Statistical Design and Analysis for Intercropping Experiments, Volume 1: Two Crops.

by
Walter T. Federer
Review by: Walter W. Stroup
Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 89, No. 426 (Jun., 1994), pp. 713-714
Published by: American Statistical Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2290881 .
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Book Reviews 713

is nowrather old-fashioned and needsa thoroughly revisednewedition. A charton pagexxshowswhichchapters can followwhich, permitting
Lindgren's (1993)latest edition isa substantial modernization overhisearlier thereaderorteacher a variety ofpossible journeys through thetext.Allof
editions, butstillmissesmanyimportant topics, particularly in theareaof thelong-distance tripspassthrough Chapter 7, "TheGeneralEquivalence
statisticalinference. Statistical Inference clearly stands outasthemostmodern Theorem," whichgivesnecessary and sufficient conditions fora moment
bookofthethree, anditdeserves serious consideration fromevery teacher matrix ofa designto be +-optimal. The generalconceptof o-optimality
ofa graduate-level first-year courseon statistical theory. containsthatof4p-optimality, whichmakesuseofmatrix meansandhas
A slight rearrangement ofsometopicsas wellas inclusion andexclusion inturnthespecialcasesofA-,D-,andE-optimality, corresponding top = 1,
ofa fewothers possibly wouldmakethesecondeditionofthebookeven 0, and -oo.
nicer.I listonlya fewsuggestions. Stein'sidentity (Chap.4,Sec.4.7)isquite The writing is careful and thorough, theexposition superb.Although
valuable, butpossibly carries themistaken impression atthatstage(despite mathematical throughout, thebookis fullofhelpful (nonmathematical)
theauthors' reference to Stein'sseminalpapers)thatit is usefulonlyfor statements ofthe"whyarewe doingthisandwhereitwillgetus?"kind.
finding recursively themoments ofthenormal distribution. A better place Therearealso50diagrams toillustrate points inthetext.Exercises aregiven
forthisinformation wouldseemtobe Chapter10,immediately before the at theendofeverychapter. "Comments andReferences" follow Chapters
material on proving thedominance oftheJames-Stein estimator overthe 1-15;these20pagesdiscuss thepertinent literature, chapter bychapter, and
samplemeaninthree orhigher dimensions. Similar other identitiesofHud- mention further developments. Threeshort biographies ofCharles Loewner
sonandHwangpossibly couldbeleftoutofthetextwithout sacrificingtoo (1893-1968),GustavElfing (1908-1984),and JackKiefer(1924-1981),
muchinformation. (In anycase,theseidentities areusedonlyforderiving witha photoofeach,appearnext;all threeofthesemencontributed im-
themoments oftherelevant distributions rather thanproving decision- portantly totheworkcovered bythetext.Thebibliography contains 300-
theoretic resultsrelated to simultaneous estimation ofPoissonmeansand plusreferences, andtheindexis comprehensive.
so forth.) Theorem 7.3.3(p. 317)isvery useful. Itrectifiestheusualmistaken OptimalDesign ofExperimentsis a first-class piece of work.It provides
impression thatuniqueness oftheUMVUE dependson theexistence ofa an essential reference textinthisarea,as wellas everything necessary fora
complete sufficientstatistic.However, itwouldcomebetter as an application worthwhile graduate courseorseminar.
afterTheorem7.3.4.Also,a fewmoreexercises showing application of
Theorem7.3.4,as given,forexample,by Rao (1973),wouldmakethe NormanR. DRAPER
theoremappeareven moreuseful.Afterreadingthe Rao-Blackwell- University of Wisconsin
Lehmann-Scheffe theorem, a student maywonderaboutthepossibleex-
istence ofseveral complete sufficient statistics,leading toseveral UMVUE's
ofthesameparameter ofinterest. Thatthisis notso couldbe shownby
givingBahadur's resultthatifa sufficient statisticis complete, thenit is
minimal sufficient,andthenappealing tothe(essential) uniqueness ofmin- Statistical Design and Analysis for lntercropping Experiments,
imalsufficient statistics. AlsoinChapter 10,rather thanbringing theJames- Volume 1:Two Crops
Steinestimator from nowhere, itmight be morehelpful tomotivate itfrom Walter T. FEDERER. NewYork:Springer-Verlag, 1993.xx+ 298 pp.
theempirical Bayesviewpoint, a la Efron andMorris (1973).Thehierarchical $59.
Bayesmethodology alsoseemstodeserve a shortsection ofitsown.
