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    20 views20 pages

    جميع قواعد ملخص

    Uploaded by

    LeoDavid

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 20
    Seed [vepeeeny wes Jets phe ely There is a dark cloud .I think itis going to rain {Ithink hope, expect ,sure, promise, predict} expect that he will win, intend 23) 4c 4952 'm going to play computer games. | intend (plan ) tedescl 40 405.3 I'm going to play chess. | planed (GBGId ) 13 SUSI ead 4 = They are going to go shopping. They decided. Lipset phe chet se yal Lgl pada 9S Watch out! You are going to fall. Jam sure, you will win Iwill be 50 years next year Jotul) basta! se salt A am thirsty. | will get you a drink. romise we4N%o (oritherwise) dyage threat igiiars -4 Iwill punish you if you do this again. (As soon as-atter-til ifwhen) giudjladin Layla ang 5 XS After | finish , | will leave ape 8 festa heats Fiat) ali) | WSUS LN pe yea po Td Sdbolye) Asclall ae pscciong 1 Haley ratty ley Garranpesirefare book talie(okay) The train leaves at 7:30 am tomorrow. He is visiting his uncle . He has arranged to visit him, | have booked two tickets. I'm traveling to Spain aDage ahgcly CARE Cpe rela Cheah SI dae. Our lesson starts at 12 am. The plane takes off at 9:30 am. The train arrives at 7 am. Dy csT pila lands \__He's getting married next Friday. WA ) (in [from snto! all! for | at/+ Misti cits) In 20 years ,people will be queuing fo book a space trip _| willbe studying English from 3 to 6 tomorrow as soon as (Vv) (v4 she she = it) Lau € Lz) [(will + inf, tay jets (Qwon't + inf) pate tay Jatin] nal (v) (v4 s he-she - it) baw €,las} Before Mr. Ahmed Al Daifi leaves the office, he will send some e-mails. After he finishes, he will leave. Mr. Ahmed Al Daifi won't send some e-mails until he leaves the office 29.2) Countable ogtall nati uncountable page gl al an tn apie! oagtal eat! 4 W gaa (stamens (aS il) devas chest Apen pens anorange oranges Apdllinlaler Jala a an § ISG YAS ey (Pb all CIGLAI 9 crgeonll 9 Sladen paciy pagal lly Siler 9 Aanuel yall alg bread- money — time - furniture - wood- luggage (Aap eo (Aa eo (coat) || (ons) (much) (apniene] e iy nS caw Man (men) child (children) -mouse (mice) ello Mau ghia bam y pzamy Some boys some sugar Ngan 91 reine Lae 6 any girls any money (is, was , has , does ,S ying inal kes) 4 (time, paper, iron, hair, orange) (ewe ied etal a Areca pers nde dalaielend 4 cor aia P mrt sed? eople , men ,women , phenomen: Ten million pounds is Fifty liters of petrol is Five kilometers is Forty minutes is Three plus seven is portly pags Classics-politics-maths is Aenbaalyah Athletics - gymnastics is Se all The news is \ measles is Pie pata PP Wbe (am tesa Cs —are- was — were- Doaasoay pipeshdnect | Luby delat inf. 5420 / inf. jia0+s/es amyis/are + pp -Ali cleans this room every day. = This room is cleaned every day.(by All Present continuous: ‘am/is/are + v. + ing ‘am/is/are + being +pp = Mechanic is mending my car. ~My car is being mended. Present perfect _liJl ¢Laoll ‘Active pglaal) sino Passive Jgpxall sino Has /have + pp has/have +been + pp = Somebody has planted some trees. = Some trees have been planted. Past simple euull .solall Active pglaa) sino Passive Usgrol wine (veed) Jaa soll aapaull was/ were + pp Ahmed painted this room yesterday. This room was painted yesterday. Past continuous 2 Led re ‘was / were + v. + ing was/were + being + pp ~Somebody was washing the dishes when I arrived. J “The dishes were being washed when I arrived. Past perfect pUil soleil [Active pplnal) sino had + pp had + been + > -When Mr Ali arrived, she found that thieves | - When Mrs Ali arrived, she found that her shop had broken into her shop. had been broken into. Future simple basnu| Jutzawoll ‘Active pglao sino Passive Jsgro xiao shall + inf. shall + be + pp ~The company will build new house next year__| -New houses willl be built here next year. Simple modals Papen 7uadGh Judi will / would / shall / should /can / could / may / might / has to / have to / had to / ‘Active paleo) sino Passive Jogrol) sino Modal + inf. Modal + be + pp - We will find more oil be found. ‘Active pglao sino Passive Jogrol) sino Modal + have + pp Modal + have + been + pp -Someone will have opened the door. - The door will have been opened. ‘dopptl gp Eel gal Jal Passive JogroW) sino People say that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi is perfect. It is said that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi is perfect. People said that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi was perfect. | it was said that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi was perfect People think that MR.Ahmed Al Daifl is perfect. It is thought that MR.Ahmed Al Daifi is perfect. |The Zero Condi Mal Padpdvall leat BS gl dole Glale Us Wla>i aos! Apa! Ulodl parcinsi (@ present simple( v, v+s) baw €,la0, present simple( v, v+s) bau lao = If water is heated to 100° c, it boils. Tf water freezes, it turns into ice. -If I feel thirsty, I drink water. If I feel tired, 1 go to bed. The first conditional sls¥igJiowl @ present ple(v,v+s) buw E,la0 , / shall + inf. will / shall + inf. Gp present simple( v, v+s) buw Eylac nda] 59 Aas GST Ge sail Ved 50 * - If I earn some money, I’ll go abroad. If we have enough time, we'll visit Ahmed. = If you're hot, I'll Buy you 2 cool drink. If we have enough time, we can visit Ahmed. will yo Vy can / may / must plascul ySay * If you see Asmaa, give him a message for me, please. lb sl yal byatll Ug uss ul uSas - What will you do if you win a lot of money? if go Ulbaull dao boV 2: - sole Me die JLaroVl ste Jas LalS og>9 of Jedi moll 99 yriler spre Ube od gl Ube pasta * If so kuyIl dlsi gi perhaps / may / I think 1+ Perhaps it will rain tomorrow. If so, we'll stay at home. (If...) If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home. Luyll dls! s9>9 91 must / necessary Jio d,9,all she Ja clalS r9> 9 UL> 98 Vl bell parton * 2- She must practise well or she won't play the piano. (If......) If she doesn’t practise well, she won't play the piano. pace pi Jeld lpab gif go Var should parian cglp'lialallif oy + - If he has enough money, he will buy a car. (Should) Should he have enough money, he will buy a car. The second conditional pesto past simple( sla , v+ed) aw isle , would/could/might/should +inf. ‘would/could/might/should +inf. past simple( sLv , v+ed) aauy solo Tata gf ot 59 Slay Ol Jaina ne ga Cis Ge AoE eM pas © - If I had a lot of money, I'd travel round the world - If I didn’t feel so tired, I'd come out with you. ALuVI ole UV sya0ll go were plist! >V dowel) IFT were you astil Alle pastas + If I were you, I'd look for another job. csLull dlacll Jad no were ul ab>Ule go if yo Var were plac! (Selig die GG) ~ If I were younger, I'd play football with you. (Were) Were I younger, I'd play football with you. sto + inf pi ell pi were pisiad were yo >] Jad lool 29 IS I>] ° - If it rained, the match would be postponed, (Were) Were it to rain, the match would be postponed. if yo Vay had pasaus ul uSey - If he had enough time, he would go to the club. (Had) Had he enough time, he would go to the club. - What would you do if you won a lot of money? if go plparuVI daw LoVe @ past perfect( had + p. pal ole would/could/might/should +have +p.p would/could/might/ have +p.p. @®) past perfect( had + p. p)al solo ~Dlall 53 patil gl Ggaodl Ahocae Slge Gf ATL AIG pas - If the sky had been clear yesterday, I would have seen the eclipse. - If you hadn’t missed the bus, you wouldn’t have been late for the match. - If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it. if go plparwVl ao bo + - What would you have done if you had won a lot of money? AU ayai pi Jel lp 9 if Go Vay had patios of Say Gaieigalaiif oI) - If he had played well, he would have won. (Had) Had he played well, he would have won. (a_i) Unless if not solbe dle Aide Ala> lore ul 9 unless ale GI if o> gab = If Ali doesn’t improve, he will fail the exam. (Unless) Unless Ali improves, he will fail the exam. Tn case=when= as long a: - You can stay with us as long as you share the rent. - Tilllend you the money on condition that you return it within 6 months. - She will pass her exams provided that she studies hard -Take this money in case you need it. if = In case of = But for = Without? v + ing (noun) - If it weren't for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert. - But for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert. - If it hadn't been for his hard work, he wouldn't have succeeded. - Without his hard work, he wouldn't have succeeded. - In case of having enough money, he will buy a car. / Cote es le _(v)(v+s he-she - it) bau €,lo0] (VW) (vt she —she - it) bau €la0 will + inf OY (vF ed) bow no would + inf (had + p. p) aU ol ” would have +p.p Cle La Nl hp dontig bale Abaca ME gm pl SUS (ye SW (od foul! ey goles will aay ole Would AG pole wold have + p.p a | X | © He said to me," | have been to Luxor and Aswan.’ He told me that he had been to Luxor and Aswan. © Ahmed said ," | will help you do your homework, Mohamed." @ Ali told Mohamed that he would help him do his homework. © Soha said to Ahmed, "| bought a special light bulb to save energy." © Soha told Ahmed that she had bought a special light bulb fo save energy. ," | am preparing for my birthday part now." said that he was preparing for his birthday party then. aso a Cohn yesterday the day before (two days)ago__| (two days)before last week the week before / the previous week tomorrow the day after next week the following week the future tonight (today) | that night(that day) just now / a moment ago / a short would + inf lime ago /says /say / tell/ tells / ask Was , were +going fot inf| / asks / want to know / wants to was, were + v + ing eae sa inant Jol Dea dage pleas verinae 2 \ told / warned advised asked -ordered © The doctor said to me, " Stay in bed for three days.” ¢ The doctor advised me to stay in bed for three days. © MR. Ahmed Al Daifi said to Nada, "Study hard for your exam.” MR. Ahmed Al Daifi asked Nada to Study hard for her exam.". Don" tS Jet ie al yea Bony opinlae 3 \ Said to teed) days y gd Mddead (atazg Not fog told / warned advised asked -ordered © MR. Ahmed Al Daifi said to Ali, " Don't neglect your homework again.” MR. Ahmed Al Daifi warned Ali not to neglect his homework again. ‘are-was-were-do-does-did-have-has-had-will-; Said to Ned | tags 9 lg Mies asked if \ whether» Wanted fo know s i wondered\inquir_} (ste weather Canals ph Laden nny ally cole ene rvlilly 3 Lcd Jlall PG gyal paid y Doig Lanny gaol acaiy (do-does) fa Jemcbleiy 1 said to my brother," Can you look these words up in a dictionary?" © | asked my brother if he could look those words up in a dictionary. © She said to her friend,” Do you help your mother cook dinner? " © She asked her friend if she helped her mother cook dinner. © OShe said to her friend, ” did you help your mother cook yesterday ?" © She asked her friend if she had helped her mother cook the day before. © MR. Ahmed Al Daifi said to Ali," are you sick?" © MR. Ahmed Al Daifi asked All if he was sick." a) pedal Tally plgteal Tab Sg what-where-how-why-when. Said to Hues )f days 9 nlp Wades asked plgdciw' Sl Shah pay Wanted to know wondered \ inquir you — he- she We — © I said to him,“ Where did you buy this lasked him where he had bought that nice jacket. He said to his friend ," How much sugar have you bought? © He asked his friend how much sugar he had bought. -He said, “Where did you spend your summer holiday?” He wanted to know where I had spent my summer holiday. ~He said, “What are you doing now?” He asked what I was doing then. sett gh g heat gh gl Jad len 13] eS ac 1 ~- She says she doesn't believe that story. gin (yo rach nal CL 13] Tne yao -2 water freezes, it changes into ice. -She says, “I don’t believe this story.” -She said, - She said that if water freezes, changes into ice. fie aan AUS phe Satay Sumy 5 fb Le Cb Lal Cal 3] Aaj h yc 3 (now / just now / a moment ago / a minute ago / a short time ago / recently) - He said just now he has already done his work. -He said just now, “I have already done my work. re eee er eer ere Suggested/admitted J. ;Wdenied ,easVapologised for/objected to gle yaReVinsisted on gle ne e said, “Let's discuss this question now.” fe suggested discussing that question then. dha ly udp apel gech aoa ging hay that pascal hy -Ho said, “I wasn't there when the crime happened. -"He denied being there when the crime happened. 