Chemical Kinetics

MDCAT/ECAT
Chemistry
 Chemical Kinetics
• It is the branch of chemistry which deals with the rate of chemical reactions
and the factors which affect the rate of reaction.
 Rate of Reaction
• Average rate of reaction (Δx/ Δt)
The concentration of reactant consumed or the concentration of product
produced per unit time.
Rate of appearance of product can be given by Δx/ Δt
Rate of disappearance of reactant can be given by - Δx/ Δt
 Rate of Reaction
• Instantaneous rate of reaction/Velocity of Reaction (dx/ dt)
The concentration of reactant consumed or the concentration of product
produced in a very short interval of time.

Unit of rate of reaction can be given by mol dm-3 sec-1

 Rate Law
Consider a reaction A + B  Products
According to law of mass action, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to
the concentration of reactant.
dx/dt α [A][B]
dx/dt = K [A][B]
This is called rate expression and K is called rate constant.
When concentration of each reactant is 1 M then K is called specific rate constant.
 Type of Reaction based on Rate
• Slow Reactions:
Their rate can’t be calculated.
For example: Rusting, radioactivity, formation of diamond from carbon etc.
• Fast Reactions:
Their rate can’t be calculated.
For example: Ionic reactions.
• Moderate Reactions:
Their rate can be calculated.
For example: Organic or covalent reactions such as esterification.
 Collision Theory
• The reactants have internal energy.
• The energy possessed by product is called Threshold energy.
• The amount of energy which is needed by reactants to start a reaction and
converting into product is called Activation Energy.
Activation Energy = Threshold Energy – Internal Energy
• Reactions with low A.E are fast, high A.E are slow.
 Determination of Rate of Reaction
Physical Methods
Refractometric method Change in refractive index
Spectroscopic method Absorption of UV or infrared radiations
Calorimetric method Change in color intensity
Conductivity method Change in electrical conductivity (Only for ionic compounds)
pH method Change in pH
Polarimetric method Change in optical rotation of Plane polarized light
 Determination of Rate of Reaction
• Titration is done to determine the rate of reaction chemically.
 Order of Reaction
• The sum of all the exponents of the concentration in terms of reactants involved in
rate expression is called order of reaction.
1st order reactions
2nd order reaction
3rd order reaction
• Zero order reaction: All the photochemical reactions, slow and fast reactions,
reactions with pseudo molecule, whose rate can’t be calculated.
• Order of reaction is determined experimentally.
 Molecularity
• The number of molecules taking part in rate determining step (slow step) is
called molecularity.
 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
• Concentration of reactants:
• Nature of Reaction
• Temperature
• Catalyst (Positive, Negative, Auto, Bio)
• Surface area of reactants
• Radiation
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