Thesesuggestions, however, areall veryminor.I havea strong positive About10yearsagoI heardtheauthor present an outline ofa texthewas
opinionofStatistical Inference and recommend it forfirst-year graduate planning towrite aboutintercropping. Theideagenerated muchexcitement
theory courses without anyreservations. andanticipation inseveral ofmycolleagues inagronomy andhorticulture,
MalayGHOSH as wellas in myownbiometrics unit.Manyofthemwere(andare)being
University ofFlorida drawnintoresearch involving intercropping; all spokeofa lackofclearly
written guidelines
statistical forconducting suchresearch. Several timesdur-
REFERENCES ingthelastdecade,in variousconsulting projects, I havereferred to the
Berger, J.,and Sellke,T. (1987), "Testinga PointNull Hypothesis: The Irreconcilability
author'snotesfrom thattalk,wishing I hadmoredetail.Nowthetextis in
of p Value and Evidence" (withdiscussion),Journalof theAmericanStatistical print. Wasitworth thewait?Myanswer is an unqualified "yes"!
Association,82, 112-122. Thisbookisaddressed totwoaudiences: statistically literateplantscientists
Casella,G., and Berger,R. L. (1987), "ReconcilingBayesianand Frequentist Evidence andagronomically/horticulturally literate statisticians. Statisticians willfind
in theOne-SidedTestingProblem"(withdiscussion),JournaloftheAmericanSta- thebookuseful ontwolevels. Forconsultants, itcanserve asa comprehensive
tistical
Association, 82, 106-111. reference manualforstatistical methods usefulin intercropping research.
Efron,B. F., and Morris,C. N. (1972), "Stein'sEstimationRule and ItsCompetitors- Forstatistical
researchers, itcontains a number ofunsolved orincompletely
An EmpiricalBayesApproach,"JournaloftheAmerican StatisticalAssociation,
68, understood problems inneedofattention.
117-130.
Lindgren,B. W. (1993), StatisticalTheory(4thed.), New York: Chapmanand Hall.
Thisbookwouldbequitesuitable as a textfor,say,a specialtopicscourse
Mood, A. M., Graybill,F. A., and Boes, D. C. (1974), Introduction to the Theoryof onintercropping. Theendofeachchapter provides several problems, most
Statistics(3rded.), New York: McGraw-Hill. ofwhichinvolve datafromactualintercropping experiments.
Rao,C. R. (1973),LinearStatistical Inference andItsApplications (2nded.),New Forstatisticians whoworkwithplantscientists, orforplantscientists who
York: JohnWiley. workwithintercropping systems, thisbookis an indispensable reference.
Thereistomyknowledge noother comprehensive textonstatistical methods
forintercropping. Certainly, thereis no othertexton intercropping that
approaches thebreadth, quality ofpresentation, readability, andusefulness
ofthistext.Thechapter titlesprovide a goodideaofthevariety oftopics
Optimal Design of Experiments covered:
Friedrich PUKELSHEIM. NewYork:John Wiley,1993.xxiii+ 454pp. Chapter1-Introduction andDefinitions
$69.95. Chapter 2-One MainCropGrownWitha Supplementary Crop
Chapter3-Both CropsMainCrops-Density Constant-Analyses for
In a bookpublished in 1556inFrankfurt, a simpleexperiment wasper- EachCropSeparately
formed todefine theunitofa "foot.""Sixteen men. . . as theyhappento Chapter4-Both CropsMain Crops-DensityConstant-Combined
comeoutofchurch"hadtheirfootlengths averaged. The delightful old CropResponses
drawing ofthiseventgraces theblue-green dustcoverofthisexcellent book. Chapter 5-Both CropsofInterest WithVarying Densities
Between thecovers liesa systematic, careful exposition ofoptimality theory Chapter 6-Monocultures andTheirPairwise Combinations WhenRe-
thatpullstogether previously far-flung piecesofexperimental design theory sponses areAvailable forEachMember intheCombination
andprovides a master framework formaking themintoa unified whole. Chapter 7-Monocultures andTheirPairwise Combinations WhenSep-
Themaintopicsaresetoutina specialoutline (pp.xxi-xxiii); herearethe arateCropResponses arenotAvailable