1 He denied that he had been there when the crime happened. CEA eer ee ee Promised / offered / advised / agreed / threatened saa// reminded/decided / Refused fe said, “ll give you all the money you need.” - He promised to give me all the money I needed. Lat ely iy nba gach Slab oa any ng that pica le, I the ded. Lona Making deductions er ee el -1'm sure (7.100) 21g sont! scene Must + inf. ll 7.100) cyto! sgmjsmust have + p.p. - I'm certain - think -She wears a white coat and helps'[_ -Ahmed was unhappy yesterday. He - believe a doctor. She must be a nurse. must have lost the match against Ali. - gay (gua SciWlecudCan't + inf, |] ays dtcottecehcan't have + p.p. -I suppose || - He can't be a teacher. He wears - His favourite team lost the match = Impossible a uniform and stands ata traffic _ |}! yesterday. He can’t have been happy. station. -I'm not sure 1 T0yrigtm Staind may + inf. 1. T0yrig4m Jl! may have + p.p. -I'm not certain = perhaps. = I'm not sure where Yara is. | - I didn't see Omer at school today. He = Itis probable She may be in the garden. may have got up late. It's likely. -Itis likel -itis possible 1 40,74)4> Jism! might + inf. -I don't think so “I don't believe || - ! don’t know why he doesn’t -Idon't know_|||l00k happy. He might feel il. (40 Wig4> Jc might have + p.p. - don't think he won the race. He might have lost i Fee Agcy Wawa oe eal A Jee pa, = He couldn't have killed the man. He was in prison. spall Glatt (Iwish , If only) Wishes and regrets no PG ganle nal nag aly Ll pl A aI Caf ee atc ‘=I wish I (see -saw- had seen - could see) him yesterday a ‘1 wish | (study — studied - had studied — could study) last year + couldn't have + p.p. Twisi eet tle adi ang gal seal a} gh Tbe LN If ont) GI G=—> 91 wish I (see -saw- had seen — could see) him now. FF oy To we ddan hc at ad won aoe tape obeatl Daa Ce Sh alaSN Lang Sladall Jes aw Were pAbiiass 2| ‘dabonina sed vt) (Sy paca) > | wish |were in London now. > | wish the car were cheap. sneiyiase T,We gan % COUG + jem pundny gS leone Tball ike, eda Be he, she Jit, hey youStazN Al gan © would + jae | wish | (would meet - met - had met: =| wish they (would meet - met - had met - could meet) him tomorrow. ® Twish to be a doctor (to stan aly wish day Jol teggI3l 1 CLwish fold sie gale) glad (regret day ing A DLan dad) ages Zle a2 ©>1 regret selling my car. ~I wish I had not sold my car. = Thopeto be adoctor (toxin gay hopeaay dal tegaqd lL T hope Thopel will bea doctor (will paves aly hopedy Jat ap It ould meet) him tomorrow. "LIS Yas" olizo 9 Stl dals) Alacdl lpi 58 Slay px ify ye Oe Jeioll lial wJEW ja00 9 pails Jad 5] scluo Jad yo Jrioll ball UsSiy + se8j)] uur do does / did pains yadl Jad gl acluo Jad 29>9 pac A> 93 + susSall 9 iio Wiel Ulgull Ug Ainto Aloo culSTs| + 1- They came by car, didn’t they? Telus Jas Jeb 22 > 2+ Magi speaks English well, doesn’t she? nia 3- Dalia has typed the letters, hasn’t she? 4- Tom won't be late, will he? 5- I shall visit you, shan’t I? roles Wo cH£ psi few / little / never / seldom / hardly / rarely / no longer / neitherasVI GLelsil -1 scude yioll Sigal og SUA 9 sail - I will never speak to her again, will I? - They rarely visit Japan, do they? someone/somebody/everyone/everybody/no one/ nobody we Vay they psieiasi -2 - Nobody believes a liar, do they? - Everyone has come to the party, haven't they? = something / nothing / everything yo Vay it passin -3 - Everything is ready, isn’t it? Ag Slot] bo -4 1-Let’s go to the club, shall we? 2-Let us stay here, will (won't) you? 3-1 am a dentist, aren't 1? 4- Open the door, will you? 5-Don’t stay up late, will you? 6-This / That is fantastic, isn’t it? AVI OL Las Vl bo -5 - Id rather have tea, wouldn’t 1? + We'd prefer to go to the club, wouldn’t we? C2 = We'd like to eat fish, wouldn’t we? 7 J has) | (had) Cwould - You'd better stay in bed, hadn‘t you? Cwouid> ing> CPP >| CPP > Gaae> - We'd better work to a plan, hadn’t we? ~ It's stopped raining, hasn’t it? - It’s running fast, isn’t it? Aulill Alas! ale piodl lull 225) Sh Uladl yo Jad vale ALU! alec ogirl Isl -6 - I believe(think-expectgsis) it’s going to rain, isn’t it? Arwlulll Aled! ale Sinll gos cuilar sgr9 1ic-7 -it's very important that we eat