tropicalfishkeeping.com/giant-gourami-osphronemus-goramy-
gentle-giants.html
Wijayanto, D., Kurohman, F., & Nugruho, R.A. (2017). Model of Profit
Maximization of the Giant Gourami (Osphronemus goramy) Culture. Omni
Akuatika, 13(1).
Yustiati, A., Rusydagita, S., Rosidah, & Suryadi, I.B.B. (2020). Potassium
Diformateas Feed Additive to Enhance the Performance of Immune System
on Giant Gourami Fingerlings (Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801).
Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 7(4), 22-29.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Every sampling session, data on the average body weight of giant gourami.

Initial First Second Third Fourth

Treatment Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling
Weight

T1R1 1.13 1.53 2.47 3.33 4.47

T1R2 1.13 1.60 2.53 3.47 4.27

T1R3 1.13 1.73 2.40 3.27 4.40

Total 3.39 4.87 7.40 10.07 13.13

Mean 1.13 1.62 2.47 3.36 4.38

T2R2 1.13 1.80 3.00 4.07 5.67

T2R2 1.13 1.67 2.93 4.00 5.60

T2R3 1.13 1.73 3.07 4.13 5.53

Total 3.39 5.20 9.00 12.2 16.80

Mean 1.13 1.73 3.00 4.07 5.60

T3R1 1.13 1.93 2.93 4.07 5.80

T3R2 1.13 1.87 3.20 4.00 5.67

T3R3 1.13 1.73 3.00 4.20 5.73

Total 3.39 5.53 9.13 12.27 17.20

Mean 1.13 1.84 3.04 4.09 5.73

Appendix 2. Data on average body weight of giant gourami after 60 days.

Replicate
Treatment Total Mean
1 2 3

I 4.47 4.27 4.40 13.13 4.38

II 5.67 5.60 5.53 16.80 5.60

III 5.80 5.67 5.73 17.20 5.73

Appendix 3. Analysis of variance on average body weight after 60 days.

Sum of Squares df Mean F Sig.

Square
Between
3.338 2 1.669 257.626 .000
Groups
ABW Within
.039 6 .006
Groups
Total 3.377 8

Appendix 4. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test on average body weight after 60 days.

Treatment N Subset for alpha = 0.05

1 2

1.00 3 4.3800
2.00 3 5.6000
3.00 3 5.7333
Sig. 1.000 .089
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Appendix 5. Data on mean weight gain of giant gourami after 60 days.

Replicate
Treatment Total Mean
1 2 3

I 3.34 3.14 3.27 9.74 3.25

II 4.54 4.47 4.40 13.41 4.47

III 4.67 4.54 4.60 13.81 4.60

Appendix 6. Analysis of variance on mean weight gain after 60 days.

Sum of Squares df Mean F Sig.

Square
Between
3.338 2 1.669 257.626 .000
Groups
MWG Within
.039 6 .006
Groups
Total 3.377 8

Appendix 7. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test on mean weight gain after 60 days.
Treatment N Subset for alpha = 0.05
1 2
1.00 3 3.2500
2.00 3 4.4700
3.00 3 4.6033
Sig. 1.000 .089
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Appendix 8. Data on daily weight gain of giant gourami after 60 days.

Replicate
Treatment Total Mean
1 2 3

I 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.16 0.05

II 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.22 0.07

III 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.23 0.08

Appendix 9. Analysis of variance on daily weight gain after 60 days.

Sum of Squares df Mean F Sig.

Square
Between
.001 2 .001 26.000 .001
Groups
DWG Within
.000 6 .000
Groups
Total .001 8

Appendix 10. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test on daily weight gain after 60 days.
Treatment N Subset for alpha = 0.05
1 2
1.00 3 .0533
2.00 3 .0733
3.00 3 .0800
Sig. 1.000 .134
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Appendix 11. Data on mean feed conversion ratio after 60 days.

Replicate
Treatment Total Mean
1 2 3

I 1.50 1.64 1.57 4.71 1.57

II 1.28 1.26 1.32 3.86 1.29

III 1.26 1.31 1.26 3.84 1.28

Appendix 12. Analysis of variance on feed conversion ratio after 60 days.

Sum of Squares df Mean F Sig.

Square
Between
.166 2 .083 37.445 .000
Groups
FCR Within
.013 6 .002
Groups
Total .180 8

Appendix 13. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test on feed conversion ratio after 60 days.
Treatment N Subset for alpha = 0.05
1 2
3.00 3 1.2767
2.00 3 1.2867
1.00 3 1.5700
Sig. .804 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
Appendix 14. Data on total feed given to giant gourami after 60 days.

Sampling period
Treatment Total
0 1 2 3

15.255 20.7 16.65 22.5 75.105

I 15.255 21.6 17.1 23.4 77.355

15.255 23.4 16.2 22.05 76.905

Mean 15.26 21.9 16.65 22.65 76.46

15.255 24.3 20.3 27.5 87.255

II 15.255 22.5 19.8 27.0 84.555

15.255 23.4 20.7 27.90 87.255

Mean 15.26 23.4 20.3 27.45 86.36

15.255 26.1 19.8 27.45 88.605

III 15.255 25.2 21.6 27 89.055

15.255 23.4 20.25 28.35 87.255

Mean 15.26 24.9 20.55 27.60 88.31

Appendix 15. Initial size of experimental fish prior to stocking.

Appendix 16. Final size of experimental fish after 60 days of culture.

Appendix 17. Pond and cage preparation.

Appendix 18. Sampling of the fish.

Appendix 19. Measuring final length of the fish after 60 days.

Appendix 20. Individual weighing of the fish after 60 days.

Appendix 21. Feeds used in the study.

Appendix 22. Weighing of the feeds.

Appendix 23. Ammonia test kit used for ammonia determination.

Appendix 24. Measurement of initial weight prior to stocking.