basicdivisions: Chapter 8-SpatialandDensity Arrangements
Chapter 9-Some Analytical Variations forIntercropping Studies
A. Linearmodelsandinformation matrices (Chaps.1-4)
B. Information functions (Chaps.5 and6) Chapter10-Experiment DesignsforIntercropping Experiments.
C. Optimal approximate designs andefficient discrete designs (Chaps.7, I particularlyappreciate theauthor's approach topresenting thevarious
8,and 12) methods. Eachchapter begins witha background discussion covering such
D. Instances ofdesignoptimality (Chaps.9-11) questions as whenarethemethods discussed in thischapter appropriate,
E. Optimal invariant designs (Chaps.13-15). whatarethepro'sandcon'softhevarious methods, andwhatarepotential

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714 Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1994

abusesofthemethods. Theauthor hasconsiderable experience inconsulting twosituations forp.Thefirst iswhenboththenumerator anddenominator

andin statistical research in thisarea,andit shows.Forexample, hisdis- oftheratioarepositive linearcombinations oftheexpected meansquares
cussionoftheshortcomings ofmultivariate analysis is veryinformative, as withno commonexpected meansquareappearing in boththenumerator
is hispresentation ofthebenefits andpitfalls ofthelandequivalent ratio andthedenominator. HeretheSatterthwaite method andtheMLS method
(LER) as a response variable in intercropping research. arepresented, alongwitha fewadditional references. Againfrom simulation
Chapter 1isespecially enjoyable. Itbegins witha history ofintercroppingresults, theMLS interval is recommended. The secondratioconsidered is
andtherolesit hasplayedin variouscivilizations, bothancientandcon- whenthenumerator ofp maybe written as a difference oftwoexpected
temporary, thendiscusses basicconsiderations forthedesignandanalysis meansquaresandthedenominator is a thirdmeansquare.In thiscase,
ofintercropping experiments. Combined withthematerial in Chapter10, depending onwhether ornotp isknowna priori tobe nonnegative, several
thisshouldbe required reading in all courseson designand analysisof methods arepresented forconstructing confidence intervals. Chapter 3 con-
experiments, notjustthoseon intercropping. cludeswitha discussion aboutsimultaneous confidence intervals.
The presentation oftheanalytic methods is quitethorough and dense Chapter 4 dealswith therandom one-fold nested design. Besides illustrating
withdetail.Although thismakesforsomewhat tediousreading, mostofthe theusualbalancedmodel,itprovides twootherillustrations to showhow
material couldbe followed (admittedly withsomeeffort) bysomeonewith themethods ofChapter 3 canbeapplied.Theseillustrations dealwithcom-
twoorthreesemesters ofstatistics, including courseindesignofex- paring
a first thetotalvariability oftwoindependent random one-fold nested designs
periments andanalysis ofvariance. Themoretheoretical passages aregiven andanalternative covariance structure fortherandom one-fold nested design.
inappendixes. Theserequire moreextensive background-a courseinlinear The lastpartofChapter 4 explores theunbalanced modelwhereone no
modeltheory-and aremainly ofinterest tostatisticians. Thetechnical pre- longerhasthebasicassumption ofa setofindependent meansquares.In
sentations seemreasonably freeoftypographical errors. myopinion, theimportant ideaintroduced hereandusedthroughout the
Myonlycomplaint concerns occasional lapsesinwriting style;every now bookistheoneduetoThomasandHultquist (1978).Inparticular, instead
andthena really awkward sentence appears. Thisdoesnotseriously detract ofidentifying a statistic
andthenapproximating itsdistribution, theseauthors
from whatis inevery otherrespect a high-quality book,however. suggest choosing an analysis ofvariance (ANOVA)tablethatapproximates
As I mentionedearlier,StatisticalDesign and AnalysisforIntercropping a balanced ANOVAtableandthenapplyconfidence interval methods based
Experiments,Vol. 1: Two Cropsis a unique book. No otherbook on the on balancedmodels.Fortherandom one-fold nesteddesign, theThomas
statistical
aspects ofintercropping comescloseforcompleteness andquality andHultquist suggestion (withsometheoretical backup)is to usetheun-
ofpresentation. Foranyonewhoworkswithintercropping research, plant weighted meansANOVAandproceed asthough the"meansquares" divided
scientistand statistician alike,thisbookis a must.For anyonelearning bytheirexpectations areindependent F.,,,randomvariables. Burdick and
designofexperiments, whether ornotintercropping is ofinterest, I would Graybill adopttheThomasand Hultquist philosophy, in whichcasethe
recommend thefirst andlastchapters. methods ofChapter3 areapplicable to theunbalanced design.Theyalso
provide someadditional references andnotethatintheunbalanced model,
Walter W. STROUP theWaldinterval can be usedto getan exactconfidence interval forthe
University ofNebraska-Lincoln ratioofthetwovariance components.