healthy food, isn't it? , sbyyll lal gle Spied V sll Loc! guts yell Igual! old bay dlal 99 A> 59 -8 - Till help you if you ask, won’t I? =10- Le Passive »<_ had been + p.p cel gb yd Cah ued alg Chi Lasog! pL pc pAsaznngs ~ He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before. Deg beet ae pl gsc pray (v+ ed) baw role | Jel (had + p.p) pl rolo (Gel (had + p.p) al wole) = After / As soon as I had read the novel | saw the film. - He bought a car after she had learned to drive. - They couldn't go swimming because they had forgotten their swimsuits. after / AS SOOM AS suas pL cyralll (ye Yop dened oll pce pera ~ After I read (had read) the novel, I saw the film. - As soon as I read (had read) the novel, I saw the film. = He bought a car after she had learned to drive. (Having) Having learned to drive, she bought a car. v. + ing puacusafter / before / when sa; jcldrgeypicille bd ~ After doing his homework, he went to bed. - He had done his homework before going to bed. - When seeing the police, the thief ran away. = He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before. geb(had + P.p)pGgot |} (V+ ed) Lae gible - He finished his training. Then he got the jobs He had finished his training before he go the job. ~ By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had started. ring a} Olas jadi lade gily When 4«%yOn pasciud bol ~ When she saw the robber, she called the police. On seeing the robber, she called the police. @ (Giant + inf, ey) delb(had + P.P) pgs {POM ell Lasky 9 gle Lang cll Ugh 9 Pal day d till/ until 36 I didn’t know the truth until I had met him: atte gay cgitoleinLegall gb Glen 13] pill glint phe ANN Lebel as pM scl pba - When we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started. - When I arrived home, my father had just left ~ It was the best novel I had ever read - The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it yet. - She said she had seen the film the night before. - He looked tired yesterday because he had slept badly the night before. Tre Cael gee pM cll pins had Jcl (v+ p.p) pU 228 when Hardly icy err scarcely .}. Cw ed) baw ole} Jel (had + p.p) al ole - I had no sooner read the novel than I saw the film. - No sooner had I read the novel than I saw the film. - She had hardly learned to drive when he bought a car - Hardly had she hardly learned to drive when he bought a car Past perfect continuous pias 6G cocoa (ws ed) baw role Since / for / gaislepadciunyy y) cide goby Jed lll gd BAW paced Code ag) peal AN gl picany PAN galt pb i Lula ava gilidLco¥y When / all day / all weekend Cot paca AN tll gency - They had been waiting for an hour when the train arrived. - We'd been waiting for three hours before our plane took off. AW BE Gnas IAT pal aC call porn - There were floods because it had been raining for three days. | de ialisghe 5 fb Bice il peas Sladl an Bale peel still coll Sly wait / do / study / live / work / stay / play / watch / sleep /_read / write / talk / run / walk / travel = Twas very tired when I arrived home. T had been working hard all day. ~ He had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up. - They had been waiting for an hour before the train arrived. - What had he been doing when the accident happened? - There were floods because it had been raining for three days. Vat oll! DN al pari Jol Cag hm Gilpin 15] When I met Ahmed, he had finished typing 3 reports. 212 [_$: Grammar unit(12) " (Gerund)(v+ ing)" &'(to + infinitive" | Suggest The [avoid imagine = fancy ying. abcns practise suaty | admit zag | deny oe finish ote [giveup=quit — BR\geglacy | consider rmady enjoy ggg | put off = postpone dete | risk aiey don't fecllike —apsimes | g0 seals | miss aay keep on peing | It is no use (good) say | mind ply recommend — Glpaqage | can't stand Guts All admitted taking my pen. = The driver avoided hifting the young boy. look forward to gl] alls , OWINg tO Gan) , due £0 Ganay , thanks to Yucady , take t0 Jyady Ullc + to be+ used to(accustomed to) le sticl, object to = oppose to le yaitas, Prefer + v + ing ...to+v+ ing jLewads , lead to oM.gaby, in addition to Madey, Fe em wish ome iy plan “hind threaten ae oe promise deg ccept Ue