Thebook'sremaining chapters dealwithspecific classesofdesigns. Each
chapter illustrates thetechniques in Chapter3 forthebalancedversion of
thedesign, andthensuggests, subject tocertain restrictions, an ANOVAto
Confidence Intervalson Variance Components be usedinthesamespirit as theThomasandHultquist ideafortheunbal-
Richard K. BURDICK andFranklin A. GRAYBILL. NewYork:Marcel anced designs. The restrictions are typically those needed toensurethatan
unweighted meansANOVAcanbe defined whichistheANOVAofchoice
Dekker,1992.ix + 211 pp.$99.75. forapproximating anANOVAfora balanced design. Inaddition, allchapters
According to thepreface, thisbookaims"to present methods forcon- provide a number ofreferences related to confidence intervals, hypothesis
structing confidence interval estimates on measures ofvariation." It"isin- testing,and simultaneous confidence intervals.
tendedforpractitioners whoshouldbe usingthesemethods in theirfields Chapter 5 givesa fairly complete discussion forbothbalancedandun-
ofapplication." I believethatthebookjustifies thesestatements, provided balanced random nesteddesigns. Chapter 6 considers random crossed designs,
thatoneremembers thatthemodelsto whichthemethods areapplicable covering balancedmodelsand unbalanced modelswithno missing cells;
thatis,designs where an unweighted ANOVA can be defined. The chapter
aretraditional randommodels(and somemixedmodels)withtheusual cells.Chapter 7
normality assumptions, andthatthemethods recommended arethemodified alsoprovides a fewguidelines forthecaseofsomemissing
overthe considers mixedmodels. Thecoverage isprimarily forbalanced designs, but
large-sample (MLS) methods developed byGraybill andcolleagues
past13years. twoexamples areprovided toillustrate howtheideasoftheprevious chapters
Thebook'sprimary thrust is to provide methods forconstructing confi- can be adapted to unbalanced mixed models.
denceintervals fora parameter 0 thatis a linearcombination ofexpected Theentire bookisdevoted tousingMLS methods as opposedtoderiving
p thatistheratiooftwosuchlinearcom- thetheoretical underpinnings. Thematurity levelneededto optimally use
meansquaresorfora parameter arenot
Thebookalsotouches onpointestimation andhypothesis testing thebookis thatofa goodcoursein ANOVAmethods. Problems
binations. The
forboth0andp,andonsimultaneous confidence intervals forseveral differentpresented, butallthemethods areillustrated withatleastoneexample.
Oparameters. sevenchapters: book's primary strength is that itbrings together and summarizes the work
Thebookcomprises
doneonMLSmethods sincetheir introduction byGraybill andWang(1980).
1. Introduction Coverage is primarily confidence intervals, butsomeaspectsofhypothesis
2. GeneralConcepts testingandestimation forrandom modelsarecovered as well.I didnotfind
3. GeneralResults forBalancedDesigns manymisprints, butdidfinda fewmistakes intheestimation presentation.
4. TheOne-FoldNestedDesign Forexample, throughout thebookit is statedthattheerrormeansquare
5. TheTwo-Foldand(Q-1)-FoldNestedDesigns forunbalanced modelsis theuniformly minimum variance unbiasedesti-
6. CrossedRandomDesigns matorfortheerror variance. Thisis notthecase,however. Forexample, a
7. MixedModels. minimum normquadratic unbiased estimator (MINQUE)estimator would
Chapters 1 and2 provide background material. Chapter 3 andChapter havesmaller variance overcertain partsoftheparameter space.
4, Section4.3 (theunbalanced one-fold model)makeup theheartofthe Takingall thingsintoaccount,however,Confidence Intervalson Variance
book;theremainder is devotedto illustrating theapplication oftheideas Components accomplishes itsobjectstatedin thepreface andwouldbe a
presented in Chapter3 and Section4.3 to various types of random and worthwhile acquisition for any practitioner or researcher working inthearea
mixedmodels. ofconfidence intervalsforvariance components in traditional randomor
Thebasisforall ofthemethods presented in Chapter3 is thatthereis mixedlinearmodels.Thebookalsomight be usedas a supplement to an
availablea setofindependent meansquares, andinterest isina linearcom- ANOVAormixedmodelscourse.
bination 0 oftheexpected meansquaresorin a ratiop oftwosuchlinear JustusSEELY
combinations. Thechapter firstconsiders intervals when0 is a nonnegative OregonState University
linearcombination. InthiscasetheSatterthwaite, Welch, andMLSintervals
arepresented. Thena number ofreferences areprovided forintervals for REFERENCES
thecasewhen0 is a difference oftwoexpected meansquares.Finally, the Graybill,F. A.,andWang, C. M. (1980),"Confidence IntervalsonNonnegative Linear
MLS intervals arepresented forthecaseofan arbitrary linearcombination. Combinations ofVariances," Journal oftheAmerican StatisticalAssociation, 75,
Basedon simulation results, theMLS methods arerecommended except 869-873.
when0 isa nonnegative linear combination andinterest isinupperintervals, Thomas,J.D., andHIultquist, R. A. (1978),"Interval Estimation fortheUnbalanced
inwhichcasetheWelchinterval isrecommended. Chapter 3 nextconsiders CaseoftheOne-Way RandomEffects Model,"TheAnnalsofStatistics, 6,582-587.

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