expect ase — want, need require qltasy gtiny| can /could afford sls dancy hope Welbcyiy aly manage oemcy dare clea learn cy —_ [refuse aby | Pretendyallins wey Everyone agreed to mect at the airport. She offered to help her mother. "10 phar v to bet made daysl eget d 2ealy pba pylall gd make amp Aly [Tew He made us go out. © We were made to go out. advise tell ask want encourage warn expect persuade force permit Ex What do you expect me to do ? Ali's father advised his son to work harder. © My sister encourages me to plan for my future. The bad weather forced people to stay at home. Ex OHe was asked to answer the questions. + pdpetl lon cob SLADE CLS ny Und Dm jen 2 (allow, advise, permit recommend, encourage +v+ing ) + (ingy —ceibe GUAR AAG sny Syme py 3 Ex. & They don't allow parking here. > He advised buying this car . Ving 9h to + inf pay gil aloe (remember \ A) (begin \ start \continue ) BGS gy forget \ Ex It started raining = It started to rain try\ B)(hate \love like \prefer) sien GyAl pac tn stop \ Fake slphe dake Se seal V + ing pnday t regret) abba) this\ that here dyaty i old Cuim (30 salto + inf neg 2 aree would (‘d) |, Oe “ee [ usually like playing football.©> I like playing games . ple Sella Mag cing) 7d ian T would like to play football. vl 1 prefer to play football here\now. (10 pte -13- This is the man The doctor This is the man Jab) Jelb+ Jay met her . cured your brother is my co (delb+ al You met here. This is the car this isthe man jlo 42 \ Jie (ad\ (Jolb+ Jay] bought. This is the girl aut The man This is the place Giama We have a garden This is my school Summer is the time Gli Friday is the weekend trae \ ha gl Leal toh 1- What makes him a good teacher is that he is polite. 3 Dylatl bag was lost eee suit is black is my uncle my- his — her......) ight all neg Gelb + Jab I was born. I lived we have our tea. Tlearnt Gelb dab 2 This is what I bought le for the paper (in which Dr Aisha used to go to the meetings, (at which- in which) she learned to read and write. Dr. Aisha wrote many books and articles (at which-in which}she argued for women. ‘at which - on which) he writes. -14- This is meeting where ( in which) I learn This is my bag where I put my books DD orca veka aoa [oleae hich Lathe ak Gea jain lth Tle eedne 1. This is the house (which - where) I live. / This is the house (which - where) I live in. (visit - buy - see - sell ). ile yb Spade 05 lpne gL LU) yp ym Sool JEG Y Sad tn 2. The museum was the place ( which - where ) I had red. Ne. ian leet) 3. This is the room (where- which) I study. / This is the room in (where- which) I study. 2heagN Sas De TGaa¥ This is the car(which) Thought. aby Jetboanpelp xed lags duos yao dloy Wl = hel usp Bm Cinta Ver Maye of oN al A} © Itis the first time I have ever seen a fox. © This is the best student I have ever seen ony eet boly 2 This is the man living here. ing dd Blay pple baad heen 13}4 (eee ace ¥ t0 be + pp = PP}AT gh SIM cha ras» ¥ to be Day loge Ja es Ex The letter which was sent by my uncle arrived yesterday . = The letter sent by my uncle, arrived yesterday. Ex Projects which are carried out in Egypt, will increase the production. = Projects , carried out in Egypt, will increase the production. amemcid | dell nitinad! PC hail In the future (by +2020 Zeathacmu)(by+ tomorrow) (by Tomorrow +next.) (by +the end of next...) Next (by +6 o'clock tomorrow) glows . (in a year's time) (in a month's time) (in a day's time )(ina week's time) J¥S gd (clit + will + jasahl (clit! + will have + P.P Bamples ss fExamples = He will visit Cairo > He will have finished the project by tomorrow. 2020 = They will build a house = They will have built a house by next next month. month. gaat! + will be + P.P gaat! + will have been + P.P =In the future, our energy © The project will have been finished will be produced from wind by 2020. power. reel and oil wil not be © The house will have been built by used as they are today. next month Coulda \ couldn't 2 | Tt is (was) (not) =managed to J0+ possible\ allowed = succeeded int v+ ing =was,weres(not) able toa shad + the ability toa im ,is are + capable of + ing |was, were+ capable of+v ing ‘+ In some countries, you can drive at the age of 17.(Lt is permitted by the law cs=4) In some cities, people can't use their cars every day. (It is against the law.c.sitll 2) must 400 Bas} [had to ae fta{ | Tt is (was) necessary have (has)to =need to= have got touae_| had to yuae for.....tossee don't(doesn') haveto-a yas} | needn'thave-pp [8] [rr is (was) not needn't jes =don’t\Wdoesn't need to 404 _| didn’t have( need) to soa necessary for...tosuee eth eh (Ta ae) musta't yaee = cant nae It's not allowed(banned forbidden(illegal ) to ‘When you are on holiday, you don't need to go to bed early. * You needn't (don't have to\ don't need to) come with us . We will go alone . ‘+ We needn't have bought (didn't have to buy) much food. We have a lot . «You mustn't park here. It is forbidden. Tt's(was) probably likely \not sure may see {BSH | may have + pip might/could 2 might (could)have + p.p. must be must have + PP Tt's (was) almost sure can't be can't have + pp It's (was) almost sure ‘I don't know where my bag is, I might have left it on the train. «_ The streets are wet. It must have rained last night. ‘Should 24 = ought toa = had better = If I were you, I wouldum = (V to be) to +e = It's a good idea tosue+= It's advisable to.e« You had better not look at the sun. It's very dangerous. + You shouldn't look at the sun. It's very dangerous. > Should (ought to) have + P.P. = but he didn't = Tt was wrong of you not to = I blame. for not + v+ ing = You should have done your homework yesterday. = 16 - wudnt. jab v ting besides that in addition Examples Besides that she cooked, she did the washing up. - In addition we went to the market, we went to the zoo. besides in addition to as well as Examples ~Besides cooking, she di =In addition to going to the market, we went to the zoo. As well as going to the market we went to the the washing up. kes eeesnsing GAS LI) OF rs hee qin. / abv ting because as since os Jong. as -I didn't ask her to help me because / as she was busy. ~ As / Since she was busy, T didn't ask her to help me. ~ As long as you are unfit, Examples We lost the match due to playing badly. ‘We didn't play the match owing to bad weather. LHe went to the doctor's because of his illness. Thanks to working hard, he became a millionaire. because of owing to due to thanks to as a result of So / thus / Hence this reason / Because of that Examples Tt was raining, sowe didn't go out. ~_The reason for his co ‘that he has been studying hard for a long time. ~ The cause of ( us )not going out was that it was raining. The cause of / The reason for rable progress is quin./ abv ting 1-Although=though=eveni even though + Je + al ,. 2- However + dino\ia + Jeli 3-4ie\ das as+ eis dd 4-Whatever mui + de + Jab 5- (,but =, yet , however ) cetlaall ow Although he is rich , he is unhappy. Rich as he is , he is unhappy . © However rich he is, he is unhappy = Ali is rich, but (,however) he is happy. However, ‘Whatever richness he has , he is unhappy. In spite of / Despite For all /Regardless of + v+ ing, eel, tine tpl =n spite of being Despite his strength (being strong), he couldn't work. Pay Aa PU cites Madly I (ving ) Many 9 dy gt Ex He studied. He watched TV. ©>As well as studying , he watched TV. Hat) ca gl Lac Cy dh Qly 5 Sal Gaily and wh Ex He was a writer .He was a poet. GN SU + as wellas +1 Jew) +1 da) a Set as Sal Ex [am wrong . He is wrong. (as well 3s ) © T, aswell as he, am wrong . (Gee) cabs Ls s6y Slay Le ay Ex. He studied and watched TV. © He studied as well ag watching TV - eee Es] FSR ee ry ary} Ton pay 9 Gaal JglNot only EAS UI-T ‘ally JEU Ga Sua not only @sL2 th al A oan Ge Seth Jat ut also Qs! Ex. He wrote the leter, He sent it, © _Not only did he write the letter but also he) sent it. Ste natonly wrote the kiter but ako Wah (oA) gi) Jeti uum Jel Neither 1J6Ui nor 2UeW + 2x) Bither 1eW or 2deW) + 2uai either offEither oft Uys + 34 dab Both ... and../Both of Jala + gp dui © Not only I but also he is a teacher. © Neither of the bovs is absent, Des) iiss Sr | Hus can \may sa sothat + 4 Je could/ mightssa« in order that, will be able toe« could \can vali ay not gal gil we esta)

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